Document text
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INF OR192/IATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
' COVER SHEET
SUBJECT: CRIPS AND BLOODS
DRUG GAN GS
o w mev 4-26-es,
In: AC A¢- i
Inc ADI--1.-i
not A: LII ,i,__
Au °;JL.A. gang Men1bers. '3;
Arrest Concerns Police 55?5-'-"-5
By Paul W. Valentine
Ioington Pod Sui! Wrist
BALTIMORE, Sept. 26-An al-
leged member of a notorious hos
Angeles street gang called the
Crips was arrested here today on
weapons charges, fueling specula-
tion among federal agents that the
10,000-member gang has extended
its drug network to the Washing-
ton-Baltimore area.
Agents said they arrested Ar-
mando Eugene Mines, 25, as he en-
tered a city court to answer a local
assault charge. At the same time.
other agents searched his recently
rented suburban Baltimore apart-
ment and confiscated 2.5 pounds of
suspected cocaine, a semiautomatic
rifle, $10,000 in cash and cocaine-
packaging equipment, according to
Assistant U.S. Attorney Harvey E.
Eisenberg.
An affidavit led by agents of the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms in federal court identified
Mines as a member of the Crips
gang, one of several large, increas-
ingly violent gangs in the Los An-
geles area where California author-
ities say more than 380 people
were killed last year in feuds over
drug customers and territory.
Law enforcement officials say the
Crips and a rival gang called the
Bloods have extended their net-
works into other cities such as Seat-
tle, Toronto and Kansas City. To-
day's arrest of Mines here marked
the rst tangible presence of the
Crips in the Washington-Baltimore
area, ofcials said.
They would not say whether oth-
er Crips members are in the area
but said their investigation is con-
tinuing. The federal affidavit indi-
cated agents had Mines under pe-
riodic surveillance for several
months.
He was distributing drugs at
least for himself . . . if not as an
arm of the gang," Eisenberg told re-
porters. He said he did not know
whether the suspected cocaine
seized at Mines apartment came
from Los M86155-. r ,
Mines was arrested after a
sealed, ve-count indictment was
handed down by a federal grand
jury here last week charging him
with acquiring rearms with false
identication and illegally possess-
ing rearms as a convicted felon.
The charges carry a maximum sen-
tence of 25 years imprisonment
and $1.25 million in fines upon con-
viction. ' .
Eisexiberg said additional charges
against Mines are expected. Mines
is being held in custody pending a
detention hearing Wednesday.
Prosecutors, citing what they say is
Mines dangerousness and likeli-
hood of flight, want him held with-
out bail until trial.
According to the federal affidavit,
agents traced Mines to the Crips af-
ter city police arrested him in June
on a charge of assault with a hand-
gun and seized a-9mm semiauto-
matic pistol from him that he had
purchased from a Baltimore gun
dealer using the name of his broth-
er, Robert Edwards Mines Jr. of
Los Angeles. He also had purchased
a .44-caliber revolver in March
from the same dealer, the affidavit
said. He was released on bond in
the assault case.
Through fingerprint analysis, the
afdavit said, agents determined
the identity of Armando Mines and
learned from California authorities
that he was a documented mem-
ber of the Los Angeles neighbor-
hood branch of the Crips called the
Santana Block Crips. He also had a
1983 burglary conviction on his
record, agents said.
The affidavit said the Crips have
about 10,000 members in the Los
Angeles area and are divided into
loose sets or groups identied by
local street names or landmarks.
A recent wave . . . of shootings
and gangland-style homicides in the
Los Angeles area, along with in-
creased competition for the drug
dollar and the accompanying law
enforcement response, have driven
gang members to expand or relo-
cate their drug trafficking." the af-
fidavit said.Lab __.i_.__.
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35-
cial agent -James Watterson oi the US.
Bureau of.-92lcohol. Tobacco and Firearms.
"And 92vhats scary is that the crack prob-
letnjust keeps getting worse."
The ghetto gangs entry into drug traf-
ficking on a major scale may be creating
the nations biggest crime problem in dec-
ades. Drug prots are soaring-and so is
the drug-related homicide rate in cities
where the vanes are most entrenched. It is O 7
arguable, in fact. that the emergence of
drug gangs from coast to coast is very simi-
lar to what occurred during the early years
of Prohibition. when La Cosa Nostra-the
.92'laiaconsoiidated its status as an under-
world cartel by building on the prots of
illicit alcohol. "Look at the development of
organized crime in the United States. says
Thomas Reppetto, president of the Citi-
zen's Crime Commission of New York. a
privately funded group. "If we've learned
anything, its that once we let these guys
get too big, we've got a situation that will
take decades to [control]. The [ghetto]
gangs now have an opportunity provided
by the crack explosion and the breakup
of [traditional] organized-crime groups.
These gangs are where the [Italian] gangs
were when they moved into bootlegging.
We can't let that happen again."
Kill him: The analogy to Prohibition. as
Reppetto notes. has one signicant aw:
today's ghetto gangs, especially the Jamai-
can posses. are far more violent than the
Maa. In part. the extraordinary level of
violence is the result ofthe ready availabil-
ity of military and paramilitary weapons._.- .'.:<>.-- -.
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'l'UN92'Uill1l_92§C-i'lt"l'!.'Hl-14,224>l.i'The ghetto tradition of mock-feudal gangs has taken its most violent turn yet: H[.s-primes in fro
Guns like Uzis. Ali--$7 assault ries and
AR-15 semiautomatics are widely bought 2
isome even letfally in gun shops? by gang
~ members. who nance their high-tech ar-
- senals with prots from the drug trade. _
Another" factor, experts agree. is the socio- '
pathic recklessness of these youth: big-
city ghettos and barrios are full of teen-
agers whose poverty and deprivation have I' immunized them to both hope and fear. f can drug gangs as well. Investigators sayis a casual acceptance ofand
sometimes enthusiasm fortorture and
murder. "drive by" shootings and public
mayhem. "lt'-'.he§.~don't kill you. the:-"ll kill
your mother." B.-&TF's Watterson says oi
the Jamaican gangs. "The Cubans and Co-
lombians don't want to deal with them be-
cause thej- re so dangerous." But the point
applies to New Yorks black and Domini-The result
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a.-eras:-.> >%"- st-.r.t~_.-'7.?:92._ , l~ §' -_. 1 :':- .~'.~--"¢*:.".--,~;' ~31,-.1»-_ -1-"I;:_'..XI:"'>2.'92",,I -3.}, - -,~;- ~_;. ~,.»~'.-.v-1-_:;;;;---I-4. _;. _ 92 ,~. .-5,-.,.92.._s_....-,_=,~,-V..- .< Y , .~ . g..-~~__....-_»- -,--... ,_:_--,;,,-.,.-.2;-*-;..'-. .~=. -».¢;-$;¢--;s>=--r'.?;.<~.-.-;1-2%-my~* - . - ;r1'~.~EtLT -<1;E§.:f2=-¢~=5f>;~'§-.;!F-9._.;».¢¢-_z=_~,=_-=:.; ;.='é'=-'»~'a='%-.-;;'~'¢;'-.'~ 1 aI,=..-;;92-35;-.-;~.~.",$-*-:-,'-T--:.:==i1.;;':-P
_92l.-92l K RiL'!l.-92Hl!>-i'lLTL'Kli l;l<UL'E'graiti marking turf in L.A., Grape Street Watts Gang members last December
these gangs make a point of staging their
assassinations in broad daylight whenever
possible. "You don"t kill no mother~-
from across the street." one young hit man
explained to undercover agents. "You walk
up to him, you kill him in his head."
