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-..1 :Mem0randum I '6 I n I I I I
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_susJ£c'r: AMERICAN AIRMEN s1~1o'r DOWN 01*? T?
IDENTIFICATION-MATTER » "1; 9_ 5, " .§_~ VI 7 _ _92Am_SElb g _ L A_ ___ EFIHI i
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. IN RUSSIA AND VICINITY " "" ;
.. .- . . . . . . . uasixz-jg Q5 {'0~ 8'1! Declass M q $3 i5!? We have the ngerprints in our civ'il%les' of Francis Gag! _~_?1" t Faowers, American airman who was shot down in Russia in May, and
- . TfTe?'6Eierican airmen missing in ight in the Barents Sea area July 1,'~
1960. - -
- Ident has received form DD-1300 report of casualty! from
Department of the Air Force on each of the 6 airmen missing July 1,
'_-;§___I-§ 1960, in the Barents Sea area. Their names and descriptions are set
I ' out on attached page.! In view of newspaper reports that Powers was
shot down in Russia and the plane bearing the other 6 men was also
shot down by the Russians, Identication Division recommends that a
notice be posted on the ngerprint cards of all 7 of these men to notify 4
' the Assistant Directors in charge of the Identification Division and ' _
Domestic Intelligence Division immediately in the event any fingerprints
» in the future are received in Ident identical with them. ' -1
. 5"§ghis action is believed desirable in view-of the possibilitythe
Russians ay try to use any of these men for their own purposes in the4.1 '
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13 ;_ :_- that is the le against which all fingerprint inquiries are searched.
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RECOMMENDATION s S e
. "£3 '
Powers and the 6 American airmen missing in ight in the Barents Sea' United States under different names? After the proposed notices are ' '
I posted, the fingerprint cards woul e placed in the criminal file because-_-v4-
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: S?' That notices be posted on the ngerprint cards of Francis Gary '
as'- area to notify Assistant Directors in charge of Identication Division and
Domestic Intelligence Division immediately in the event any future incomin:11; ngerprints are identied. ' _ I ~ y Z5 e ' Il - ","'- 6" m: ~-. W1" R1=w1925'f...z a 4 *4! ii v:.9~ -W199 AU§h3_;1§B9 0'_ . .. _ ' 0 92 ?' " ' " "'~ ""'"" ' " ' M " "l* "' ' ' '>" -"' '~ -> --~ »=~-- - V. ~._--.-..-.--V-~_- __-e_- _,_L_ .,,_..a,.........i_., .....,,., ..»¢q;-¢.u~....-.,;.q,~>.»,h.&ta.w_.-.. M.-. . . ~
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Blue eyes, blond hair A = _ - I» Army Serial #16,077, 577 - f F ' T . _ A. .
John Richard,McKgne F B £1? *5 7 7fq7
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Born: 7-27-34, at Far Rockaway, New York »
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Air Force Service #11, 286, 230 . . . . '
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/"10;-~.Chs.ppaqus., ._,¢' . July 21, 196Q" -
Dear llr Hoovers A w
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Enclosed is a copy of a letter which-I en.sending to some of the influential newspapers
regarding their coverage and presentation ctnews about the U2 trial oi Powers,
. . -<1.. -.Is there any way in which you could consistentlycooperate in line with the suggestions in the, letter? Could you contribute information ofE sensational interest to take over someot theI !:§:d%:£;on august 1'7 and the remaining days ct
