Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

FIL-16-2022 Notification of Engaging in Crypto-Related Activities

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2022-04-07

FDIC. 2022-04-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Notification of Engaging in Crypto-Related Activities | FDIC.gov Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Cambiar a español…

Guidelines for Evaluating Account and Services Requests, 87 FR 51099, FR Doc 2022-17885

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2022-08-19

Fed Board. 2022-08-19. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Register / Vol. 87, No. 160 / Friday, August 19, 2022 / Notices 51099 Exempt ESBT Trust, John Ross, as Taylorville, Inc., and thereby indirectly and services and to different ways of trustee, the Sandra K. Ross 2021 GST- retain voting shares of First National providing traditional banking services. Exempt ESBT Trust, Sandra Stinson, a…

Custodia Bank, Inc. v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors, No. 1:22-cv-00125-SWS, Order granting in part and denying in part motions to dismiss (ECF 102)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2022-11-11

U.S. District Court, D. Wyoming. 2022-11-11. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case 1:22-cv-00125-SWS Document 102 Filed 11/11/22 Page 1 of 38 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF WYOMING CUSTODIA BANK, INC., Plaintiff, Case No. 22-CV-125-SWS v. FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD OF GOVERNORS, and FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF KANSAS CITY, Defendants. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ 12(b)(6) MOTIONS TO DISMISS This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ motions to dismi…

Joint Statement on Crypto-Asset Risks to Banking Organizations (stamped withdrawn)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-01-03

Fed, FDIC, OCC. 2023-01-03. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Office of the Comptroller of the Currency January 3, 2023 Joint Statement on Crypto-Asset Risks to Banking Organizations The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Office of the Compt…

Order denying Custodia Bank's application for Fed membership (decided 2023-01-27; published 2023-03-24)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-03-24

Fed Board. 2023-03-24. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FRB Order No. 2023-02 January 27, 2023 FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Custodia Bank, Inc. Cheyenne, Wyoming Order Denying Application for Membership Custodia Bank, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming (“Custodia”), a de novo, state-chartered special purpose depository institution (“SPDI”), has requested the Board’s approval under section 9 of the Federal Reserve Act (the “Act”) to become a member of the Fede…

Policy Statement on Section 9(13) of the Federal Reserve Act, 88 FR 7848, FR Doc 2023-02192

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-02-07

Fed Board. 2023-02-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: 7848 Federal Register / Vol. 88, No. 25 / Tuesday, February 7, 2023 / Rules and Regulations temperature and pressure for the test, as threshold power setting test for the 4.1.1.2.4 Conventional gas cooking calculated in section 4.1.1.2.1 of this cooking zone, in degrees Celsius; and top per-cycle active mode gas energy appendix; and H, either Hn or Hp, the…

Joint Statement on Liquidity Risks ... Crypto-Asset Market Vulnerabilities (stamped withdrawn)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-02-23

Fed, FDIC, OCC. 2023-02-23. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Office of the Comptroller of the Currency February 23, 2023 Joint Statement on Liquidity Risks to Banking Organizations Resulting from Crypto-Asset Market Vulnerabilities The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve), the F…

Subsidiary of New York Community Bancorp to Assume Deposits of Signature Bridge Bank (excludes ~$4B digital-asset deposits)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-03-19

FDIC. 2023-03-19. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Subsidiary of New York Community Bancorp, Inc., to Assume Deposits of Signature Bridge Bank, N.A., From the FDIC | FDIC.gov Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on offici…

FDIC Releases Report Detailing Supervision of the Former Signature Bank (release)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-04-28

FDIC. 2023-04-28. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FDIC Releases Report Detailing Supervision of the Former Signature Bank, New York, New York | FDIC.gov Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.…

FDIC's Supervision of Signature Bank (report) (Part 1 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-04-28

FDIC Chief Risk Officer. 2023-04-28. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FDIC’S SUPERVISION OF SIGNATURE BANK APRIL 28, 2023 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 6 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................... 6 CAUSES OF FAILURE AND MATERIAL LOSS..............................................…

FDIC's Supervision of Signature Bank (report) (Part 2 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-04-28

