American Friends Service Committee Part 04

Document text

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92
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
AMERICAN FRIENDS
SERVICE COMMITTEE
PART 4 QF Z5
FILE NUMBER = 100-11392

summer; AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE
ELLE #; 190-11392
SECTION: 1;
' ¢

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FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Pun-n I
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ICFORT MADE AT
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I5YNOP5IS OF FACTS: Coni-
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Institut? of Iatcnw1':-r ' ' '1I
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11 Infcwzn 1§ dviscd that
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1- 6/19-2 5.,/1.9

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During, the cours&#39;: of thu Institutc, those 11 nttc&#39;n<3r~.192c0
would gather during the morning to hear discussions by th0_I{1stitutc
speakers. Following this th: group would hr-2:1: up into ":n.n1c-ans" , 16
O
morning .snail groups, for discussion purpascs "::&#39;n1.ch tool: pl-1:1 during the rsst -sf1
In the aft:-rznon the Institutz Sp-&#39;:Clk£IS conducted panel
discussions S1:-:&#39;:&#39;.1:..n,¢; to tht -&#39;:nt:Zr-2 group.
Du:-in-g, the twining the pmgrau consist-."c. of the Institut-&#39;2
speakers talldng to the entire group-
" ens
:=:sulting;I112
r-:-.:-Ic concerning th:
the infczt"-ant stated t1~.:~.t the
availabl-2 to those in nttwndzzncc did not
agr~:::.1&#39;.:nts in the IiI.nicons" .
This infer.-.:*nt statzd that the Institutc speakers indescribed rtbmrc met cach day and &#39;
n:1*.ngs ~::c
&#39;.~.grc::1cnts in th: gr-aup zxrutings;
f-;1"92_r:&#39;7r921-Q 755-; Y92"!"."92:"| Y-ur +r._I--I-In --110; l.I5J-¢_U92-£41 5.1: u.|.n.Q
c snf orrr. J1 t
I11c~>:::"; vc r,
1&#39;. +.9292+.n1 nnr&#39;= !&#39;92.&#39;92r1v-5. u mu»
di. sous si ans and
-2 .:ral
uscd as their basic npjvrmch th: thr-ught that they -.-are-fighting
&#39; " cc-nscriptisn and through tint :&#39;:::di&#39;.m -.&#39;:&#39;: &#39;=I _- T3 - -0
forceful sp::&#39;*.}:-rrr at tit: Ir.st1&#39;.t11tc was on:  cfnwrtctinq  ?&#39;c-"
1&#39;:h:~ dlscuss-cc 1n bricf "~..~&#39;i*.:92.t I~I:.v.2 Tic to Four frcr: Russia?"
state that the sit*-xzticn must be :&#39;.n:.l*.&#39;:z-ed car-:_¬ull}&#39; :-.n:.- th-at pC!hC.-33 "*;::
are violators 0&#39;-1.rs:lv&#39;_&#39;s. PI:
that such fear is szcrtsly our
"had us botbtcl at Pearl iizrb
did not intend to fight any rzorc.
It is to be noted that
participntcd in a dc:.:onstr2tion 12:11} .
conscription. .1 rlccting,-&#39; fcll-::*:cd this do
u.".:!sr th: chnirzmnsbip c;ir;nr! Y-rm
Ccnscripti an Cortxittcac
At this rrcting A2 draft CF.If§$ *.:cr-".- -2 all:
kettle ta bn burned. i h.-1:! nan: the
of bUl"!1ing tizcir c:-.r<?s s21-.uld £01-:1 ; line
p:~.rtici{*>:*.ticn 5 "-bsrrv;&#39;/.2 &#39;1"oll-:r::s:  &#39; &#39;92 _, _ . ,-J
|"~*vv&#39;92 f &#39; I Q -Q-can
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ant 1&#39;.&#39;.":s Il
ld in th-1
, :-3,-_ _..- 7 .k__
H: I-92-&#39; n "&#39;92-&#39;92 &#39;  "0 " &#39; &#39; 927Inc rzast
E2011 Ysrkz City
1&#39;1-2 1:1":>cc:62&#39;.;- to
stated that "*::2 ht.-.r-2 n-.2 reason to £3-ctr Russi
i,,1_~.;1.-=.:ti on. 1 stated that -t-:1:-:11 Ilvtvsc-J21
OI 1&#39;:é h-&#39;=d b0 fight but that ha ! .
on F:-bruary 12, 19/+7;
in 5 " 1 * - 31&#39;: .{o1&#39;~c City rr 5;:~.:-sing zt"ili*..r:-.rj;
1".-rnstrrztion .&#39;!n.i ch rzcctin-" *:::_1s
by tbs
L:-.-scr T&#39;3.&#39;..pl:&#39; i
1-,=;r_1, torn, .:92.nc1
:.nmL1nc?:r::nt ti
and ann ounce t1~C
by Sp: c1111 "4-gqnts -.21 tic 1112-: Y
1&#39;T-Ll
I31"; sic .&#39;.&#39;itr".
:1 Herr Icrk Cit;r_.
l:&#39;.c2c&#39;: in .2 :i.:*;.;1
t those c:.*sir:-.1:
111&#39; ;1:&#39;.r.1:-s.
03:1: Office-tnn-92J"1
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1-- v..1:.ou.1 sf:-..t-».-rs at t:.:|._, mstltutc war: ".&#39;_1.st"-c_ n an
.&#39;-.nncunc&#39;:n:nt Put out t!:r&#39;~&#39;.w&#39;TI1 1231:: &#39;s&#39;.rvi.c-is 31&#39; th: in-&#39;:1&#39;ic&#39;1:1 l"ri:r.=.2_&#39;: L5-tr-rice
C0;.:n&#39;ittcc and incluc!-:&#39;-:1 ti! 11.-:.-: iork city;   rs
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S?  _ -3 K./q&#39;1  &#39;.-:&#39;-.dr.".s, In-110.; is X Ciina; ____- 4,  . Seattle;
&#39; -Phil:~.
.;lphi:~.;  " ;!¬:92.&#39;.1 &#39;-{or-1». City; _ 92.
y.I0rl: City;   &#39;_ Birr.:i.ngh".n, England; ~
&#39; &#39; . Pu.l]:..:*.n, W-&#39;.&#39;.Sh} &#39; -é M _j New York City; _ .Zxissculc, 1I:>ntnn:.:, = &#39; - &#39; 
.1 _92 &#39; /&#39;
in addition to these listcé nbcvc, -cl} _3&#39;:-attln spol-:2 :.s an unlistcd spcakor. l stated at the cutsct thtt
- ho didn&#39;t quite feel the s:::c 2-my about :2 lot ri things as clirl thf! other
spzakars. H-nvnvrr, his rcmrks ccnccztxing th: stcxtistics rloalt with
U, 5, pr
clgcticn and did. nut canccm thorts-Qlvcs with thr; problems ~0f
conscription. _
__ I-v:-.il:92.bl;&#39; at the mating an tabla: in th: T.&#39;c51c1}." House ~:::~.s :1
largo ."..r.1rn.u1t of literature. Tn: ini-nrzznnt has mad: :~.v:~.il&#39;».?:-lc in-&#39;£ivi_-lu:~.l
copies cf this  zraturc  h:=v:-  attached as czchibit this
rcpcrt.
92-. A srmll pg-.p¥hlc_t &#39;cntitl:;d/ coder. cf 3c1_igi-on and th:
Present Draft Lin?" stntsc. in part:
"TIC E.;.&#39;.vc h:&#39;.;1 prcscntcc. to us th: subject if the Sclzctivc
Service .&#39;.ct of 19-AS and. th: v:.".;&#39; in *:.":-.icZ1 :>urF-2:3;-r:.1 G:.>vcr:&#39;1:&#39;;-:nt authcriti-35
.-&#39;~.I&#39;-&#39;.:t.&#39;cT.1ing &#39;;rith citnscicntiius objectors ur.-.:r its pruvigions. Thar: 11".VC
been prosccuti ens .-mrl canvicticns of 5. cc-nsid-:1":-.blc ram-&#39;.12&#39;:1" 1:-Z }_".=mg
aha havc not r&#39;:g&#39;istr~::&#39;C. under the l::;:, r.:r.>st of thc=_1 P-:1 religious gmunds.
Others are unrEc::&#39; arrest, I11: hc:*.q&#39; prison s mtcznccs i:*.{Jas2c! rzzprcscnt
harsher t1"::.t?.12nt than is accorded to z.~.:.my guilty of crinzs of ncr-9.1 turpitur
Tlnra have bccn pros-tcutions, tea, for Qncou1"&#39;92.ging or supporting such rcligi:
ohjzctors in fo11.:>r&#39;::&#39;.ng thiir C&#39;	&#39;1SCi.C?1C"3S¢ Zivny of thnsc undergoing these
cxporicnccs ram r~.c::zb:rs of cur Religious Sr:ci<&#39;3t}&#39;_; sons of thc:1:.".c1nb::rs of
our 0"-&#39;rn Plxilndclphirz Yearly II&#39;:0tir.:_;s. --
. ".,&#39;-2 nrq disturb-:6 by thcsz -&#39;:&#39;.r-znts bnc-ms: &#39;-":2 arc profoundly
concerned that the suprsrmncy :;.f rzligion sh-all not be denier} and that
religious 1i".YJIt§&#39; shall not b": curtailed. 
F,
"Rcgru-ding this all-i1":;1:rt:.nt subject, *:.&#39;1 task our r»1&#39;1&#39;ici:11s
and our &#39;icllc-1&#39;: citizens tn thin}: dc-spigr, .71 incl era.-mpsllc-i ts state =.a&#39;11:~.u
believe. . 
s "&#39;.2b bclicvc in g-zwrnrzcnt and in the crpacit;-&#39; of the st.-ztc to
be an instru:.1¢:nt_ of the i{j.n;_;d0;u of Gad; rm b:+li:.-v*.- in loyalty. to it -".n:. in
obcdi-:ncc t-cw its 1:1-rs,s<"1 long as it is such an instrument.
-3-
92
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- "But W: bclicvc that the loyal citizen, acting by the light
- rzlrich Gci givrs hir. in his ccnsci-zncc, must judge whcthtr his ;;ovcrm&#39;-ant
is serving as th: instrurlcnt -21$ Goa-is I{1&#39;.n_g;do1?:_. .
. To b-rlicv-: th-.-.t non, in our tins, in our count:-5;, th-: grant
issue is being drawn bet-::::::92 t;1:: -II:-Y of Divine love rcvmlsd b;,&#39;_J:sus
Christ, and the way of the military system. A
"Z-&#39;."c bclisv: the Draft Law is -an: c&#39;::ici&#39; point at which thcsc:
two  oi lii-2 arc in ccnilicts _
&#39; "30 bclicv: in rslI.§.ous liberty, in the 
ssdzm. and
responsibility of -tavzry citizen to :!.:t:rr:_i.n-1 this issue for himself, pr:&#39;.1rcr-
ftly; as in G:>d&#39;s sight -
-. .&#39;. small four page prnphlct ontitl:K;1<:*»*3.ccs on
r .0-mscripticn and .."&#39;2.r" publishzc. by *;.%~.; Religious Society of Friends in the
Unit-cc] $t:&#39;.t¢s", list:-&#39;_ eight pbints as follc
rs:
"1. &#39;1: suppcrt 1&#39;cnz1r_; Friznds and sthsrs -.-.-hr: express their
oppositisn to censcziptisn zithsr by ncn-rtgistrzzti 2:1, "mr by rcgi.stration is
cmscicnticus "cbjzctors. &#39;.}&#39;=: -.:::.:*;~_&#39;Ly app:-ms civil clissbcdicncc 1:.r1:/zr Divinc
compulsion as an hsnir;-.bl: testimony fully in keeping with th: history and
prncticss of Fricn:1s- &#39;
"2, I-2 r&#39;_-cc-gnizc that the r&#39;_i1_itT&#39;.r;r s;&#39;sts:1is not c-znsistcnt
with Christ&#39;s &#39;:>:::1pl&#39;. of rcrlcnptivc Jlovc, and that participation, -ivc_n in a
ncn-csztzlastztit c_1;.;::;ci:_-3&#39;, &#39;;.&#39;;;&#39;l-;s:;s the t.=sti;&#39;;0n}&#39; of JUI &#39;.&#39;.&#39;h:JlC Society; Navar-
thzl-ass, we hnlc; in respect :.r.c. smzpzathatic ~.mcZcrst:-r.c1:&#39;.ng all those men
who in goon; csnsci;-no: chccsc to qntcr the r-.r:.-cc} forces.
"3. Ts extend our religious concern an-;I assistzmc: to all &#39;
corlsciaanticus cbjrctors who r-:1"; 1:-.11 outside the narrsv: dczfinition of the
Sclsctivc Sorvic: Let cf l9&8.
92
t "L, Tn .:v-aid L:ng:".gin£_,&#39; in any trade, business, or prc-fcssinn
dir-.ct-ly ccntnbuting to tn: r*j_iit-tiff s&#39;,&#39;st;&#39;:.;; zznrltlzs purchase -:1 govcrnzzun"
17:.-.r bonds or stcc-: certificates in Vlili inzlustri-6:1-
"5. To consider carefully the irzpliczxtion d"pay:i.n;; thosc
t-&#39;*::ss, a rmjcr portion of -vhich gees for I!l.llT».".I]] purpcscs. »
f4"

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"6. To as!-: our Qualccr schn ls and colleges to refuse
to accept r.ili&#39;r.a1~;-,&#39; training units hr contracts, or 2-s&#39;.litary subsidies
forscientific res-1.-arch, and to advise Young Friends not to accept :*.ilit.~.r;
training; in etbzr institutions.
- I
"&#39;7. To cz--2:-.ta :1 horn and .f::r.:i1;,r at:~.rasp11&#39;:re in which th: ".!,rs
of love: and rccencilitatinn are so central that the resort tn violencrl »
in any rzlatisnship is impossible. &#39;
"8. To_ help -invelop the institutions, mthods, and attitudes
necessary to a harzzanious and pzaceful :1-:>r1¬:; t: replac
 political anarchjf,
, nati-an-:*.l scav-:r:i5;nt;r .".n~.&#39;1 war by l.a*:: and gcwrnrxcnt; to press for -scrld
disanznncnt b: ginning; unilaterally ~.-rith the United Sttztc s, if necessary,
instead vi th;. przsent ax-:1a:l1~.nt race; to work for th: irmadiate I"p<1:1l sf
- c.raft legislatisn; and to share willingly and sacficially our rrisaurczs
for
publish-ad by ;..°.L  ..ar H-es:$.-1:-s L1:-.5;-.12! listen! an it&#39;:r*.izatisn&#39;
of the .&#39;."3.L b":,gi_n::in&#39;; in 1923 On na-r;.": i"-cur cf t 1;92;&#39;.::?:-hlat it is stzzt-ad:the rebuilding of the world.
-c
924/ ,.,Ian eight-paga pafzplilrtt entitled "25 Years of 1110&#39; To .JI.I",
 &#39; of the bistsry
Calling .".ll Jar Resist-ers - .15:-.in, war has brought ns peace,
no S.3CI.I1lt?,&#39; an;-:.&#39;I1<:rc. &#39;.&#39;.it1-I. rilliens ec:1;., ather millions c.;n&#39;.n;; iz". Slave-
labor c-:~_&#39;.:1&#39;as er p1r:&#39;=.shin; in so-celled lfrcodcr thx:-ugh-"rat a ruined Eur":-pa,
wit}: C¢r~.&#39;:ur1is:1 rife, and Eascis:.: by n-; n-Jens -tlcrzcl, the ski-as are dark inde:
But
- law
the
itsfor afar Rcsisters the:-"2 must be no retreat. .V . . 5
"Now that the £-liectiva Service I-ct of 1948 has passed into
despite the lsng and vali&#39;ant affcrts of tha pa:-.c~: fzrcas to defeat it,
Inaguc must take stock -oi fresh rrrspensibilitics. Since this !.ct, likd
nredzcass-;»r nrcvicles  absclutc e.*c&#39;:::&#39;nticn far t~es&#39;.= 92&#39;.&#39;1&#39;92cs&#39;* cssnscicnc-asforbid 0413* subnissien m-shat-.w-cr to C-nscziptisn, the League will wort: to
gain absolut: fr:aCar: fer such nan i&#39;r<"-r.&#39;. censcriptcd sar-rice, *::11ethcr in
prison er out of it . On the othar hand i_t will nls-.> lend its aid to these
able te accept alte:&#39;nati1.r~_~ service, Opposing Ccnscri
tinn wnprincinlu,
it 1Iil1,cn.&#39;>p:10.tgA vi;orsu::l§,&#39; &#39;..&#39;it. all working for
and will urf,-2 our gov-&#39;:r:i~:-znt to propose t-:> its .201:
Nations the univ-::&#39;s&#39;:.l abaliti-an oi C.:f¢fC1"i_[	3i1&#39;!,
1?-~.~ an i.KJ
n. _  &#39;..r
in all its frxns, It 1-&#39;:il]. strive fer the dis::rn:1m
the world, Using puaczful t.:c!.&#39;niqu<!s, we L-;ar;ue mt-.bc~.rs
and
92&#39;r0ll dig the [yrave of ci92ri.li::atien, but that paint-blank
by the inu.iv"ldu-2.1, by gr-:-ups and by nations is ncc-.:::saryths rzpeal of the Act
gates to the United
Equally th .|.." us rill c:1.b -t &#39;tor:""S rtrmmting rilitarisn
t cf this nation -:.n.<! of
will -S1.:&#39;i&#39;.m .",;-;:.1in
an ator.1;i.e -..&#39;r:r :1.-1;;
r-cnuncinti of -.-:a
to avert this:1;r&#39;~.in to convince our f=:lle-&#39;1 1&#39;a.1cricr:ns :1-at unlv that
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"cat-&#39;.&#39;.str:=ph2. On the organizational lrrval -no rtust likmris: convince than
§.&#39;|,_&#39;,,.§. 11:, 19.2: ,S._??._,..,,._,,:,,,.,- _,1_,-.-,.,._.-.:.-I -F. _ -1.I._.-:-.1 -...._.:..-_.,l Q: H.--1-?-5-,.._-I 4*-_-Q-,-4,11 .7-.:..;92 -IIll-I--U :3 M. 92.-1| 92a .1Jb&-lb! .....-I-1. L-1- hll-92.L-1 ::&#39;_u&#39;v..v...92. n. 92.l.H...92&#39;_lIJ92.-J. J.-.&#39;~..£..I.~-J- -l92.IJ-L.
gw-zrnr.-.::nt with la".-r-onforccmnt uoan the in&#39;Iivi»Ju".l -&#39;.92.t2._"nc1-or, not rilit.".ry 92 _
co;rcion up-in th: nation-stntcs, -- .1&#39;h1oh is War."
|i&#39;_&#39;- :-"  &#39;15 IITTIIIED:
"1.
3.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I"!
It
1:0
1.
2.
3.To unit: and support all vrar rosistcrs in tiaoir opposition
to xzilitc-.r;,-&#39; ccnscription, both in poac-2 and in war.
To c
ucat: the §r:&#39;:t&#39;:st possiblc n=:::.b:r .:-1&#39; :";on&#39;and
troncn in the principles ancl rzathols of war rcsistmicn
rr*.a:.:nt -:11 a world-wide scale
&#39; nation,To pronto irrrscliato
and especially in our
To pronoto the sharing among all people of the worl-s
natural W-zalth and th: intz.-z-national c-antral of
irznigration; _
To striv? to rind all oxpl-wit-:.ti an of colonial people s and
foreign territories by -.ur -r:."m country anc. others, 1&#39;.&#39;I&#39;1cth-:.&#39;I&#39;
this czzplaitation bu op-2:1 inpzrialisrz or subtly disguised
ocnnom&#39;.c pcrrcr politics. ,
To pronrzto the abolition of national s-.v::r-sign &#39; favor
oi one Trorlc! oozirzunity.
§Q 4;92.-2...,-. -L-92 -92--A Q-I1 .,---.1 ___&#39;.l-LY-&#39; Mu --&#39; ll-1. -JNLL. L-Ii?-LJ.92.LI
, color or rclzlgion.
C.&#39;.R:&#39;i1&#39; OUT TZTSE EEPLL LIES THY] LILGUE PROPCSB:__ ____.; _g4__q_.:_=:_.__;..~ .__. L,______11111&#39;- L92]..bL:I&#39;1.LA1,l1t.lb_LL1!l D-_.I>LU
To knit actively together th.-so who agroc with those aims.
To urgc each inc.i*:ic¥u-".1 nonbor ti
own co:-mlmity a vital, art"i.cul.".tc .
..l..u.&#39;lA .--M-I-,..!4-.-.!,.,._ ....,!._.-,,..4-: _...__ ..,,__.92 ,.,.§-L4 __..lll_lU..L92.l LUIL-L-I U92.n92.. &#39;.-&#39;--L.L.92..Zur.L..hl ---L1 _J-LILUIL
realization of thaso aims. _to form in his
ation which
-7.1:-.1-:1 t"
To train its n-.2:-1b<:rs in tho c
.-.:cti&#39;92rc use of cc.ucationa1
and other t_&#39;c&#39;::niqu-rs for c:.l1in:: puollc attention to our
vicns about import:-at public issues, -
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"our Obj": ct
to give 1&#39;1: supprnrt&#39;tc sang
or hzxiinitnrian V rrzligious
"?I:~.r is the6
4- .
$0 seek the cst:~.blish&#39;zent ai rc31_an:-.1 groups and
offices in :vcr&#39;;&#39; i:e1p:>rt.-znt center cr large city
in the cvwntry.
labor uni-ans; tradeTn &#39;:nc~:ur:&#39;.3c its ncrzbcrs to participate :-.ctiv~e1f,r in
.-zssecir-.ti:ns; civic, youth :&#39;.n:t1 &#39;
scci:-.1 erganieeti ms; paliticel parties .".n".. other &#39;3:-sup
whose rains arc c-:.:p:.tib1c with ~;::-.r r :si.st:-.nce, an-J time
make our viewpoint felt as ~.-:i.c.:ly as pessible. 
To can-_&#39;:cr.etc with the
in orgrnizeting the 1.;&#39;.&#39;.-&#39;:~.r Resistors Intcrnati.-:.nel I
zericas and &#39;:th-er countries.
To :~.sI-c each rzcr-.b2r ta contribute regul.-1rl3-&#39; cech :1-3:1: or
month ta:-1:1-:1 the fulfillment of this pr-egr.&#39;.1:&#39;r. in ¢.cc-nrciei
with his ;.ee.ns .
- PUP.POS3 {AID PROGR.-.1!. &#39; a|-
is to unite run an.-. -:.&#39;:~:.1-2:1 1".-"he have c.*~ti:r:~:l:~.::&#39;:
21.12", irrtspectiv-: ;:£ the r~:.-zsrna - psliticel,
- which have 1-ec. then to talc: tho stand.
final n1:_;:~.tion »:~f the principles of dcwecracy th
permit free hu:92:1n¢.eve1ef::cr:t. &#39;.."e tlaerefore refuse to supgi
rt -:21" in :~::;r
form, ant. we ar-&#39;2 c-J2."-_-".=itte<;I to ":.&#39;ork fer its t.:=t:&#39;.l abclitinn, &#39;
. "There gnvenrzcnt rcs-as an shetrr force the result is rithrr
tyranny or chaos. In the 1-est :m:~.l;&#39;sis the elinzineticn of &#39;.-rer rests in oh
c-ensci-Lace :~.nr.. moral sten-;.:=.r=<s of :::m1cin:..
G
"Our task is to nrcmzotc &#39;:.&#39;ithin ti:-e gcvernrxcnt and its
representatives th: bwlief that c:r:"".~m he-nesty
-ntpect frszzz i:v!i~.ridu:1&#39;.: ::u.::t be fzppli-1:. to all
natibn zznc. its instituti-arm not-in the fully 0.
just I111-* r-Asp"-ctible incei.*.&#39;.i_&#39;.I-.131 to act,
Jill -be .
1|?" -» _, J1; J
&#39; tion is
a pr_&#39;i:.".:1r3r v.:lu<&#39;:
self-:11 re cti -"in .
canscriptiozu.-.1.lit-.ry c nscrip 11.. is
:-. c.-eni:.l of the besic dcrzocrctic:~.ni.. decency such as we
public zzettcrs. 1n.e :1-arc
".1:&#39;.y -{re &#39;::.j1ect an h."1r.cr:&#39;.ble,
time 11c.".1thic&#39;r c.nr.I bitter tint n-:.ti
an integral part ef war. C-wnscrip
t1:1&#39;:r;.&#39; that hur~.e.n &#39;>er::nr.1it7r has
rmr that this v-&#39;21u&#39;: can nnly b_- rized tin:-u;;n ir::-1-.h>r.z fr:
"1h1ref~:re, 11¢: are uneltcritbly opp-sen} tu r:ilit.&#39;:rj,&#39;
-7;
, -

