Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

Conditional Approval 1355: Fidelity Digital Asset Services converts to national trust bank

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-12

OCC. 2025-12-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure &RQGLWLRQDO$SSURYDO December 12, 2025 -DQXDU\ Michael Lewis, Esq. Sidley Austin LLP 1501 K. Street NW Washington, DC 20005-0000 Re: Applications to (1) Convert Fidelity Digital Asset Services, LLC, New York, New York to an Uninsured National Trust Bank, Fidelity Digital Assets, National Association, New York, New York (2) Charter Fidelity Digital Assets Temporary Bank, National Association, Bost…

Conditional Approval 1356: First National Digital Currency Bank, N.A. (Circle)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-12

OCC. 2025-12-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure &RQGLWLRQDO$SSURYDO -DQXDU\ December 12, 2025 Mr. Kevin Murphy Assistant General Counsel Circle Internet Financial, LLC 1 Lincoln Street, Suite 31-113 Boston, MA 02111 Re: Application to Charter First National Digital Currency Bank, National Association, New York, New York (Proposed) and Request to Waive Residency Requirements (collectively, Application) OCC Control Numbe…

Conditional Approval 1358: Paxos Trust Company converts to national trust bank

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-12

OCC. 2025-12-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure &RQGLWLRQDO$SSURYDO December 12, 2025 -DQXDU\ Mark Chorazak, Partner Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP One Manhattan West New York, New York 10001-0000 Re: Application by Paxos Trust Company, LLC, New York, New York to Convert to an Uninsured National Trust Bank OCC Control Number 2025-Conversion-342828 OCC Control Number 2025-Waiver-344112 OCC Control Number 2025-Capital&Div-344142…

Conditional Approval 1359: Ripple National Trust Bank

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-12

OCC. 2025-12-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure &RQGLWLRQDO$SSURYDO -DQXDU\ December 12, 2025 Brian Spahn Senior Director, Regulatory Compliance Ripple Labs Inc. 600 Battery Street San Francisco, California 94111 Re: Application to Charter Ripple National Trust Bank, New York, New York (Proposed) and Request to Waive Residency Requirements (collectively, Application) OCC Control Number 2025-Charter-342347 OCC Control Nu…

FDIC Approves the Deposit Insurance Application for Erebor Bank, N.A.

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-16

FDIC. 2025-12-16. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FDIC Approves the Deposit Insurance Application for Erebor Bank, N.A., Columbus, Ohio | FDIC.gov Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.…

FEDS Notes: "In the Shadow of Bank Runs: Lessons from the Silicon Valley Bank Failure and Its Impact on Stablecoins"

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-17

Fed Board staff. 2025-12-17. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  The Fed - In the Shadow of Bank Runs: Lessons from the Silicon Valley Bank Failure and Its Impact on Stablecoins Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System…

Request for Information and Comment on Reserve Bank Payment Account Prototype, 90 FR 60096, FR Doc 2025-23712

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-23

Fed Board. 2025-12-23. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: 60096 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 244 / Tuesday, December 23, 2025 / Notices Filed Date: 12/16/25. Parties: CMA CGM S.A.; COSCO Federal Reserve accounts or services Accession Number: 20251216–5337. SHIPPING Lines Co. Ltd.; Ocean (accounts and services) under the Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 12/26/25. Network E…

Summary of Interpretive Letter 1179 Requests (every formal non-objection request, 2021–2025, and the OCC's response)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-01

OCC. published late 2025 (cited in OCC NR 2025-114, 2025-12-01). Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Summary of Interpretive Letter 1179 Requests | OCC Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Careers Quick Access Most Requested Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) Contact Us Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Comptroller's Handbook Corporate Applications Search Enforcement Action Search Financial Institution Lists Newsroom Third-Party Relationships: Interagency Guidance on Risk Management More OCC Websites BankNet.gov Find resources for bankers. HelpWithMyBank.gov Get answers to banking questions. Search More Search Tools Financial Institution Search CR…

Supervisory Condition Letter 2026-01: Anchorage Digital Bank — 2021 Operating Agreement terminated

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-02-09

OCC. 2026-02-09. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Washington, DC 20219 Supervisory Condition Letter 2026-01 February 2026 February 9, 2026 Via email Board of Directors Anchorage Digital Bank National Association 101 S. Reid Street, Suite 329 Sioux Falls, SD 57103 Subject: Termination of Operating Agreement Members of the Board: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) has authorized the termination of the January 22, 2021 Operat…

Corporate Decision 1365: Bridge National Trust Bank (Stripe)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-02-12

