Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2023-10
FDIC OIG. 2023-10. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Act Amend Client Anticipated Account Activity Reports form to capture all permitted 1 SR-2020 BSA #02 client products and activities Ensure decisions for clearing or escalating automated transaction monitoring 2 SR 2020 BSA #03 system alerts reflect analyses of actual account activity 3 SR 2020 BSA #01 Ensure higher-risk customer account reviews document underlying activity Commercial & Industrial Loan Portfolio 1 SR-2021 C&I #0…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2024-06-04
Fed Board. effective 2024-06-04; announced 2024-07-01. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BEFORE THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM WASHINGTON, D.C. In the Matter of Docket No. 24-013-CMP-HC 24-013-CMP-SM SILVERGATE CAPITAL CORPORATION La Jolla, California Order of Assessment of Civil Money and Penalty Issued Upon Consent…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2024-08-05
Fed Bank of Philadelphia. dated 2024-08-05; announced 2024-08-08. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BEFORE THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM WASHINGTON, D.C. Written Agreement by and among CUSTOMERS BANCORP, INC. Docket Nos. 24-020-WA/RB-HC West Reading, Pennsylvania 24-020-WA/RB-SM CUSTOMERS BANK Malvern, Pennsylvania and FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF PHILADELPHIA Philadelphia, Pennsylvania WHEREAS, Customers Bancorp, Inc., West Reading, Pennsylvania (“Bancorp”), a bank h…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-01-31
President. 2025-01-31 (signed 2025-01-23). Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 20 / Friday, January 31, 2025 / Presidential Documents 8647 Presidential Documents Executive Order 14178 of January 23, 2025 Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Fina…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-02-05
FDIC. 2025-02-05. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: FDIC Releases Documents Related to Supervision of Crypto-Related Activities | FDIC.gov Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. C…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-02-05
Senate Banking Committee (printed by GPO 2026). hearing 2025-02-05. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: - INVESTIGATING THE REAL IMPACTS OF DEBANKING IN AMERICA [Senate Hearing 119-364] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] S. Hrg. 119-364 INVESTIGATING THE REAL IMPACTS OF DEBANKING IN AMERICA ======================================================================= HEARING before the COMMITTEE ON BANKING,HOUSING,AND URBAN AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-02-06
House Financial Services Committee (majority). 2025-02-06. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Meuser: The Biden Administration's Operation Choke Point 2.0 Was Carried Out by The Prudential Regulators to Target and Debank the Digital Asset Ecosystem | U.S. House Committee on Financial Services Skip to Content Search French HillCHAIRMAN About Us Chairman French Hill Committee History Committee Members Subcommittee Membership Jurisdiction GOP Leadership Schedule Hearings Markups Calendar News Press Releases ICYMI Member Corner Contact Email Updates Blow the Whistle Press Releases Meuser: The Biden Administration's Operation Choke Point…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-03-07
OCC. 2025-03-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Interpretive Letter 1183 March 2025 OCC Letter Addressing Certain Crypto-Asset Activities March 7, 2025 This letter rescinds Interpretive Letter 1179 (November 18, 2021). This letter also reaffirms that the crypto-asset custody, distributed ledger, and stablecoin activities (hereafter, “crypto-asset activities”) discussed in prior letters are permissible. Specifically, the OCC issued three interpretive letters in 2020 and early 2021 ad…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-03-28
FDIC. 2025-03-28. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: FDIC Clarifies Process for Banks to Engage in Crypto-Related Activities | FDIC.gov Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Cambi…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-05-07
OCC. 2025-05-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Washington, DC 20219 Interpretive Letter #1184 May 2025 May 7, 2025 Subject: Clarification of Bank Authority Regarding Crypto-Asset Custody Services Dear [ ], This responds to your letter requesting the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) to confirm that national banks and federal savings associations (collectively, “banks”) may provide and outsource cryptocurrency custody and execution services on b…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-07-14
OCC, FDIC, Fed. 2025-07-14. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Crypto-Asset Safekeeping by Banking Organizations The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Board), and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (collectively, the agencies) are issuing this statement for banking organizations 1 that pr…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-08-12