A _ _ . _---. -&#39; I
_ - I !
 O
5:? . _
if .
_ ".&#39;Ie believe in the csii-ability of such pnlii-ic:~.l nn

ecnnenic: ctr:-.ng.;s :1: will rlchizva .2. ce -perative 1-:orl&#39;! based en justi
c and
cquel np;1=~rt=:.:1i.t;.&#39; i;-r all. &#39;-Ie recognize that greet. change is ::lr~_-:~.:1;.-
t:-king place but we beli-av: that 1:".r is directing that <11"-Ir-L:-1 11J-&#39;I-.I¢- i-1"-"1

estructian -if fr:-::121;:i Ziitlzcut fresdeui secieizy rmst c!-;teri-"=r:&#39;i-Q,
cnnfined to any particula-
"Believing t.h:~.t c-ensci-inc:
r:*.c-":, religion, psliticzzl or economic crcccl, Tiar Rssisi--ers I::r&#39;.:;u<:
welcerxcs to :&#39;;11b-2I51.ip all persons cenr-itted to the abolition r-.1 &#39;rr:~_.r and to
the refusal t-1 give war their support. &#39;
"&#39;Ihe Le.:".-gue will -&#39;7.-tvcvte itself to .1 pragrrzz of action neel
b.".s:c. :n tins: rrrinciples. It expects its rzcrzbers *2--.~ participate
-~ -1-92+,-in1~mr" c+,92-ue-1-92r -H1 1&#39;? &#39;:nr-10&#39;"? P"|1!&#39;l1 11-&#39;!1H&#39;|"921"&#39;v,"- -uu¢.n92.p..-- -a92aL929292v~ 92...-. yd 1..-.1. 1... .-..-92..-. -.|u92-q-92:-n-92-|-
The pa:":p11l:?a entitled TZ*.&#39;3"a&#39;P?:"éfEi-an of the Society ef Fri-mzis
in Regztrcl to T.&#39;:r", an-". fmblishc
 by the £.:.:eric:.n Friends Scr&#39;.&#39;ic&#39;: Co:"z&#39;ic.t;ec,
20 S-wuth 12th Street, Phil?-.&#39;.&#39;..C&#39;lfL&#39;1i2, P:z., date-&#39;3 I&#39;I9&#39;J::I2b?r 1939, outlined
the histary of the S"ciet1.&#39; cf Fri ;nc.s rag-:1*".in; 11:-I, all-T-ini; fr:-:1 1650 in
1939 .e_n:; f,c.v&#39;: sir-rt qustcxtiens r1~3o.r;:in-5; unis itczz.
..lsa available was 1 large t-ma!--;>.-.11;-:: //Lshcd
92__._ rr|___, f92.-...__.:1.a._.. J-._-., I"-----Q: ..,..4-J»,---Q !,%-_-.1.-r4-.-.<-1,-. ,1.-._ .,-Uy 1H-u UL}.-.L92JU&#39;J-&#39; J.-¢.i 92J&#39;.&#39;S1-.&#39;|92-an.-iLlo_UU:| 922UJ¢L»U..n|.b, .L1-LLU.-I-..
Cass", r:§-Jich p:::.&#39;phl-at discussed the cc-nvictinn of I.-.&#39;=.fI1i -&#39;_F.I-. 92&#39;-E25. ch v _
.&#39;:.ll=:;_;eL.1jr based up-.&#39;»n 0. vielztticn oi his I-&#39;11i_§&#39;l.-3115 frecderf. This pa-&#39;1 --t
statecl that the=.:sc".n&#39;Zs hm: :"!:~ne &#39;:1hz.t Ga:-:1 clirl, an-. tr.» single lei?-. out er
pros::cuticn is 2. grass inequality in the :&#39;.c.:;-:|&#39;.nis"c.r.:~.t:&#39;ir&#39;:n cf justice.
But much 7.10:"; ir~.&#39;;.crt:~nt is this intrrrpretzxticn cf ]..1*..&#39; which rzakes such a
:1inis:.r;r to ..i".-;rs :1 crirzzr, *.&#39;:nichnc.ke:s 2. nan :1 felon for supporting
another: ob.sc.icnce tr c.:nsLi.2nCc, -
/ &#39;1&#39;1 I.-f.T.j3i:1i&#39;G eniitleu "T.1:&#39;-.5 ?:&#39;-&#39;>-.1;-=5  is I-Fer: F0:3c1:.1 Convict
7002" *-2:15 published. by th; C::1tra.]_ Can-"ittcc J?-1:1 Ctmscicntieus Objacters,
2006 &#39;:&#39;.::Iu1ut&#39;Str:ct, IP31-i1::r.e1;&#39;92~.1i.:&#39;., am: stzztud the brief stbrics -ti four
nen wh-3 112.1. b.-::n ."&#39;.I1"_1S&#39;
 ;:1 ;;n:.&#39;. i1..Pl"iS zncc. for thei1- ccrascicntims epposition
to :1 10:.-r of our tine.
* B1-as: pzmphl.-zts law: been identified by the ininr;.&#39;.:.n1:-.- .-92-»--r- -"_./_u<-..i.{ ui
i I ,-&#39; &#39;l&#39;h&#39;: ini&#39;ert:1:92.nt s&#39;;:&#39;.t2:! that it z-.&#39;c1.:1»;! be difficult iorQ1§; to
furnish any rzu".-".:~.z-3&#39; as ta .e:§1¢.i;. 21:3 taken place at t.E::: Institute other H.-".n
the ir=ier:.-.r&#39;:"hinn rclat-&#39;_--2. nbevc and sh: stzatcd in cmclusion "t-int tho

f . _
4 "To ii;-&#39;]~&#39;°-" = SAC, nosro: - &#39;0 /06 -Z/it 772 - UNITE_ !  = TERNMENT
&#39;= DIRZCNR, FBI DATE: 11-7-4.9 "
.,r i
%vB:£¢T= AJ.EP.IC.-Q1 rnrzxos s&#39;.::mc_:n."co;c.:1r1&#39;m k
Enclosed herewith are two mineographed sheets of paper,
setting forth a summary of the program of the above captioned
organization in China. The Program is headei October, 1949,
and is sent for the information of the Bureau.
 &#39; This Proggrsan was received. by the Eostmi Office r1-om &#39;
an ezroloxee of the City 0 Boston, ~.v&#39;n0
ll V -1"eSlL-OS B.
states that the Communists have been infiltrating the "Amcricanu
&#39; Fri=nds Service Committee." - &#39; .A - e
N0 further inquiries are being made in commotion with &#39; V .
{this Organizationeio the absence of specific Bureau instructions. _
E
1
92
I
I
1 1/rs?
/M - //3%; "//Q

_&#39; . w!
, &#39; &#39; Q _ &#39; botobcf, l9h9
_.
J -
» Ancrigin Fri. -. ;;rvicq_Ccwni§§cc f;g;ruq_in
. - &#39; Q
Periodic Sun:-.:.ry No. 10 . .
Qhis new Periodic Stxzary has been delayed becasso of the lack of detailed
infolnutlcn about the psogrum of the Fri¢:is&#39; Jcrvico Unit&#39;s activities.
But, from occasional telephone cells and much-delayed mail, we are now able
to pass on some nsws. ~ _ -
The Unit new consists of 50 members, of whom 15 are Chinese, 1T Americans,
10 British, 2 each from
Project: are in Henna,
Kong. Headquarters are
six nurses, two mcdicalNew Zoalsnd
Szochwan, 
at Shanghs
technicians, and assorted mechanics, layd Canada, and 1 frcm Germany.
g and Ksnsu Erovinses, and in Kong
Among the members ere six-doctors,
medical
worker: and sdministrstivo people. Thirty-eight&#39;of the members work in
Cozmunist Territory, seven in Hstionnlist, as of mid-September, and seven
in Iiong Ko&#39;:.5-_: .  &#39; ,. . &#39;
Travel rcbtrictiens have caused ensnnous difficulties for the FEU
the pest few months. The new government has not established any
entry pcrzits for forsijscrs, snd the home cczni ocs in Phi
London have not been able to got anyono_into Cc ist ins
The most rcccnt uypcint="s have keen sent to
auol" the refugee gssulstion sealing permission Is: tho: is
Meanwhile, Unit members already in Communist Fhins have not been
travel frezly, though permission has been grrntcd in n few cases
- members hive needed to travel on business.
_ I
Chuniwou Villa? -
_ ct
A few weeks after
workers entered Hanan, the most heavily devastated province
of the defeated Jstsnes
respective mission: by mid-114?. H:
Of Cnunfnou, Pf pnrcont Cc: &#39; "
son no of village rohlbilitu"
health services
tron and otherinwhils, the Uni
cued 5;during
system of
ledclshie and
- since
Ion; Kong whore they
enterspring.
will work
Chins.
allowed to
where Unit
the and of World war II, an advencc teen of Frienis&#39; relief

P-&#39;_ ¢-|»- --or -
. 092 .&#39; - - - &#39;. |
_!_
-&#39;2- n 0
local government. The voluntary payment plan which has been in operation during
this period has reiuccd the income of the hospital
has been a good 
ning. -somewhat, but on the vhole...it
CThe nmiber of in-patients has arisen until the "2§" bed hospital hos R0 pe-
tient: much of the time,
to build, completing the
lnrging tbe plant by the addition of out-buildings
Many of the other zervicas initiated by the Unit
ernmentol or trivete ousoices, viz. power-driven well
the textile equipment, the founir
school was started in 1956 as the
local gctarnlent was unable to prwitn tnc CPD following suit. The Lgspital has continued
criinal building by flooring the a tic, and is still on-
I
continue to operate unier gov-
~Jrillinc rig, the brick kilns g_ I
y, the machine shop and the primary school. The
only one for many miles around. At that time, the
ovlde any educational facilities. The Unit school
was always very popular in tee community, and its capacity was never enough to accom-
modate noro than o fraction of the children seeking admittance.
Kola

ienl Tiem
For over three years, FSU teams hrve been travel
northcentrol Chino, ccmbatting the dea
;rdi;eo:e of
the victims of the disease  eproué by e minute snn
fl
who die e painful death after months or years of ill:
is fetal in 95 percent of the cases, but 95 percent r
series of injections. - .-ones V
J. .92..!_.&#39;Z
go?I r_,_ .__pK
River Yelley Mlth the lo ornment, wherecy Unit
to . . ., .9 ectivenoss of each. A pooled, Lu: ircreec
rch, lQ"9, has recently beenBeginning lust autumn,
&#39;  * cal
1 Hovcmber, l9L3 to
follows: s _
"...The area chosen for the campaign is the Chi-Lu
a rough triangle, bordered in the northwest by the
by the Grand Canal, end in the south Ky tho Lcngh
Lanfcng. It is estimated that there are about 26,
- The campaign hofan in November, 1915, with tb
.Tc1m of three further diagnostic-treatment teams,
Imblic Health Department, uni drugs and e equip
work in the ficl in the mfidlc of December. Up tInit errangei o joint.kele-ezer campaign in-the Y
- - -l .. _ . _ _ - ._, . . bc.;, as -v22! .
ing from village to village in
kale-near. About 75 percent of
y! are children under 12 years,
cos. When untrestei, the diocese
ccover if treated by a simple
no official resources Joni
report of the new campaign from
received nnd&#39;rea
s in part as
~Iu, a borecr region which forms
wei Bi River, in the northeast
ei Railroad between Hsehow and
D32 cases lin this erc§7.
e training by the FSU ills-ozer
personnel being supplied by the
mint by FSU. Ihese teams begin
o Chinese Kev Your  Feb. lot!,
the total number of cases treated was GTO. This Szsll nmxbcr once ccin 
O
vH-
stroted [tilt] Qurini the id weather patients nr
to receive Lrcutuznt
flier Hex Ycer only three teens were in the f
team C were on
iged in the government: misc vocal
nel were not evoiliolc.} She setting up of furthe
Govcrument pcrionnel,
have been distributed
nznr. The doctors at
throughout the urcn is
C0oy ration with theto hospitals with fncili
these hospitals h
v
 EOCH E1o unwilling to leave their Lanes
92
iold because the personnel of
notion conjuign.  Other purron»
r icons is prexlntcd by loch of
uni in ordcr to&#39;incrcnse the intensity of the cum71i;n, drugs
ties for the treatment or kcln
vcn lectures, uni treatment
siugluriized. FoJlovup of all cases will be u¢t:mptcd in

0 ~.
- - ~ - &#39; &#39; .
92
l1=r_~?1:.1?13e:~; litlissl  91; F-&#39;.~lt?f&#39;.92-_*z=.&#39;;
In reogonoc to
paith
 G nciical team .
railway journey norm; - _ L
tho clgo of the grc;
VOTE
12?:
WC 1&#39;3-3-
-92-
rst from the government authorities, the Unit~.
to Yunithenq, in eastern Hanan province, a
 This town, now in Cnnuiist territory,
id of Hsuchov, where thousnndS of Hotionalist $GldiQ!;
surrou
ioi nti riyoi out. 1L:cugh fighting and aerial bcmbardmsnt, whole vil-
, 5 were offoc@d_ and coma 5C,CJG civilians and soldiers, nozy desperately woundo
without any real nciical aid. During the curly vceks, the team with the helpc/_  . _,>
O11
of locollyzobilizci workers provided emergency treatment for bullet and shrapnel
wounds, iii general medical work, traveloi from village to village giving injcction
against tyrhoid, Ch0ltTB and srallrox, and established o kale-azar clinic. Iotor, ¢&#39;
Set up a small "hospital". During the periol of 16 May through 28 July, 15,356 pa-
tients were sen "xclusivo of O? survical case _ _. ___ U .2.
Dr. Shirley Gags, team lender,
"...£s the end of our six nontls
and tho people of the area asked
months, ani because of the goci,
and cooperative rolat
to be able to stay on. _,.r ,ions FLT; the
. Hcvorrholesreported in August:
emergency period
us to stay on at
if pretty rough,
pocolc ani thecame to an end, the government
least for an odiitional three
sotuo, and the very pleasant
local government, we were glad
s, with the coming of cold weathcr it ?ill no
longer be possible to undertake surgery uni aooquate ccro for in-patients, and I
feel that the team should definitely move into winter ouortors
Altogether the t
a good example of how
take care of a fair"
Feel. §_1&#39;;"lI"-1 &#39;5&#39;_1&#39;E_-l~1&#39;9°31§ &#39;
West China is now u
Host China Transpcrt proj
A Unit-operated float ofseparate world. Still nominally in Nationalist control,
communication with tho rest of thine has been almost completely severed. The Unit
ect communicates with Shanghai headquarters via Fhilodelphi
truck: i" still c
rryirv "cd*c"l sunolios dc?°e4 by toe ._, _. -.- 1., Q-g_ ... H _~ - -_-92. um. -1-.- I
eon fools that the work has definitely been worthwhile, and
small toom with limited personnel and facilities can stil
nanber of patients."
I
International Roliof Committee to widely scottored hospital: throughout the vest.
Only n few tons of suppli
bandit and guerrilla act- -.-.1, -92-F-F 4* " 1-w -1es oi- le;. to éistrlouto, and oc-nwhilo, thr
ivitics along the hiqhways have aided to thencreoro of
the Unit convoy leaiors. Trucks have been delayed for weeks on and by contending
annios, &#39; _
§si_n;==<: ?.TE£&#39;*;1?*¢¥i~1,l 9,->2;-;:=r:&#39;f»c 1~**»1=. E113-irlins ;;1rl>l in @533 92ll .
S
. . .ioultics :1

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TO :
» Jligem =
SUDJZCT:1 . g
04  ; _I I I ,   &#39; --H---_
63 A/. 1  - UNITEI -_.s ebvsnxmsn
Iiirector, FBI DH! 4"]2&#39;5o
- w
C, New Haven
.&#39;""t~_1 :.&#39;..v 1=?]""&#39; TC.-I CWTITE -  &#39;
- .T_.~- .1-";~&#39;.1*-Tif r&#39;":§"s¥:;T.*<_"=; 1.:-rsawcsz
 There1- A _-. -- .-.- . ---
92vein.&#39;,-for.-mrriec. to tne Bureau one copy of a pamphlet en- ! -
tit-led, "i;I&#39;.;&#39;7.LI?&#39;I&#39;I&#39;EI! S&#39;I:KTTS .-TED TEILZ SCTIET IJI"II{"-II". This parzplql
t was
distributzzd u-. a meeting of the American Friends -Service Co.-~:*.ittee, .
92&#39;?;ich "ms I1elr.&#39;: on 3-II-L5-SO at &#39;11&#39;ini*1;y Parish House, New Haven, Co:-:1. &#39;
i who was present at this neetinp, advised that there were about
1?-mzlve rzsthers cf the Cm.-.&#39;1un15t Fn1t;: of New Haven present at this
nzeetiszg, end he alsn sietrc. that the Ci is urg-iru; its :.&#39;.e::i:e:&#39;s to r_.&#39;i&#39;:s
support to this Organizat-ic-n. According w
l the principal item
of discussion at this mc.-sting was the outlawing of the Atom bomb,
92
&#39; I
_ //*0 &#39; //3 ?2 - //5*

- 92
&#39; s.92c , claw-.L.wn _o " _&#39;__ -a a _ - :.__.J- 7;. -.* 7-H-___.. .1... 1 ..... .-._-_II . -I .
92 mnacroa, rs:
l.92i 2, ._ w_ I W!., I .
&#39; 0
August _1&#39;1, 1950
. Q
4-
....ii_"._..._.....-..._..-.-.-...-.. ,_
, ."=&#39;<:--m,~  -1- .  hasLhio  .40 is a so 1
ed that no was rocoatlv ccntactod by the suh
ocb, was is a advis _
=1at.in&#39;1 W "atria" to ¬""f$ ii-&#39;2 statar! that
 &#39;5  .O
r_. ;  .. - _. ,- _
.
 -, Jtica, :2 1-.1 Icrk. According toi-..=-7-aR&#39;i$, 65...?
 hio V=Tn *n =rr=n:inq Air transoorfztion
was
Mexico uity, Jexico.
IIIQIIIP s
3150 mcmbars of tho haorican Fr
aré supaoaed to be going to fax
the U2. They aro ro;or::dly&#39;to
on Saptembzr 10, 1553, for a to
ultirate destination is Ijarit,
travel, subsistence, ctc., aretated that both girls are employees of USESCG and both _"
icn
s iarvica Ccmnitiua &#39; &#39;- *
ico on a social servica
b3 in Ioxico City no Lnu:"nt1n3 to enlist H. £-_, _" __ _ __-. _
for -g daughter and her girlfriend  names unknown! to
anq tnzn L4?
mission For
tar than noon
nday eriontation course and thfir
Voxico. all expenses For Lhrir
to b: born: by the girla thcmselv
s.
j stated that, he is of the opinion ta--.3 .1-1 arican
Cc-"itf"= Q a subvavsiva or fascist organizanicn, .. ._ J1.»,1-
n-i-&#39; 7"".,-..._1 .92,.,-._..._-. ..-- 1|... 4.-.-:-. +P92 :&#39;-,92_»-4 I92I92 -:.- Pnw H1», is-n .-1 _Ir}j_ -3,4, ;|92!,_,,J  JR 92;|}J MAL}! ;:92J ¢.-LUV J...! I-U1 Uilv UIIV
4. - 1- -, ~* &#39; A "&#39;r"~t=H with uo"unism and vlut >n.:_ p ~ .,.;"-"&#39;.""."1.92.&#39;3- -&#39; - 92_,~ ----,-----...,
a colsny thO?0J;3aj 1n0-. -h_ u- . -wi
of Lcrrunists there for that p;rposa. Tha two girls are suppcac

to be replacing two other girls who will complete their nine m;:;&s&#39;
service there.
Ho other information is available at this time.
4-92
0
92-nn