OCC. 2026-02-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1365 February 2026 February 12, 2026 Mrs. Paris Cribben via email: [email protected] General Counsel Bridge Ventures LLC – a Stripe, Inc. company 112 Gull Drive South San Francisco, CA 94080 Re: De Novo Charter Application and Request for Residency Waivers (Application) Bridge National Trust Bank, New York, New York (Proposed) O…

Corporate Decision 1366: National Digital Trust Company (Protego Holdings)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-02-13

OCC. 2026-02-13. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1366 February 2026 February 13, 2026 via email Mr. Greg Gilman Chief Executive Officer Protego Holdings Corporation 5608 17th Avenue, NW, Suite 905 Seattle, WA 98107 Re: Application to Charter National Digital Trust Company, Seattle, Washington (Proposed) and Request to Waive Residency Requirements…

Corporate Decision 1367: Foris DAX National Trust Bank (Crypto.com)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-02-20

OCC. 2026-02-20. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1367 February 2026 February 20, 2026 Mr. Daniel Nunez Cohen via email 110 N. College Ave. Suite 500 Tyler, TX, 75702 Re: Foris DAX National Trust Bank, Chicago, IL (Proposed), and Request to Waive Residency Requirements (collectively, Application) OCC Control Number: 2025-Charter-343659 OCC Control Number: 2025-Waiver-343920 Prop…

Prohibition on Use of Reputation Risk or Other Supervisory Tools ... (proposed rule), 91 FR 9499, FR Doc 2026-03818

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-02-26

Fed Board. 2026-02-26. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Register / Vol. 91, No. 38 / Thursday, February 26, 2026 / Proposed Rules 9499 Energy. This administrative process in • Other Means: publiccomments@ conduct, or based on involvement by no way alters the legal effect of this frb.gov. You must include the docket the individual or business in politically document upon pub…

Same case: order denying rehearing en banc, with Tymkovich, J., dissenting (joined by Eid, J.)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-03-13

U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit. 2026-03-13. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Appellate Case: 24-8024 Document: 201 Date Filed: 03/13/2026 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals PUBLISH Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS March 13, 2026 Christopher M. Wolpert FOR THE…

Corporate Decision 1370: Coinbase National Trust Company

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-04-02

OCC. 2026-04-02. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1370 April 2026 April 02, 2026 Michael Nonaka, Esq. Covington & Burling LLP 850 Tenth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001-4956 Re: De Novo Charter Application and Request for Residency Waivers (Application) Coinbase National Trust Company, News York, New York (Proposed) OCC Control Number 2025-Charter-343449 OCC Control Number 2025-Waiver-343506 Dear Mr. Nonaka: The Office of…

Prohibition on the Use of Reputation Risk by Regulators (final rule; effective 2026-06-09), 91 FR 18279, FR Doc 2026-06947 (Part 1 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-04-10

OCC, FDIC. 2026-04-10. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Register / Vol. 91, No. 69 / Friday, April 10, 2026 / Rules and Regulations 18279 implementing regulations as written at Congressional Review Act DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY that time. Based on the comments received, we have no reason to believe Pursuant to the Congressional Review Office of the Comptroller of the…

Prohibition on the Use of Reputation Risk by Regulators (final rule; effective 2026-06-09), 91 FR 18279, FR Doc 2026-06947 (Part 2 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-04-10

OCC, FDIC. 2026-04-10. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: OCC uses December 31, 2024, to determine size may indirectly benefit covered FDIC- The Paperwork Reduction Act of because a ‘‘financial institution’s assets are determined by averaging the assets reported on its supervised IDIs. Finally, FDIC- 1995 20 (PRA) states that no agency may…

Corporate Decision 1372: Mercury Bank, N.A.

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-04-24

OCC. 2026-04-24. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1372 April 2026 April 24, 2026 Nate Balk Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP One Manhattan West New York, NY 10001 Subject: De Novo Charter Application and Residency Waiver Request Mercury Bank, NA, Salt Lake City, Utah (proposed charter 25404) OCC Control No. 2025-Charter-344332 OCC Control No. 2025-Waiver-344421 Dear Mr. Balk; The Office of the Comptroller o…

Corporate Decision 1373: Interactive National Trust Bank (Interactive Brokers)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-05-05

OCC. 2026-05-05. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1373 May 2026 May 5, 2026 Michael Nonaka, Esq. Partner Covington & Burling LLP 850 Tenth Street, NW Washington, District of Columbia 20001-4956 Subject: Application to Charter Interactive National Trust Bank, Greenwich, Connecticut (Application) OCC Control Number: 2025-Charter-344364 OCC Charter Number: 25405 Dear Mr. Nonaka: The Office of the Comptroller of the Curre…