ii Tl" Breatest weakness in our "defense is the runawaytree press, It over-plays the _communist<propage.nda '"- ¬.gdtggde;£la¥g d even omits news and facts favorable to me is the §ew'Yor-t giggfg §§§§pllg'a.Yl ¬8e1Ec¥8° °g unfortunate because of its impact on world opinion}If only we could ca ture some of the headlines duh:-inghgelgzgis. trial, ilta would be e. "great scoop for the 8
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: Ir J. Edgar Hoover Dire tor " - --= F31, Department of iustigeWashington, 13.0. . V
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The trial of Powers, pilot of the U2 plane, is set for Ans: 17;
- -- __- _, 1 - »_ .Th So iet Union fully e eets that the tree vorldpress*wi§l male this a.Hol1ywo:§ Spectacle,
They will furnish the propaganda and they anticipate that thepress will carry it to peop e the world over exactly as thecommunists wish, »- _ ' V, A *
_. - -~22 . = ' .,So, once again, via the tree press, the Communists will have .5attained a propaganda victory at the expense of the free world;
And Powers in reality a hero of the Free iorld'will become Igladiator for the Communist cause, _ ~
CAN SUOH.A VICTORY BE EORESIALEED7 .W
Onlyif the free press ;wi1l'vo1unt'arily discipline itself andassume that responsibility commensurate with ts privilegee,pWithout undue interference with free communication e, ea:l! the press can avoid excesses and sensationalism:e §§3§§§§§j§§§§f%°%%%%S3s.iii.-E125 2222225212.:
2! the press an t the trial 15 roper es=t;=¢ by ea:'¥2"s°:Zz21?e22e2e%x $¥°¢&§§8%.e° 1:221:12;over age world, and their police angncourt! proce urea, _ _ p , ,_ _] _=92 92;,,; Y3 th re by refers ce to the 2 a rec nnai anee~ a2f¥§;e§§2%st%2xnP¥esebggahsgnfissosse§sa=t§§=stealing of secrets by re sp es such as Abel,etc
4!the press can 1n_ag1ppge explain how the e¢ea&a1=¢e. brainwash their prisoners and prepare for thepossibility that these methods have been used onO owers,
$§m§QY§§$w5§£5L IS A CRISIS BETWEEN THE FREE WORLD.AND IKE --»_ U- .._ ..-_! ._ _ e .,, ._. _ _ H °> _*__ _ _I INVOL S REGHT mV§mTn§r% VT§§¥ mm: mm EVERYWHERE um mm
THE QUESTION IS, can the free press meet the challenge 4 Qchal enge which includes their own survival? Can the press FeeRESTORE TO ITSELF the decision as to what news it will print 7,and h°W it I111 present that news? ' ?~=Or will the free press CONTINUE to let itself be used by the 'Communists as a veh cle for their world propagandai - ~
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SUBJECT FRANCIS GAR; POWERS '
Enclosed for_the Bureau are five oopies of a - i
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According to the August 9, 1960, edition of the -
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ussa Or A cams covnmn B! ARTICLE 2 - Y " _or THE um or -ms unron or somrr socmasr asrusucs- - "on canmw. s:="sPoas1s1LI'r! ma sum c1v.u4s.s' _ l h»4 . 2 ' > ' ' V ' 555' 0~- ~ -'uJ-1"-i'e==t!_ . I 5Raw-@~_@¢r I_92 p . _ , , gnlcnom plane viola d thefrontier of the USSR at a point 20 kilometers southeast or the tom of- ' Kirovabad, the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, intruded into the airspace Of' the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and proceeded into Soviet territory atan altitude of 20,000 meters . - V
o anti aircraft defense. This surveillance showed that theplane's route lay over large industrial centers and important defensive objec-tiverof the Soviet Union. Throughout the antare 11igh r§ the plane remainedat an altitude of 20,000 meters at which no flights are made by any civilianplanes. The obtained data left dno oubt that this ms a deliberate incursionwith hostile aims into the airspace of the USSR.