/
-- . ..., ,- _.--ow. I _ , i
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u ?o-.M67i20I 126275772 - UNITEL  1  If-.-~36-.-"&#39;%.RNMENT
5 7  &#39;
&#39; 7° l Director, FBI nxrm 10/ 19/50&#39; "~°*~* = SAC,15hi]adclphia. &#39; 1 &#39; 
"IE°T= n:~.1zj:>;c:c: FIE}!-TDS sz-mos comnrrss  &#39; &#39; H
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Several complaints have reached this office "that the -titled organization,
which has its hB3;ClQ113.I"&#39;|3&#39;2!S in Philadelphia, has aided the cause oi Cam-
wrlanimwu &#39;|&#39;.!&#39;1-r-nunvh -ii-v: nar-*7!"-i¢&#39;.+.-in +nnn1-92-inrro nh anon :~~n-nu;-,&#39;!e.-s in as-n-92"l1r¢--1&#39;;an,-up-A-um; v--.g92-vun-L~- Qwua rll-l92lJn-h-LhlUnL92I I-"vii-92.v4.Ln..|1:;92.| Gil l-l&#39;M92.!-V; B-y1J92-G-4.!-7. J1-ll KI-iithql-.j92J-Lu!
or our files indicates that this group, an action committee of the Quaker
faith, has opposed :ui1it:=.r_92,&#39; conflict, preparedness, and ting of 1:1-an
since its fomxriatiml in 191?. It is very active 5:1 relief, both local and
foreign. Durzing the Second World Jar it counseled conscientious objectors
and, in cooperation with the Unite& States Government, aided in the reloca-
tion of Japanese from the T-&#39;est Coast.
The group has published nuznerous pamphlets Upposing the p&*:*.-:o&#39;bime draft and__._!&#39;lJA__i__ __ _0 _ u! __ @_ - - I h92 11-. _- . -_.. .. _ _
m1J_1te_t&#39;y_se1"v1<:e. £321! zevor, as quotes 1n time L!c&#39;-.1 Iorlr 1&#39;irr:es" late city
edition of 7/16/L19, "a neutral Gerznarry, free fl:-&#39;:r of East-Z&#39;.est trade, Lrzri
sealing oi atomic bombs under United Nations supervision," These c1"cpo.;_als
- are set out in the booklet entitled "Sons -Qruaécor PIOp0:".l3 for Peace," ;"1i-:-
Jished by the Yale University Press, ~.&#39;:h:&#39;Lch met vrith such public rctp-1::-1-,=
that three pIin";iZ.gS were required within a week of its issue on 7/15:/5;},
Excerpts and quotations from this booklet have been use-<1 from time to 1:.=.r-_:-
in COIZIUIEIST P33?! propar_.;en:1z1; 11017::-tr, our filzs re*.&#39;-&#39;21:]. no -;-~rL-Imus I.i;"».":. 13::
publication :;e.s Gozzmtoist i:1s_nirc-d or iriflucnocii.  ".&#39;:a1&#39;u1;&#39;-C;1<;iCI&#39;i 15 ;"  .1:-1
following as tr: fears of the -.-.-o1&#39;~kin,j; pm:-ty cm .=*.;r::rican--4;@-,=:__¢-g, rel; 51¢:-_;
IE-arch to Soptc=:§n92-Yr 19119," &#39;r:Z1o co%";p.&#39;Llcd the book, and alti11;.:,"-"h our fl}.--.3 1;-3.1..
taln references to a HLLFLDCI of these jn=.L1&#39;..&#39;idu44-1:; , nothing <i<:~::>g:~.to1-;,r
io92:;:d concerning them:
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Director, FBI
GILB&#39;ZIiT F.W&#39;rIITE, Chairman
ELLZQZZE-&#39;3 AC1-LI-02;, Secret-er_92,r
- FILM-Ki».921&#39;DEIDT1E
S&#39;lEP1f_.II c-./c.=&#39;:.r
1&#39;rI1.L:r.=&#39;:&#39;/"z.I>,e::a&#39;ro:I
1;1o:.;*.s B./ii.-".3Jl."Y
Fri&#39;ILIP/Jf.CO:&#39;%
n. ROS3&#39;1T/&#39;IA.RILrI.L
In att
tlno to analy e the sincerity
b._l:_t_; of Cc:-:~:.&#39;u.st irifiltration, onlr
Y. 17! f: ~:&#39;-H1" <::*&#39;> -~-.92 ,"-" ""T"!",?J .
10/&#39;19/so
GCEIIIZIIUS/KPIIJSE .
G_11lFEl&#39;;Ili G/1-:JV1&#39;~B.III}
921ue:»:r.:::ror;TIL-3OI.K£.E.-"P.-rUI.L.IN
J.-um s./new "
rr:1es.¢e1c:< B.&#39;TOLLLE>
?.ICiti?.D R,/.&#39;.&#39;f._-OD
&#39; 92
of motrnres o.~. this grouta and the possi-
one r:no"&#39;m. Cexzmmnist mo 1S a rac-:.~.ber of
has been .fcr:.nd. He :|.sserved as a member of the worlcirg party uzztil S/1/I49.
.  3 _ _ _ .
/a, 3the .|u.&#39;_..|1tIC-..1 ._.-I...|-»-13 v.4--FIV;-I C---~U:i¢1-1--v&#39; ! 2&#39; V 922-.,-shaman tno 1?
He attended the ll:-cedm Grused
s recently expelled ircm the COLTJZFIST
e Lievenent en ";?eshin_;ten in August e.i_
a.r as a representative oi the 1-RIEIIIB PEAC? CG1.
ETTEE¢ e &#39;=&#39; ., i &#39;-
is listed on. the 1et*erhe::.d 0* the JGIIH ANTI FASCIST
r
0RIl1:u&#39;Gl&#39;.I-J
COI-.UIiESS- However, the only apparent
group is the
CONGRBS, he stated he was a member oiv - -L -
S.&#39;££..; as one o1 its sponsor: and also a member Q the CIUL HIGZ-Z&#39;IS
connection kzetween R2.a..$&#39;and the titled
fact that in his membership application with the CIVIL RIGHTS
the !=.LL=lIC.&#39;..I-I PRIEIIDS SEVICE COZIITTEE.
Om 
les eontein reierences-to a great mangr persons who hawfe spoken before &#39;
Friends gatherings on many; dcxzestic and foreign issues. !92.&#39;7zon;&#39;; these speelaers1.-&#39;e nd the nrnes of o_nl1r t".-:0 E-:nov.-n Cerrnunists:_  ~&#39;~&#39; -&#39;-=_-&#39;_; -&#39;  =15? . -  1&#39; ."- . * H 1. &#39; . --1 4 - _ : and he "ever, ti <21 are believed
to have spoken on only one _occ::.sion and their topic is not known.  was
scheduled to  on 5/&#39;1&#39;?/50 and  on S/21;/&#39; 50.
The present Ilzzecutive Secretary of the Id_&#39;E.&#39;lICIJ»I FRIEITIYS SEIVICE COIIIITTIZE is
GECRGE C,-IL&#39;C1DII!, for three years after the  an 0.;-zplo-N-ree of the  .-Lssets
Jmzinistration and ciirinf 19.?;S-l9l19 encl up ur.til S/ll/5&#39;0 an Zlxccutive I3:1.::ccto:&#39;
Of the Philadelphia Chapter oi the UIIITED TIGZLZ! F&#39;..ll3Ii.ALIS&#39;lS- JOSZPII R.~".~L&#39;-_11S1I.If?.
lioylan, Pr-:*.r=s3,&#39;1vsr.ia," is Director oi: the Spc:z_1:er.=§ Burn:=;1, and ifiss LOUISE K.nqy-92-v-I--|=- - -n 3! 
t}-1I!&#39;l is Office Secretary. HO..&#39;.>ZiIJ and U4>.Li1.E.&#39;i.&#39;._L1J.:I/;4iIii].O1$ are Directors of
Pcnnllc I-iill. 
-I
92¢hilc it is true that the tea_c1rLn,-is ofthit group do parallel in some instances
the CO3 111413? P..;1TY propzganzla lino, pertic.:.ler1.;; at this time in the "peace
promotion fielcl," it is noticeable that this yxroup has not deviated in its
ri it appears to be coincidence thatI

I
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Director, PEI_ 1Q/19/S9 ¢
It will be noted that in 19h? this group was awarded the 
obel Peace Prize
for their efforts and that their teachings at this time are the same as they
were then. Members of this organization have access to most Cemunist-
dominated countries through their efforts in the field of foreign relief,
and it is felt that they would be in a position to carry on espionage work
if they were so inclined.
This letter is intended to bring this matter to the attention of the Bureau
in case complaints regarding the organization are received at the Seat of
Government. Ho investigation will be conducted by this office unless ad,
vised to the contrary. &#39;
I
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&#39; &#39;72 UmITED ST.>n:.a u-UVERNMENT
IO 1. Director, FL-I ~ °= 11*-3-&#39;50I I 6 "92 ¢&#39; .
"=0" i 5* e ;.=.-1:, San 1"&#39;r:a.ci :.=..:<> .u&#39;:",".}rjr_1{¢_:_: = &#39;rg.{_11rI!1¢=_e!.-~19 _§_&#39;f?$&#39;%--?&#39;3TI£?_{,~31flIT§_:_=1-_?_-if v. Q___ _ ___ __:.i_ .__*  -1 if - * if r
lUPJ?CT= 1 177313 ??1*"3 ??2Y?C? 3C?vTTT§3__
-  c¬ -
i
1.?-&#39;lC&#39;i&#39;URES_CH "H3 ml-IAIHCS OF PU?.&#39;IS&#39;.*l&#39;?T.&#39;-31&#39; -
111 §?e Agsistzni Secretary of the Nartnern C; Ioruia Regional Cifice
. the American Frienfs Service Committee has forwarded ta me the enclcsed
brcchures c<nce:nirg an institute speasored by ?hc Aserican Friends Service
Qqmmittee cancarning "Th; Eynamics of Punishment.
&#39; _3ince the lectures are concerned with criminal nattere, the
pnnistmeni of crime, juvenile dalinquenaj, etc, and since the Auérlcan
Frjegdg 5533132 Czzmittae, which is a Quasrr orqanizaiion, his Ire: time to
i&#39;.f..&#39;1:&#39;; reset."-;~.§ ;:_92.:>r.1b1e 5:-:_L21ici&#39;l*_&#39;-&#39; en tne &#39;1;..*":» oi 1 -:-. Cc=:r._&#39;r:J_11:L:t Peri? in
advocating ;»;ce, I believed it advisable to bring this matter is tn:
abirnaicn of age Bureau. It is beliivcd that this might be cf cnrticular
intepeee to ii: Training and In£p2CLiQ2 Divisicn since these to;ics ¢f5
connected with pelics tragning. _
1 have acxncwledged tne letter of the Assist Secretary e;
-the crzanizefion. but, of ccuzce, no one Ire: this office " 1¢rZic;pataJ
ix; 5;.-_:u_ _p:*o;;:.-71 nor in lI&#39;1*.-, ir.at.it=;T-=.!. _ -
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- 12-1h-50 *
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington D.C.
Dear Sir: .
. "92,~.. I
A few weeks ego,wEi&e~xisiting in Crest1ine;3§lif0rnia
I found the enclosed literture end other papers. This was
found in Camp Seely and, which is a large Camp withabout
50 cabins and large study halls end in the mountioh area.
The small paper " Advices_on conscription and war" is
not the proper way for JG] person or persons to be thinking
and even though religious, they should not show or extend these
views and outwerd force in the holding beck of either manpower .
or other cooperation needed by every American,especially during
these times. . . &#39;
If this is not in proper order, it should come to your
attention. If it is Deeper, please disregard.
Youreftruly
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December 21,
Dear _
;1cdrc receipt of your 1
i+ enclcsures. vi»_ I risk to OC?n
c
dated Eeccwecr 34, 1950, u
. Year interest en
&#39; material auaiJ:*le to me is indeed cp~reciated.v
 -pa
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etter -
d 
hcuehtfnlness in raking this
Sincerely yours,
.
1» -92-Iv Rf
98 Q-I~ fH?3r 4». ~
John Edpcr Hoover
Iirectcr
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General ?.ia1:!.Z~&#39;*.&#39;IF?.§?": and the 2:15 .1-.1 St.:-.*.us- for -:ear-.".f;1_- -_&#39;:
She said the Z3ni1::=:i Lit is 1:xa=:in~;. tin. nat,i.;r:.-a 01 22:
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not rant our system. The United States caused the war with China &#39;because we went north of the 3Jth parallel agaihst Chinese warn-
ings. The United States had no right to impose itself in the civil
conflict of China. She stated that it has been :1 scheme of the U712,-ted States to maze China officially declared the afgressor so wecould call on notions of the United Nations to contribute to the fight
against China: mainland and to rear: Japan. Cards were passed out _for the purpose of making a donation or contribution. On the cards
was stated "I am interested in your work for peace and want to help
make it possible". .  &#39;
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April 2, 1951.
I &#39; ! _
I. B. I. 
-Washington, D. C. _ &#39; _ * &#39;
.u n_-Direoto: Edgar J. Boovex - =
Dear Sir: For g _1on5 time I have felt tha
 I should write to yon
oitioe but have delayed chiefly because your office needs rastoal inf:
tion and not eecono or thiéd hand information. But an incident occur

the. _ 92 _1  £.!lii1.=9I;!;!I__ ooao two or tome yoaro ago -
which the Co11ege.was an unwilling victim~- has cOnstantly zade no fc_
the
the auspzces of thecondition or attitude behind if were dangerous. After a program
-- who requcar1.13
auditcriuo and II|&#39;g1ad1y conp1i¢d-- in a discussion it cam: to lizht
the
ooomuniatio way of life. _;_ A __i_ _ _ under
came, was more veiled in eXprcssiOn Cf such ideals.
1 who .1».
aasursd 2:; th.:~_".&#39;:  had been o of
silar ti&#39;!:lé-- o_;:&#39;- tho University 013%. I fearthe Cczncnistprincipal speaker &#39; ; was entirely in sympathy
whose sponsorsh
~ Ecrzer student
not of the goss
_C
that 30:: of ah
BontatiY2n of tho1;erioon_EIé§%é9_aervioe committee are swallowing
bait and falling for their p2up2g&£da. 12in is a noon more ouat1*
I juége, than or
inary physical or nilitarg infiltzoticn and of so
more "collggc professor" is not qualified to pzssrribe or suggest
But many ,e giny lotttrs that I receive from Goraary, SWit?¢2§ani
"nu-Frwnce an} Italy do give :2 a pro
t? viviu azi fo"~i:- - _@-
communistic
All thatt»r<ats in Europe.
caooytd ow &#39;anLo paper bggkst, oni :2? iii: I have 42"Lr-&#39;*ly I _ .
p:-:2.-x along tn-: ;.&#39;=&#39;13&#39;3 :_.u_>li:at-i:..".; to 12¢: W -oi...-as :..L...=..;..I can do is to répran the abov=1 ¢hil2¢E one 1u.z-r Z.
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opozsored for many yours, or rather :upe;viu:i aii onuwareqod 12} l¢t
p*Y1QiQg3 ;;11u:n2o ¢~Lcr. I f="L fustzzgcn ;- Z5 u 1;.;.H.;1
e -hiih Egan I#g¢TL$,
1 _,;6a2era1y yours,  &#39;
I
7 i. _.i -_ __,er

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I3-A0711 21, 1951  *
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DeorI l . l
&#39; Your letter dated April 12} 1951, together
with enclosures, nos been received. -
- Jhile I would like to be of assistance, a
long-standing policy established for tne E31 holds
our files confifcnsiul and available for o
ficial
use only. Tnis Bureau is strictly an investigative
agency and ccnnoc ccnnent along the lines suggested
in your_commun1ccticn- . _
The thoucht occurs to me that you may wish
to contact a credit reverting aocncy in your locality
for such aid as can be offered. Your enclosures aregoing returned at this tine.
, &#39; &#39;
Sincerely yours,
-4- John_Edgar Hoover
--+---:-, .Director
92
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&#39; i&#39;2 April, 1951,
_ 1n . - &#39; &#39; &#39; .-92_>- Qubpr
ue Federal Bureau of Investigation &#39; 4&#39;
Iashington, D. C. .
C-entlemen: e &#39;
. --1&#39; - -1 -. .- 1, -- 1 Q _¢ Q _- - 1- --1I eutnorizea tne listmg OI cg" biography in nnols E110 in tne 1-iicm-est,
published by The A. N. Lfa.re_1.Lie Company, Marquis Publications Building,
Chicago ll, U.S.A. and will you please tell me vhether or not the above
publication is a cOI:m6.nd8.ble organization. -
F921rthermore the International Blue Book  ?Iho&#39;s 1-Eho in the &#39;.Tor1c1! pub-
lished by Chancery House, Publishers, 3-:75 Fifth Avenue, lien York 17, HJI. ,
U.s.A. have requested me to submit a biography for listing and 1.-11.1. you
please tell me whether or not this is a commendable organization and
-.1-...-a. -:...._1-:....-u--:.-..... .::- ....... 4-1......_.. ...:.,:..-L 1-... -:4 -r .-r...-...1.: ....4;1.-....-:.-,. -,9. 1-.-:.-..-.~.-,.-.1-.-._Il15lU J-Z131-JJ.-lJvGlUJ-ULED J,_|, GL1: B11111; J.M.,L::1ll| UC LA. L §ll92Il-l.LL- GLUL-n492.IJ..LlI LQI L!-LUELL.-}Jl.1.Jl&#39;
to be listed. 7
For quite sometime the American Friends &rvice Corn-_ittee, Incorporated,
20_S0uth Twelfth Street, Philadelphia 7, Pa., have been sending no all
lclnds oi literature concerning legislative matters before the Congress
~ of the United States, some of it by special delivery, one group of such
mate1__ia1 being herein enclosed. f..&#39;i]_&#39;L you please tell me whether or not
the P.neric_an,_Px~iceds VS_¢-.1r_&#39;_vice_ C0:.::i.ttce is a dependable organization.
I eaxznot figure out hex-.1 I izeppen to be the reeipient of a large volumeoi material fIO:n American Friends Service Committee. 92
I&#39;do not expect or want a lengthy investigation or report tron you but
I would appreciate very much any helpful suggestion you nay be permitted
to give.  .
--Yours very truly,
I

Z &#39; 1&#39; 2 1   -
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Deer.
Your letter dated Eoy 5! 1951, together
with enclosure, has been received, and I eppreciote
the interest which prcnyted you to Qring your- observations to_my attention. &#39;
Thenever you cone into possession of
information which you believe to be of value to
the FBI} pl¬CSE jeel free to contact the repre-
sentatives of our Son Diego Qffice ct-723 San
Diego Trust and Savings Bank Building, Sen Diego 1,
California. . _ i &#39;
Ehelosed is some material which I thought
you night like to reed. -
;_ Sincerely yours,
.&#39;_.,- I
»~! &#39; John Edgar Hoover 
Lirector. q92l b// .
.E.nc.&#39;. :&#39;a_::7&#39;
Fbe92toJFreedom
Unmasking the Communist uosquerader
How Communists Operate -
_ Kefauuer CommitteeI 92
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&#39; Hay 5 1951
G
J Edgar Hoover - -
Federal Bureau of Investigationi 4. &#39;
,&#39;-Iashin;:t on DC
Dear 311&#39; &#39; &#39; &#39; &#39; 1- i -
Inclosed is a copy of the Advertisement which a.n*1ea1&#39;é&#39;d. in our San Diego
Evening &#39;1ri&#39;mme on April 28, and. in the San Diego Union on Anril 29.
It seems to be highly flavored with 80??-{IJZEISIL ~  .
. .  _ M
There are rumors t&#39;;.at t11etAe&#39;.3._&#39;3_I_C__5_5T E-RISES SF.R~T_ICFI CSfT_"IT:.-:3 is no!
a. C0m::1&#39;.miSGic front. If 13:15 1-u.&#39;nor_&#39;cine§&#39;1:~.ave&#39;a background of truth,
countless thousands might be swayed. by the incloseri. acid and. the literature
follow-up.
For mfosn personal investigation, I rro-0.1:} like to"n.are a cooy of said
free pamphlets. Z-Le-fever, it might be unwise to have one:-. nazne in any
wt-.Y connected with subversive a.&#39;:";ivit?7.es, so I refrained .&#39;;eT-ting a pa::ra1&#39;.1e
It would be interesting to know. also who &#39;O1&#39;0Vi.d&#39;:d the Special Ponds to

