Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

US10275772B2 — Cryptocurrency risk detection system (Part 3 of 3)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2014-06-16

James G. Ronca, Joseph B. Castinado, Heather Dolan, Thomas E. Durbin et al.; orig. Bank of America Corp. filed 2014-06-16; granted 2019-04-30. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: using the processor, the amount of crypto at least one of a customer IP address, a third party IP currency associated with the cryptocurrency transac address , a customer public key, a third party public key, tion ; an age of the customer public key , an age of the third calculating, using the processor, a risk score for perform party public key, and an age of the cryptocurrency ; ing the cryptocurrency transaction based at least in part determine a factor score for the at least one additional 60 upon the factor score for th…

US10284370B2 — Accelerated verification of digital signatures and public keys

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2014-06-27

Marinus Struik, Daniel Richard L. BROWN, Scott Alexander Vanstone, Robert Philip Gallant et al.; orig. Certicom Corp; now Malikie Innovations Ltd. filed 2014-06-27; granted 2019-05-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010284370B2 (12) United States Patent ( 10) Patent No.: US 10 ,284 ,370 B2 Struik et al. (45) Date of Patent: *May 7 , 2019 (54 ) ACCELERATED VERIFICATION OF ( 58 ) Field of Classification Search DIGITAL SIGNATURES AND PUBLIC KEYS CPC ....... H04L 9 /3066 ; H04L 9 /30 ; H04L 9/3252 ;…

US10313108B2 — Energy-efficient bitcoin mining hardware accelerators

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2016-06-29

Vikram B. Suresh, Sudhir K. Satpathy, Sanu K. Mathew; orig. Intel Corp. filed 2016-06-29; granted 2019-06-04. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010313108B2 (12) United States Patent ( 10) Patent No.: US 10 ,313 , 108 B2 Suresh et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: Jun . 4 , 2019 (54 ) ENERGY-EFFICIENT BITCOIN MINING (56 ) References Cited HARDWARE ACCELERATORS…

US10367645B2 — Proof-of-work for smart contracts on a blockchain

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2016-10-26

Sampath Dechu, Ramachandra Kota, Pratyush Kumar; orig. International Business Machines Corp. filed 2016-10-26; granted 2019-07-30. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010367645B2 (12) United States Patent (10 ) Patent No.: US 10 , 367 ,645 B2 Dechu et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 30 , 2019 (54 ) PROOF -OF -WORK FOR SMART 9 ,608 ,829 B2 * 3/ 2017 Spanos ................. H04L 9 /3297 CONTRACTS ON A BLOCKC…

US10405457B2 — Appliance immersion cooling system

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2013-12-13

Christopher L. Boyd, James P. Koen, David Christopher Laguna, Thomas R. Turner et al.; orig. Midas Green Technologies LLC; now MIDAS GREEN TECHNOLOGY LLC. filed 2013-12-13; granted 2019-09-03. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010405457B2 (12) United Boyd et al. States Patent ( 10) Patent No.: US 10 ,405 ,457 B2 (45) Date of Patent: Sep . 3 , 2019 (54 ) APPLIANCE IMMERSION COOLING 1) Int. CI. SYSTEM HOIL 23/44 (2006 .01) H05K 7/ 20 ( 2006 .01) (71 ) Applic…

US10510053B2 — Send cryptographic currency to email address (Part 1 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Brian D. Armstrong; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2019-12-17. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010510053B2 (12) Armstrong United States Patent (10 ) Patent No.: US 10,510,053 B2 (45 ) Date of Patent: Dec. 17 , 2019 (54 ) SEND CRYPTOGRAPHIC CURRENCY TO (56 ) References Cited EMAIL ADDRESS U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (71) Applicant: Coinbase, Inc., San Francisco , CA (US) 2,634,738 A 4/1953 Fuller et al.…

US10510053B2 — Send cryptographic currency to email address (Part 2 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Brian D. Armstrong; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2019-12-17. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: touy Used and sell U.S. - onlyitns VICernhifaitciratgitoen…

US10510053B2 — Send cryptographic currency to email address (Part 3 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Brian D. Armstrong; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2019-12-17. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: X LO Confirm Smith@O Johng...mail c remYouahave10.0BTCiofyourning…

US10510053B2 — Send cryptographic currency to email address (Part 4 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Brian D. Armstrong; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2019-12-17. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: 332 for Key CFHSoiympsr14utsetrm 11 11 MSahsaKey11trerd 10…

US10510053B2 — Send cryptographic currency to email address (Part 5 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Brian D. Armstrong; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2019-12-17. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: option is displayed to the customer to send the bitcoin time. The transaction processor 154 is responsible for trans together with the price in bitcoin at minute 0. When the ferring funds in the form of bitcoin or local currency from customer selects the option to send the bitcoin , the customer one wallet or bank account to another. computer system 138 transmits a send instruction to the first In the embodiment above , the exchange rate is locked in host computer system 14. The first host computer system 14 30 when the customer accesses the landing page , iFrame or receives and at 192 det…