Gang culture-the mock-feudal tradi-
tion ofinnercity kids banding together for
comfort, support and mutual protection~
has a longand, some would say. romantic
history in America. Think of "West Side
Story. It is still true that many gangs arelittle more than collections of neighbor-
hood youths with a penchant for macho
posturing, petty crime and street brawls
over girls or turf. Recruitment begins ear-
ly, in the grade-school years: gang veterans
call their young acolytes "peewees" or
"wannabees" want-to-bes!. Though old
hands say the custom is dying out. initia-
tion by a Los Angeles gang is supposed to be
a brutal ritual known as being "courted in
or "jumped in." To be jumped in is to re-
ceive a beating administered by three or
four gang members: the candidate is ex-
pected to show his ghting spirit. If he
passes the test, the peewee then becomes a
"banger" or "gang banger" and is entitled
to share in the gangs fortunes or, more
commonly. misfortunes George Wills col-
umn, page 76!.
Eolurs and signs: The two most notorious
LA. gangsthe Bloods and the Crips
are not really gangs at all. Instead,th
names denote legendary confederations1
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1gang expert with the Los Angeles Police
Department, Deputy Chief Glenn Levant,
ays most sets are as casually organized as
a pickup basketball game. Bloods wear red
and Crips wear blue; traditionally, each
gang member wears or carries a bandanna
his "rag"! to show his colors. Many gangsalso use "signs." which are hand gestures
--_-_i__,_______i__
Dressed for battle: Washington, D.C., cop
MARTY KATZ-Ol.'Tl.l.92'E
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iIlike a letter of the deaf alphabet, for iden-
tication when the members are not wear-
ing their colors.! But local variations on
the theme are endless, and Crip gangs arealmost as likely to ght each other as they
re to ght the Bloods.
The days when rival gangs fought eachother only over turf and colors are fading
fast. In Los Angeles, Chicago, New York
and dozens of other cities, gang conicts
have become a form of urban~guerrilla war-
fare over drug trafficking. Informers.
welshers and competitors are ruthlessly
punished; many have been assassinated.
Gang turf. which is still demarcated with
graffiti in Los Angeles. now involves more
than bragging rights: it is sales territory.
Some gang graffiti are coded threats. One
in south-central LA. reads as follows: "Big
Hawk 1987 BSVG c 187." To translate, Big
Hawk is a gang members street name.
BSVG stands for Blood Stone Villains
Gang, a Bloods set. The lower-case c, which
is deliberately x'd out, indicates that the
writer kills Crips. and the number 187 re-
fers to the section of the California crimi-
nal code for murder.
Rollers and 0.G.'s':The variety of drugs
sold by bigcity gangs page 271 includes
heroin, marijuana. PCP, hallucinogensand designerdrugs like fentanyl, asynthet~
ic heroin that is even more potent than the
real thing and just as addictive. But crack
cocaine is the rageand the scourgeof
the ghetto. Crack is a drug peddleris dream:
it is cheap. easily concealed and provides a
short-duration high that invariably leaveshe user craving more. It was probably in-
vitable that street gangs, observing
cracks arrival in their neighborhoods over
the past several years, would be drawn into
trafficking themselves. Southcentral Los
Angeles today. like Miami and New York.
is ooded with crack. It is sold on street
orners by peewees and in rock houses op-
rated by bangers. Somewhere behind the
cenes, much of the ghetto cocaine trade is
ontrolled by what Los Angeles calls
rollers and "O.'G;s --old gangsters. a
term that usually refers to gang veterans.
many of them still in their 20s. who have
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inot even 24 years old and he has two Mer-
cedeses and a Rolex watch." Says Bill
Blanco. another gang specialist in Miami:
"Who you are is dictated by the gold
chains. the Rolex. the car. And every-
bodyis got a car phone." Cellular tele-
phones are more than decoration. of
course: they are extremely useful in the
drug trade. Beepers. which
useful to dealers. are now
among ghetto teenagers thatare equally
so common
Los Angeles
public schools have banned them.' Some gang veterans say the cocaine .trade in south-central LA. is controlled by 5
15 to Z0 O.G.s~an assessment that IS
shared by knowledgeable law-enforcement .
officials. Deputy Chief Levant. who com- 5mands a newly formed LAPD unit that !
special-izesi~n~major d-r-ugtraffickersnmong .
the street gangs. says T5 to 100 gangs are f
now actively involved in cocaine distribu- 3
tion. Some of these groups. he says. now y
' have sales totaling up to S1 million a week. .
- "There is a link between the South Ameri- 5cans and the street gangs." Levant
That link-the strategic nexus bet
the Colombian cocaine cartel and sr
level distribution in the United State
becoming increasingly visible to inver
tors in southern California and elsew
There is little question-that some i
drug traffickers have now establishe
rect relationshipswithtop-level Colt
an smugglers. According to Los An.
County oicials. the Colombians are
willing to sell drugstoO.G.s and rolle
»
4
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lh lianaaiean invasion in West iiirginia
with its tidy clapboardi houses and neat apple
and peach orchards on land
George Washington surveyed
centuries ago. Martinsburg,
W.Va. population: 13.000!.
seems far from the mean
streets normally patrolled by
drug gangs. But over the last
three years. an invasion of
Jamaican drug dealers has
turned thehome vifthe Moun-
tain State Apple Harvest Fes-
tival into amecca forcocaine.
The Jamaicans rst arrived
in Martinsburg as migrant
workers to pick apples and
peaches at harvest time. but
many stayed on to peddle
coke and crack- Hundreds
squeezed into small apart-
ments in a poor neighborhood
called the Hill" and trans-
formed several blocks near
the center of town into
an open-air drug supermar-
ket. Supplied by couriers
shuttling between Jamaican
gangs in Washington, Miami
and New York, as many ast
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v50 dealers could be found
brazenly hawking dope in
broad daylight, just three
blocks from the police sta-
tion. At times business was so
brisk that intersections were
clogged with traffic; many
cars bore out-of-state license
plates. The customers "were
all ethnic groups. age groups
and every profession." says
police chief -lack Sti'obiid:e.
"They came riding up on
skateboards. on bikes. in Mer-
cedes-Benz cars. in pickup
trucks. Stores in the region
mysteriously sold out of vita-
min B: police soon gured out
that dealers were using it to
"cut" the cocaine. Then the
Jamaicans introduced crack
and started a run on plastic
food-storage bags used to
package the drug.
Martinsburgs 2S~man po-
lice force carried out small
raids but were overwhelmed
by the dealers. In a region
where one or two murders per
year was ;the norm, 20 homi-? her front yard. She called po-cides. all drug related. oc-
curred in 18 months as rival
dealers fought for control.
f Cases of venereal disease shot
' up as prostitutes imported
; by the dealers worked the
streets. At local schools. stu-
dents hired as drug couriers
strutted around in expensive
Nike jogging suits and gold
chains. intiinidating class-
mates anditeachers. A police
raid of a Jamaican dealer's
; house turned up crude photo-
graphs of a former homecom-
5 ing queen posing half nude.
; pieces of crack lying about
5 her. According to lawen-
forcement authorities, she
1 later gave birth to a baby fa-
} thered by the dealer.
i Needles and knives: Residents
I were virtually besieged in
5 their homes. Theresa Sham-
1 burg was unable to leave her D
1 driveway without being of-
; fered "crack, cocaine or reef-
er by pushets. DiscardedIl needles and knives littered
From picking apples to selling cake andizrzicliz A downtown street. in a Martinsburg /tome
'92V;92l.L92' .92lc;92l.-92.92il'IE~.92iF.92VS92Vl*IEK T-l.ll 'l'l.92'$fll7lllZ I Yl.l "H ill-I|'.92l{T.92l|{.92"I' !ll Y|' !
