Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2009-08-30
Satoshi Nakamoto (code); repository bitcoin/bitcoin. 2009-08-30. Citation only: the text is not republished here (Malmi archive: includes Malmi's own emails, published by him). Original: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/4405b78d6059e536c36974088a8ed4d9f0f29898/main.cpp
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2009-10-12
Blockstream Esplora API. 2009-10-12 04:21:18. Citation only: the text is not republished here (Malmi archive: includes Malmi's own emails, published by him). Original: https://blockstream.info/api/tx/7dff938918f07619abd38e4510890396b1cef4fbeca154fb7aafba8843295ea2
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2010-05-22
Blockstream Esplora API. 2010-05-22 18:16:31. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: { "txid": "a1075db55d416d3ca199f55b6084e2115b9345e16c5cf302fc80e9d5fbf5d48d", "version": 1, "locktime": 0, "vin": [ { "txid": "867da54b0fd0a9429d30471af3fcf069e069141fcc544583f3103ac3948f2e0d", "vout": 0, "prevout": { "scriptpubkey": "76a91405bf3a3aea6335a3949c0a351ff3afcba884e12588ac", "scriptpubkey_asm": "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 OP_PUSHBYTES_20 05bf3a3aea6335a3949c0a351ff3afcba884e125 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG", "scriptpubkey_type": "p2pkh", "scriptpubkey_address": "1XPTgDRhN8RFnzniWCddobD9iKZatrvH4", "value": 15000000000 }, "scriptsig": "493046022100bc57d…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2026-10-09
The Bitcoin Core developers (header also reads "Copyright (c) 2010 Satoshi Nakamoto"). 2026-10-09. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: // Copyright (c) 2010 Satoshi Nakamoto // Copyright (c) 2009-present The Bitcoin Core developers // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php. #include <kernel/chainparams.h> #include <chainparamsseeds.h> #include <consensus/amount.h> #include <consensus/merkle.h> #include <consensus/params.h> #include <crypto/hex_base.h> #include <kernel/messagestartchars.h> #include <kernel/signet.h> #include <primitives/block.h> #include <primitives/transaction.h> #include <script/interpreter.h> #include <script/s…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2008-08-18
Public Interest Registry (.org registry), queried with whois -h whois.publicinterestregistry.org bitcoin.org. created 2008-08-18 13:19:55. Citation only: the text is not republished here (no original URL recorded). Original: no original URL was recorded
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2026-10-09
Primary records for notes/2026-10-09-origins-timeline.md (Bitcoin's origins, 2007–2011). Everything here was retrieved on 2026-10-09 . Full copies are limited to Satoshi Nakamoto's own emails and posts, blockchain records, MIT-licensed source code and a domain registry record. Other people's posts, articles and wiki pages appear in the note as summaries with links only. Where several people wrote in one thread, only Satoshi's messages were kept; each file says what was left out.
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2011
Satoshi Nakamoto (published by Gavin Andresen, 26 Apr 2022). 26 Apr 2011, about 08:29 UTC. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Satoshi Nakamoto — email to Gavin Andresen, 26 April 2011, "alert key" (Satoshi's message only) ============================================================================================== Extracted 2026-10-09 for ~/Projects/bitcoin (research, not advice). Source: Gavin Andresen, "Eleven years ago today…", his Svbtle blog, 26 April 2022, which opens: "Eleven years ago today I had my last email exchange with Satoshi; here it is". Read from the Internet Archive snapshot https://web.archive.org/web/20220426154120/https://gavinandresen.ninja/eleven-years-ago-today (retrieved 2026-10-09). The l…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2008-12-10
Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008-12-10 – 2010-12-13. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Satoshi Nakamoto — emails to the bitcoin-list (SourceForge), 2008–2010 Satoshi Nakamoto — emails to the bitcoin-list (SourceForge), 2008–2010 Compiled 2026-10-09 for ~/Projects/bitcoin (research, not advice). Source: Satoshi Nakamoto Institute (SNI), data file emails.json at commit c412eb84a1d97df9114a6bf4dea300820965c0a7 of github.com/NakamotoInstitute/nakamotoinstitute.org, retrieved 2026-10-09. SNI's site and data are licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; the messages themselves are Satoshi Nakamoto's own writing. Contents: 16 messages by Satoshi Nakamoto from the bitcoin-list mailing list at SourceFo…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2009-02-11
Satoshi Nakamoto. 2009-02-11 – 2009-02-13. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Satoshi Nakamoto — emails to the P2P Foundation p2p-research list, February 2009 Satoshi Nakamoto — emails to the P2P Foundation p2p-research list, February 2009 Compiled 2026-10-09 for ~/Projects/bitcoin (research, not advice). Source: Satoshi Nakamoto Institute (SNI), data file emails.json at commit c412eb84a1d97df9114a6bf4dea300820965c0a7 of github.com/NakamotoInstitute/nakamotoinstitute.org, retrieved 2026-10-09. SNI's site and data are licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; the messages themselves are Satoshi Nakamoto's own writing. Contents: 5 messages by Satoshi Nakamoto from the P2P Foundation p2p…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2009
Satoshi Nakamoto (Gmail printouts published by Mike Hearn). 12 Apr 2009 – 23 Apr 2011 (times as Gmail printed them for Hearn). Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Satoshi Nakamoto — emails to Mike Hearn, 2009–2011 (Satoshi's messages only) Satoshi Nakamoto — emails to Mike Hearn, 2009–2011 (Satoshi's messages only) Extracted 2026-10-09 for ~/Projects/bitcoin (research, not advice). Source: Gmail printouts of five threads published by Mike Hearn at https://plan99.net/~mike/satoshi-emails/ (thread1.html–thread5.html), retrieved 2026-10-09. Only Satoshi Nakamoto's own messages are kept (16 messages). Mike Hearn's messages in the same threads are left out because they are his writing; lines of Hearn's that Satoshi quoted inside his own replies are kept…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2008