In view oi this, the Soviet Government ordered the plane to be shot dom-In .fulfillment oi this order, a unit oi the Soviet anti-aircraft dete hrth at5 . The plane which violated the Soviet frontier ras tracked continuously by units oi the s vast -
nse ought . e oresaid plane down by a rocket, with the very first hs ot, at 8:55 AJZ.I-Ioscew time, when it was at the altitude of 20,000 meters in the area ofSverdlovsk, that is over 2,000 kilometers from the point mere it crossed thefrontier of the Soviet Union The il t. p o oi the plane baled out and was detained. 6;The very first interrogation established that he was Francis Gary Powers, a A -/~'citizen of the United States 1 Ame. o rica Volume l, pages 20-23; volume 2, page2; volume 7, page 6!. A
The examination of the plane's wreckage and of the special equipment itcarried established that it was an American plane of the Lockheed U-2" type,designed for flights at great altitudes, adapted tor intelligence purposes and,to this end, equipped for aerial photography and radio reconnaissance fromgreat heights. Fomd among the wreckage were films of Soviet airfields and -other important military and industrial objectives in the Soviet Union. More-over, a ferromagnetic tape was found with a recording or the si als ofS i _ gn certain ov et radar stations Volume l, pages 1:9-S2, 128-11,6, 227, 228; 2148-253!. -
The preliminary investigation, conducted by the State Security Committeeunder the Council of I-iinisters oi the USSR, established that the espionageflight of this plane had been organized with the knowledge of the Government ofthe United States by a special American intelligence unit based in Turkey and' known under the code name of mtachment 10-10 Volume 2 a es 2em. 0 RM /e:'£2/.z££L~i,§"o Q_ . . .th NOT RECORDEDll-am Comrade 18.5. Khrus he Chairman of e 0,551! i Minis-ters, disclosed this g8.n_:;ste1}'E in his report to th¬ segggg ggaihe SupremeSoviet of the USSR on_l~iay Sth, 1960, a spokesman of the.IL,§,_Depart3@t_of State' admitted on the same day that the fact of the violation of thefrontier or theUSSR by an American plane I58 entirely possible" but would be of an accidental,unpremeditated nature. According to the statement of the Department of State,a "Lockheed U-2" plane had on Hay lst engaged in heather research, took "airsamples" in the upper layers of the atmosphere in the area of the Soviet-Turkishfrontier, and strayed off course because oi a failure in oxygen equipment. This_ statement by the Department_ oi State said further that the pilot had probablylost consciousness, and the plenpsontinued on the automatic pilot and acciden-!
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leteorological conditions f doun at high altitude. According to the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration, a search for the missing "Iookheed U~2" _planehadbemetartedintheareaoflaheianinlurkey.
The same version ins given in the note of the U S hnbassy in Hoscoe de- ''J.ivsredto thel-_1inistr,v of Foreign Affairs oftheUSSR.onhay6thoft-bieyear. /
Q; nay 7th, addressing the session of the Snpnens Soviet of the IBSR, theHead of the Soviet Government, 8.5. Khrushchev, exposed the falsenese of this_;version and cited irrefutable, concrete facts which proved beyond doubt the" premeditated, perfidious and gangsterlike nature f th violao e _ tion of the Sovietairspace by the American "Lockheed U-2" plane, and also the mtelligence pur-poses of it t e. ;; s fligh aich were incompatible with the elementary requirements~-v__eof the maintenance of normal relations between states in peacetime. _ A __ M,-
_. ,& _ 4 ;~v,' _:;;j-."'. - that, the Department cl State, cornered ly the facts cited by 0om- --irade R.S. Khrushchev, had to admit in its new statement of May 7th of this yearthe intelligence nature of the flight made by the "Lockheed U-2" plane, noting,however, that "insofar as the Washington authorities are concerned, there 1-asno authorization for aw such flights as described by Hr. Khrushchev,"
If this statement by the Department of State still left open the ouesticnof the U S Government dir. . s ect implication in the aforesaid brazen act of ag~gression against the Soviet Union, all doubts on this score were dispelled bythe statement made by U.S. Secretary cf State Herter on I-fay 9th in the name ofthe United States Government.
Secretary of State Herter announced in his statement, rmprecedented in thehistory of international relations, that in accordance with the National Security Act of l.9h7, President Eisenhower had put into effect since the beginningof his administration directives to carry out intelligence operations againstthe Soviet Union. Under these directives, as noted 5; Herter, programs hadbeen developed and put into operation providing for e incursion of Americanreconnaissance aircraft into the airspace of the USSR.
Harte:-s statement was confirmed on I-lay ll by U.S. President Eisenhowerhimself who als dmi ~ ' , o a ttod that fli,,hts by American planes over the territoryof the Soviet Union had been and remained the calculated policy of the UnitedStates." The same thing was said by the Government oi the U.S. in a note toA the Soviet Government of I-iay 12th, 1960- 4
Especially brazen and shameless was the television speech by U.S. VicePresident Hixcn an I-isy 15th in which he not only confirmed the cynical state-ments that American overfllifhts of the territory of the Soviet Union were acalculated policy of the U ted States, statements made earlier H teby er r andEisenhower and violating the standards of international lav, but went even ,farther.
Hixcn declared that the United States needed veontinuoue program" ofes i andp onage, sought to Justify the obvious lie in the Hay _5th statement bythe U.S. Department of State about the "meteorological research" allegedly cm-ducted by the "Lockheed U-2" plane. In other words, he was upholding for the United States of America the "right to espionage." ; - .