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v"-;..~~¬lice but they were unable 1
drive away the dealers. Or.
night. when the Jamaicar
outside became particular!
raucous. Shamburg woke l
see her husband crouche
with a shotgun in one han
and a pistol in the other. grin
l_v waiting for a break-in.
Under 'pressure from th-
community. local polic
asked the federal authoritie-
for help. In fall 1986 some 20
agents from :1 special federi.
drug task force and local pi
lice raided 26 drug dens. ax
resting 35 dealers and sei;
ing a cache of high-powere
weapons. Police also found ;
"hit list" with the names c-
local judges and law-enforce
ment ofiicials. The suspect.
arrested insisted the name;
were targeted only for a mys
tical curse by Jamaican witci
doctors. Even so. three count;
magistrates began carryin;
guns for self-protection.
Street action: The raid pushei
the most blatant dealers oi
the streetsat least for 1
while. Much of the street ac
tion moved down the road tt
Charles Town. 16 miles away
But many Jamaican dealer:
have kept up a ourishing un
dei-ground trade in Martins-
burg. On warm days, Theresa
Shamburg once again sees
dealers congregating across
the street. The Shamburgs
will not wait to see what hap-
pens next. After three years oz
trying. they have finall!
found an out-of-townbuyerfoz
their home. They are moving
to a house in the country. bu:
Sh-amburgsuspects there is nc
escape. She says: "I rezlll;
don: think it sate ;,lll92.".-'t1~:1'I;v »
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a consignment basis. a
the cartels trust. One
creasingly close connection between the
Colombians and the ghetto dealers was
uncovered during Operation Pisces II. a.21» -__; .:-'= .-3; 1 - V_ ' ' " .-'11-'1'-1.;--' -"92_¢-- ~- we ..iv.- _ -- -..-;.|--.~ ~ - . -.-.- -='- "1 ~'.-J |-';.'.- '3<"» ,-= ;-,-__- F --'- - ;:!'.=,r- 1..- {3.__§-'{ -,1 n .
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Peewaes and Wannabees: Street-gang acolytes with walkie-talk ies for lookout duty
strong indicator of
example of the in-3-H1... ..-._.._<=._; _._ --.~;-.->;f-;..'I.>5»;....-.~92j;I;;.i-;-L;. .~ .1.; - ; 1'1:.-1"l">'__ :'#_~i"- . __ .. .._ .. .. . .. __ .. ;_' "7'? §'-~T"Zr.*-u='»'"T- 'i»"i-§-:-.~1"':-gt.-'-*.=*i":t 1 31: T:'1~- - .~' -5.::'.T; Z ' ¢ _ ;:- -~ .. ..:~"<1-' -~-- '.- Y 4-, , -.~92:-,=,-_'I-33-<1-"-.-.A1551-§;';::-' " ' " ~ ~ ' -- - ~ .-1-»_._I--..-.*'92.*-_,~ ~ T r . _j.-*-_:-=-..,_'}_:..:.-".=::;_-_.'-!
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in their city. "This is the rst time
we've seen an American gang move into
town, says U.S. Attorney Robert Larsen.
Theyre great entrepreneurs."
The big-city boys have two things going-.>-v- - _I»- - .. .--_. -. .~=
_ 1'-.7 1 ..§,i-.-1;=..*2=I= >-"-7
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II
2
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Ifor them. First, they are usually able to buy
top-quality cocaine directly from major
smugglers at wholesale prices--as little astwo-year investigation run jointly by the I
U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration L
and state and local authorities in Califor-I
better armed and far more violent than the
gangs or drug rings they encounter in
smaller cities. As a result. they can com-
pete successfully on priceand qualityand
if those classic business advantages are in-
suicient to establish a beachhead. they
intimidate the competition with mayhem
and murder. In Atlanta, says police Lt.
John Woodward, the invading Miami Boyslaundering sting aimed at identifying |
both smugglers and dealers. In a video-
taped conversation between two Colombi-
an smugglers and detectives who operated
the fake money laundry, the Colombi-
ans admiringly describe a black traicker .
in south Florida. "That s.o.b, he just or-
dered and ordered; it was hard to keep him
stocked," one smuggler exclaimed. Those
blacks are really the best ones, the sec-I!l
nia and Florida. Pisces II was a money- ' $10.000per kilo. Thesecondisthattheyare ;
i
l
ond smuggler agreed.
East and West: There is equally little ques-
tion that some of the more aggressive big-
city gangs have begun
trade into the heartland. Police from Den-
ver to Vancouver repo
gangs are moving in to establish branch
operations selling rock
Savannah and Montgo
ties say the Miami Boys are following the
same expansionary pattern. Chicago gangs
have appeared in Milw
and Racine, Wis., and t
seem to be organizing crack outlets almost
everywhere. Kansas City authorities re-
cently managed to break a Jamaican posse
that began importing crack from
Coast base sometime in 1985; the p
operating 75 crack h
S-100.000 a day. After t
er. Ixansas City was invaded from t
Coast as well. In February four me
an LA.-based Bloods gang were indicted
for selling cocaine, an
they have identied 15 ,, D. .-,__. gv-K -»-In?
4: '*"'~.*'-"*'- ~ . .., Z... _ __, -1 v¥,_;-'.'.';;-_'"_;- g -...i ',',*., -. .1.-In 35"-to spread the drug
rt that Los Angeles '
cocaine. In Atlanta.
mery, Ala.. authori-X} ' .0- :.. , ,.,E >2. .92 -
aukee. Minneapolis l
he Jamaican posses l .
its. East
osse was
ouses that grossed
hat success. howev-
he West
mbers of K *:.."92.- |_-. ;-I-_§:¢' F,.- I$|',5"' . 5. 1.,- is>§§" $=-':".:ii?f1j '-' ~-
d investigators say
LA. crane members-.2.e~ ~1 /Ah. ..-___5.5}_-7.~.».¢-_ _-_; ~',.92 .- i »_.:.,,:.-."§=,*: .~__~.- .1.'-;.,'~.-. 92,. _-,-_a
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we . - #-."- ».;- 1--
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53*
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' jg ==..=..<=:-rs : " . "~,*/1."-=~". 7".*t'i; 1-=:»i=.+-.:r.~-- ':q- _:;-,..,,.~-a -"A .i:-.-;.~.., -;.I_->,;;.-.-..~ _-»..»'=;'1: /4 gf. - gs. _ :-.":-.;;~;|-;i»-.-an: .--=-_.-.-~r.~ .. cw .-. 1 . r . -=.~.:_;j='>>,:» ",?' --1"' V :-92;_.,p.=;, . 92"' or ,' 2__ » -<32; "'.§:=-_~,_-;-,='~'i ~;,-7 ,;_a;~.-&92 '_'-. _ ; 3?-.'-~»" . -gaszv. ;I ~ -> r ~ --.~w -~... ---..,:;_ ;,_'92.;..-_..-. :_-,_. __.~ _t . -b _ g . --Ell-.~;,"=»-;2-"L4 -'-.'.-*"1i!"~ lit. 11*. ~ ','.. 1:_ . -- - -»-:-tr---i -=-'._'¢.;a;.-31.-' -. _ fir ~.-,_ 5 Q, _r; -ii-jaw;-:..'.-= _ " '.-,L..,_:. '_ _1': _ -3.!-J" _______,--:~ »92. 4-" . . _ -2: -"ii iF§4'~'i'-Jf demonstrated the attitude that "we're bad
and we'll prove it toyou. . .[they'll]walk up
to [their competitors! and just kill em. It's
not, I'm going to out~macho you. Its 'Im
going to kill you. "The result. Woodward
says, was 13 homicides in I987.