FDIC Chief Risk Officer. 2023-04-28. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: actions are taken to return the bank to the approved risk appetite and other actions are taken to control and appropriately manage and monitor the bank’s increasing liquidity risks. The board should institute processes to make certain that business liquidity strategies align with the board’s risk appetite. (MRBA) Ensure that adequate liquidity contingency planning is in ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ place. Liquidity contingency planning should include a well-developed and supported liquidity stress test (LST) framework and a comprehensive contingency funding plan (CFP). (MRBA)…

Review of the Federal Reserve's Supervision and Regulation of Silicon Valley Bank (Part 1 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-04-28

Fed Board (Vice Chair Barr). 2023-04-28. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: April 28, 2023 Re: Review of the Federal Reserve’s Supervision and Regulation of Silicon Valley Bank Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) failed because of a textbook case of mismanagement by the bank. Its senior leadership failed to manage basic interest rate and liquidity risk. Its board of directors failed to oversee senior leadership and hold them accountable. And Federal Reserve supervisors failed to take forceful enough action, as detailed in the report. Our banking system is sound and resilient, with strong capital and liquidity. And in some respects, SVB was an outlier because of the exten…

Review of the Federal Reserve's Supervision and Regulation of Silicon Valley Bank (Part 2 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-04-28

Fed Board (Vice Chair Barr). 2023-04-28. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: recognize that their year-long program for their risk-management framework to meet EPS was ineffective, until supervisors started identifying issues in late 2021. Consultants who did the initial 2020 EPS gap assessment with respect to SVBFG practices and helped execute the plan to close those gaps also failed to design an effective program. During the Governance and Risk Management examination, the Fed- eral Reserve’s CPC met with the incoming chair of the board of directors to communicate several observations from the examination. Observations included that the b…

New York Department of Financial Services Signature Bank Report (committee summary)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-05-02

House Financial Services Committee. 2023-05-02. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: New York Department of Financial Services Signature Bank Report Background: On April 28, 2023, the New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS) issued its report examining the events that led to Signature’s failure and identifying opportunities to improve DFS’s supervisory process. On Sunday, March 12, 2023, NYDFS took possession of Signature Bank and appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as receiver. Report Themes: Signature Bank experienced rapid growth that outpaced the development of its risk control framework: • Liquidity risk management deficiencies were id…

Consent order: Silvergate Capital and Silvergate Bank (self-liquidation)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-05-23

Fed Board, California DFPI. effective 2023-05-23; announced 2023-06-01. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: BEFORE THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Washington, D.C. DEPARTMENT OF FINANCIAL PROTECTION AND INNOVATION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA In the Matter of Docket No. 23-003-B-HC 23-003-B-SM SILVERGATE CAPITAL CORPORATION La Jolla, California Order to Cease and Desist Issued and…

SR 23-7 Creation of Novel Activities Supervision Program (stamped withdrawn 2025-08-15)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-08-08

Fed Board. 2023-08-08. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM WASHINGTON, D.C. 20551 DIVISION OF SUPERVISION AND REGULATION SR 23-7 August 8, 2023 TO THE OFFICER IN CHARGE OF SUPERVISION AND APPROPRIATE…

FDIC Strategies Related to Crypto-Asset Risks, EVAL-24-01 (redacted)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-10-17

FDIC OIG. 2023-10-17. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FDIC Strategies Related to Crypto-Asset Risks October 2023 EVAL-24-01 Evaluation Report Audits, Evaluations, and Cyber  REDACTED VERSION PUBLICLY AVAILABLE The redactions contained in this report are based upon requests from FDIC senior management to protect the Agency’s…

Material Loss Review of Signature Bank of New York, EVAL-24-02 (Part 1 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-10

FDIC OIG. 2023-10. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Material Loss Review of Signature Bank of New York October 2023 EVAL-24-02 Evaluation Report Audits, Evaluations, and Cyber  IntegrityIndependenceAccuracyObjectivityAccountability  NOTICE Pursuant to Pub. L. 117-263, section 5274, non-governmental organizations and business entities identified in this report have the oppor…