nance the add and follow-ups. It is very costly.
I have confi
ence in your Bureau to know far better than I if this group
needs watching, and-trust that you will be guided by your own opinion
-- 0
S§<_:ere 1;; yours ,
E
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92
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Dear Sirs: . -.
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this looked suspmious to me. Ls -an Azareican citizen; -I
felt it nqr duty to send thi:-3 to you.
&#39; Sincerely,
0
D
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92
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oovmm-mzr or was n&#39;1s&#39;m&#39;1c&#39;r or-&#39; COLUL-BIA ,
Board of Zoning Adjustment ,
&#39; A - 5 .
Appeal #3007 _ ~ { July 13, 1951
T092&#39;IH01.i rr 1.7;.-.2 coucnm: &#39; - - - &#39; "
. H otice is hereby given thatJtb¤:;;d oii
oning Ldjustment will hold
a public hearing in Room 560, District Buif
ing, beginning at 9:30 s.m.,men Wednesday, July 25, 1951, in reference to the appeal of Williiutl A. if;§Ha5sullbush fur permission to establish a philanthropic or eleemosynary&#39;.
N institution, or in the alternative to establish profess nal offices forf &#39; and ;imrT?i¬nds Committee the--;u__=1:ricg3_E-:;:5:en1i_s_ §e_:&#39;£ice_Cp£_;:7i_&#39;l;§ee _ Inc.  &#39; - L &#39;
on National Legislation under the provisions of Part 2, Paragraph 22 of
the Zoning Regulations at 10A C Street, N.E., lot 81h, square 72L, at
which time all interested persons will be given an opportunity to -
_express their views. This is appeal #3007 and will be the thirteenth
case to be heard on the above date. -
- For additional information telephone or call at the Office of the
Board of Zoning Adjustment, Room 2, District Building, National 6000,
Branches A26 and 1,27, -
I "J-&#39;.| 9 I .  1&#39;! ». &#39;# _ , - &#39; - . I 1Z/--" -"Z:  :1./{ZL--/rf&#39;t/*-&#39;1" "-&#39;1nu-an-1v92v-an an .-1-£1--r.-wrlvwnir /7H4111-U.H.l&#39; .l51 Hi DJ.a.LUI92.I-||1|.l f/&#39;
Secretary  .
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October 19, 1351
J"aq-._u...&#39; &#39; * &#39; " ~ .1: t.*o ihc House of U:-A1erican
.r , _ Q,pI1 92
_&#39; Your lettsr dated Ozzobe
received and I n1ncer+iy appreciaa
procptsd yo; to ccnnuaicate with :
&#39; I wish to rmnz yea for_ .0  x!
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ne intercat chick
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unicaticn. 51¢ thvgjkt =&#39;nor2c*i:n ccutaznsd in vu-r r 1.~ , J
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&#39; &#39; &#39;  " ** like ; hays ta: nater;a_ . Occurrci iv J0 ;:- a,g~.
1&#39;au enclca£17¢ _ __
- &#39; Sincerely yours,
i
Jbhn Fdjar Beaver
%92&#39;&#39; Birectarg
Encla1uf:
Story -
Unmasking the Communist Hbsgueracer
S Jaws and Aorld Janori
zrec~or a tutPHn .
I
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up dear
Your letter dated Burch Eh, 1952, and the
enclosure have been received, and I fully appreciate
your interest in cornunicating with ac. &#39;
. Fhile I would like to be of assistance in
connection with your incairy,.l must advise that in ;
accordance with a Eeoartzental regulation data contained
in the filcS of this Ewroau is maintained as confidential
cad oooilablo for official use Qly$ I oz sore you will 7
understand the necessity for this regulation and no
inference will he-drawn because of my inability to be of
assistance tfat we.do or do not have in oor files the
information you have requested. &#39; &#39;
In the event you obtain additional data which
you believe to be of interest to this Fureau, you nay
desire to COLTkiCCi¬ directly with the Lpecial Locnt -
£n&#39;f%crgo of our Hinnoorolio Qffico loootoa at Ll? north
American Life nmi Casualty Building, finneanolis 3, -
~ Nfnnesota._ &#39; &#39; -
Sincerely yours,
92
-John Angcr boouor
&#39; Director
i .
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I-OO
larch 24, 1952 _
k .
lir, J, Edgar Eogver
Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation "
Washington,
- Dear Sir:D. C. - &#39;
-_ The Payer of the City ot.*,ha.s been asked to formI1 ~
e. committee
__C_om::1ittee",
tmderstand,
races, with
of the factto be kno-.-m as the American. Frienos Service
and apparently, so for as we are able to
it is for the promotion of tolerance béin~.&#39;eeY1
particular reference to Indians. In 1-&#39;ie&#39;:r
that there -will be some displacement of
Indians, especially ::.lon:- the Eiissouri river .-.-nere e.
dam is being: constructed in this state, it may be
1 entirely patriotic in its aims. - -  &#39;
I enclose a.
which would
reco_$~.itioncop-3: of 8. letter a.dd&#39;resscd -to the 3&#39;:-,7-or
indicate that the iamerican Friends have the
of the Department of Interior, Bureau of
Indian Affairs. The iufterican Friends Service -3o:=.r-_ittee
__- Dakota.
-&#39; M " &#39; This lettergive their address as E14 Clark Street, ,_Ra.pi¬: City, South
 &#39; vv.
is to innuire if }&#39;Di.1&#39;ha.ve any lmowlcd 
e of
this group and if they are entitled to recovnition. I
may say that no one 5:-om Aberdeen or Rapid City has--neon
here as yet, their trip having been postponed-
I" . Very truly yours, &#39;92
* i
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Yor letter
been received-
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and avail;
paint 02%
agency c

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phc chars
indiuidua
that &#39;
cowniwteo
by this n
.** in projmn- 92JI.-I1 I 1 3 Illnril. _
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clso thq
it is
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ta draw can.
cter or integ
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fou mt;
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Tffrn in Bl; AP 1;!!!-In§.Ha T 0-1&#39;|&#39;IL91i-Ill!-I Ylf IJQ 92&#39;"I I-92JIl-I-92-PK! 1 U7.-II
&#39; a1 use only. I would like to
PHI is strictly c factqfinding, I--4   .-an.- ....&#39;
an in PEI files is cnn"iHentia1
- kin the Iirits cf its nrescri
nd
ty_of any organization or
be interested to knnw,&#39;howeuer,
icnfs rervice Co-niztee in c &#39;
Lerffaith. Lierairre prc
nred
indicates tnan it has engaged
to nrowsie neacn, to mi sr young. 1 _
, people the op;ori~uity jwr constructive pctrio
zc ecrv
w *1 - 
nd tn prsvice relief assistance in this ecuntry andI &#39;92 f abrodd. "&#39;- 2
92 i
i .Sincerely yours,-
. _ 92
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* . .-Ev John gdgar Euaucr
1tirectorsinus Cr rake eraluctibns as to
ice,

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&#39; October 24, 1952 
P
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/
Dear _ -
&#39; Your letter dated October 14, 1952, together
with enclosures, has been received, and I appreciate the
interest prompting you to communicate with me. A
»&#39; Although I would like be of service, I an
unable to ojjbr you the information and advice you
request. I would like to point out that the FBI is &#39;
strictly 0 face-finding accncy, that information in its
files is confidential, and it is not within the province
of its prescribed authority to mare evaluations or draw
conclusions ac to the character or integrity of anyindividual or organization. &#39; A &#39; .
- 7&#39; I know that you will understand the reason for
theeeru1ee and will not draw any inference that we do,
or do not, have infornation relating to your problem.
. _ 4.-_-_A9le . _ _ _ .____
_ cerely yours,
.p-
IB.
John Racer Hoover
&#39;; Director s -
&#39; 92
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Dear Hr. Hoover; 5
&#39; I am enclosing a pamphletthat I received yesterday
thru the nail. _I an very anxious to know if this is Oomunistic
material. I have looked thru it and it seems rather un-americcn
to me. The person who gave them my name is w. Can
gou tell me if she is a Communist; and if so, can anything be
done to stop the passing out of this material, not long ago I -
received a book entitled "Eases & Empires, ". or something like
H1017. I immediately returned it a.nd0sF: for them to" lay Off
sending me anymore material of that nature; but they seem topersist. _ &#39; 
no one&#39;is a better American citizen than I} and it
really_burns me up to receive this material.
&#39; Please advise me what to ao or am I wrong about this
materia1.&#39; I am really anxious about this.
7 Sincerely
5/
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I
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92
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Jhnuarg 28, 1953
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Dear
 Ibdr letter
gc¢her mica enclosure,
" ~_ Fhile I maul
wish to advise that in
fidcntial and auailabl
.waui¬ like to yint ou
a fact-Jinding agency,
limits of its prescrib
or make evaluations as
qf any crgsaiss%icn or
I know U0; w
these rules and will nI
0
dated January 23, 1953, ta-
has been rec~£ved¢ &#39;
d like to be of service, I
fornatian in FBI files is con-
e for wfficial use only. I
t also that the FBI is strictly
and it is not within the
ed functions to draw conclusions
an the character or ptcgrizy -
individual»
ill understand the reason for
at infer either that we do or
that re do not have the infornatian you requested.
.-_, .
r
 92Sincerely yours, _
John Edgar Hoover
Director s
i
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39J-&#39;/44/

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,;- --"- W oi &#39; * * " * cfo ~ 1 * - * D: &#39; 11 &#39;- -Jr-§-sumwmnv OF I-IFORMATION  . F13 m__m_ 1953 _ Irn:;§mcornc: K of &#39; f &#39; i 7* W i "Hz; Sixtlr A!-"J; OAS of C, G-2, Prooidio oi. Sen Francileo, California &#39; l &#39;
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- " w-»&#39;r1!w or M&#39;=1"¢~=1*-:1 FRIHIBS $&#39;t3i.:L1.1;. 1"" °°&#39;....&#39;;2i1:;=°i."f°f&#39;f":; @sE::|_IIcE cQ]_m1&#39;1&#39;f, 1.;  ,921?3C! ruuv nrunut - - - -- . I-os|ei..Y&#39;rnu: . . . . .. .&#39; . 92 &#39;&#39; _ norusmnusrnsu-Ilu . . . . IDUBTFULLYTIUI . - . - - . _ 1
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u- On 3 {larch 1953, this office was informed tlmt Gee1-Eoqilxurchill, o
I  principal of e. P.wo=1a, california, city school, and formerly Pest Commmdor 92
of the ltth Ddeiriet of the American Legion  AL!, attended susuauw meeting 1
hold. in Pomona, Crliifomio, copmzimatcly taro .! or three ! months ago, ;c H at &#39;ri"~.ioh ten percent of the aurlicnoa and r.11 of the non on the apoakez-&#39;0 _ 92
 stand, remained seated while the mzluta to the flag was being given by. Char-okzill. - - - - " c {Q-Z1! - N
H - On 4 March 1953, this office was infomed that n meeting sponsored
k by ATSC was held at Fremont Junior High School, Pomona, California, on 23 I 1
Cc
obur 1953. Aq-pmx_lr.a-holy fifteen 
13! 1L&#39;-aarioorm Legion  AL! numbers &#39; 921 &#39; u.1.:&#39;l;et:!ed pa zrrecrtiwq, uhich 11!-:1. n tote}. attendance of nporexi:*.o&#39;l:&#39;e1§; 350| . people. :Ii1|0i[t£92l npoal-cor for the evening was 15:1lto.*:~.L;1yor, who spoke &#39; .,. _ 1n,;ei.n&#39;:".; all fora; oi""ilito.ry tz&#39;ui|:i.n;; zinc! urged the people to romeo to 
- 
ght for their or-~1r-izry and che&#39;r&#39;:b:,&#39; make it impossible to have war. Other 92
- epozdrers hi:-it-he ;-eoetin:; were I-us, __e1a3r  in&#39;_1!, izoneher rib Fremont Junior i:;I~1"/F oSchool; 1;;-.92+.u.m  Lieu!, from 6l...&#39;emon1:, CP~l.i.I&#39;omio, who was tho mod-.n*u.&#39;aer -L-&#39;-1
of tho nooticng; and u. nrofossor from Clnrcmnt Co11o_;e  name uni-:n.o~:n!.
Hahn 1:n.&#39;; aeout to oizert. fl.-he moot-,lr1; when 11:". 17?&#39;osL92f§teveno, former poet &#39; , 1
commander of GI-|ar1C-I P. Rowe AL Post He. 230, suggostenl from the audience, thato._ o:.lu*:o to the fim: be given. 1Ia}u&#39;1 irmodisvccly atotod that {more yrould ho 9. i
few 1*.-omonta-oi oilont prayer-4 Jiftez the prayer," Stovons do:-.o.ndod that u
- ; aoJ.ute be given, Source asked everyone to riso while no led them in the 1
uoluto to the flu;-r. Hone o1 the opoalzera rose and approxixnatcly 10 percent
». of the audience i-emained seated 92&#39;;&#39;ni16 the s&#39;Jl*.1be 1-mo given. Source advised &#39;
that he mad seen on te1e;_jre-m sent by e. no:-.&#39;;sp;1per in Penn.-s3&#39;1v.&#39;mia to o.*LIre.
,7 &#39;i:_h2.yer, bead of tne&#39;1ro-Amerioo.n Group, 333 1Iorth.Co11c-;o St., Clnrcmont, -
92 Galirorr-in, union road that Bayer had given e speech in Pennsylvzmia and . 92
¥ had. r;+-oted inlit, "-sear down tne American 1Lo&#39;L;&#39;, otazzp on it and spit on it. i92 De;mn the America; flog, &#39; "  C-&#39;3! i L
; Information cieri.ved 1":-o::1&#39;oouz-cos other &#39;l:!1o.:~. Anr.;;c|:ou1-coo in included . i
in this Surm-.r_-r. The i.n£=>rr1n&#39;bien will not be pt?-.:J£:0d to any egonoy
92 l eutzcido 01&#39; 1,:-.o Arrwy Eat-lhlisimeufor the Federal-iiurouu of I1wesi:i;;ui;ion. 1
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" .- " .1--W -~.;,._ " &#39; - ..... .._RTMENT OF THE ARMY &#39;   - .!L9292 ////.":"< . _ _ A . _ .. In-|-a_-m 0&#39;1! _;_t;_92 r-W OFFICL or THE AS5l&-TANT c|-u£Fc>|- STAFF-,5-.1, m1-|-:|_ . |.&#39; --ii  -7&#39; _ wnsmusrou as. n.c. """"""&#39;-:-"92- :1
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. "-1..-_.:" . &#39; . &#39;3;  . _ We-/¢ ;   -/L/_,I.   i _ "_*wII  5 Ia; c v -  1,1 !
-9292.1,.-  . &#39; . &#39; _ G2-SP6 - ~ - _ 23 Zfarch 1953
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Trzmmuittcd herewith 1&#39;0: ,m- information is copy of a letter H
from 5ix&#39;th Arxrgfdated 16 March 1953, Eiubjoct. as above, with an in-~
FUR TIE .&#39;92S$IE&#39;I&#39;.92T-!&#39;1&#39; U TA.FI&#39;_,  I-2:- " "_ .   .
1 Incl.7. .1. PERRY "Cc 1c;r dtd 16_.&#39;.*.a.1j E3 Colonel, G5 0 -
921/inclChief, Security Division
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V AUTH PARA |-005 0005200
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 Z/I67;  _.&#39;;,;_w>o77Z &#39; UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
-
1-Q _ _, &#39; 941-3; larch 23, 1953
.- Q
IRON:
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A. 51331231}: £431,-5g_e4§&#39;A FRIENDS sem&#39;1cz,_ Ito, _g "   on " -
i he of  office called
e me this norning_regnrding the American Friends Service, Inc. &#39;
He stated that this organization had engaged a&#39;ha11 in Dallas, .
lea&#39;a-2, for a ezeeting to beheld tcnighte He stated that several
.- wires have been received protesting this meeting in Dallas ana tha
he was checking with us to see whether there-was anything wrong "
with the organization. I advisea.h1&#39; that Departmental1/ regulations provided the files of the Bureau were confidential and
&#39; that infonation could be given outside of the E.teout_i_ue Branch
of the Government only through the Attorney General.
stated that he should have known this but that he haa forgotten tn
- the FBI was under the Attorney General. He immediately stated tho
_he would -nke inquiry of "the Department regarding the matter.
I suggested to wthat he night desire to consult
the pamphlet that was put out by the House Committee on Un-America
Activities which listed all citations of subversive organizations,
I further stated that if it were possible for 2.-s to be of any help
to him I would communicate with him further-..
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- $1"-&#39;-3 11:: mi-,3 to he~=.r 1"-his :";::-:&#39; ::r:..~::! I.-;3.&#39;.fu.-T: :=o~.ria3. 92:>:";:z:-r, 5_t:&#39;§.&#39;?I"&#39; &#39;
n:str3.c:&#39;.:>l_ trz"-215: :22: :2:-1:! .::dc:*s:-zzclzng  L ¢-mt-3_;;;:.tjs 1:» 3".:+=1:.
39:1: ! and mczwnenr. cf f:r:92,&#39;,-er can p1.:».::"?:.!.O92&#39;:.l r&#39;,92jrs&#39;:.1.c:;i_-=.=:.=-
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rm $11122, ii.-rat 1i:t3*.crJ1s£,&#39;6 1:. 1:32: March 
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March ;.9, £.i2.{&#39;L21I., =.1¬u.rr;,&#39; G211:-gm, 9:30 and 7:3!
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Zarch 27, .L&#39;L..3, 0.:-::t1.. . .1:&#39;ch, 10 r:-0
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rst Christian,
92. &#39;92"  &#39;_ y I-.1
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I~f.>lf1&#39; Ta1.;.i£&#39;II, 1-&#39;1?-at .&.Za<.&#39;-&#39;10-:l.*I.s.1;, 7:3-&#39;3.
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F.p!"..]. 1, &#39; "" -~ - :11:-=1; 1:»:-.<><u~.;1-.;--;1=c:o an-5. 7:30
IFSTJ TU1&#39;11."3 C? II"§?-_&#39;.»&#39;?.t{-1&#39;l&#39;I;I£-L-. I-;;;L.&#39;L!&#39;I=-?f5 - E.h3].lcnfi1&#39;.;j iiciatorq
an-1 liar
-1 &#39; hi- 1111; June 5-12, .t..:&#39;z .a.-:&#39;.c.;;:n
5-15, i..&#39;-I-.-3;-Q  - _ _
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According ta th
DC c.  II; &#39;_.&#39;.|iIc192H_.2 lln--Inarican Activities I-tllca; .!aal&#39;x1:;;;t.0n,
£11! c-.21;-ti S-Ziiillli C.-i_.I.I&#39;I&#39;1I3 has never been cited
as a Com-nuziat or Cc::.~.<mi&#39;:b-iron?. or&#39;_&#39;r"J1izati&#39;:n, but its ii-_92t.i.&#39;:~nn1
Chlirfnn, iT.&#39;7rr",&#39; J» C:u".>&#39;:._&#39;,." in 1i&#39;:"t:.:d in Iiashington as a snousor
01&#39; the .11! .?:I-:17.-I Y1; :01:-1 5172:? 3112531 .~:1, r-hich 141:; dds! ist-cram by tha
United S-!.1ni:=h Aid C0&#39;-2 :&#39;J."l:1&#39;.r2c. !.t"!.&#39;=ry;n_~r General Tn$|C].ark&#39; c:&#39;#.%,cd
the United ~&#39;~:"&#39;2riC:n I1-:":i-351 Aid l;:.;;.&#39;3.c.saa as Qo.-;-mnisc  Frans
-._.-"92__._ -I_L_ Q n_-_._111.1.-lii3&#39;IU LI-FIB ii. !&#39;:_"JI.&#39;-L.L
titczd the _&#39; .~."-5-.2.-m H__~| v--|_- -.1-&#39; -snf -&#39;92 nu-__ n.n..|.__.____- ,~ ____,.92&#39;1 H&#39;u.,y ¢::, .*_-.1&#39;,&#39;,&#39;¢ 1:..: .:&#39;_i.¢hJI_&#39;{I92&#39;5y u nsr-.u.
up iszri
n as Ca:::1un_i.s&#39;b in a listfurnished the i¢c&#39;:"l-cc? Bog:-d  éraés ,1-culcasp July 2% 15419!.
_L letter insured
minzcl the :=i=_taature
bar 211, 192;!, ;:.~.-&#39;_-a 1
R3 B Ccn~.;&#39;:u._niu"i:.-frcnt
Activities in 1.-wort
zaticn as sunv.-rsiveti-:1-¢.=1_~_!1 the r:__":;--_IT&#39;i1..:3 0:: 1-1.1:c&#39;z&#39;I0:-: iiIf.H.P&3 can-
O1"ii;i1z";r J/&#39;C.&#39;f*&#39;m!&#39;_*,&#39;¢  Daily marker, S£"j1tP:1-
!. Tim C¢:.&#39;mitt:-.2 on Electian ights was cited
by the :3;>acia=l U-:z1;;z1btee on Un-.&#39;92::.=2ri.can 
1311. &#39;1&#39;I&#39;:e&#39;!.j;tcr~:.:y General cited th; or":n1-
on Dan.-nbar 1;, J.5.I;_?, and 5c:;1t.:.:sb:r 21;, 1/I43.
.Henr7&#39; J. C-:1d&#39;;ury  1.1:&#39;ifBd in U-.-1 Communist 111111: 1&#39;-&#39;ar§:0r as
one 01?. the si;&#39;-nars 0
prjr L73 .&#39;hicI1 "ms is
to ting .»=.t.1a_ 11 E:-ic facti a 53.1 ca."-.v=.-nt :11-3ir::&#39;st tha Pr-2si.d::nt9 hr.-.15!
:r.1=;-d by the UQ..&#39;ai&#39;"&#39;.:.&#39;:.92O923 of I&#39;.nca1"ul .-&#39;L1tc:*nr:i.ives
. ".=.:".:L:: *-0&#39;ni&#39;r;r:;nc.: 127.15 cited by tin Co::*"_1:i.tt-ee
on Un-c:.&#39;:1-lirican .*.ctivi%.:.:~e as havimz be.-=n 1n8&#39;ti{_at.*::d by "Co::1:.u.nists
in thr: United .&#39;I-"L111:-as 
.-c:::>! did. t.h:=_"T.r fart in the Qaacow pron-».1:.1."
{iteporb 378. --:1-il 2 &#39;51. aasza .5-.5!. &#39; - J:--J. _ -- -_- -, --,-.,_,
A /&#39;
Clarencq/I-iclzctt, a ::::t:.-1 ;r cf tha A1-_".RICP.R 1?-.I&#39;»H.*J3 S.-ITl<&#39;I!TE-I
CS2..1IT1&#39;ll3&#39;S ¬-:x:1r:l 0-1
ona 0&#39;1 th-.: Cji:
IH£3&#39;1I.c-lJl.&#39;-I at %.
listed the .".;&#39;_1
Of !.p1&#39;§.1. 27, 1}.-!49!o
Clan-encza
 of-fztcial C-0::
ai.;naz-:1 of an
$00!; ilszrua rziti
of tha eleven5 .92.1.&#39;».&#39;-J-.2 QDir"-:a%,&#39;Jrs was, according to tha D:-.i3,y liozizcr,
;~..::ers at a dJ.r_mr .j:&#39;_v:n by-_r the a&#39;.3.i;,=&#39;IC3-.2! ;>*i:>&#39;5I.&#39;Ll
3%,: &#39;=.:=.l:io:-1 in E?-cm Is:-3: .;it;;&#39;. Attorney Jcnoral Clark
.::.£C.*.;I R*.I35L&#39;.H ]2¢;:&#39;IIi&#39;1JT;1 2.5 Commust.  Press rclsasa
DJ ._I-,.4.-l. _.=.__.._:.&#39;4:_._._ J._ ;&#39;|.=_.. .&#39;92__.I1__ "92____l._l_ 1-&#39;___1.llo, ¢-J-L-I1LA,l.Ll&#39;§_ 92|&#39;J Dis-F JJ<.l-L-Ly I&#39;92$U£}J.g3&#39;}i i.UI&#39;,LLl,
192.1:*.isb publication of tlra Kc.-zt Coast! me rme of the
.15:-=ri;is::L::nt in the 5-an L-rancisco lthrorzicle which
2 thc SLpI:::.&#39;:B C-&#39;:urt decision 1!_f!hO1¬iiY92.§§ the canvictslon
 ll! C3:1r.u.-mist lcadarsn. 1
FL lcttar &#39;.&#39;:1&#39;3.tr.e.-n by Clczrc-ncc E./1-3;I.c!:ett. ms r-::_:>rint.§:d in him
COf1[I!C33&#39;i~>n£11 &#39;:;.;1:a1~::&#39;, E0bm;u7 lh, 195 3, page M1011.
&#39; e:-;:-x ma
According ta circulars rlintritnztsd 1:1 I3c:n.ttle,. 1 ash-ln;jt_-&#39;=n, an
i_n:tit9292tc 0; ijn..-1&#39;-rational I?-1:-rpiozwn &#39;1;-m.-1:=orcd bf: tho c;1I3i.TG_92iJ
E-&#39;;iI..-£2013 5 &#39;Jt.&#39;If.&#39;. &#39;3.-c-&#39;.1I&#39;I&#39;11~1i&#39;I, :.&#39;:~..&#39;s £1131-3 in -=c=r_-&#39;13 of 1951- Lac-xkara
were Li. or i.:1.ii;;r!rn-ism, ciimd h ti:.:.~ .~&#39;: -L  .&#39;::-;;-;11ni5%.-.;"r-Jrzt mamas! &#39;
in L1:-2. _il~;;2-._ 01 _%.1.-: Un-,1:.2¢.ri@:,-an .&#39;-ctivii-ins Cczrcnittcn in &#39;.-1&#39;-:whJ.n&#39;:tnn¢
A130, ;lilt0nLr.&#39;r-,&#39;¢r, f;1!&#39;!&#39;E&#39;.!!&#39; !=vvi~v&#39;&#39;*f *" &#39;.". Va .1-21. .::J"{&#39;JI&#39;, cm c.92 , -,- .~ - _ l 92=--.1-h 1-.4 1.»-. 1. -c ..-_,  E1-.~ - A. s, .:r:-14..-. : 1-cw is  »"JI&#39;..,I92 m L1.!
Um:-_ was : 1. mill r-  .}_:&#39;.:
&#39; &#39; &#39;C&#39;T92_"&#39;7 En Hoz i._1:uT1 1,-114&#39;, 3.3 1; gin; an 21 &#39;=;-.>:&#39;_&#39;Ld _,;a&#39;.nc-rn-wcnt
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@138, and 11" I ;lIlI£-:¢J&#39;.&#39;1&#39;¢O Du v&#39;ul3a.r and Sh3Cl iI13, I0!-&#39;ou1d-say haul
it uown, stczp on}.-a, and .&#39;:__>ib an it." t . . _ o _
92 -. /_ ilox-docoj/.3 >3:-&#39;15 >11, head oi 12-a~::.1r&#39;.i Enimrsiity, a1:o spoke.
J0h_=1,:;&#39;;11 is o_L_.-,..;1 in ..=;;a11in<__:.:n COVc!&#39;!L&#39;-&#39;Z3nb iiles as a pomoor of
Co:.&#39;z.:-.1nist-1&#39;1-onto. -. . - l .o 92 _, &#39;
. ::c:pti:m&#39;o-Jo:-;r .-zocakor ior the -LI.l;1IC~.T; E1-lI&#39;3J&#39;0S
S"R&#39;!IG";.  o.; ::;;:&#39;.t:tcs 1-2:" sama form of &#39;..&#39;o:&#39;1:1 C~o&#39;..&#39;o:&#39;n:12n&#39;t, and
th-3 br-1-akin, "can 0; all cf-isting racial szfzgxxar
s ";.&#39;Z"=ich would
pra.-:orv.: the 1.1:-1;;  112:1 &#39;p-ooplos oi cli
 eront cgalturos, tacos
and iiations. , _ o- _ .
The litorzzt-11?-3 distriiroi-ed at the Friends Institutes of
Into:-n:1tior.aJ. ;;_:l:*&#39;;i:~r.-1, :.r:= socialist and Pro-Goamnist. Some
boozrlcte are ;;..-.11-.";&#39;..&#39;;&#39;11&#39;-&#39;.-23, Tnfr £.:1;-garat ;.::92."-2-lloch= In :1-zivorzzzting
nur:"l:1-j.2 bot&#39;..~>=2:1 31;-ro and Lrlt;-. p..=O§!l3 slza s:-gs on pagje 13 of this_
boo2c1,t:&#39; "Paco is not a b zrricr to sex attraction nor to sex
intsrcourso nor to 
ne crncogtion and h_;-:.rj_n,~&#39;; 01 children." And
on pa;-": 8: "Yes, so tregation is Southcm. And. in the South it "
has be-1:&#39;111d it  arr}. c1111:/2;: and tho thr;-zt of Ia?-&#39;1cs:+: vioiz nee."
Ch: pr-. 5: 11;: knit--3 males 1:21,-rc1or-3 can on 1-r&#39;r.&#39;t they please. Lian?
of tiara liko :1. :72 L..:.&#39;I! 1-hi £1 ,1-..&#39;-_:a thou zrucdom &#39;.&#39;itJ.&#39;: 1.::n1cs of
both races, and ;:sz;m tho Lrulcs oi &#39;t.E1:&#39;ir om to tjmmselves only."
 Those booklets aro sold u..*z;1.2i t
o ;_;u1d-.1 of better rarfa relations.! ¢