Enriched by their drug profits, big-city
gangs can now easily afford the overhead of
far-ung operations. The gang may send a
scoutoften a younger memberto test
the market in the target city. If the rst
expedition pans out, a larger group will
follow to rent a ghetto apartment as astash
house for volume sales. Woodward says the
lookouts and runners are often local. Body-
guards may be either locals or out-oi'-
towners. But the higher-ups. who control
the stash and count the money. are always
members of the invading gang. The
amount of cocaine involved. Woodward
also says. need not be large--a kilo or so
every few days. Bring in "one kilo and
you've got 10.000 bags of crack. and that
will supply quite a few little housing areas
for a few days." he says. "Youre talking
about S25 a bag. or 3250.000 per kilo. The
kilo costs [the Miami Boys] 310.000 to
$1-2,000 in Miami. so there is a great. great
prot margin here."
The posses: Although there is still some
controversy over just how well organized
the American drug gangs are. no one
doubts that the Jamaican posses are as
disciplined as they are violent. '.92/Iany mem-
bers are believed to be illegal aliens. and
the groups themselves are usually based in
Jamaican-immigrant communities on the
East Coast-New York, Miami. Washing-
ton, D.C.. among others. But their nation-
wide spread over the past several years has
been staggering. The posses are major fac-
tors in the crack trade in most East Coast
cities. They are also active in
Dallas and Houston, in cities
across the Midwest and. re-
markably enough. they have
recently been spotted in An-
chorage Alaska. Like most
.'-lmerican drug gangs. the Ja-
maicans are known to hire local
helpers when they open a crack
house in a new city. But the core
group is always from the island.
and no outsiders are allowed to
penetrate the upper echelons of
the ring.
U.S. lawmen say many ofthe
posses have their roots in the
slums around Kingston.Jamai-
ca. Their names reect that ge-
nealogy. The Riverton City pos-
se is named after a Kingston
neighborhood. and so are the
Maverly and Waterhouse pos-
ses. The Jamaicans call them-
selves posses after the armed
bands in American Westerns.!-..' -" 7 '.'
. .. .;,
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SP-angler gangs, claim vague ailiations
with Jamaican political parties: the
Spangler posse aligns itself with the Peo-
ples National Party offormer prime minis-
ter Michael Manley, while the Showers
identify With the Jamaican Labor Party of
current Prime Minister Edward Seaga. Ja-
maican politicians, however, disavow any
connection to the groups.
In reality, most posses were probably
marijuana-smuggling rings in Jamaica.
But the crack explosion of the 1980s offers
unlimited prots to the posses just as it
does to American gangs, and Jamaican
have been even quicker than the Ameri-
can gangs to exploit the oppor-lting enormous pressure on police all across
the country. Cocaine and heroin traffickers
are nowdeepl y entrenched in the ghettos of
many larger cities, and drug prots are a
powerful incentive to hundreds of thou-
sands of unemployed black and Hispanic
teenagers. ln addition, many gang mem-
bers are increasingly expert in exploiting
loopholes in the law. As a result, California
and New York authorities are considering
new anti-gang legislation patterned after
the federal RICO Racketeer-Inuenced
Corrupt Organization! law; such state
RICO statutes will enable prosecutors to
seek longer prison terms for gang leaderslconvicted on other charges. Ofhcials in cit-
ies like New York, San Francisco and
Washington, D.C.to say nothing of Los
Angeles-are also being forced to reorga-
nize their police departments to meet the
threat of drugs, which means cutting back
on manpower for other crimes. "We need
more resources-people and equipment,"
says Frank Storey. the FBIs chief drug
official. "Resources are the most crit-
ical problem at the federal, state and
local level.
Outmanned. outgunned and outspent,
the cops are ghting back as best they can.
There is nothing they can do to control the
spread of weapons like Uzistunity. South Florida. with 5and AK-47s. As long as suchits Colombian drug connec- §
tions, is the adopted home for 5
an estimated 1,000 posse mem-
bers. The Shower and Spangler
posses are the two main groups.
and some lawmen say all other
gangs are offshoots of these 1
two. The lesser posses have ex- f .-otic names like Dog, Jungle and --
Okra Slime. One group, the iJungle Lites, is reputed to be
expert in guerrilla-warfare tac- 5l
I
may have received military i
training in Cuba.
Reggae and death: But every» '*.'i'f-.. -T fl,-=1-;=rIv§. .posse has a fearful reputation : . sf; __f1y*
- I __- =.-. _..!.;,¢_H 1-5. :=;~_".,-92 92 9* _ 2'13; :1 -"1T."."i't§i" l92" .92 -4' -for violence. Nationwide, ac-_,;;.,. . 3.5 - . -_. - _ 1.-:3 ' 1--' .1 ;' . K, .....-I . _ 1 ...1-ii " ._=_ -x-Z "-- -cl, " --51;: ~" 5" .1 .-Q. - 3;; 7-.
' I-l--E '-"-§1i.'i-.$7'=1.' "' "'I- 5*-,.=,_.--_= j-_:=.;_*. r"*;:I-_92 -'=-_"'.j.;;--<1-.-==. ' - :7 - ;;;_-? . J_ {!',v,,.,._.l_~>: ...3§ y J I
.- °S' mi P° °° S sP° they I 31'§:-=_?;;;4*-1;;§z.t..;.
- - ~ " M ~~ I-~.
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-'=i~'*i'fT:!§:.» -.'_; ~ _»~, ; -"-I _,_, if '7; _ _
. '"" r ~'~§_-; -I / »---.-<="---§;.-=. . - »" ~. -..-="
-i __,.-1.'-='_~._T-.3:-11' ~' : ~. _ ~ 3. 1., ,1? I-ii: .{t';__-.3"-_.> Ex v J; tr ,, >_f';~;_;.:3- -}'!.~92.._ _'_ . 5:-'3 iv p¢.~-1;' 9. ;92":¢.-__1. ' ; . ¢. :3_-_;~r:; 5; -;-.>'-,-- ,--51$,' - "*"" - eh , *1"/:1-*»1:=~"-1=-atze:*:t» ;;'-**?>- *;=f.4'~~ T», -."¢';'.ir-F1-1-'- , ,. ,.-~;_~-..--,_~_~..ri-:2 _n_ -=,,,;_--_.:s.;guns have been adapted to re
only on semiautomatic-a pro-
cedure that is readily reversed
by outlaw gunsmithstl1e
sales are wholly legal under
federal law. Officers who must
deal with the gangs routinely
; wear armored vests which of-
ten will not stop an assault-
rie round!, and many depart-
- , ments now equip all their
officers with automatic pistols
to increase their repower.
But ghetto busts are extremely
dangerous anyway: in Boston,
for example, Police Lt. Det.
Mel Ahearn has trained a spe-
cial "Jamaican entry squad"
to take on the posses in theircording to U.S. experts, the Ja-
maican gangs have been linked
to 800 murders, including more
than 350 last year alone. Posse
gunmen are known to prefer
shooting their victims in pub-
lic, and reggae clubs in major
cities have a welldesen/ed rep-
utation for frequent homicides.