"f; rm at t cu s tary f-State an z>1~s1d"¥':evPresidenteog w§' 6'?1§eabsu§ese$§§e an Zmeiai¢on§u-m§1mmsr met§§sti.1°§¬§Z§§$i§¬ u% 8?; 2°33=¬%§"°?,§§§s"£§°$¥Z3§§s°§J*£.?,§i§?,e§"i§¢° i"° °urs one by American planes into the airspace of the USSR for intelligence purposes".
Thus ' 1; of the ms offi ially laimedin z£212; ihi followed in'cendi¬ions H822: =me1es§?§°mi § gtate O
Duri.ng"r2isenhov:er's_A tenure as President of the United States that isbeginning mu: January 19§3,_the Soviet Union made 8879231 protests 1-.0 the if '
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re joertainfU.S. circles aimed at aggravat the relations between the Soviet -
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*3reproduced in Article l of the Convention on International Civil Aviation con- -'
wolnded in Chicago on December 7th, 19111;. <3 1 V 1 §:V giv>ivQ!-L: V1 V V ~
~ The same pineiple of complete and"exclusive,sover_eigntyU~bf va state over; ,_
its airspace fund expression also in the national legislation of various
countries, including the Soviet Union and the United States of America The _
Air Commerce let or the U.-S. Congress of 1926 _and,the Qiviljermzauticeeeacteof L * U
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; Articlel of the Air Code =5: use ossa or i935.'a1§'o' sa¢o;~as£'-@nae-§»- _, 1
Union of the eriet Socialist Republics _exeroieeefthe full~~7end eanclusive1eover- .
" eighty ever tin airspace of the Union of 'So{vi_et Socialist Republics! 4 _ j V 1 '7
This prisiple of sovereignty is sacred and imutahle in international ,7V . "< ~ ' V. :_ I :5--V .' ~' <, c ; I. 1 5: L '". . ; . ,< 4"
e In theseomditions the above statements of President Eisenhower of the
United States, lice President Nixon and United States Secretary of State Herter ,_
by which they attempted to justify violations oifthe USSR sovereignty by Ameri-
can aircraft ad elevated such violations into a principle of the state policy
oi the Unitedltates can not be regarded otherwise than as an opm declaration
of the refueoi the United States Government to comply with the fundamental
universally Iwognised standards of international law, without theobeervation '
of vhich nonimelations between states are impossible. _ 3. . '_ __ .» . ..»_ 1- .. .. '=.~ -. . » - =:.*~._ . _ _.V V _ V _ »V_V .- _ . . _.
The repded intrusions of American aircraft into the airspace of the USSR, '
specirioallyia flight of the "Lockheed U-2" plane on May let not the current 4 e
year, constiiie a gross violation of the sovereignty not the USSR and an act ot-
aggression with tramplee upon standards or international law endthe high '
principles ofihe United Nations Charter which also bears the simatizre or the
United Stateea America. . _ - -, 1» J1 - » 1, 4 3 - 15:1-;"r, 4'_ 4 , t -_ _._",'__.- _¢_,_,_;_.;.: -y _;.; V: V; .7. .1 .»H . ,_ ,._i. , .. , _ .,,,, l
With thepresent level of military teohraiques, ssnthe conditio1ie_w1'1e11, as _ or
[responsible hrican military leaders have repeatedly declared, the United
States of Andra is constantly keeping aloft patrol bombers carrying atomic 1 " .
and hydrogenimbe, reconnaissance flights involving the photographing of possi-
ghle bombing ta-gets and the spotting of radar i_,nstaJ.Let1onsV1r_epreeent composite",:;__' elements ofauilitary attack from the air. ;g11-1 r 1-=1. , _" - '
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' Under conditions, the intrusion of a foreign "aircraft mus» the limits
o1'_the USSR:n"~a_t any time be an indication of the beginning of an armed attack. '1 .