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.-_and .&#39;1ut1-. Bsmuict. ;lI&#39;1is rm .w1ic1ti:~n ms so oifcnsivo and caused
so :.;ng;¬ racial &#39;o::&#39;1Si0!1 that it was ban.&#39;1.£=d by the 3.-&#39;ar i.r.:.;ar:.mant in
-&#39;15: soldi:-:_r oriczatrntion pro__;:-cm. V _ o -
1.ILIT..¥".li%!! HI Z-iIIC.i.&#39;IIo..&#39;I!, published by tho Iiationnl Coucil &#39;
Agninut Cormcripti-on, 1.-hica Ems been cit-od as a Gor.1:unist-front»
Tho E-&#39;.t£O.3?. F7313  L5.-.EA"o-i[1.&#39;_=J -- Focialist za
azino thich push-ad &#39;
tho Joscow lino. ounlicati an of Corzuniot an ad-r.-1-tised &#39;.&#39;:&#39;1thin
it: =1 =.;;e.:1. M-&#39;:1;i:&#39;:&#39;./3 and ;-To-..u":-:is:.~.s Emil Socialists viu 1&#39;0? spzco
in t.13_:: ::&#39;.1:-?az;n-J-~ 1 . _.=I
..J";E§3"I .l.I."7J I-YIYZ-G IFS; .92B-.l~UT EASE by ?&#39;t?10l-A1penf&#39;_=.19¢ H115
&#39; proio.o-mo? at ii.-=.-I 103%: 1..~&#39;.&#39;:i*.r-":1~:r.".t!&#39; 92&#39;:.&#39;m h&#39;!nn<:d iron: ad-Jrczoirur: the
T-3x2: :11-n.Lo &#39;I;;-:1.-:.1 :1-.1 Con-:?~..&#39;:&#39;5&#39;i.."m 5:1 liouzhon, Tamas, 1,.-&#39;51_, rm-cz~,:1:1o
oi hm *30:::n11r11:.&#39;i..-12&#39;:""::T- Fi.1&#39;4.1li3b.1":;13¢ in this book].--t 1ro;&#39;-.aa=:or
Alpcniols a:1;rs: _ 2-Jrgro 1;.-1:» tit; :.nrrio.;;;a rusult in lgbri-:1 "agar."
*  3..-;."&#39;| *L:l.:.1:, "."f:&#39;.-r! for *.~:&#39;.&#39;1 tot -&#39;:t"."&#39;.&#39;1_-~-vhn to
aL1 ;..  ; . ::- -  31 1 &#39; J_P Fee ":1. {&#39;1-".-E "11.-17:3;
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A 1:312.-;;:&#39;nl~at J.-:.t;:d June 21-&#39;3}, 1;r§2, mr Tacn-ag.;r:, II!" ;j_;.I_.&#39;§[,-{
ms J 1L HIGJ :i*&#39;.:IE-J -L 11-TI-TII&#39;J&#39;i..-. £1-P 1171 ,;11--.TI ? R1L-&#39;JI."&#39;..: at C171;
?.&#39;ri.".E*&#39;;&#39;.:o>d, -1._.£_&#39;-arrxizz, u_&#39;1_;.-:&#39; £31.: avzspicos of t,&#39;:.e .!.¢J.&#39;iIC.Ii T~ EIIII-I116
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ph-&#39;Jto-"r"$--I1 pi .-_ . i:*.,_rr-*.:&#39;,1 .-r:Lin,  =&#39;_&#39;;-.-;..1r.-.: s;:e_1_;;r 1:;-&#39;1 .L.;ct- ..
.{or t-In .1.r:x.r1c&#39;=.n _ _. Yer-,.i _ 2-." .i- - := 11"»: ;._ 1-T in 1&#39;:-,;_,., .1
12:1; _y .u:*! 17".-ca rcup 0. astute tacn--ag;-:1r3 an fit: cans.-1:: as. _
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Aczzardinrg to the Los .&#39;-nicl-rs xfirror oi J:=l:&#39;.;:*.:&#39;3- 23, 19.&#39;3,
,5-4.13. £01" la-.-:1 va fI;~.1l.L"f
shor"é1l.&#39; rafter ha had addrcrxr-::d a  cf. -.-&#39;:rr.-en 11$ 1&#39;31: i;;sa;1:
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Rustin 1*-as ar:-.::-.*.-2:1 in a Fair-1::-.1-cl!  ::. -=1 jrauzzt ~..;1i,¢;-2 man. -.
deli.-":~.t}.&#39;:-n oi ti-Jr:-2 :~.:::b.::&#39;:: ai tiaa 3&#39;31 Iii} appzared in ccurt, bat
did not t;~std.I?; in ;¬ustin&#39;a o2h:&#39;lf¢ &#39;
&#39;1&#39;h:i.s man is one 03 "shoe; 12:0 zfhite children 10:1; to at the
sums-:.r" C21!&#39;.;&#39;J3 s;>:>&#39;.-mas:-ed by tha Z¢&#39;.I;1.&#39;L-C.
-&#39;-U18! 3330911: -.-ta would s;-:1:-:1:at the tra-&#39;;-n-ag-.=.:.&#39;s can to
dcV¬!lQ&#39;_! an-.:.mierst:.=::ii:&#39;:j of ?.&#39;:>:l&#39;:I and C1"».713..&#39;§i&#39;;3_&#39;¢&#39; 7:roi".1=;"1:-" were
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To: 00!-ILUNICATID is"&#39;$Ec&#39;r1o:-1. my 3, 1953 URgg!,rT-
Transmit the 1&#39;ol1cn-ring message to:&#39;_¢,-_4 ;, -_p,41;L,13 . &#39;
. &#39; I
Aurnrcm FRIEI-.&#39;DS 5.712 H02 cozrsrrrss, INFO c0.&#39;.&#39;c£R:.m&#39;c. azmuau 1::
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CAI! YOU TELLY.-&#39;5 E&#39;HET:&#39;.Ez&#39;? OR .-TOT TI.-&#39;.E&#39; A."_-ERICA.--é&#39; &#39;FRIE¢&#39;vDS SERVICE.
&#39; COHHI TTEE I-5&#39; A C0.&#39;.&&#39;JUJi1IST ORE-A P-I I Z11 TI OH . 1L.£&#39;ASE A1.-SE3 VIA 3.=£-.&#39;.§&#39;T£RN &#39;
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CO!.FIDE¢|"TIAL .&#39;.&#39;ATE&#39;RE BL-FILES, ASCE.?T.4IA&#39;]¢.-3&#39; BASIS OF REQUEST .-1.&#39;.&#39;D
IZHETHER HE POSSESSES DATA O.-7&#39; I...TEREST T0 BU:&#39;?2.".AL. |SULE,T ;?.E.;-5ELf?&#39;.E?.
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Rebutel dated say s, 1953.  . _ _ A
9292.
was tactfully advised of the confidential
nature of Bureau files in this connection, and he advises that his interest
in this organization was aroused by an~a.nOnymous 1etter"he had received recently
which merely contained a. pamphlet which purported to "expose" the American
Friends Service Corrunittee as being a group that was either e Communist Front
organization or at least in sjnnpathjv with the Communist Party movement. The
advises that this pamphlet stated that the American Friends Service .
Colzmittee was holding a meeting at the Christian Youth Foundation Camp near
Athens, Texas, from August 23, through the- 29, 1953, and the anonymous partythat sent hie. the pamphlet had-written on the p:=.?i;&#39;J&#39;!!18ti "Are you going to let
this Communist outfit come to roar county?" The  advises that the
Christian Youth Foundation Camp is 0&#39;-med by the several church groups in East
Texas, and he presumes that The American Friends Committee has made arrangements
to use the C&1J!.p on the above-mentioned dates. He advises that the pamphlet,
iiwbich hC--»CG921ld.flOt.i!&#39;.J¬;dj_£LtJ31§&#39;<-1QCIilI.O!, rather strongly indicated that this
Committee was s Corznunist Organization and if. so he desired to know about it
for his future guidance when these persons come to Athens.
advises that the pamphlet mentioned appeared -to have been prepared by some anti-
Conmunist group, and had for its purpose exposure of the cos
xittee for what
it was. The ii"III"&#39; advises that he believes Tth-at the pamphlet was printed
in Houston, Texas, but he does not recall by whom.  &#39;advises that he
will locate this gpamphlet and furnish it to Bureau Agents. - &#39;
The  has adopted the attitude that even if the writers
of the pamphlet are correct and that the American" Friends Service Committee is
of Comnmnistic sympathy, there is little he can do to prevent their holding, the
meeting in Henderson County, Texas, other than to make the contents of the
pamphlet available to the church groups that own and operate the Christian
Youth Foundation property-
_ when the C-!urnis?:es&#39; this pamphlet to Bureau representa-
tives, you will be advised of its contents and publishers.
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above-named organization. "
After checking, I advised him-that the filesof the bureau reflected that "this group, an activecommittee of the Quaker _,"aitfz_, has opposed military
conflic-t, preparedness, and the training-l_of .&#39;.-zen sinceits foundation in 191?, am-l,&#39;ae-a result.,"i:c.s beenoften criticized recently since its aims and purposesappear to be so nearly parallel is "those of theCom.-aunist Party." &#39;
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a~ ~#e&m~@>. &#39;_Hon. J. 
gr Hoover,- . -92i Director, Federal Eureau of Inv s igatlon.,
Departzent of Justice,
Washington 25, D. C. .~
Dear Sir: . A ~ -
I have e son_QQ years of age almost
that has throufh tnenE2nin2n_3niendsMmServ21
ice
Qommgttee, 2006 Zalnut Sty; Phill1eel§hi§:P:.
received literetuee fro;/central Cowmitteefor
conscientious objectors, EJO6 Walnut St., _
Philladclphis, P2. A150 throuc31them he
a grouo of Pacifist known as the/FellowshinJO-LG Ck;
"".~-.:"|"r92*"" O1 - &#39; &#39;. . /13?! "V" 1" Ta &#39;- Y-nE:<..92J:.:L..|..:|..|...;u..;.i&#39;..r?."¢ ....|. ,.uc:u:or: _,_.&#39;E., 4.-...1 __9l"=-. -&#39;=
gs a result of the influence of thes
be has deci
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He does not have a leg to stand on end hee
actor.
certainly was raised as_en AmePican.// we is .1.an Eagle Scout. IL-ge
" These Committees are Pin; to en? theI u
least and I would like nroof oi their lesnines 
to §nve to I
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an lm- He is ripe for the communist and I Toul
like E0 put the fire out be-fore 1 pu.=_:11 1-11;»,
toward the.ism, - e
-I have the-complete file on the setufuthep
pto
date and heve talked to the Tyler oifice of the .
Federal ereeu of Inveuti"1tion but have received
nothlnr to date from them. This thin: is IF: 1; .-on
wide en
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ll of the Echools of the U, 1,
Please advise any thlnr that would he helnful in
comeatinr the stood of m? eon. I an also
reed; to cue, zaim or kill_eny of tb
accharactere 1f they come into contact with me.n
Yourp_yery troly,
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Dear : .. _ |
&#39; Your letter dated June 3, 1953, has been received.
- Your interest and courtesy in bringing this m.3t&#39;t¬I
to my attention are appreciated. -
 Sincerely yours,
92 .
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Director
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&#39;3 June .1953
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Federal Breau of Investigation &#39; 