A dispute between posse mem-On-the-spot lab work:. _ max ruricruna oaour
An officer tests for drugs in LosAngeles
" A Street*Side Pharmacopeia
ver the last two years some drug dealers have aban-
doned marijuana and heroin to push crack. But others
are doing a brisk business in new imports-and some old
standbys. A report from the city streets:strongholds. '
There is every indication.
meanwhile.thatthegang/drug
problem will get worse. If the
analogy to Prohibition is accu-
rate, the gangs have only begun
to consolidate their hold on
drug trallicking-and given
their growth so far, it seemsbers at a reggae club in Houston
1a5tQ¢tQb9;-1ed92;Qafat9_1shoot; ; Cocaine and crack: A glut has forced the price Ora
= kilogram of cocaine from $65,000 four years ago to $10,000M5595, and New York polige Q in some places. in some cities, a vial of crack costs only $3.ing in front of nearly 100 wit- L
report that homicides occur al- E
most weekly at a popular 3
Brooklyn nightspot known as .-
the Love People disco. Torture ;and maimings are posse trade- ll3llllCl0g8l'lSI A watereddovvn form of LSD is makingmarks as well. They dont 3 a comeback, mostly in the West. Sales of inexpensiveliquid
PCP are up again on the East Coast.
- Mexican heroin: The street price for Black Tar, which is .
as much as 80 percent pure, can climb to $500 per gram. A
bargain brown-powder heroin sells for $120 to $150
ASl3II llfli One form comes from the Golden Crescent
5 Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India! and another from themind shooting people. Weve ;
had numerous cases of Jamai- .-
cans who were shot in the knee
or leg, says Dallas police inves- -
tigator Charles Storey. "A lot of §
groups have a potential for vio-
lence,but[theJamaicans]dern- _Maruuana: Though somewhat harder to nd since the- crack boom, pot is by far still the nations most popular
onstrate it daily. Dallas police t Golden Triangle Burma. Laos. Thailand!.
say Jamaicans were linked to _
35 homicides in 1987 and 10 to _=
12 so far this year. I
The explosive growth of the 3; illicit drug; 18 million Americans smoke it regularly.
- Fentanyl: A potent heroin substitute known as China
. White, the synthetically produced designer drug" is most-ly a West Coast fad. Street price: $3,200 a gram.reasonable to expect that they,
like the Maa before them. will
becomeeven more skillful in
evading law enforcement. The
supply of smuggled drugs-~
Asian heroin, Mexican heroin
and cocaine most of all-seems
almost limitless. At the same
time, the federal government,
which has scattered the respon-
sibility for combating drugs
among dozens of different agen-
cies. seems to lack :1 coordinat-
ed national strategy. Who's
running the war, America's
hard-pressed cops are asking-
and when are the good guys -
nally going to win?
- 'lo.92i MORGANTIi.92UlL'i!}l
Mlcrurt .-92. LE2RNERinLus.-ln_;'o3/cs.
RKCHARD S,92Nl72,92iI1Wu.~.'hin_gton..92' 0 x .92' Y A a aorr in .92/eu Yur/c.
DAVID L. GoNz.ai.r:zin.1rliumi.
L ,,;1_9 Q 4-2s-as!LL, £1} . _ . rm so 44-. __'_v loos AD la-~. ___one Battle ::::.:..~=*-
to Control 50,000 Gang Members
on the Streets of Los Angeles
By Matt Lait
Spcdal In the Waaehittgtm Pusl
LOS ANGEl.ESJohn Big Sleepy! Lewis seemed
bored as he stood with his hands cuffed behind his back,
staring over the heads of the police officers who had
$319995 him for questioning. Residents of the neighbor-
hood east of Culver City watched impassively from the
porches of graffiti-covered houses as he was released
minutes later. -
Since joining the city's oldest black street gang, the
Crips, 12 years ago, Lewis says he has been shot three
times, has seen several friends killed and cannot recall
all the times he has been taken to jail. At 21, he is older
then most of his fellow "gangbangers," as they call
themselves. He was released from prison a few months
ago after serving a year for possessing cocaine and an
Uzi machine gun.
Over the last few years, black gangs in Los Ange-
lesparticularly the Crips and their archrivals, the
Bloods-have grown into well-organized drug-traffick-
ing networks, feuding violently over clients and terri-
tory. *
Recently, in search of larger prots, the two major
gangs have expanded to cities as distant as Toronto and
Seattle, forcing law enforcement agencies to develop
new ways to combat them. - -
With more than 50,000 hard-core gang members,
mostly black, Hispanic and Asian, in Los Angeles Coun-
ty, police are battling what many say is a losing war. A
report released this week by the National School Safety
Center puts the estimate even higher at 70,000'mem-
bers here, surpassing Chicago with 10,000 and New
York with 5,000.
We're not making a big dent, said Sgt. Alan Thatch-
er of the Los Angeles Police Department's antigang
unit. lts a brush fire effect. A murder happens over
there, so we go over there and try to solve it, and then
there's a murder over here and we go here, and on and
on . . . . "
Compared to the same period last year, gang-related
homicides in 1988 have risen 50 percent in the city and
almost 100 percent in the county, according to police
and sheriff's department statistics. There have been 40
such murders in the city through February and 28 in
the county to date. The total last year was 381.
in response, the Los Angeles Police Department has
launched its GRATS Gang-Related Active Trafficker
Suppression! project that expects to jail as many as 100
gang members a month on drug charges. Many make
instant bail with the pocket money they carry, some-
times thousandsof dollars.
The department's Community Resources Against
Street Hoodlums CRASH! unit also has reorganized to
ght street violence, and the city attorney has won a
court injunction prohibiting certain Crips from loitering,
trespassing and harassing neighborhood residents.Citing increased gang activity, the Los Angeles City
Council has voted to add 150 ofcers to its
7,100-member force by June 1989; Mayor Tom Brad-
ley has asked for an additional 250. The annual cost ofQ" C»; I
P-am Am. ___
In. Iv". ,_,___.
Tori. 1;-q. ____
Yogi:-A _i___,
rllltano ll -_-
9-u¢vov'a 30:] ._the new officers would be $26.4 million. On Thursay-
the same day that three gang-related shootings left sev-
en people wounded--city and county ofcials received
$2.73 million in federal grants to help combat such vi-
olence. _ ' g _ __ _, -
Now, partly in response to such targeting, many gang
members have moved to other West Coast cities, where
the drug-market competition is less keen and local
law enforcement officers know less about their meth-
ods.
Police in San Diego, San Francisco, Portland and
Seattle report a recent influx of Los Angeles gang
members. They also have been reported in Phoenix,
Tucson, Shreveport, La., and Toronto. "
The black gangs have gone to other cities looking
for fertile grounds for the selling of arcotics where the
price is a little more inated, and have set up
McDonald's-like. franchises throughout the United
States and even up into Canada, Los Angeles Police
Cmdr. Larry Kramer said. - -,
Officer Neil Crannell of the Portland Police Depart-
ment said the Crips appeared there in 1986 and the
Bloods in 1987. ' .
_ When they rst came here, Bloods and Crips were
kind of palling around together, and they hung out at
some of the same places, but a few months after that,
they changed and now they're separate antagonists,
increasing in numbers, he said. *
In Seattle, local authorities sought help from federal
investigators, including the Federal Bureau of Inves-
The Washington Post L
The Washington TWHQ5 ___i__
Dally News New York! ________i
The New York Times ._____.____
The Wall Street Journal _______
The CNCIQO Tribune .._._.___._..._
TM Lo: Angeles Times ._i__
The Chrialian Science Monitor ____
USA Today i
Date Q: _,g___M
Pl?! ii. Pa: ecu
~ ~ b Q I Q / ' 1
tigation, the Drug Enforcement Administration ad ihé'_Bureauof Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; DEA andTreasury agents in Seattle arrested three Los Angelesgang members on cocaine-trafcking charges lastmonth, seizing a sawed-off shotgun, $5,680 in cash,quantities of--crack, a-srnall--safe, drug paraphernalia and-business records. .-The growth in gang membership here is partly attri-butable to the profit motive.