1-loraover, theois nothing to guarantee thatrany such plenesppearing over *
Soviet ternit-y does not carry e deadly load. T , _ V _ ~ V
The egaseive act of the United States oi America in the iorn oi arrogant
invasion uric airspace or the USSR by an American military aircraft represents
an action directly jeopardizes world peace, A In the conditions when ce'r- Y _ p
-tain statespssese nuclear wapons and means teqdeliver them to targets almost
I _'-instantaneedy, the aggressive act undertakenby the United States on May let, V' againste Soviet Union -might have had nest _gre_veV"cone'eqoencee for hunianlty. - V
The abnmentioned
e note of 8 United States Oovernmentwf Hay 12th of the current yearlay Y ,
vy stress: the alleged civilian natv .':;@==-».*~he "Lockheed U-2" plane shot
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who em 5: seen» General Baits, visited the * *rue materials of the investigation pm up falsity oi these j_ _,
_ An_id_e;njity certificate number AF l,288,063 carri ths:.i.nsig1i.ai "of 4
United States_D3fsiss Department-vd.ththe» inscription,_'!1Z9PQ§_!!i@§£t Ema-the United States or America." Volume 1, page 99; volume 6, page_ll.!T,TT "-~~é
Asked iaether the possession of such a certificate indicated that be as
employed as a United States Air Force pilot, Powers replied: "It means that "
I served in the United States Air Force as a civilian." Volume 3, page 180.!
i Asked further how the institution in which he worked should be regarded»as nilitary or civil-Powers said: "This is a kind oi combination of civilian -
and military service, -all this is covered and ciphered by the name -of "detach-
uent 10-10. Volume 2, page 2.! p _ g A
" A Powers testified cm approximately in apru 1960 the om: er em: of
the United States Air Force General Thomas D. White visited the Incirlik air-base with the special purpose of inspecting the j"lO-10" detachment. Volume3' as 92 93 ' =- ',_,jo'.P38 p I p _' ,_ ,1, Q, ',,.§_ _ _-_, ,_..-,_- , v _,;.;,,'-;! V'-' *=~ -e » < " "* "<-- Y-.-;*:=-.£-.>-.3;=a-gar-_z; 'f::»;" . . :. _ v_'¢=§.*_;-¬;rq'~;;;¢'r_r,,=,=,_, - ,, ~
Incirlik base, Powers said that during his stay st the Incirlik base it was
visited on tuo occasions by General Everest, "the Commander-in-Chief oi the
United States Airforce in mrope, and by other American generals. Volume h,
It has thus been established that the "Lockheed U-2" plane shot down on
Hay let, 1960 belonged to the United States airfares.
The criminal breach by the United States Government of the universally
recognized standards of international law represents one of the elements of
the aggressive foreign policy pursued by the United States Government. This
aggressive policy was repeatedly formulated by United States leaders, in par-ticular by former Secretary of Stats of the United States John Foster Dulles
as "from positions of strength policy," "deterrent policy" and "the policy of
balancing on the brink of ear."
As late as July 1959, the United States Vice President Nixon an an article
published w Life magazine again highly praised the so-called "policy of balanc-ing on the brink of war" and declared that this policy remained one .of the su-
preme principles of the United States of America. .
As is known, this policy was manifested in the conclusion under the United
States aegis of aggressive pacts and alliances in nearly all parts of the world,
in the arms race, in the establishment of a net oi military bases around the
borders of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries as well as in other
aggressive actions endangering universalpeace and security. Ebcpreseions of
the same policy were the systematic intrusions of aircraft of the United States
Air Force into the limits of the Soviet Union, including the aggressive in- .
trusion W an American "Lockheed U-2" military aircraft on Hay lst, 1960.