hshington 25, D.C. &#39;
92
Gentlemen:
A_student of this College receiveo the following invitation
"Between Junc.ll and Juno 20, the A;3§icanm§gi§nqs_§epvice 
Connittee is sponsoring an International JEEEF Camp st Ithicé&#39;
College  near Snenssr, H.Y.! * * &#39; % you&#39;mirht want to take
advantage cf this opportunity to study under such able leaders
as the U.H. Representative from Yugoslavia, Kenya, and those
frm here at home. The-U.S. foreign policy will be discussed.
By the way, such schools as those located in Japan, Africa,
Germany, the Ukrainz, and the Thillippines will also be there.
The cost is $35.09 fgr those days.
_ if you are -interes ..i write to:
&#39; Hr. Ra Hartsough*" &#39;
S. 12th St.
Philadelphia 7 Pa.IV ____.-1.
 - I hope you will go."
This appears to warrant an investigation.
Yours truly,I
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" larch 15,1952
. , .
Ir. J. Edgar Hoover, Director-A n 5
Federal Bureau of Investigation "&#39; .
e Washington, D. C. - o  &#39;1 
My dear Mr. Hoover: . &#39; _ -
Hay I give myself a partial introduction by saying that I have ~&#39; been a professor at this bollege for twentyfour years and that
my brother-in-law,  is employed in your R-Iashingtonoffice. &#39; " - . i
1 JLLJ _&#39;  _ &#39;-
I should greatly appreciatexanswer to this question over your
signature. Is Qheffriends bervige gg;mittee a subversive organizatio:
I ask you this que3TiUHUEoEw$e7in"tt?"first week of June,l am
scheduled to appear on a program jointly sponsored by the Friends
- ~3oz&#39;viue Committee and the rl1ate_-College of Jo-ashington.IIeither theCollege nor mysiki would wish to be associated with a subversive ~
organization. -
be had assumed that the Friends 
erviee Committee was entirely in
the clear and still believe that it is, but a neuspeger editor
has told one of my colleagues that it is practically_co:munistic,
in particular in relation to its.interest in peace. deuce my
question to you -ls it subversive? . k
You know much better than I_do how much harmful talk is going
the rounds. If the Friends 
ervice Committee is in the clear, it
would be very helpful if we could make this declaration-and on
geed authority. &#39; &#39;
. 7*. r -r Very_sinoeroly yours, &#39;
H! 1
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ONE OFOUR_I-.IE?..BER STATIONS HAS QEEN ASKED FOR PUBLIC
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-I!»fu . rm-: nm;v.921rr.92||-zx-1" or s~r.92-n~:. WASIIINGTON. En 13224,;-952__ _&#39;  for Fulbright Programs Branch! it l . _
&#39;-U &#39; Tlep:13&#39;tF"=.:nt&#39;o Airgrsm 1159, January 30th and Amembdoapetch 3469, February été.
_ F&#39;r &#39; r ti" 7&#39; *7 "T" i_ &#39; I i;&#39; "&#39; I ~ . I if &#39;  7___I Ar ;A.nc~ 92 D..I&#39;T.i Fur I&#39;M-|-|. I ["l"S.&#39; ma   SY mved &#39;r""&#39; um s. h l*"92rt"&#39;.&#39;.
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Sol;/UK has now received an application from Mr, R. ardiner of the =
uivcreity College; Ihadan, West.Africs, for a Fulbright travel grant.His
a1{lic9Lion is strongly sunported by the Colonial Office and the University
l1&#39;3£_§1J 1!.-.:1c-
n. 1.1-. Gardiner is one of the really great men of West Africa,
he elects sonidrreolc influence in the territory. The work of the Extra-
¢;e1 Fopartoent of the University is important and anything which can be done
-.o at-.i"C;HgLhf&#39;-K! its quality will be valuable. _ _
There is no douPt that Mr. Gardiner&#39;s participation in the four conferences
of the Friends Service Committee enumerated in its letter of February 28th to Hr,
£3rdiz1e&#39;:&#39;. which is attached to his sonlicatien, will be valuable from the point or
view of inbcinationl understanding and the Colonial Office amd the Commission
w~uld lile to help him to attend these. It is, however, on the importance and
lasting value of his work in the Extra-Mural Department of the University Collcce
B To-mien that the Commission bases a request tot the Department, with the assist
1f uho Conference Board, shovld make every effort to arrange e suitable program for
?r= Gardiner to study adult education with special reference&#39;to the rise of visual
i ;=Is.. "
It will be noted that the Phelps=Stokes Fund, 101 Park Avenue, New York, is
prepared to make a dollar contribution towards Mr. G&rdiner&#39;s expenses but the
actual nwount is not given. This could, hotevcr, be ascertained from the Fresi
Er, Frory ices. There, however, will be need for further dollar assistance if Kr"
*
rdinvr stays three mcnthse Is there any possibility that a Smith-Mundt grant
could be ma
a to him? The Corricsicn understands that the hmbassy would be *rc»
vvsi in u*d him to its rccormended list of British candidates in the advanced
_;¢{cry in case vnfcrcsecn titkdraanls allow e few more candidates to be.consio@;;*
,...u@1£fFK rccormcnds hit str.nfly for a travel award if the necessary effi1iri-
t .4 R1»: not dollar: :1 tone: Pou1d_ Indeed it coosiders him one of the s:r¢nn
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L1 vbaqo 2? Lb l  cl Br. Curdiner has not submitted his rnfG¢rc&#39;
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but U313/UK cuns;I.:1-era these tmneceasary -since ho is wall Imam 1&#39;-0 ieveral
mczaars of the Colonial Sub-Committee who are prepared to vouch for him .
in -..&#39;92:&#39;92".r_f respect =
It 1&#39;:ct.&#39;d be very much avpreeiated if this case could be given urgent
- cone
.derat1ov1 because if Mr. Gardiner is to attend Y-1&#39;16 A-mB!i<>¬1I1 1?-$191111-El
Sezzice Co2tr1Lttc1.e&#39;c0nferences in early July he needs to make his travel I
arrangements ai. once,
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Dear _ n _&#39; D
four letter dated June 12, 1952, has been received,
, and I&#39;fullu appreciate&#39;the interest uhich prompted you to
communicate with me. "i . 7
In the event you obtain additional data which you
believe to be of interest to this Bureau, you may desire
to communicate directly with the Soeciel Agent in Charge
of our Newark Qice located at 1336 Raymond - Commerce
Building, Newark 2, New Jersey. &#39; &#39;
&#39;_,1 &#39; Sincerely yours, &#39;
4 . .
_ John Edgar Hooper
&#39;- - Director -&#39;
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Dear Hr, Hoover: _ _ _ _
- L331; t.-ct, 12 
951! I notified pou. of a booklet
1&#39; had-received through the -nail called "Stens to Peace." Tje man who sent it out was   .
How he &#39; 1 4 rer at the  I&#39;M I3 ecvll V I¢-__.___e_-_ /-_:|..&#39;..1. .&#39;.. 41..-. 4.-....-..-L. 1-fh Incl! kn-4-I-. 1-in,-. {hi 5-one-5o]Dnaf:_|,|1 lwI[|,|,r;|rg 1,3 gr; ;,;,-|_=,-14¢,-, 9;: um; ..»u.»n. .|. ovx. nu] -on-.:
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_ Lasr nmht I at1en"ed the~ n eting and
heard the snearer, He I171? very d 1f"l.-8.IU Fed =?1a*!ed America
&#39; or the ne.-rt war wrieh he said we can all See is CO"&#39;Iifi§1&#39; and _
92v said the Russians haven&#39;t ta-zen any ter-itnry: area are a areat
country who __1&#39;us&#39;t want to develop their resources, 1-hey: are in *
d nioneerinr; state new simii iar to our ownmioneer day.-s, said it _ _ . -ggplg or Ggrranlr »- France hate ».&#39;~ fear us as ll t/58;; osflIbu&#39;..&#39; this one is 0 member of some _ar-our: of reonle
o who ca...Z themselves "&#39;iForl|"l Cit izens. He is billed as a &#39;ue-i&#39;l/
&#39; - rgggyufzlf; r|31.u.rn_ed from Euro D8." &#39;
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h 3ome time ago a local newsraoer "The i#&#39;nshir:-.tr-1 Sr.-av
did an article on the aroup and my impression was that 1t -u.~.1.&#39;,_.
/" communistic.
~ _ Very sincerely yours,
"I" &#39; /s/
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tl1-.»....-~~n~..L- "  1:7; -a-1is ei1&#39;iee in the captic-sec-. 
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¢ 0:1 T/"H/52; Q cf Emorn reliabity, orally advised
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Friends I-:1"-.icc Cs: 111%..-ea and has 1::".:..&#39;:-d it to be a sincere pacifist organize-_
Lion. if-.222 its ie&#39;;=:1t..en i1rl9lT, this gm-cup, a1 aeticn cc:-:rni.ttee c1 the &#39;
Quaker i.&#39;ei<_1_, has epics-ed military conflict, p&#39;r92:p-zredness, and the drafting .
of men. . . -. 1.. - _
* - ~ true that the ieaehi
gs ei fhis group do parallel the Cc::- -
m"-mist ?art_; _  <-_"j:";:&#39;.&#39;i.&#39;: in the "peace pro;-etirm field," it is noticeable mat _ .
this group his :10; cE;".*.-1-find from its teachings is: the past 35 years, and it
appears to be a eei_&#39;1c:1dcnee that there is a para-J_1el.
It is to be rzcttzd that the group TI .s a-raxded the }3o0e1 Peace Pris-:1 5.1
19147 for it: sincere y=acii"ist efforts, and that its teachings are the same
new as t.ne;; 1-ere t;&#39;1;:n. ,_
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c_ &#39; On 7-21-52,  of known reliability, or-ally
ffnfivised  that for years he has attended
une affairs snonsor-ed by the American Friends Service Committee &#39;land has found it to be 9 sincere nacifist organization. -
Since its fcun-1etic&#39;n in 1917, this groan, an actio11&#39;c:0m.~-itt-<=.--
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While h was discussing other matters with
n August 28, .1952, he advised that
he desired to call to the Bureaufs attention a film recently
released by the Quaker association, Thetemerican Friends _
Service Convnittee. This film, which is designed for conmerical
and private showing, is entitled, "Time for Greatness and altizou
it shows the customarg; Quaker isolationist viewpoint, it is
neuerthelesmpackea-with Communist propaganda. He stated that
the film. could not have been made better, from a propaganda view-
point, had__ it been made by the Communist Party or by the U.$&#39;.S.5.
He stated that it continually places the United States and the
ff. S. foreign policy in a very deg_::r,ding state and it is the tyne
of film. that can do irreparable harm to the United States, par-tic
larly when shown abroad. He stated this D!1T!£iCU1OF~--,f&#39;il.?&#39;,-=U3.3gh
[1-
diremd and produced bvmihlnunnnnnb orNew l&#39;orFr City. l -   - .
=  stated that a review of the film showed
_that undoubtedly it was carefully censored by the Quaker organize
tion and that undoubtedly some persons in that or-;;&#39;an&#39;ization are
either Con-nunists, or are totally naive of what Communism is.$ advised that he felt this should be called to the o
Bureau&#39;s attention as it was something that could certainly be
classified as a threat to internal security, particularly in view
of the fact that this film is being sent by the American Friends
Service Committee throughout the world for showing. . -&#39; -
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American Friends Service Committee
cucowomvm
DB5 MOINBS REGIONAL OFFICE
[H6 inst Univcrsity Avenue
 -.Des Muir?-.a %_ 16,I0wa
Telephone 6-5514
. ocwber 10, 1952
Du." r friend 1
Recently We received a check from a person who requvsted
that our 5111.2:-h1e&#39;: "ifc<.uri_i.y Th_rcu,";&#39;n Disar"r:.=¢r..~.:».nt" be sent
to 8. ;"e~1= frizmrlr. 1&#39;f&#39;::ic&#39;:&#39;. were listed in tht letter,
We hope yr-.1 r.&#39;ill find it interesting.
Cordially y=:~ur.:,
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IT OW/A R D &#39;
SECURITY
THROUGH
DISARMAMENT
0 A reporr prepared for the
American Friends Service Committee
PHILADELPHIA
. 1952

/"92
4-
¢,.s.~.-._i ,CONTENTS &#39;
Page
I.Ti~ie ARMS  . . . .  .. 7
H.A-Rl1o92$0FAGR1EE2~!£NTANDDlSAGBEEMENT....... .. ..  11
Aspirations and Stalemate . . . . .   .. 11
Breal:ingtheSta1emate.....  .   .. 12
Merging rheCommissions...  . ..   13
Banning the Bomb  . . . . . . ..   14
Regulating Conventional Arms   . . .  15
Establishing the Control Organ  .. 16
Qwnership and Management of Atomic Facilities . . . . . . . - . . . 17
lnspettionof Armaments............................... 20
EsrablishingaSchedu}e for Arms Reduction  22
The Veto and Enforcement  .   24
1ll.Pa:r~&#39;cn»u:s into Pnovosats   .    26
Principles and Assumptions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 26
Next Steps  . . . . . . . . ..  29
TheControlOrgan  ..    29
Banning the Bomb  . . . . 29
Ownership and Management of Atomic Facilities  .. .. 30
Existing Stockpiies oi Fissionable Materials . . . . . . . .. . . . .  3i
Inspection  . . . . . . . . . . 52
Violations and the Veto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Schedule of Arms Reduction . . . . . . . . . . .   54
Criteria for Arms Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
The Proposals Summarized . . . . . . - - . . .. 37
IV. Corvcc-nnnur Stet-s TOWARD PEACEFUL Snrrttmcur  .. 58
RecognizingFar.ts  . 33
Re-examining the Principles of Negotiation  . .  40
Strengthening Internarional Peacemaking Functions . . . . . .. 42
DMZ &#39;un Dr-nor» mt nl&#39; Mrarraal Aid _,,,,1;.__,_,b,;.........-_..._--._ii...i=.i......t.. . .=
5ettlementofPoIitic.ilIssues.................   47TPREFACE
rot some time the American bnends bervice Committee,
engaged as it is in a wide variety of activities in many parts of
the world, has felt a responsibility to provide reports to the
American public which may help develop a constructive, peace-
ful approach to the tensions and conicts that paralyze our
world. To this end the Service Committee in 1949 issued a
report on The Uirircrl Slates am! the Sciatic! Union and in 1931
another report on Steps to lttrtr&#39;. Each of these endeavored to
point out some practical applications of the Way oi Peace to
a world in conict. Each pamphlet stressed the need for a
drastic reduction of arms the world over as one of a number
of "steps to peace."
These reports elicited considerable public discussion. Many
of the comments received, both from members of the United
Nations and from private individuals, urged that this construc-
tive approach be applied to some of the complicated problems
of arms reduction. Little genuine progress on international
disarmament planning has been made. Nevertheless, we are
convinced that thoughtful people the world over feel more and
more acutely the need for constru<:t.i92&#39;e suggestions to bring the
arms race, with its staggering psychological and economic
burdens, to an end.
lt is not the intention of these reports to challenge the
good faith of either the United States or the Soviet Union in
their interpretations of each other: actions. 92Vhenevct any
nation looks at another in fear and distrust, it is iiitcly to mis-
represent or fail to understand the gestures of the other. In
this report, as in the two previous ones, we are not endeavoring
to judge the tightness of claims and countcrclaims, but rather
to Suggest constructive measures for the good of all.
The historic position of the Society of Friends in such
matters has been that of a creative neutrality, cndcavoring
thereby to build bridges of understanding between nations as
a means oi settling disputes in mutual good faith. It is in that
spirit this report is written. Naturally, however, there is a
3

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3wide range of conviction among Quakers as to the best methods
of implementing these dccplyfclt concerns for the welfare of
human society. The working party responsible for the prep-
aration of this report, recognizing this, endcwored to arrive at
what Quakers call "the sense of the meeting" on all points,
even though individuals on it represented diverse opinions on
speci
c measures and details.
The two previous pamphlets emerged out of the collective
experience of Quakers working in the troubled areas of the
world. Disarniament and arms control, however, are more
technical 
elds requiring professionally specialized advice and
guidance. To face this task, a working party, called together
over a year ago, was composed of both Quakers and non-
Quaiiéfs, some of whom have specialized in problems relating
to disarmament and the control of atomic energy. Harrop A.
Freeman and ]ohn H. Ferguson, respectively chairman and
secretary of the working party, have interviewed many oiiicials
from various countries in all parts oi the world in the process
of this study. The latter, with I-llmore _];1Clts0n and Cl.&#39;|.rcnC¬
E. Pickett, personally followed discussions at the Sixth General
Assembly of the United Nations held in Paris during the fall
and_wintcr of 19H-52. Before the speci
c proposals embodied
in this pamphlet were drawn up, Elmore Jackson severed his
connection with the working party when he joined the statl
of the United Nations on a special ;ts$ignn92et92E.
David F. Cavcrs and Robert W. Frase, two additional
members of the working party, have both made contributions
I0 the report on the basis of cxllcnsive independent studies,
especially concerning international control of atomic energy.
Other participants includcd Stephen G. Cary, Lewis M. Hos-
itins, Philip  jacob, 92"i"iilia|n i.. i92eu:nann, &#39;92&#39;92"&#39;illiam Merton
Scott, and Gilbert I. 92Vhite. Wliile no one of the participants
claims expertness in all phases of this field, the writers have
honestly tried to marshall the wisest advice to guide the Execu-
tive Board of the American Fr ds Service Cornntittce i
recommendations as presented in this parnplilct.
Both the brevity of a pamphlet and the world&#39;s relative
inexperience with technical aspects of the subject impose de
-
nite limits on a discussion of so complex 1 Problem as the
reduction OI the world&#39;s arsenal. Closely connected with the-
4l
I
92Problems of disarmament is the relationship armaments bear
to the economies of modern nations. For some years now the
economic systems of the major powers have been geared pri-
marily to the rnacliincry of war. Any ctlcctive dismantling of
that machinery will inevitably require extensive Changes in
the economies of the world, and disarmament planning must
eventually take this factor into full consideration,
Another ancilliary question involved in disarmament is:
tvhat shape will political settlements and world institutions
nave to assurnem order to guarantee a more eltectual inter-
national sccurity? This question entails consideration of a wide
variety of subjects, including the location of sovereignty, the
character of world institutions, sanctions and their enforcement.
Modern society cannot escape the responsibility to face
these questions forthrightly. Complicated as they are by the
transitional nature of our world and our concepts of world
society, they nc92&#39;Crtl1Cl92:S$ deserve immediate spt-cialiied study.
HOWEWI, dailed discussion of these ancilliary questions could
HOI be included in the present study. .92lorcover, we believe
that a solution to these complex problems can be found more
readily, once the basic agreements to limit and reduce the tools
of war have been signed and sealed.
The American Friends Service Committee advances the
W
gcstions embodied in this pamphlet out of an abiding con-
viction that God would have us 
nd :1 way to remove wag and
the tools of war from the face of the earth.
5

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THE ARMS RACE
our OF A DEEP human desire for security both the East and
the West are building their arms establishments to un-
precedented heights. Military budgets, and taxes to support
them, have reached staggering proportions. Figures showing
the trend in the United States and among her European allies
are given in the graphs printed on the inside front and back
covers.
Impressive as these 
gures may lac, the graphs fail to
tell the full story. On the manpower side, the 
gures do not
show the greatly expanded use of civilian manpower in pre-
paredness programs and defense industries. On the expenditure
side, they do not reveai the cost of foreign economic aid. of
war-related programs like aid to veterans, of the cost of stimuli
to production, nor of the cost of price control. Nor do they
show the cost of ination, the added cost of carrying an increas-
ingly heavy national debt, and the economic waste inherent in
rearmament. The full permanent consequences in terms of
high taxes, national debt, depletion of resources, neglected
welfare programs, and corrosion of human and spiritual values
are immeasurable.
If military might alone can give us a sense of security,
certainly in 1952 the United States should feel secure. 92Ve
have the most favored, most easily protected geographical
position of any nation in the world. 92-Ye have the most highly
developed industrial strength, the largest navy, the greatest
stockpile of atomic weapons. Yet, the feeling of insecurity is
more epidemic among us since the end of 9292&#39;/orld War II than
at any time within memory.
Can it be that we are victims of our own policy? Can it
be that rearmament, adopted in the interest of security, is itself
contributing to our insecurity and to the insecurity of the
world? One thing is clear: rearmament seems only to lead to
the rearmament of those we most fear. Each new measure
I
 7

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_ , , _ .. t -__ .... ..............urc auupteo in the name of defense has the
effect of intensifying insecurity.
That this process is madness everyone knows. And yet,
when negotiation of differences is so desperately needed, spokes-
men for East and 92{-t-st keep on blaming one another while
each bloc girds for war, hoping to "buy time, "negotiate
from strength," or if worse comes to worst, win "the war
nobody wants."
Both American and Soviet spokesmen claim success, or at
least partial success, for their pul&#39;lCll3$ of rearmament. American
spokesmen claim that the threat of the atom bomb has deterred
Soviet aggression in western Europe; that United States mili-
tary strength, coupled with econorhic and military aid, has
prevented Communists from coming to power in Italy, France,
Greece, the Middle East and elsewhere; that prompt military
action in Korea l&#39;1Zl92 discouraged similar aggression in other
parts of the globe; and that a 
rm policy in Germany and
Austria has ltept these countries from falling into the Soviet
orbit. In time and under the pressures of a show of force on
all sides, western spokesmen contend, the Soviet Union will be
forced by events into a more conciliatory attitude.
Spoltesrnen for the East malte similar claims. According
to them, their 
rm attitude has kept western powers from
reuniting and rt-arming Germany and Austria. They claim to
have neutralized American military and economic aid in west-
ern Europ _tl1e Middle East and elscivhere. Soviet policies aregiven credli for preventing the conquest of Korea and uni
ca-
tion under auspices hostile to the Soviet Union and China.
Soviet policy is also credited with &#39;|.ll.lt92l.|.1l&#39;>l92lng and defeating
western imperialist inuences in China, Indo-China, Malaya,
lncloncsia, the Middle East and elsewhere. It will force western
powers, so the Soviets claim, to the point of bankruptcy and
constant instability. Firm resistance has made the United
Nations, to Soviet eyes, less of a western tool than it would
otherwise have been. Finally, it is claimed that Communist
leadership has inspired common people everywhere to demand
a better life, national independence, and peace.
Where the whole truth lies it is obviously impossible to
tell. In an era dominated by nation-states, with most educa-
tional and propaganda media directed or deeply inuenced by
8 .l.government or national patriots, citizens ¬92&#39;¬E&#39;YWl92EIB are taught
to "take sides." Under these stresses, whatever -the frame of
government, most citizens become highly partisan and limit
their views more and more to the bounds prescribed by otiicial
or majority opinion. The issues are too complex, too colored
by Conllicting propaganda, for dogmatic conclusions. In the

nal analysis, the claims and counterclaims of the opposing
powers are not as important to the course of history as the
tensions, promoted by competitive armaments, that seem to
lead us further down the path to war and the decline of
civilization.
But, it is asked, did not the United States unilaterally
disarm after World ll l? 92il i t -
. I-.
bilized our army to a much larger extent inn the Russians,
yet the military strength of the United States has never bten
measured exclusively by the size of its standing army. For
geographic reasons we rely primarily on Sea and air power,
while the Soviet Union is primarily a land power. If all catc-
guries of weapons are included, as they must be in any fair
analysis of military strength, the theory of r92incrica&#39;s unilateral
disarmament collapses. Since the war our production of atomic
weapons has proceeded without pause and at an increased
tempo, -.1 fSl1&#39;ll.L:t1g network. of air bases has been developed,
and we have maintained a large complement of hca-vy aircraft
usable for atomic bombing. Our wartime navy, by far the
largest in the world, has been maintained on a stand-by basis.
In no postwar year has our military budget fallen below 11
billion dollars. This is hardly unilateral disarmament.
But, it is also aslred, can the United States disarm in the
present world? 92"92&#39;-"ith tensions rviiat tire}-&#39; arc, caused partly by
the failure of nations to disarm after the war, it docs not seem
reasonable to expect any nation to disarln unless others do also.
Nor has this been proposed in the United Nations. Rather,
what is sought is an international agreement to ban certain
weapons, limit and reduce armaments, and establish an effective
system of international control.
Indeed, those who have thought about the subject have
long realized that world peace and order depend on t;lis1rm;1-
ment, not armaments. The 
rst objective of the Hague Peace

/-92storage facilities, and ! license or lease of 
ssionable materials
for peaceful use.
When Mr. Bernard Baruch, the American representative
on the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, presented
the American plan in June 1946, he added provisions for
 a! swift punishment for illegal production and  b! elimina-
tion of the veto in the Security Council when considering
counter-measures against nations engaging in illegal production.
The Soviet counter-proposal, elaborated gradually over the
course of a year, asked for the outlawing and destruction of
the bombs 
rst, prescribed limits on inspection, permitted day-
to-day inspection without the veto, but kept the veto intact
for Security Council action against violators. By September
I946 the Scienti
c and Technical subcommittee concluded that
 :1! effective control of production of atomic energy is tech-
nologically feasible,  b! processes leading to both peaceful and
warlike use of atomic energy are so similar that both require
control, and  c! production of U-23$, plutonium and U-23-3
must be strictly controlled. This report was adopted unani-
mously  including the Soviet Union!.
A second subcommittee was set up to consider safeguards.
its preliminary report .1ppr !Vet.l inspection of mining and re
n-
ing stages but preferred placing actual management of plants
producing nuclear fuels in the hands of the international con-
trol agcncy. The Soviet Union raised some objection, but it
will never be kt
town whether she would have agreed to the
report, for the work of the Commission was shifted to the job
of preparing a general report which was finally forced through
substantially in the American form.
The promise of these earlier developments has unfortu-
nately bcen overshadowed by the stalemate in both the atomic
and the conventional disarmament commissions. However, in
the debates before the commissions some cautious modi
cations
of positions previously taken were ventured.
jreulting the Stalemate After years of deadlock between the
great powers, disarmament negotia-
tions tool-t on new life at the Sixth General rksscmbly meetu-ig_
of the United Nations in Paris during the fall and winter of
195 1-195 2. A Committee of Twelve, appointed by the pre-
12
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I
92vious General Assembly, completed a report recommending
merger of the two commissions, which for several years had
worked separately on atomic and conventional arms control
and reduction. Anticipating this report, the American, British
and I-ranch governments introduced e  set of proposals
shortly after the Sixth General Assembly convened on Novem-
bet s, 19:1.
Unfortunately the new proposals were at 
rst stated and
discussed in an atmosphere inflamed by bitterness, causing
widespread anxiety lest the entire session come to naught.
However, spokesmen for both contesting blocs subsequently
moderated words and temperatures su
icientiy to permit more
reasoned consideration of the issues involved. In the days and
weeks that followed, Russian delegates countered with pro-
posals of their own, and both American and Soviet blocs made
what appeared to be signi
cant clari
cations and concessions.
Some promise of more reasoned negotiation thus appeared.
When the General Assembly adjourned in February 1952, the
long-standing stalemate began to give way K0,: more fluid
situation which permitted some hope for further progress.
The bare outline of these events illustrates that, even in
spite of tensions and bitterness, negotiation of sharp  liile1CnC¬S
can still be carried on. Indeed, readers may be surprised to
note below that the areas of agreement are as great as they are.
Merging the Commissions The First General Assembly
[on January 24, I946! voted
to establish the Atomic Energy Commission. A year later  on
February I3, 1947! the Security Council, on the basis of an
Assembly resolution, established the Commission for %n92.&#39;en=
tional Armaments. Both commissions, especially the former,
did vnluabli: exploratory work. But for about three years prior
to the meeting of the Sixth General Assembly in Paris, the
commissions had been hopelessly deadiocked.
One of the controversies was whether discussions of atomic
and conventional armaments should be kept separate. From
the beginning American spokesmen, though admitting that
both types of weapons should be brouglit under control, in-
sisted on separating&#39;the discussions. Atomic weapons, they
maintained, presented new and peculiar technical problems
&#39; » I3