It's hard totell a 15-year-old kid with $3,000 in hispocket, who beforenever had a dollar, that this is thewrong way to go, said Detective Michael Berchemof the Los Angeles Police Department's antigang
unit. lin many cases, the older members of the gang del-egate the real work of acquiring and selling drugs to
younger members because juveniles receive lighterpenalties if caught. In exchange. the junior membergets a share of the prots. "'
it's basically like any other business, the higher upyou go the less you have to do with the actual business,Berchem said. '
But Dr. Lorenzo Merritt of Project HEAVY West, a
nonprotcounseling center that tries to help childrenstay out of jail, said they join fundamentally because ofa need for acceptance and identity. It generally meansan absence of a cohesive . . . family life where there isno sense of belonging and respect."
Even youths who don't want to join a gang sometimessee no choice. A 19-year-old Crips member who idenitified himself by his gang name, Jay Stone, said: Yetijoin to survive. If you're not in a gang, you have no pro!tection from other bangers Once you're in, though.youre in for good. ~ A I
If you want to be a man, you're in it, Lewis said. 92The Crips were identied as the city's rst largeblack gang in the early 1970s, according to police,Shortly afterwards, the Bloods formed to protect th_ern~selves and since then, the gangs have become mortalenemies. Membership is determined largely by neiglnborhood.
Crip members advertise their affiliation by wearingblue on everything from shoelaces to the bandanas thathang out of their back pockets. Bloods wear red in the
sarnefashion. 'So far this year, at least 53 bystanders have beenkilled or wounded by gang members in Los Angeles,police said. Several of those killed, died because theywore the wrong colors in a gangs territory.
Although Hispanic gangs in Los Angeles have a his?tory dating back to the turn ofthe century and accountfor some of the city's gang-related violence, they tendto be more territorial, Kramer said. -;~ Hispanics gangs are not into the monetary gain asmuchas they are into proving their manhood and thefact that they are machismo and defending what theysee astheir neighborhood, Sgt. Wes McBride of theLos Angeles Sheriffs Department said. _-,But police say emerging gangs of Asian youths maysoon rival the Bloods and the Crips in terms of drugsand violence. The recent deaths of two DEA agents in aLos Angeles County shoot-out with suspected Asiandrug dealers raised fears that Asian gangs, with directlinks to Asian heroin, are developing into major narcoticorganizations with potential for extremeviolence. _Meanwhile, the Crips and Bloods, with dozens of af;filiate factions throughout the city, remain the dominantgangs. And police say the Crips tight among them~selves. _ _"There are many more Cripsithan there are Bloods.But within their different factions, you very seldom seeBloods feuding with other Bloods but it is very commonto see other Crips feuding with other Crips, Kramer
said...
The bottom line to the whole thing here, is that itdoesnt make any sense because there's nothing tomake any sense about it, Berchem said. Why a guyover on this street will shoot a guy six blocks away be-cause he's a different kind of Crip, but yet, six blocksover the other way is a gang of Crips that he gets alongwith . _. . just doesn't make any sense.
#5Is- A ll-, __._
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_ McGEORGE SCHOOL OE--LAW
UNIVERSITY or _TH-E PACIFIC
Center for Research
u
/
O
92
THE CITIZENS HANDBOOK OF
CALIFORNIA STREET GANGS: 1992
BY
Paula Marie McKibbin, J.D.
Spring I992
92
J
A C 0/nmenl on the Law
in a Series of
Independent Research into Topics of Social Impact
Supported by a Grant from the
JOHN STAUFFER CHARITABLE TRUST
" ' W A 1 I
1 R 92
BLACK STREET gangs
As of March 1992, out of the total number of 942 street
gangs identified in the G.R.E.A.T. System, 299 were identified
as black street gangs.l44 In the author's opinion, of all
youth, black youth are in the most danger of joining street
gangs and becoming involved in street gang criminal activity.
Statistics reveal that although blacks comprise only 6% of the
.. I
country's general population,Wthey make up 46% of the nation's
prison population.l45 According to David Sandoval, twenty-
five percent of black male youth are in eitherijail or prison,
or on parole or probation, compared to only six percent of
white male youth.l46 Forty~four percent of the black
population cannot read, and an additional 17% are
semiilliterate. The national dropout rate for black students
is 22%; however, in some cities, such as Los Angeles, the
. school dropout rate for black youth is 50%. In addition, 56%
of the black families have no men in their household.l47
l44McBride, see n. 8.
145 Ron Johnson, Consultant, Community Reclamation Project,
Los Angeles, California, "Rites of Passage: Bringing the HighRisk
Youth to Adulthood," Community Mobilization: How to Survive in the'90's, Conference Proceedings, Office of Criminal Justice Planning,
Los Angeles County Interagency Task Force on Gang Violence, and
California Council on Criminal Justice, 1990, p. 139.
146 Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations, Limited
Life Opportunities for Black and Latino Youth, December 1990, p.
ll.
l47Taylor, see n- 20.
*1Ji
_ 92 l 3?;1 IQ, §3¬:~ -- -x a 1 zr or , - f v -,-.. ___ _. _ _,--- _ ! .- .2 _. . _,. ...~.._. .4~92-»~A4 .. ., _1 ,_. _ mm ,i.e.. . _, .. 1.-1,. .. 331" _, . _r_ r _ Q ~- < -* ' ' - F3 T~"'= 1-yilili-?-él: ¢'¬%"'4 "'-~*. -» - .~-92"-'1'-_""-: ;'=92.. {>.~.7,<*vT§.*1ih»92!'%'»-":'I." ~.~ ~"~-. "T:-' - . ,~:-'=*¬v'~"~'Y"=""-'5.-I=n"?2:JE~:%§.r'?11 Mt 1' K X;-:7: _1,-1.: ".~; ,.;-,_.. *"-, _*' j~ 1»-.'-.5. M, - r W ~; . - , . 1 I'?:A v_,._..f{:,._&}o{7.;§:,.:.::_;;.: . '4 .5 :-_ _' _-_ _- 1 -.7,,.:_?__:£._i;_ __.;:_: .4 5 },__':,>' . 92.92. ._, ;_= ,:_ f;.;-,_§t,_ .__4;__ 1 ,H,_-v_._Q _~;__r k§» . t '_.--1 ="=. >»=~>'.-='*=.I-= ' " == 1"-"1'."»""~l3 .~' -i.'~.*-kn-'- 1% ;r'--~' *-=" .~&. ~i92 T . ~_~92-2»-» ~ '* * *-"-'~ 1-" ~~*aif¢.~:*».>#;§¥~<=:H~':$*;:~<%<*wasi1*e~~"¢§§">z¬'@@*' ;~-=-~'I.-'1*I?t= * ~~L - 1 * V 4
Black street gangs have existed in the areas of South
Central Los Angeles and Compton since the early 1920's. These
early gangs, one of which was "* the Boozie gang,
consisted of family members and close friends who involved
themselves in limited criminal activity designed to make
themselves appear tough and to provide~a source of funds. The
early black street gangs were more territorial than they are
today. In the 1920's, the different black gangs fought each
other}?but they did hot engage in stabbings or shootings.l48¢ .
During the late 1930's, the Slauson gang was the most active;
whereas in the 1950's and in the 1960's, gangs such as "the
Businessmen, "the Home Street Gang," and "the 117th Street
Gang, were active. Since these early gangs concentrated
their criminal activity within the black neighborhoods, they
were virtually unnoticed by the rest of the public.l49
In the 1960's, black street gang activity caused two
rival street gangs, the Crips and the Bloods, to organize.