' The reckless actions of the United States Government have brought about
the breakdom of the Summit heating in Paris and complicated the intemational
situation. 8
V The United States Government has dram into the realization of its aggres-
gsive policy a number of states bordering on the Soviet Union, znich have lent
their territories for American military bases and consequently are accomplices """-"v
__in the aggressive actions against the USSR. 51 _ -
It has been established by the investigation that the intrusion of'the
American "Lockheed U-2" aircraft on Hay let could not have taken place without
the use of military air bases on territories of states lying close to the
Soviet Union, specifically of Turkey, Pakistan and Norway in view of the fact
that the maximum range of the "Lockheed U~2" aircraft being that it is, it
could not operate irom the United States territory. . V. . l
It has been established that the reconnaissance '10-10" detachment in which
Powers served vnsbased on the Anericandurkish Incirlik airbase. The unit was
under thecomuand of Colonel Shelton oi the United States Air Force. The -
"Lockheed U-2" plane in yhich the aggressive intrusion into the boundaries of0 ' l ax. I -A-NT K I L K "L:~_ " _ S ' :1'¢'::>"; vzgtg; V
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Powers said: F55RsF?i¬sirfields~I~could~use4:;y_airfieldrgjiorusy, Pakis-tan and Iran." Volume 3, page 88.! _ 1 -{Th M M
It has also been established that according to his assignment after ending
his flight, Powers was to land -on the Bodde military airbase in Hervey which
had been already used by the '10-10" intelligence detachment on previous-occasions. ' r - _ t reserve sarfields were indicated to him for his Hay let '7 -"~"'_~n*92~. . '
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These circumstances have been establisaed by the testimony given by Powers,his flight map and other evidence Volume 2, pages 9, 28, 180, 196-198, 30!;;
volume 6, page 25!. , V > - __ ,
Instructions given to Powers envisaged the possibility of I breach oi.
sovereignty of other states as tall. On this question defendant Powers testi-
-fied: "In case of a shortage of fuel to fly to Murmansk along the planned
- Tgroxzto, I could turn to_th_a'le.ft before reaching Kandalaksha and fly via FinlandY Bodda, or92'ny." Volus;e_>Lf,§page'2!;l.! .____A_',;_ _ _-ifjaié u. 1 ___,
aThe instruction given to Powers envisaged the possibility of landing, if
need be, on airfielde in Finland or S=.-laden. This is that Powers testified on
this matter: ~
"The word 'Sodan!:yls' urittsn along the green line the line on the flight
map! means that I could land at Sodankyla airfield Finland!. However, Colonel
Shelton has warned me that this airfield is bad and that I may use it only in
ease of emergency since in any my it is better than to land somewhere on
Soviet territory. He also said that it is best of all to land in Sweden or
Norway, the latter being more desirable." Volume 2, page 271.!
This testimony given by Powers is confirmed by the marks found on his
flight nap. Volume o, page 25.!
Thus the ixwestigation of the present case once more confirmed the fact
that American military bases established on the territories of certain foreign
states constitute a danger to peace and to the security of nations. _
For the realization of their aggressive policy of espionage against the
Soviet Union, the government and the military command of the United States for
a number of years have been selecting and training the necessary personnel.
It nae for this purpose that the defendant in this case, Francis Gary Powers,
was recruited. _
hiring the investigation Powers testified that in 1950 he volunteered for
the United States Air Force, undernent training at an airforce school in Green-
ville, Mississippi and later on at an airbase outside Pnoenix, Arizona. After
graduation he had served as a pilot at various United States military airbasesIgtistlge rank of first lieutenant. Volume 3, pages 109-1.13; volume 1;, pages
In April 1956, Powers was recruited by the United States Central Intelli,gence Agency to fly special reconnaissance missions on specially equi?;_ed high-
altitude aircraft. Volume 2, pages 86-92, 103, 178; volume 1;, pages 1:9.!
When Powers was recruited, the tasks he ms to perform were explained to
' ;;§%¢~h1m, In this connection Powers testified: "They said that my main job would
be flying the aircraft along the USSR borders to pick up any Mo:-nation I
could about radar and radiostations and any othm',in1ormatim that could.he_92__~_picked up. They also said that there miht be other duties in the future if
everything sent well." Volume h, page 7.! ' . _ _
After that he signed a secret contract with the Central Intelligence
Agency of the United States headed by Allen Dulles and pledged in writing to
keep this cooperation secret. Powers was 1-nrned that for violating his pledge
and divulging information about the activities of. the American Intelligence
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IQ .After um; enlisted by the American Intelligence e .. pane re: 2 1.special training to a desert airfield in llsvada. _ -» -_- 7 3 *
i7?-A't*this~airfield swhi.ch_at_ihe some time is e part of an atomic testingground for too months and a half h?studied»-thehigh-altitude llockheed U-2"plane and received instruction in the operation of equipment desi§ga6d"to in-*~~_'1~-tercept radio and radar signals. Piloting aircraft ofthis type, Powers madehigh altitude long-range training flights over California, Tune and northernUnited States. 0 - f _ ' _ M
For secrecy's sake the spy pilots who underwent training at his airfieldare registeredunder fictitious names. In particular Powers was registered _there under the name of Palmer. Volume 2, pages 192-19!» Wlm 3, P8888
I45-51; volume ls, passe ls?-52-! - _7
special trams»; some has sent to the American-hzrldsh Incirliljmilitary airbase near Adana where the reconnaissance unit, Imus: under the "r--
toode name of "l0-10" detachment no stationed. _ - -~ . _ _, s.= ,_ _
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kindustrial and other important objectives for the sake of eamoufla89 VB!officially subordinated to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration man!. Velma 2, pages 195, 211, volume h, pages 52-56, 62, 313-! V
' Concerning the certificate found cm Powers which was issued on January lat,1959, he stated that this certificate "says that I have the right to pilot aU.S. Air Force plane. It was issued to me in the detachment "10-lo" on air-
base in Incirlik. The certificate was issued to us in the name of NASA."