/"-92 |
4-which could not adequately be considered in discussions that
included conventional armaments.
Soviet spokesmen, on the other hand, wanted to discuss
the atomic bomb in relation to other armaments in the Conven-
tional Armaments Commission when that commission was
established. They discounted the peculiar problems presented
by atomic weapons, and accused the Americans of delaying
discussions of converitional arms until agreement was reached
on atomic weapons. They stressed the unreality of keeping the
discussions separate when national security involved both types
of armament.
Happily, this aspect of the controversy has now been termi-
nated. The ride turned in October 1950 when President Truman
suggested that the two commissions be consolidated. More than
a year later, speaking to the General Assembly in Paris, Secre-
tary of State Dean Acheson announced: ". . . We favor the
merger of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Conven-
tional Arms Commission. This I say quite frankly is a change
in the position of the United States." 92Vith the ice broken, all
parties admitted the desirability of the merger which was con-
summated by the General Assembly on _]anuary 11, 1952.
The new Disarmament Commission is set up "under the
Security Council." Like each of its two predecessors it normally
has a membership of 12-onc for each member of the Security
Council plus Canada. It was instructed to become operative
within 30 da!"i7i:"I&#39;lie chairmanship is to rotate each mouth
among its members. Instructed to submit its 
rst report not
later than _]une 1, l9$2, the Commission is required to make
detailed studies and to prepare plans and treaties. Moreover,
when the Commission&#39;s work progresses to a point where any
part of its program is ready to be submitted, the Secretary
General is requested to convene a disarmament conference.
The eyes of an armament-burdened world will be hopefully
fucussed on the new Commission as it attempts to set the
stage for further agreement.
Banning the Bomb All nations favor the banning of atomic
weapons and other means of mass de-
struction of civil life. Ali nations also approve the necessary
corollary of the proposed ban--an international system of
14
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icontrol designed to ensure faithful compliance with it. Appar-
ently, all parties agree that sooner or later the-ban should
prohibit national states and private parties from using, pos-
sessing and mimufartrtriug atomic and other weapons of r:..i.ss
destruction.
However, differences exist over the type of controls re-
quired 
nd OW! "timing" of the program. Nevertheless, the
fact remains that there appears to be agreement on the desir-
ability of banning atomic weapons.
Regulating Conventional Arms Another general 311:] qf
agreement between the
nations is that conventional armaments and ~
should be regulated, limited and reduced. At one time con-
troversy arose as to what conventional arms and armed forces
should include. There is now substantial agreement that these
categories should include  a! all armaments not classi
ed as
weapons of mass destruction,  b! military, naval and air bases,
and  c! armed forces of all types including para-military,
security and police forces. -
However, two principal obstacles to further agreement
have been encountered. One is the dispute over whether a
census of armaments should include atomic we;ip;;n§_ Tl;
other is the contiiiuiiig disagreement as to whether the reduc-
tional in conventional arms should be "progressive and balanced"
or by a flat percentage.
Concerning the first, the United States, with a monopoly
of atomic weapons, wanted no census until a "foolproof" plan
of control had been agreed upon and put into operation. The
Soviets, on the other hand, without atomic weapons at the time
Ills: dispute arose, demanded that the Commission for Conven-
tional Armaments conduct a census that would include both
types of armament. The rlmerican view prevailed, and the
stalemate already mentioned continued. The United States,
in proposing the merger of the two old commissions, has agreed
to a census of atomic weapons, provided less secret weapons
have 
rst been disclosed and veri
ed. It is now agqreed, there-
fore, that the census should include weapons of all types, pro-
vided the "stages" problem can be , lend,
As to the second obstacle, Soviet spokesmen have insisted
I
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92
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-e/"&#39;92_}upon a flat reduction, within one year, of a suggested one»third
of all conventional arms and armed forces. To a war-weary,
armament-burdened world this is a highly attractive proposal.
If both blocs were equally strong in all weapons and armed
forces, :1 one-third reduction would not change the ratio.
However, western spokesmen claim that the Soviet Union pos-
sesses a superiority in conventional arms and armed forces and
that, if both sides now disarmed by one-third and if the atom
bomb were banished entirely, the West would be seriously
weakened and the unbalance would invite aggression. Soviet
spokesmen deny this alleged superiority in conventional arms
and assert, therefore, that a one-third reduction would affect
all parties equally.
As a counter-proposal western spokesmen urge progressive
and balanced reduction of conventional arms and armed forces,
in such a way as to keep power in equilibrium at a reduced level
of armament. Soviet spokesmen claim this would only delay
disarmament, prolong tension and threat of war, invite endless
haggling over criteria and quotas, and in fact lead to an in-
crease of armament in some nations. At the moment, no sign
of agreement on this thorny problem has appeared. We have
indicated on pages 35-36 a possible basis for con-
Establishing the Control Orgdn All parties agree that the
proposed disarmament
treaties should establish one or more international control
organs "within the framework of the Security Council." The
organization and powers of the control organ and its relation-
ship to United Nations agencies would be prescribed and
de
ned in the prospective treaties. Staff personnel would be
international and responsible directly to the control organiza-
tion. The control organ would establish its own rules and
decide day-to-day questions by majority vote. Moreover, all
parties agree that the control organ should be permitted to
carry on atomic research, though there is lack of agreement
on the ltind and scope of such research.  Soviet spokesmen
desire that national laboratories be permitted to catty on atomic
research concurrently with the laboratories under the interna-
tional control organ. American spokesmen prefer that national
l6 .research be licensed by the control organ which would have
exclusive power to engage in research involving dangerous
facilities or matters relating to military application.! All agree
that the control organ should maintain strict international
control, but 3 difference of opinion eitists as to the best rriethods
of doing so.
Ownership and Munagemenl Even when atomic weapons
of Atomic Facilities are banned, uranium mines,
atomic plants and labora-
tories, reactors, stockpiles of 
ssionable materials and like re-
sources would rernain in existence, and provision must be made
to deal with them. It is agreed that permissible facilities of this
nature would be used only for peaceful purposes, but measures
must be taken to prevent their diversion to forbidden uses.
As already pointed out, the American plan would estab-
lish an international atomic development authority with power
to hold, manage, license and otherwise control the world&#39;s
dangerous atomic facilities, materials and stockpiles. 9292&#39;/hat
is "dangerous" and non-dangerous" has been fairly well de-

ned. The former includes stockpiles of uranium, reactors,
nnrl &#39;F1ilirine {rt -.~,lm-i-in.-. J-&#39; i&#39;T;!z&#39;t IT_&#39;nr .....~I ...1&#39;..l
lbhl Al492.|llll-|92a»J nun ptuuuctiui. tn, LJ 4.3;, 92_|  "U .92]9292] Piu-
tonium. Items like the following would probably be classi
ed
as non-da.ngerousore mines, re
neries, radioactive materials
for use in scienti
c, medical and technological studies, and
small quantities of 
ssionable material for experimental uses.
As a principle rather than a concrete part of any formally pro-
posed and elaborated plan, the United States recommended the
dispersal oi facilities and stockpiles around the world in :1
"strategic balance, so that if any were seized by one national
government, other national governments would have more
facilities for atomic production than the treaty violator. The
proposed authority would also establish production quotas,
operate laboratories, discover and verify relevant data, and
conduct inspections continuously.
For this "plan"  which is far from complete in several
crucial details! much has been claimed. As manager of atomic
facilities, the international authority would be more likely to
keep abreast of technological developments. As proprietor of the
facilities, the authority could operate with less friction and dan-
I7

»--.-sv ,1&#39;
st-a ~~¢ &#39;I
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Iger of molestation, and a technically more able personnel could
be hired. Anything less than this, proponents of the plan have
claimed, would be unsafe and lack the nec-&#39;.&#39;SS:1ry i00lp100f"
guarantees against illegal diversion of 
ssionable m11E0riIll5-
Underlying the -plan when it was formulated was the
assumption that atomic energy would soon be used on a large
scale for the production of electric power. If this developinent
did not take place, and the ban on atomic weapons went into
c
ect, the proposed international authority would actually have
little to manage. Six years have passed and this large scale
atomic power industry is not yet in sight. To this extent, at
least, the plan is rather hypothetical and perhaps unrealistic.
The Atomic Energy Commissions Subcommittee 2 
rst
stated in 1946 that all other stages could be controlled by in-
spection but atomic plants should be actually rrlanngetl by the
control agency. Later, spoltesnteu ior the Soviet Union bee-mw
inexibly opposed to the ownership and manctgeinent feature.
To their view the international authority would be dominated
by the "Anglo-American bloc. They maintain that it would
restrict the development of atomic energy for peaceful pur-
poses, and would lnvttelc national sovereignty contrary to the
United Nations Charter. ]."in:.lily, they insisted that it was un-
necessary to go this far to ClLlllC92c effective control. ln view of
these objections, soviet spoltcsnicn proposed :1 plan of their o92=:P|;1,.-. - - I I ~ I _ &#39; _ _ _calling for national ownership and management or perlntsstmc
atomic facilities subject to "strict" international control.
A majority of the United Nations approved what were
essentially the American proposals at the I948 Asseinbly, and
henceforth they became l-tno-.t&#39;n as the Majority Plan. Neitlier
side would budge froin its position on atomic energy control.
However, at Paris 2 western tri-partite resolution sidesteppcd
a head-on discussion of the impasse. That resolution  adopted
hnuarv 11_ 1953! jn§[1&#39;|,1¢[¢d the new Disarmament Commis-
;i<m to be ready to consider any proposals for control of either
conventional or atomic arnnincntsg l10wcvt:t&#39;, it also stated that
unless a better or no less effective system is devisecl, the Majority
Plan should continue to serve as the basis for discussion. Tilt
vote in favor of this provision was 
-S with nine ahstentions;
the draft resolution as a whole was adopted. by a vote of 42-S
with seven abstentions.Soviet spol-zesntcn are not the only ones who have doubted
the necessity for international ownership. In 1946 rhg C3;--
negic Endowment for inte &#39; al Peace c ittee of repre-
sentatives irorn scienti
c, political and other 
elds issued a
report, after detailed study before the Baruch plan was known,
accepting the principle of national rather than intcrmtional
ownership. In 1930 the British United Nations Association
published a parnphlet expressing a preference for i11Icrn:tti0u:ll
ownership but stating that a settlement for national owner-
ship under strict control was better than a continuation of the
impasse. A nurnber of books and articles, written by competent
students and observers, have called for reconsideration of rim
Majority 1"l.1n. On December 1, 1951, the London Times
expressed itself editorially on the Majority Plan: "This utopian
proposal would in pi-actice be as tlirlicult for the United States
E6 aC¬cpt as for c Soviet Union."
The Federation of American Scientists has, for the last
W" 01&#39; W0, urged that a new Acheson-Lilienthal Committee
be instructed to rcstudy the entire problem of atom;
r_.Q1&#39;!1;|3l. &#39;h_/lrn-n r&#39; 1-iv in T-in 10¢! ......._, .1__ _ " &#39; -"~ &#39; "J: 1" _|-H1 A/1-, nrt_|i|_ |,||,3 -
ish scientists adopted :1 resolution tletlsring that Ellen are no
unsurmountablc lt?Cl1niC1l ditlicultics in the way of establisliiiig
an effective system of control and inspection of atomic csrgb-
lishmcnts, which could be n_er.m-rl .;92_u= - - -- -n---.--. -.
tional tension; and th.-it l11ECIJ&#39;|J[iOn.&#39;.ll ownership was not essen-
tial for effective control and the proposal should be ;|l_!_1n,_lQ;-|¢,_{_
.92Iur-.-over, private conversations between the i92meric.1n Friends
Service Conunittee&#39;s working party and a number of loading
:92mer|c:1n Senators, Represcittatives, scientists and other Sm-

/-92
s |to critical review and evaluations in the light of scienti
c,
military and political developments of the past live years.
Inspection of Armaments That inspection is an essential
fL;1lLll&#39;L&#39; of any practicable pl-H1
for disarmament is admitted by all. Spokesman for both Ameri-
can and Soviet blocs have agreed on this from the start. The
problem is not whether there should be inspection, but rather
what shall be its nature, frequency and scope.
The United Nations Majority Plan provided that an inter-
national authority should carry on inspection of atomic facili-
ties-concurrently with the exercise of its managerial functions.
Under this plan, atomic armaments of the nations would be
policed by the managerial stall of the international authority
with the aid of a corps of stationary and roving inspectors.
However, the exact relationship between the atomic inspection
procedures of the international authority and inspection for
control of conventional arms has never been discussed.
This plan of inspection was rejected by Soviet spokesmen
as a part of the international management plan for the control
of atomic facilities, because they thought that it invaded sov-
ereignty and interfered unnecessarily with domestic affairs.
Instead, they preferred national ownership of atomic facilities
subject to inspections, both "periodic" {as frequently as the
control agency decided! and "special" {whenever charges of
violatioris were submitted!. Because of the suspicions that exist
and the closed character of the Soviet state, it has been
questioned whether these types of inspection would provide
adequate protection.
Before 1948 it was agreed that a majority decision by the
control organ would be binding on all, with no right of veto.
Later. additional agreement was reached that the control organ
should decide the times and places of inspection. Finally, at
Paris during the winter of I951-S2, Mr. Andrei Vyshinslti
modi
ed Soviet proposals to agree that inspection should be
"permanent" and on a continuing basis, providing it did
not interfere in the domestic affairs of states."
In clarifying these modi
cations, Mr. V yshinslti explained
that he accepted permanent inspection on a continuing basis"
in the sense that once it began it would not end, but not in the
&#39; .sense that it would proceed from international ownership or
that inspectors mi_i;ht be stationed §92i_rn1,9211;~n|_iy M 1-Y p0;nU_
He also declared once more that inspection Of 3[{_92n]iQ me;-gy
establishments would include 
! auditing of accounts,
! Clicchiiig stucltpilrs of atoinic raw n92;tteri.ils and semi-
_lmiahcd products, ! checking whether regulations govern-
ing technological control were respected, ! requesting data
on the production of atomic energy,  S! collecting informa-
tion on atomic products, and ! carrying out inspections,
should the regulation on the prohibition of atomic weapons
be broken. 92i/hen as]-zed what was meant when he said the
control organ should not be entitled to interfere in this dqm¢5_
tic affairs of states, Mr. Vyshinski explained that this mgsm;
exactly the same as Article 2, Paragraph 7&#39; of ch; Uniecd
Nations Charter, which reads:
Nothing contained in the present Charter shall au-
thorize the United Nations to intervene in matter;
which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction
of any state or shall require the Members to submit
such matters to settlement under the present Charter-. . . _ _ _ _ &#39;but this principle shall not preiuchce the application
_ of enforcement measures under Chapter VII,
5P°l¢$m¢r1 for the American bloc have not expressed
themselves fully on Mr. Vyshinskis "clarifications." As long
as they insist on international ownership, {he govict pjm Wm
be unacceptable. However, if they should concede national
ownership, Mr. Vyshinsl<.is proposals might serve as a starting
point for the elaboration of an adequate system hosed an
inspection rather than international ownership and manage-
rnent of atomic facilities. It should be noted, however, that
limits on the range of inspection perhaps are rnore important
than its periodicity.
The solution of these basic differences appeared so
more hopeful in the discussions at the 19Si Paris Aa5dl11
conventional arms and armed forces. Soviet spokesmen indi_
eated willingness to accept permanent inspection on a con-
tinuing basis for conventional armaments and armed forces,
as well as for atomic facilities. This concession leaves little
substance to their insistence on restricting the SCQpc of atomic
i 21l

l
l---4.4-. ../&#39;92.,
Jinspection to "declared" facilities. If this type of inspection were
adequate for the discovery and inspection of all bases, forces,
installations, productive facilities, materials and supplies relating
to conventional arms and armed forces, it is difficult to imagine
how clandestine atomic production could evade detection.
Establishing a Schedule Having at 
rst a monopoly and
for Arms Reduction later presumably a clear superior-
ity in atomic weapons, the United
States advanced plans intended to allow itself ireedom to use,
possess, and continue manufacturing atomic materials and
weapons until a "foolproof" Control system is in operation.
This policy would involve a procedure beginning with a census
of armaments and armed forces, disclosing 
rst the least sensi-
tive and gradually the more sensitive data, followed by careful
veri
cation by international inspectors. Finally, with atomic
and other weapons disclosed and veri
ed and a control organ
successfully in operation, the ban on atomic weapons would
go into effect.
Soviet spokesmen, replying to this "safe" approach, have
variously accused the United States of "stalling," of playing :1
trick, of demanding the impossible, of wanting the Soviet
Union to surrender the strategic advantages of the iron cur-
tain" without any guarantee that atomic secrets would ulti-
mately be disclosed or atomic weapons banned, and of hiding
a determination to control world events behind platitudes. The
Soviet Union has vigorously demarnleti that atomic weapons be
banned immediately and unconditionally. Then later or simul-
taneously it would have the United Nations establish the con-
trols necessary to ensure compliance with the ban.
Spolsesmen of the western powers have accused the Soviet
Union of insisting on the ban 
rst only because it would
weaken the 92Vest, lc.1VC the Soviet Union relatively stronger,
and facilitate Russian expansion. If prohibition were 
rst pro-
claimed, it is claimed that western nations would be left with-
out guarantees that the Soviet Union would ever agree to the
types of control and cooperation required to insure compli-
ance and con
dence.
This controversy was somewhat clari
ed and modi
ed
during the recent session of the General Assembly. American
22
rIspoliesnnen-without yielding their basic demand for a slow,
cautious and "sate" appro.1cl1indtcated lor the 
rst time a
willingness to disclose atomic armaments in a census and have
them veri
ed. Announcing this, Secretary of State Dem
Acheson said:
I wish to stress and say as vigorously as I can that
the proposals of the United States do include in stages
disclosure and veri
cation of atomic armarnents. That
again is a change in the position of the United States.
Betore, we had taken the position that there could be
no disclosure until the wltole system of control had
been set up. 9292&#39;-&#39;e are now changing our position and
we are changing 1E in the hope that that change may
enable the United Nations . . . to make progress,
Successful progress, toward a reduction in armaments,
the prohibition of atomic weapons and the disclosure
and veri
cation of all armaments of all sorts.
The Secretary went on to emphasize that insistence upon pro-
ceeding by stages was not a tricl-t, as Soviet spokesmen had
alleged, and that
. . . progression from one stage to another should be
an administrative matter within the control of the
commission controlling and administering the dis-
armament agreement. In other words, it should not
be a political decision to be made by states with re-
servc power in the states to malte that decision. But,
the agreement should be Contained in the document
itself that when the commission is satis
ed that a stage -
has been successfully completed, tltcn as an adminis-
trative decision the commission should proceed to the
nest step. That, perhaps in part, would meet the
dilliculty which has been suggested.
The United States indicated an even more 
e &#39;=
non in Secretary Acheson; statement that there were two
ways in which the new commission might proceed-  1! estab-
lish a system of disclosure and veri
cation 
rst, to be followed
by limitation of armaments generally and prohibition of atomic
weapons; or ! to do all of this at one time." It is signi
-
23

.f"&#39;92cant that the Secretary added that either-one oi these ways
would be wholly agreeable to the United States.
One should note, however, that Secretary Acheson tlicl
not thereby abandon the idea of proceeding with actual dis-
armament by slow stages. His remarks referred to commission
procedure, and meant that the United States is willing to discuss
simultaneously all aspects of the problem while maintaining
that actual implemcntafiors of decisions should proceed cau-
tiously by stages.
The Soviet Union also cla l-.cd its view on one aspect of
the problem of stages, at the Sixth General Assembly. Whereas
itinirially demanded an immediate and unconditional ban on
atomic weapons and reduction of conventional arms with
controls applied after the ban, Mr. Vyshinski on january 12,
I952 stated that the atomic weapon should be prohibited and
strict international control put into effect simulranc-ously and
without delay. If the Assembly would proclaim at once the
principle of prohibiting atomic arms and establishing controls,
he claimed, international tensions would be reduced and the
atmosphere cleansed of atomic war propaganda, even though
the ban would have no legal efiect until control machinery
began to function. That the Soviet Union has allirmed its
acceptance of simultaneity in principle is an indication that
compromise may be possible. A possible solution to these dif-
ferences is suggested on pages 34-3 S.
st! Thmuvhout "mt &#39;sarrna- _ . .__c, ,....-.. ..
ment discussions question
of safeguards has been central. There has been general agree-
ment that the control system should be established and oper-
ated Within the framework of the Security Council and that
the control organ make day-to-day decisions by majority vote.
In addition, Mr. Bernard Baruch, acting upon his own
initiative but with the assent of Secretary of State Byrnes, in-
jetted the notion that the veto should be waived in the Security
Council when considering the application of sanctions  diplo-
matie, econoinic, 
nancial, and military! against an offending
nation.
From the start, spokesmen for the Soviet Union were
hostile to Mr. Baruch: suggestion for waiving the veto with