The Crips were the first to form in 1969. Contrary to popular
belief, these early Crips were comprised of black male youth
from the upper middle class of society. They attended
Washington High School in South Central Los Angeles. The
Crips soon made a name for themselves by confronting other
youth and forcing them to fight; to give up their possessions;
l48Id.
l49Association of Orange County Deputy Sheriffs, p. 23, see
". -5-!» ._ _, ., _ ._" ' if" ,'_'~' ' 1" "f 3 - -..':-- -" .3:-4»;°~-_ .~ ~."i-1,-P"?1?-?;2:§11i1iéIiFi*<e?»~ ski?-=j§1=""¢-_1~;¢;2;i:§*1¢.-*92~_~~_.'- . - . ' ~ . . ~- - - -' t , . , . . - -Q g. _ 1-_;/"'~_, .;' -. '- xi» ' - .~;.~;'.1. xi ~-.1-__~92;'_._;»:;,.:'. . ~."'.-1.;I-:;,:-I-.§'.-'_f-1&7!"":4.,71j: ?-5 I".-1-,:'§j*"¬_=§71.?§;1 !=_{:"<;'.f :,.'.':='§;,~¢;v;¥;-_,_q
. . . . 150and, in some cases, to ]O1n the Crip street gang.
when law enforcement and school authorities were either
unable or unwilling to provide the protection needed by
members of the public from the Crips, black youth in many
neighborhoods started to form their» own gangs for self
protection against the Crip gang members. One such gang that
formed was called the Bloods. The early Bloods called
themsetves Pirus, naming themselvesgafter the street they
lived on in Compton,_California.l5l_
Although the BloodPirus initially were successful
against the Crips, the Crips soon began to,outnumber the
.1.
Bloods. By the mid-1970's, the Crips had built a reputation
for themselves as the strongest black street gang in the
State. The growth in Crips gang membership has increased
steadily to a present ratio of three Crips for every one
Blood. Today, all black street gangs align themselves with
either the Crips or the Bloods. The Crips and Bloods continue
to be rival gangs. Nowadays, however, as many people may not
know, the majority of the street gang warfare occurs between
lSOOffice of the Attorney General, State of California
Department of Justice, Unclassified Confidential Publication for
Law Enforcement, Crips and Bloods Street Gangs, BOCCI Unit, p. 3;
Hourie Taylor, Police Commander, Compton Police Department, Black
Street Gangs Organization and Subculture, rev. June 1988, p. 3.
l5lTaylor, see n. 20. §
=--2»
::.
51g
?
the various Crip gangs.l52
Both the Crips and the Bloods organize themselves into
sets made up of different age groups. The membership within
each set includes groups of "wannabees," "peripherals,"
"associates," and "hardcore" gang members. The wouldbe gang
members, also known as "wannabees, *are between 6 and 10 years
of age. The young members form a set of "baby gangsters? who
are between the ages of ll and 15. The hardcore gang members
. . /'
form'a set of "gangsters" who range in age from 16 to 22. The
older gang members, who are over 22 years old, are called
n .,. "153original gangsters. f
In order to identity themselves to others, the Crips and
the Bloods began wearing, i.e., "flashing," their respective
gang colors. The Cripsbegan wearing blue clothing, and the
Bloods began wearing red clothing.l54 More recently, tattoos- 0
have become another popular means of identification used by
black street gang members.l55
Black street gangs are not as culturally oriented as
traditional Hispanic street gangs, and they have fewer
subsets. They usually have only alfew older gang members.
lszlnformation obtained from Bob Ferber, Assistant Superviso
l53Taylor, p. 7, see n. 150.
15416.
1551a
S4CrGang Unit, Los Angeles City Attorney's Office, Los Angeles,
California, on May 8, 1992.- - . _,,- ~ I - - - _ , - x:: '~-em»; 1;-_--: V ~. 4- w {. .1 9; ."-;;. = r - .-:1 -.:~:~ 3 ._ 2.1; " 53* ' 3* $Q§§*§§»*~"?1¢$<-. _ > . -;»__., ,.=.'.¢.~._,»_;.¬@m~,..;2¢7'%x;-._ag;q,;@g;=3¢g;;&;:;t:; ;g:_.5.-¢~ u _ it,-<_ 1» ».~ " 3 1 ~31: -'=':»"-'. ="r:='-l"5_1J*%'~""- u ». ~1~.~1"-%4?iI?'; '5"!f*1s%'I f!!92F.'=?§+'74 v»! 2.,.5§l;;§1g-",5 : '3'1§.§ '#";?-P'§»2.- ' ' ' > ~ ' . :.'_:~'-~i =,~.- ';~,-'_~_;»~* .' -v -
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They are not as oriented or as loyal to the gang as are the
Hispanics. Unlike Hispanic gang members, black gang members
put their own interests before those of the street gang.l56
If a black gang member holds any loyalty, it is usually to
another gang member, rather than to the gang itself. Another
difference between the blacks and the Hispanics is that many
black youth, unlike the Hispanics, have been known to speak
openly to law enforcement officers about themselves and their
gangs when they are away from their,s¬reet gang comrades.l57
In the 1970's, the more sophisticated black gang members
started to abandon their distinctive gang attire in order to
avoid detection by law enforcement and schoo1;officials.l58
In recent years, all Crips and Bloods have begun to "dress
down" in order to avoid detection by law enforcement officers.
Rather than wearing allblue clothing, Crip gang members
nowadays may conceal somewhere on their person only
bluecol0red scarves, also known as "rags," to identify their
gang affiliation. Bloods may reveal their gang involvement
by carrying only redcolored rags.l59
In 1984, it was firmly established that many black street
gang members were involved in drug trafficking. They
156
p. 8.
l57Marshall, see n. 5.Arizona Department of Public Safety, Intelligence Division,
l58Association of Orange County Deputy Sheriffs, p. 35, seen. 88.
l59Id_
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'* 3*"""* ">*?i=i'"~"i-f»*-'*';":§"I.~--"F ':'T'. =~z'*¢~¢~~7"*i,§~§;1.<I*."V.-:<':<-r Q2-- -l -'+*<"E-1'.*- :1--: ':= " . 11=1;'1.~gu:i:,»&§~»-,;,.." --l¥s;;-".*::<=:;.-aw ~r<-:~-=.»~_~_-92,- :;» - 4- -.»»>»-;..--_, . _ " :4-,_~._=~:.;-=92.*: - -= -, -.g.:~;".~.--,1 -Y/.j~,.. ,;»" ',,- ;~.»;.* ~- -:_ :. ~ 1*,-: 31,-, =» 3: y.-;.1., .~,,r.<1;->,'92 /92v: ~_-.;.=;,>1,=-Y5-¢;v,_.-_~ _-l 1.-c ;»._:.,.;<<; -,1» -. . --1. ~.92» - ,~~.. V .- ---_~»_1,.-=-1. el-0, <5; ,-.-».w~ <...~»--,. ,1»; ~ 92 ;.¢=92--..s,..-._ -. vr.~92 » ~,-~.. -~>.- . 92-*'» ~,- <-.-.-~-~'~,- n ' -, --<~;;,~-~ ;-'w_<_ ~,.;_»-_-.». _!- 92_ -. . .' K .»,;~,_ .».¢_- ~v ~;. =.. .- .._ <.__',. > ~ 92_,~;¢;,!¢._ -v<.. 92,;_¢ .-~.<.~.-4-_.~_. ; /__:1_._ .-7,.;.--.-. 1,-~._~;~-.._ ~; 1-4 -r as-.~ " ' s wt" '*'"""'3=- 9- ""~~-"3"""2 ?c";§¥3 $§l6§'§=?!<r=5.;J .~_-*.r.~...?5, :1-.'-' -.1-1 -wt.-.¢ J.3:21~a5t*F=*~J-:f=* ?»92-If-;=' 2"? -7' = ~'~<"- -'=¢:" "2" i."'i" .5, nM,,N,-., _. ,, -.» . . 4 < <
trafficked predominately marijuana and PCP, and their business
steadily increased to include cocaine.l6O In l987, Crips and
Blood operations mushroomed into new territories beyond Los
Angeles, in part because a quantity of rock cocaine that sold
for $25 in Los Angeles could be sold for as much as $80
elsewhere.l6l Since 1984, the Crips and the Bloods have
quickly transformed themselves into well-organized
distributors of narcotics.l62 In 1991, both Crip and Blood
.4 L"
street gangs were engaged in crack operations in 22 states and
at least 27 major cities.l63 i
As of 1988, gang veterans and law enforcement officers
J,determined that the cocaine trade in South Central Los Angeles
was controlled by 15 to} 20 black street gang original
gangsters.164 Los Angelés Police Department Deputy Chief
Levant reported in that year that,75 to 100 black street gangs
were actively involved in cocaine distribution, with weekly
sales totaling as much as $l,000,000.l65 Law enforcement
officers have discovered that black street gangs are connected
l60Taylor, see n. 20.