President. 2025-08-12 (signed 2025-08-07). Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 153 / Tuesday, August 12, 2025 / Presidential Documents 38925 Presidential Documents Executive Order 14331 of August 7, 2025 Guaranteeing Fair Banking for All Americans…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-10-15
OCC. 2025-10-15. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure &RQGLWLRQDO$SSURYDO 1RYHPEHU October 15, 2025 Wendy M. Goldberg, Counsel Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP One Manhattan West New York, NY 10001 Re: Application to Charter Erebor Bank, National Association, Columbus, Ohio (Proposed), OCC Control No. 2025-Charter-342076, Proposed Charter No. 25357 Application for Residency Waivers, OCC Control No. 2025-Waiver-34…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-10-31
U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit. 2025-10-31. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Appellate Case: 24-8024 Document: 167 Date Filed: 10/31/2025 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals PUBLISH Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS October 31, 2025 Christopher M. Wolpert FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-11-18
OCC. 2025-11-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Interpretive Letter #1186 November 2025 November 18, 2025 Subject: Authority of National Banks to Hold Crypto-Assets as Principal and Pay Crypto- Asset Network Fees as Incidental to a Permissible Banking Activity Dear [ ], This responds to your letter requesting that the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”) confirms that [ ] (the “Bank”) may, as an activity incidental to the business of banking, pay network fees on blockchain net…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-12-01
House Financial Services Committee (majority staff). 2025-12-01. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................... 1 KEY FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................... 2 DEFINING DEBANKING ........................................................................................................... 4 BIDEN ADMINISTRATION REGULATORS REINVENTED THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION REGULATORS’ OPERATION CHOKE POINT 1.0 PLAYBOOK. .. 6 THE BIDEN ADMINISTRATION ENGAGED IN A COORDINATED ATTACK AGAINST T…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-12-01
House Financial Services Committee (majority). 2025-12-01. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Chairman Hill, Oversight Chair Meuser Issue Final Staff Report on Biden’s Debanking of Digital Assets | U.S. House Committee on Financial Services Skip to Content Search French HillCHAIRMAN About Us Chairman French Hill Committee History Committee Members Subcommittee Membership Jurisdiction GOP Leadership Schedule Hearings Markups Calendar News Press Releases ICYMI Member Corner Contact Email Updates Blow the Whistle Press Releases Chairman Hill, Oversight Chair Meuser Issue Final Staff Report on Biden’s Debanking of Digital Assets Sha…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-12-09
OCC. 2025-12-09. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Interpretive Letter #1188 December 2025 December 9, 2025 Stephen A. Lybarger, Senior Deputy Comptroller for Chartering, Organization and Structure Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 400 7th St. SW Washington, DC 20219 Subject: National Bank Engagement in Riskless Principal Transactions in Crypto-Assets Dear Mr. Lybarger, This responds to your request for confirmation that national banks may engage in riskless principal crypto-asset transactions (described below) with and on behalf of the…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-12-10
OCC. 2025-12-10. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Preliminary Findings from the OCC’s Review of Large Banks’ Debanking Activities December 2025 Preliminary Findings from the OCC’s Review of Large Banks’ Debanking Activities i Preliminary Findings from the OCC’s Review of Large Banks’ Debanking Activities Since August, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) has been working to fully implement the President’s Executive Order (EO) 14331, “Guaranteeing Fair Banking For All Americans,” by depoliticizing and removing mechanisms used to weaponize finance in the federal banking system. As part of its review, the OCC re…
Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)
· Banking
· snapshot 2025-12-12
OCC. 2025-12-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain).
Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure &RQGLWLRQDO$SSURYDO December 12, 2025 -DQXDU\ Rosemary Spaziani, Partner Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP 200 Park Avenue New York, NY 10166-0193 Re: Application by BitGo Trust Company, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota to Convert to a National Bank and Operate with Full Trust Powers OCC Control Number 2025-Conversion-342474 OCC Control Number 2025-Waiver-342475 (collectively, Application) New C…