US10540639B2 — Cryptocurrency payment network

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2018-09-14

Christopher Michael BROCK, Brian Grassadonia, Michael Moring; orig. Square Inc; now Block Inc. filed 2018-09-14; granted 2020-01-21. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010540639B2 United States Patent (10 ) Patent No.: US 10,540,639 B2 Brock et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: * Jan . 21, 2020 (54 ) CRYPTOCURRENCY PAYMENT NETWORK (56 ) References Cited (71) Applicant: Square, Inc., San Francisco , CA (US ) U.S. PATENT…

US10608433B1 — Methods and systems for adjusting power consumption based on a fixed-duration power option agreement (Part 1 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2019-12-04

Michael T. McNamara, Raymond E. Cline, Jr.; orig. Lancium LLC. filed 2019-12-04; granted 2020-03-31. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010608433B1 (12)McNamara United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No.: US 10,608,433 B1 et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: Mar. 31 , 2020 (54 ) METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR ADJUSTING 7,143,300 B2 11/2006 Potter et al. 1/2010 Ranganathan et al. POWER CONSUMPTION BASED ON A 7,647,…

US10608433B1 — Methods and systems for adjusting power consumption based on a fixed-duration power option agreement (Part 2 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2019-12-04

Michael T. McNamara, Raymond E. Cline, Jr.; orig. Lancium LLC. filed 2019-12-04; granted 2020-03-31. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: gen phase of three -phase AC voltage to the third group of six eration station control system 414 , the remote master control racks 610. In other embodiments , the quantity of racks and 40 system 300 , or the grid operator 702 to go offline or reduce computing systems can vary . power. As such , the datacenter control system 504 may FIG . 7 shows a control distribution system 700 of the enable 714 the power input system 502 to provide power to flexible datacenter 500 according to one or more example the power distribution system 506 to power the computing embo…

US10652014B2 — Determining a common secret for the secure exchange of information and hierarchical, deterministic cryptographic keys

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2017-02-16

Craig Steven Wright, Stephane Savanah; orig. Nchain Holdings Ltd; now Nchain Licensing AG. filed 2017-02-16; granted 2020-05-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010652014B2 United States Patent (10 ) Patent No.: US 10,652,014 B2 Wright et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: May 12 , 2020 (54 ) DETERMINING A COMMON SECRET FOR (56 ) References Cited THE SECURE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND HIERARCHICAL ,…

US10659223B2 — Secure multiparty loss resistant storage and transfer of cryptographic keys for blockchain based systems in conjunction with a wallet management system

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2018-08-23

Craig Steven Wright, Stephane Savanah; orig. Nchain Holdings Ltd; now Nchain Licensing AG. filed 2018-08-23; granted 2020-05-19. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010659223B2 (12) United States Patent (10 ) Patent No.: US 10,659,223 B2 Wright et al. (45 ) Date of Patent: May 19 , 2020 ( 54 ) SECURE MULTIPARTY LOSS RESISTANT (56 ) References Cited STORAGE AND TRANSFER OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC KEYS FOR U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS…

US10755241B2 — Hot wallet for holding bitcoin (Part 1 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Julian Langschaedel, Brian D. Armstrong, Fred E. Ehrsam; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2020-08-25. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010755241B2 ( 12 ) United States Patent ( 10) Patent No .: US 10,755,241 B2 Langschaedel et al. (45) Date of Patent : Aug. 25 , 2020 ( 54 ) HOT WALLET FOR HOLDING BITCOIN ( 56 ) References Cited ( 71 ) Applicant: Coinbase , Inc. , San Francisco, CA (US ) U.S. PATENT DOCU…

US10755241B2 — Hot wallet for holding bitcoin (Part 2 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Julian Langschaedel, Brian D. Armstrong, Fred E. Ehrsam; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2020-08-25. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: = / Senduest 5 Buy / Sell Orders Subsc3ribers To*ls…

US10755241B2 — Hot wallet for holding bitcoin (Part 3 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Julian Langschaedel, Brian D. Armstrong, Fred E. Ehrsam; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2020-08-25. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: n s t D P e…

US10755241B2 — Hot wallet for holding bitcoin (Part 4 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Julian Langschaedel, Brian D. Armstrong, Fred E. Ehrsam; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2020-08-25. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: “ out vault Vault "…

US10755241B2 — Hot wallet for holding bitcoin (Part 5 of 5)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2015-03-17

Julian Langschaedel, Brian D. Armstrong, Fred E. Ehrsam; orig. Coinbase Inc. filed 2015-03-17; granted 2020-08-25. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: the local storage 56 having its private key removed . At this stage private key 79 has been split in FIG . 46. The assembler 94 60 it may be desirable to restore the values of the Bitcoin assembles the private key 79 when the minimum number of addresses 76 and 78. The private key of the first Bitcoin codes has been received . address 80A within the local storage 56 is restored to the The private key 79 of the Bitcoin address 80 in the local vault 64 as hereinbefore described with reference to FIG . 50 . storage 56 is used to access the vault 64.…