l6lId
l62Id.
1 .63Skoln1ck,.p. 8, see n. 49.
l64Id.
165Office of the Attorney General, State of California,
Department of Justice, p. 2, see n. 100.
56
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with the Columbia drug cartels.l66
Black street gangs establish themselves in a community
by initially living with or contacting blood relatives of
individual street gang members.l67 In some cases, they may
offer $50 to $100 per day to single mothers or elderly persons
who are on fixed incomes in exchange for using their
. . 168 .residences to deal cocaine. Law enforcement officers have
discovered that some Bloods and Crips may forego trying to
establish themselves in some neighborhoods and deal drugs from
motels located along the major Interstate 5 and Highway 99
.' . . . 169 .-
corridors in California. /
J.
Black street gang members often establish themselves in
new locales by throwing lavish parties. These newcomers flash
~.
a lot of money and offer gifts to people in the new locale in
order to persuade them to attend their parties. After the
guests arrive, the gang members offer them alcohol and crack
cocaine, realizing that once they get someone to try crack
cocaine, they have a guaranteed addict and consequently a
guaranteed client.l7O
l56Id., p. 7.
167
16816.
l69Kuntz, p. 6, see n. 167.
l7OMarshall, see n. 5.
57
-_ _ _,_,,Christopher Kuntz, Sacramento Police Department,
Investigation of Black Street Gang Drug Distributors, 1988, p. 5.
= 1.-~~~ - »._- -¢":~'-':-'-2-5, ~. ..-~'-:~=~-:. .11-" --» ' 1.1" : '~ .'~' I1 . _ -" -- ~.~- l =- »;~~-- - ii» .~1»@a~~»¢§n»iiemm@m%%£Q%$w%%$%@%%#$@~m. gi;$¥?ke§¢;waw; §' ta»' . . ?~'.- V" -- ' . ~._.- - .__-i ,. -'<. 1--':'92=,- 3., 1'. iv A ,_ > ,;;~'-§'<_»-- ;_-,- 1.-;vvI'._v2 {,3-§§',}~.~=~-9292,_ .4 .... . ~" V . -1 , .' -wt» ~--;- --=1.&:» v:.r'-.'¢r-f"=§::<¬ =-.~": -?.-§=r">=7~~'?ff -1$ ¬. J'§- >.~- -'-' § 1' 1 " " i ~ 3 1¥'5=:¬ =;;'D- 3-».'§1"»:§%:%i3E3{i?-1k<J:r$§i*§~.%?@;§¢~{:§%i%§~:§§2»92*4=i5;§f5!~':~t*5¬{g§ ___92_~ l " '* 5 ' J ,~ :_- ~"-»_ ~~..."."--.: ¢ ~l'v-,~';'='1...-..'.;.-~;'{.¥§:: -;_»;~L~.';§f;:3i;1.i@@=.;';,5;;_,; _'§§'j§'-t~__.<'i192,.»_l 7 1 .,__ 5 Iv
Black street gang drug dealers_ often use commercial
airlines, buses, and automobiles to transport themselves and
their illegal drugs to new locations in order to conduct their
. . . . . 171 .criminal activities. Law enforcement officers have
discovered that the Los Angeles street gang members seem to
prefer arriving at their destinations by automobile or by bus
between the hours of 6 A.M. and 8 A.M., hoping thereby to
minimize contact with law enforcement officers.l72
. ,r _
Law enforcement officers also have discovered that when
a black street gang member transports cocaine, he often is
accompanied by a female, who is often white. The;white female
usually carries the cocaine concealed on her peison. When law
enforcement officers stop the black male, they often do not
suspect that the white female is with him.173
In order to avoid forfeiture of the expensive cars that
they buy with the proceeds of their drug trade, black gang
members register their transport vehicles in the names of
their parents, siblings, and close relatives.l74 They also
are using rental cars more frequently. Los Angeles
International Airport is a popular car rental location.l75
l7lKuntz, see n. 167; Office of the Attorney General, State
of California, Department of Justice, p. 6, see n. 100.
l72Kuntz, p. 7, see n. 167.
l73Id_ »
l74Id_
l75Id_
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Only a few of the black street gang members who are
involved" in d'r'ug' traff i-ck ing end up mak ing a subs tant ial
amount of money. These gang members often buy respectable
businesses, and some of them get out of drug trafficking
altogether. Law enforcement officers are aware that these
black street gang members now own several big businesses and
live in some of the best neighborhoods in California. They
also associate withfpeople of moneyéand influence, who are
0
often white upperclass citizens. They move out of their old
neighborhoods, but they still maintain ties with the
neighborhood. They use homes in the old neighborhood as stash
pads for money and drugs.l76 A
Law enforcement officers are starting to see whites and
Hispanics in Crips gangs, as well as Asian gangs that claim
Crips affiliation.l77 These officers believe that the
recruitment of whites and Hispanics into their street gangs
is an attempt by the Crips to expand drug markets into
suburban areas and to enable them to transport drugs more
easily across the country. For example, law enforcement
officers recently discovered that children of white families
in Corona who lived in $500,000 homes had joined black street
gangs. These white youth go outside of their wealthy city
surroundings to affiliate with black street gang members.
They told law enforcement officers that their reason for
921
l76Marshall, see n. 5.
3'1
177 M?ld.; Quarry, see n. 9. qg
59 1%;
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joining black street gangs was to experience the sheer
excitement of being a gang member.l78
CARRIBEAN s'1'm-:13'r* czmcs
JAMAICAN STREET GANGS
Until recently, the Jamaican street gangs, known as _
Jamaican possees, had confined themselves to cities along the
East Coast. Law enforcement officers consider them to be
ruthless and heavily involved in narcotics trafficking. In
April 1992, law enforcement officers detected the presence of
Jamaican possees in the State of California. It appears that
Jamaican possees sent scouts to infiltrate; the narcotics »
4',market in this state. These officers do not know at this
early date whether or not the Jamaican possees are trying to
establish themselves permanently in the Los Angeles area.l79
178Marshall, see n. 5.
l79Angeles, see n. 135.
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