Satoshi Nakamoto (published by Wei Dai via Gwern Branwen). 22 Aug 2008; 10 Jan 2009 (times as printed, zone not stated). Citation only: the text is not republished here (rights not cleared for republication (host gwern.net)). Original: https://gwern.net/doc/bitcoin/2008-nakamoto
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2009-11-22
Satoshi Nakamoto ("satoshi"). 2009-11-22 18:04:28 – 2010-12-12 18:22:33. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Satoshi Nakamoto — all BitcoinTalk forum posts, November 2009 – December 2010 Satoshi Nakamoto — all BitcoinTalk forum posts, November 2009 – December 2010 Compiled 2026-10-09 for ~/Projects/bitcoin (research, not advice). Source: Satoshi Nakamoto Institute (SNI), data file forum_posts.json at commit c412eb84a1d97df9114a6bf4dea300820965c0a7 of github.com/NakamotoInstitute/nakamotoinstitute.org, retrieved 2026-10-09. SNI's site and data are licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; the messages themselves are Satoshi Nakamoto's own writing. Contents: 539 messages by Satoshi Nakamoto from the Bitcoin Forum / B…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2009-11-22
Satoshi Nakamoto ("satoshi"). 2009-11-22 18:04:28 – 2010-12-12 18:22:33. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: disadvantage that it's a single point of failure. The "addr" system has no single point of failure, but can only tell you what nodes have recently been seen, so it takes a little longer to get connected since some of the nodes you try have gone offline. The combination of the two gets us the best of both worlds and more total robustness. Is there anyone who wants to volunteer to run an IRC server in case freenode gets tired of us? 118. Re: Hostnames instead of IP Addresses Poster: satoshi · Date: 2010-06-14T19:53:44Z · Thread: Hostnames instead of IP Addresses Original: https://bitcointal…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2009-11-22
Satoshi Nakamoto ("satoshi"). 2009-11-22 18:04:28 – 2010-12-12 18:22:33. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: zero-knowledge-proofs in this case. We're trying to prove the absence of something, which seems to require knowing about all and checking that the something isn't included. 340. Re: Escrow Poster: satoshi · Date: 2010-08-11T01:30:02Z · Thread: Escrow Original: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=750.msg8649#msg8649 SNI: https://satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/posts/bitcointalk/340/ Quote from: jgarzik on August 10, 2010, 06:53:57 PM Ask some real-world business owners if they want to tell their customers about the chance of the money being lost forever, unrecoverable by either party. Tha…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2009-11-22
Satoshi Nakamoto ("satoshi"). 2009-11-22 18:04:28 – 2010-12-12 18:22:33. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: in this discussion there's already a lot of housekeeping data required. It will be much easier if you can freely use all the space you need without worrying about paying fees for expensive space in Bitcoin's chain. Some transactions: Changing the IP record. Name change. A domain object could entitle you to one domain, and you could change it at will to any name that isn't taken. This would encourage users to free up names they don't want anymore. Generated domains start out blank and the miner sells it to someone who changes it to what they want. Renewal. Could be free, or maybe req…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Primary
· snapshot 2009-02-15
Satoshi Nakamoto. 2009-02-15, 2009-02-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Satoshi Nakamoto — P2P Foundation forum replies, 15 and 18 February 2009 Satoshi Nakamoto — P2P Foundation forum replies, 15 and 18 February 2009 Compiled 2026-10-09 for ~/Projects/bitcoin (research, not advice). Source: Satoshi Nakamoto Institute (SNI), data file forum_posts.json at commit c412eb84a1d97df9114a6bf4dea300820965c0a7 of github.com/NakamotoInstitute/nakamotoinstitute.org, retrieved 2026-10-09. SNI's site and data are licensed CC BY-SA 4.0; the messages themselves are Satoshi Nakamoto's own writing. Contents: 2 messages by Satoshi Nakamoto from the P2P Foundation (Ning) forum.…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Satoshi
· snapshot 2008
Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008 (announced 31 Oct 2008). Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Satoshi Nakamoto [email protected] www.bitcoin.org Abstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending.…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Satoshi
· snapshot 2023
High Court, Mellor J. 20 Dec 2023. Citation only: the text is not republished here (rights not cleared for republication (host www.judiciary.uk)). Original: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/COPA-v-Wright-Others-2023-EWHC-3287-Ch-PTR-Judgment.pdf
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Satoshi
· snapshot 2024
High Court, Mellor J. 29 Jan 2024 (published 31 Jan 2024). Citation only: the text is not republished here (rights not cleared for republication (host www.judiciary.uk)). Original: https://www.judiciary.uk/judgments/crypto-open-patient-alliance-v-dr-craig-steven-wright-and-dr-wright-v-various/
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Satoshi
· snapshot 2024
High Court, Mellor J. 16 Jul 2024. Citation only: the text is not republished here (rights not cleared for republication (host www.judiciary.uk)). Original: https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/COPA-v-Wright-Judgment.pdf