,-92_
-III
PRINCIPLES AND PROPOSALS
respective proposals for disarmament so long and loudly
i-I-.., ;..... ...-. A... ..-..i. L .-c na at can. .in|yl.&#39;92.a§lbi"a Llh-LL bani: 113 |.ti.|. &#39;u " my
SPOKESMEN for both East and West have acclaimed their
GR  4"!
workable and desirable proposals. In consequence, the respec-
t_ive plans have become stereotypes for which gallant defenders
stand ever ready to do forensic battle. This may gratify par-
ticipants and perhaps serve certain limited propaganda objec-
tives, but it has created an atmosphere uncongenial to reason-
able negotiation and agreement.
Believing that social problems rarely lend themselves to
one and only one solution, we would bear in mind that there
are many possible alternatives in any given 
eld of control.
The following proposals are thus not intended as a orie-anCl-
only plan, but rather as suggestions that may help loosen the
rigidity of conicting stereotypes and move the nations a bit
closer toward agreement. - -
PRINCIPLES AND ASSUMPTIONS
Discussion of det:iils invariably is simpli
ed if there is prior
agreement on underlying principles. 9292&#39;/e are, of course, aware
that some governments may hold for complete agreement on
broad principles before being willing to talk about concrete
details. But it must also be remembered that sometimes prin-
ciples become clearer or can be more acceptably stated through
discussions of speci
c factors. Nevertheless, we believe the
following principles and assumptions provide a basis for dis-
cussing detailed plans.
]. Ariiianiciiis are both 4 s_1,-mplom aiiii :1 coiitrilaiitiiig
cause of inferiiafioiial tensions. Their very existence is evidence
of distrust and suspicion and a cause of additional anxiety.
The great expansion of a suspicion-breeding secrecy on both
sides of the Iron Curtain during and since World War II has
1.6created additional uncertainty and insecurity. In a dilemma
where suspicion breeds armaments and armaments augment
suspicion, successful negotiation at any point may help&#39;l>teali.
the vicious circle. In the world of 1952 an agreement in Korea
or Germany would certainly liclp the disarmament discussions,
but the reverse of this would also be true. This being the case,
real progress toward peace requires new efforts to reduce arma-
ments drastically without delay.
2. Mzilmil coiiccssioiis are reqiiirrri for any acceptable
and iizoidtalile pliiii for drasfjt anus rcdiiciioii. Any such plan
must begin with a recognition of the rights, interests and pre-
vailing attitudes of all parties. Agreement cannot be expected
on terms that require substantially greater concessions from one
power bloc than from another. Agreement will also require
willingness to change from positions heretofore taken. In the
present context this means reciprocal concessions by propo-
nents of both the United States and the Soviet Union proposals.
3. Fiirfber e.92jJai:si0ii of ariiis proiiiicfioii siiioiriri cease.
This step, important at all levels of the arms reduction pro-
gram, is the basic preliminary for a drastic reduction of arma-
ments and a mutual expression of good faith.
4. Wmpoiis of ?i&#39;!£i&#39;SS dcsfi-iirfioir s/Joiilil be lmriiieil. lf
world-wide fear and insecurity are to be overcome, stockpiles
of the basic ingredients of such weapons  atomic, bacterio-
logical, and other types! should be limited, under strict and
e
ective international control, to peaceful purposes only.
Ollicial statements indicate a general desire to ban certain
to-be-de
ned mass death-tlealing weapons. We would like to
sec the list made as inclusive as possible.
S. C0iit&#39;cin.i0iiiil arms I/Jtmliil be rt&#39;diic&#39;i"J ilrasiirally. The
more drastic the cutback of arms and armed forces, the lcsi
dil
cult will it be to establisli equivalents among tl.C powers
by which a balance can be maintained at all times. Mere "pro-
gressive limitation and gradual reduction of arms will invite
delaying and stalling tactics by governments and affected inter-
est groups. But a general agreement to reduce the levels of
armament drastically and as soon as equivalents can be estab-
lished would make such delaying tactics considerably less likely.
&#39; 27I
i
l
l
i
t
I
l

/_92. l &#39;
I
 ~by "drastic" we mean the reduction of arms and armed forces
to levels required for domestic police purposes.
6. All type! Of trxeapons, arms irtstalltiorzi and rrrmezll
forces should be subject to a single incliisivc system of interna-
iiomtl inspection and control. To us it appears futile to reduce
navies without also cutting aircraft and land forces, or to ban
weapons of mass destruction without also controlling conven-
tional arms. The threat posed by armaments to the peace,
security and economic well-being of the nations of the world
lies not in particular classes of weapons, but in total 
ghting
potential.
7. Adequate safcgmzrds against either evasion: or open
1/iolafionr anus! be provided by the control plan. This does
not mean that the plan must necessarily be foolproof in the
absolute meaning of that term. Some rislts must undoubtedly
be accepted, but under an adequate plan these would be mini-
rnal compared to present risks in the absence of any controls.
8. All nations wilb srrbsfruzfial rriililary jroleulial should
participale in the planning and esfalalislaincni of rm interna-
tional arms redurlion program. Application of this principle
will require some arrangement whereby Germany, Japan, Italy,
the Chinese Peoples Republic and other nations-not now
members of the United Nations-can be brought into the
discussions and agreements.
9. Disdrwfiirzcrrf ogrrcrizerlls should be rregoliafcrll wi!/Jir:
lilac frmm11#0r]t of {be Urliterl Nafions, and I/Jr m&#39;r.css:|ry COR-
lrol organ s/aould opt-rare wit/Jin I/at some framework. This
does not mean that two or more nations ought not to discuss
armaments any time they choose, or that single nations should
not pursue a policy of unilateral disarmament for economic
relief and to clear the air of suspicion in its relations with other
nations. But it does mean that the United Nations may prop-
erly take the initiative and keep insisting that the search for
agrcement be continued and that the system of control operate
undernits auspices.
19. Disarmament can begin at once. Drastic reduction
and permane.-. national control of national ar als will,
we believe, make e world both safer and less tense than at
25present. It is unnecessary, therefore, to await implementation
of the collective measures provisions of the United Nations
Charter, as some have suggested, before starting to disarm. Nor
is it necessary to construct a world super-government with a
monopoly of force, as others suggest, bclore beginning drastic
reduction of armaments. With mass death-dealing weapons
banned, with other weapons drastically reduced, and with a
world-wide control organ in successful operation, the con
-
dence generated and experience gained should Contribute greatly
toward the peaceful evolution oi a stronger world government.
PROPOSALS
Next Steps The plan of procedure agreed upon at Paris
during the winter of 1951-52 when the General
Assembly establislicd the new Disarmament Commission out~
lined the following steps: 
! The Disarmament Com-
mission is to prepare plans and draft treaties designed to accom-
plish the objective of disarmament; ! when the Disarma-
ment Commission deems it advisable, a disarmament conference
is to be called to discuss and conclude the proposed treaty or
treaties; ! the signed treaties would then be submitted for
rati
cation to participating, states in accordance with their
respective constitutional pruC¢ssCS; ! r;1ti
catior1- would in
turn be followed by United Nations action toward putting
the treaties into effect and actual operation.
The Control Organ To administer and execute the Commit-
mcnts made in the treaties, it will he
necessary to establish, within the framework of the Security
Fkuncil, an international control organ. Under this o
ice an
international inspcctorate should be stalled with expert and
impartial personnel drawn from many countries but account-
able only to the control organ. The inspectoratc should inter-
change its personnel as often as possible, and it should be given
authority to inspect armaments, armed forces and all support-
ing facilities and installations. This proposal appears to be
acceptable to all parties.
Banning the Bomb All parties agree in principle to an
eventual ban on the use, possession and
29

/-92.
l,-Q.-a .. -production of the atom bomb and other weapons of mass
destruction, and the use of 
ssionable materials for peaceful
purposes only. The problem of timing is undecided; -this is
discussed below under Schedule of Arms Reduction."
Ownership 8. Management Under the circumstances pre-
of Atomic Fucililies viously described, it would
seem wise to abandon the idea
of international ownership and management of the wotldlsto hold, manage, license and inspect would have all the prob-
lems of a non-owning control organ plus countless more, many
of which would contain seeds of discord.
The United States has been the chief proponent of inter-
national ownership of atomic facilities, and adoption of the
above proposal would require her to yield this point. To do
so promptly, we believe, would contribute more to reaching
agreement on the total problem of disarmament than any
other concession the
"dangerous" atomic facilities, except, perhaps, as the Carnegie
Endowment committee has suggested, where nations may elect
to place their atomic industries under international trust.
Future production be &#39; "ed to quotas de
ned in
appropriate treaties, with the understanding that permissible
production would be subject to the strictest possible accounting
and inspection. Unlimited non-military research using minor
quantities of nuclear fuel would be permitted in national and
international laboratories with the understanding that interna-
tional labotatory staffs will include representatives of interested
countries, and that all national laboratories will be subject to
continuing and thorough inspection.
5polsesmen for the West may object that adoption of these
proposals would permit diversion of nuclear fuels and clan-
destine activity in sul
cicnt amounts to give strategic advan-
tage to an offending nation. That this is a conceivable danger
must be admittigid. Its prevention will depend upon the scale
of production of 
ssionable material permitted, the competence
of the control organ and its staff, the design of the facilities,
the accounting system, and inspection. Given the will to do so,
we believe sufficient technical and scientific kn = w can be
found to devise the type of administrative organization and
controls required to insure competence, responsibility, relia-
bility, and dependable indices of compliance. If the control
organ is given adequate authority and its staff are competent
and impartial, we fail to see how it matters whether they
operate as of
cers of the control organ or as agents of a TVA-
like supra-national authority.
International ownership might conceivably make the task
of inspecting authorized atomic installations a bit easier. But
an atomic colossus standing astride the world with authority
so &#39;to make. _
Existing Slocltpiles of The existence of large stockpiles of
Fissionuble Mulerinls 
ssionabie materials presents a new
problem of disarmament planning.
Though potentially valuable at some future time for atomic
power, these materials need only be placed in atomic bomb
cases to render a "peaceful" stockpile a tremendous arsenal for
war. Moreover, the bomb cases can easily be concealed, and
their secret fabrication, though ditlicult, would be hard to
detect. Huge facilities have been built to re
ne uranium ore
and to convert it into 
ssionables. If each nation keeps control
of the atnbiguously peaceful output of these plants, the temp-
tation to keep building up these stockpiles will remain._
Vesting the international control organ with legal title to
these stockpiles and facilities does not solve this problem if the
. &#39; .I- .. I... -..s_L I--. n-SE<.!Cl-.p&#39; EKG! QC 592?ii¬d Jiucl us aucu tutu: as
will permit rapi conversion to bombs. Nor does "strategic
balance," the solution proposed in the United Nations Majority
Plan, Seem practicable any longer. This principle would have
distributed atomic stockpiles and dangerous facilities among
the nations so that, if one nation wrongfully seized the stock-
piles and facilities inside its boundaries, the other nations could
legally take over theirs and so promptly nullify any military
gain to the wrong-deer. But the "balance" this plan requires
would be meaningful today only if it 92ve1&#39;e achieved between4
rI
i
a

/"92!
-»<..- ..-- .-. t .,._.__....a .-  .----&#39;~ W33" 1-""11 P
ful uses can be found for them wouldn?t make seizure impossible. it would at least rnalte the illegality0 seizure plain to all the world, a fact that would deter any
nation not blatantly bent on war. Since the United States has
ml-ch he largcsf "°¢l<P1l¢ and since so far Soviet spokesmen
have shown no interest in Slieguards against seizure, perhapsthe Upited States should not stress this problem in its search
for a foolproof" plan.Y? - - - t - -. - _.11 greater protection is desired, this could be gained at
Cnsld
flbl
 BXp£IlSC  transmucing exigting 
sgionables into
non-explosive form, so that another long and costly Opcfatign
would be required to re-transmute them to their present state.
 lrinrpiveil-slu rim "1-Iii.-.-tn.-1...." _.-,......-.. .......lJ --Il-----------, bllb 924L|JLUl|]l5 piuccss wuutu stiii permit somepeaceful uses of the fissionables, but no recent scienti
c reports
halve encouraged hope for this. Another protective niggigure
might allow control authorities to set up an international de-
pository under multi-national guards  neutral territory, say,
in Eastern Greenland. Under such ii plan attempts at seizure
could  countered by measures rendering the deposited m;ir¢;i;]
inaccessible except after very protracted recovery operations.
The problem of what to do with existing stockpiles is un-
qucstionably a dii
cult 0nebut not as dif
cult as the problem
of producing an atomic bomb. .
Inspeclion Fortunately, the decision to unite both nomii;
and wnventiorial weapons in a system of controlshas considerably clari
ed and eased the problem of inspection,
The nations should agree on permanent international inspec-
tion on a continuing basis of both atomic and conventional
armaments, armed forces and all supporting facilities concur-
rently. This assumes there would be a permanent corps of
trained impartial inspectors attaclied and responsible to the
control organ for inspection service anywhere in the world,
The inspectoratc should be given freedom, within limits de
ned
by the control organ, to inspect anything at any time and any
place. The minute the control plan goes into effect, inspectors
would proceed to prepared stations where some of them could
l&#39;¬II7:;lii1 continuously as observers  but without managerial
authority!, others could begin checking declared data, and
still others could begin a systematic survey intend! to disclose
32and verify all important data bearing directly upon a i-iations
military potential. It seems unnecessary to grant to the inspec-
torate such powers as are not appropri:ite.or&#39;css.enti:il to effec-
tive inspection. Problems such as whether aerial photography
should be permitted  which caused Russia to ballt in 1947!
are not likely to prove diflicult under a control plan which
extends to all armaments, since military secrecy would no
longer be maintain-able.
inspection would be "permanent" and "Continuous" i.n
the sense that it would be in progress at all tirrics with inspec-
tors assigned at all times to some critical spots, such as the
locations of atomic reactors and stockpiles. After the 
rst
inventory is corriple fl, the nutri of inspectors could per-
haps be reduced, but with a guarantee that cnougli would be
on hand to observe critical spots continuously, to check indicts
of related 
nancial, economic and military activities, to process
data submitted by governmental agencies, and to make special
investigations on suspicion or complaint. Normal diplomatic
and consular establishments and national intelligence services
could lodge complaints and, as a further precaution, the ow
of imports and exports could be monitored.
The United States has insisted on "permanent" and con-
tinuous inspcctiori, but as an addition to ii plan for iiitei-na~
tional ownership and management of atomic production
facilities. The Soviet Union has not objected thus far to per-
manent and continuous inspection of conventional armament,
armed forces and facilities. The two nations, therefore, may
not be as far apart on this point as they liave sometimes ap-
peared, except for the ownership principle. Oiir proposal would
urge the United States to continue enipliasizing the need for
inspection of anything the control organ decides, at any time
and any place, but would require her to yield the point of inter-
national ownership and management. From the Soviet Union
our proposal would require a willingness to permit the contin-
Uing observation of critical spots and freedom to inspect any-
thing the control organ decides, at any time and any place.
Violations and the Vela In the light of the factors de-
&#39; scribed at tne end ot Li-h2_pC¬1 ll,
it would seem necessary to abandon the proposal that the veto
_aal
l
l
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i
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P
i
I
I
i

|
/""92 i_
3
AI -a-_ F _ --s---, --»--it-ii wuen considering the appli-
cation or sanctions, but to accept the suggestion, now lg;-¢,=__
able both to the United States and the Sgvlcli Union, that the
control or an should make da -ro- 3 g &#39; &#39; &#39; &#39;is Y y cistons Y mtqority
vote. Thus the control organ would decide by majority vote
when, what, and how to inspect, and whether or not viulatigng
occur. If serious violations are established and reported, the
Security Council would deal W&#39;lT.&#39;l&#39;I threats to or breaches of
ll! Pu as vfmllys Fl"! is. with the veto operating as
dnrlr-in-!tr92r-l l-9292r rlnn r"l92-|wr.;-.........,.-..... .., ...... 92........,..
Retaining the veto in the Security Council might admit-
tedly prevent that body from taking collective measures
against a violator. However, this would not prevent the 1991;-
cation oi collective measures against .1 violator under an ad bot:
coalition oi powers. Moreover, realization of the awful con-
sequences of the collapse of the control system would certainly
not be without effect on would-be violators. Veto or no veto,
the collapse of the control system would immediately result,
if negotiation failed, in a renewal of the arms race and the
threat of war.
As indicated earlier, there is Su
icicnt evidence that the
United States has dropped its insistence on waiver of the veto,
hence agreement on this point appears possible.
Schedule of Arms Reduction We would suggest the follow-
ing schedule: Stage I: imme-
diately tepudiating the use  but not vet the production and
possession! of atomic and other weapons of mass destruction;
and simultaneously establishing the control organ and inaugu-
rating the disclosure and veri
cation of armament data. The
same agreement could stipulate that the ban on the use of
atomic weapons will terminate any time the control organ
l&#39;Cp0ltS that ll! OpEl&#39;.1ElOn$ are l!92_:ing irnprgpcrly [i;5|;|_-i¢ _Qd_
Stage 2: A standstill agreement, negotiated as quickly as 905-
sibic, which would halt the arms race and permit armament
production only for replacement. Stage 3: The determination
of limits and quotas which will govern both the drastic reduc-
tion of conventional arms and armed forces and also the dis-
posal of existing stockpiles and future production of tissionable
materials, the object being to guarantee that in the process of
34
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4reducing arms no nation or bloc of nations would gain sub-
Stantial strategic advantage. Sfu_i;v 4: A complete ban on atomic
and other weapons of mass destruction, including production
and possession of them; disposal of existing stockpiles of 
ssion-
;1>],-e 4nd the imposition of production quotas; and rapid mova-
ment toward drastic reduction of conventional arms, armed
forces and facilities. This 
nal stage should be put into efiect
not later than two years after the 
rst stage goes into ctlect.
These proposals would go part of the way toward meet-
ing the Soviet Unions demands by granting a ban on the use
of atomic weapons for an interim period with assurances that
the ban would be extended to possession and production if
the control organ functioned properly and without interfer-
ence. This arrangement would provide a test of sincerity and
reveal the data necessary to determine balanced and equiva-
lent rcductions. It would also fix target dates which would,
in turn, discourage stalling, and it might get disarmament dis-
cussions off dead center. &#39;
As mattcrs now stand, the Soviet Union has agreed to
simultaneous banning of atomic weapons, instituting controls,
and reducing conventional arms and armed forces by onc-
third. The United States insists on proceeding cautiously from
disclosure and veri
cation to the uutlawry of atomic weapons
and the balanced reduction of conventional arms and armed
forces. Adoption of our proposal would require concessions
by both blocs.
Criteria for Arms Reduction All factors considered, it ap-
pears necessary to reach agree-
ment on a principle of progressive limitation and balanced
reduction of conventional arms, facilities and armed forces,
provided the reduction would be drastic. Substantial reduc-
tion in most can.-gories should be made during the 
rst year
the agrcement calling for reduction is in operation.
The United States has suggested that two criteria be used
in calculating limits and quotas--population  for armed
forces! and gross national product  for military budgets!.
Other factors could also be used. But care must be taken that
no factor is made use of for the strategic advantage of any
nation or bloc -of nations. For example, if active and reserve
35

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wL¢=q~-rorces were limited to two per cent of each nation: l9$0
population, and each nation&#39;s military budget were restricted
to 
ve per cent of the 1910 gross national product, the per-
centages would probably work to the advantage of the United
States by 
xing the size of its military force and budget near
to what it wants and can support. Nations with larger popu-
lations but less national product might be deprived of their
population advantage by inability to support a larger army
on its percentage of national product. However, we believe
that careful study can produce a formula which will assure
genuine armament control rather than national advantage. It
is important to bear in mind that there is a large variety of
factors applicable to the problem of establishing fair criteria.
Establishing a system of equivalent and balanced reduc-
tion is admittedly dillicult. Uniform statistical terms and
processes would have to be developed and applied to all nations,
base years would have to be agreed upon, squabbling over fair
and just quotas might prove disruptive, and deciding what
allowances should be made for colonies, allies and satellites
would be highly complicated. On the other hand, any proposal
less than immediate total disarmament or llat limitations and
reductions-neithcr of which appears to be able to win gen-
eral acceptance-will encounter similar difficulties. If the rc-
tluctions are so gradual that major powers remain capable of
waging large-scale war, the importance of cquivalcnccs in arms
reduction will remain great. If, however, the cutbacks are
drastic, the problem of equivalence: tends to lose some of its
signi
cance and much of its dii
culty.
The United States has urged progressive limitation and
balanced reduction of armaments, and has suggested the cri-
teria used in this  .lisC.ussi0!n. However, by proposing, in the
Disarmament Commission on June 28, 1952 speci
c troop
quotas of I,$O0,000 men for Russia, China, and the United
States, 800,000 men for France, 700,000 men for Great Britain,
and smaller forces for other nations, American representatives
indicated a willingness to move toward drastic reduction of
present levels without quibialing about detailed formulae. The
Soviet Union, on the other hand, has urged a flat reduction of
one-third the 
rst year, and, to our knowledge, has proposed
no criteria or formula to be followed thereafter. Adoption of
36our proposal would require greater C<.mCCu5iDn5 from the Soviet
Union.
The Proposals Summarized The proposals outlined above
are based on repudiation of the
use of weapons of nl..l>S destruction, bringing the arms race
to a standstill, establishing inclusive controls, and, as soon as
possible, drastically reducing all military potential. It calls for
the following: 
! preparing plans and draft treaties by the
new Disarmament Commission; ! calling one or more dis-
armament conferences; ! Concluding and ratifying one or
more disarmament treaties; ! establishing a control organ
within the frameworl-: of the Security Council;  S! repudiat-
ing the use of atomic and other weapons of mass destruction,
with the assurance that the ban will be extended to the pos-
session and manufacture of such weapons, and guaranteeing
that 
ssionable materials will be used for peaceful purposes
only; ! establishing strict international control of dangerous
atomic facilities owned by individual nations, and abandoning
the plan for international ownership and management;
! adopting a plan for "denaturing" 
ssionable materials or
placing them in an international depository so as to render
seizure and use of them for war purposes extremely dillicult
and costly, and abandoning the concept of "strategic balance";
 8! establishing permanent and continuing inspection of all
armaments, armed forces and military potential and facilities;
 9! permitting the control organ to mal-re decisions by major-
ity vote, though abandoning the suggestion that the veto be
waived in the Security Council&#39;s deliberations on applying
sanctions; 
0! establisliing a speci
c schedule with target
dates for each stage;  II! pI&#39;O5rt&#39;:SSl92-Ely limiting and reducing
conventional armaments, facilities and armed forces, using
criteria carefully selected so that in the process no nation or
bloc of nations gains in strategic military advantage.
37I
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92IV
CONCURRENT STEPS
TOWARD P EFUL
IT Is generally recognized that disarmament alone cannot
create and maintain friendly and peaceful relations among
nations. Disarmament is merely one evidence and implementa-
tion of a commitment to live at peace, a component part of
the whole establishment of a dynamic peace based on continu-
ous negotiation, the reasonable settlement of political disputes,
utuzl aid among nations. So hztve indeed o ~.pha-
sized the interdependence of these factors to the point of
insisting that disarmament Cannot be attempted until mutual
con
dence and a willingness to settle tlillercnces by reasonable
negotiation have been established. We 
rmly believe, however,
that progress must be made on each of these fronts concur-
rently  as the American Friends Service Committee has main-
tained in its two previous pamphlets bearing on current inter-
national relations!. In a highly Complicated and rapidly chang-
ing world the peace we all desire requires a progression of
steps on various fronts at the same time.
rt rr.-92-&#39;r1-- 11 vv-in I-methods or the ooviet Union and tn
…[truncated]