Volume 3, page 183.! A -
On orders of the "10-10" detachment command, Powers made systematic in-telligence flights since l956 in a special high-altitude "Lockheed U-2" planealong the Soviet borders with Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan. Volume 2, pages
3, 177. 175. 237-239»! _
Powers stated about these flights: "He would take off from Incirlik air-
drome and would fly eastward as far as the town of Van, situated m the lake
of the same name. After that us would proceed to Taheran, the capital of Iran,and having passed it would fly eastmrd, to the south of the Caspian Sea. After
that I usually flew to the south of 1-ieshed, crossed the Iranian-Afghani frontierand further along the Afghani-Soviet irontier...not far from the eastern fronétier of Pakistan a turn was made and we returned to the lncirlik airdrome taking
the same route. Later on we began making a turn earlier, after penetrating intothe Afghan territory for about 200 miles. Volume 3, page 9.!
Powers farther pointed out that during his intelligence flights in this
area he was told to use as emergency airdrcmea, in case of a possible landing,the airfields of Heshed and Teheran in the territory of Iran. Volume 3, page
8?.! _ - '
The course of Powers' flight over the territory of the Soviet Union on .
Hay lst, 1960 was carefully prepared in advance. This is indicated by the
fact that this flight ms entrusted precisely to Powers, who familiariaed him-
self with Bodde airport in Norway as early as 1955. -
As established by the investigation, on April 27th, 1960 Powers was broughtin a transport plane of the United States Air Force from the Incirlik airi'r;:;ge,._7hase to Pakistan--the Peshaaar airport. Colonel Shelton and a party of 2o pe0- *
ple from among the maintenance personnel of the "10-10" detachment arrivedsimultaneously at Peshawar base to prepare this flight. The specially fitted-out "Lockheed 11-2" plane as flown there from Turkey by another pilotvoi the
'10-10" detachment. Volume 2, pages 179, 197-198, 2140-Zhh; volume _3, pages
6-7; volume 11; pages $9-60.! '
On the night of May lst, 1960, two and a half hours before take-off, Powerswas ordered lg Shelton to fly over the territory of the USSR from south to north
at an altitude of 20,000 meters along the folloudng route: Peshamr, the Aral
Sea, Sverdlovsk, Kirov, Archangel, I-iurmansk and to land at Bodde in Norway.
In accordance with the orders he received Powers when 1'18-92-T18 over certain _
points of the Soviet territory ms to switch on the special equipment utth
which the plane ties fitted out for aerial photography and registratim of theoperation of radar stations of the Soviet Union's inti-aircraft-defense syst ,
On Sheltoms orders Powers was to give special attention to several places ;
his course and to 2 points--at one of which a missile-launching site L
to be located and at the other an especially important defense o _ 0
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navigation instruments and the special equipment functioned taultleesly during
the flight.
Throughout the ight Powers felt nomal and plotted intelligence data
in his Ilight map. In the area oi Sverdlovsk Powers plane no shot dam by
the Soviet rocket troops. Volume 2, pages h, 9, 28, 37-39, 179-181, 198, 199,
" 239-2M4, 2514-260, 268-271, 273, 211;; volume 3, pages 20-23, 60, 61, 132-1314,
lh2-lh; volume 6, page 25.! A
Asked about the circumstances under which the plane he piloted was shot
down, Powers testified: "...quite unexpectedly I heard a kind of hollow ecz-
ploeion and sew an orange flash. The plane suddenly pitched down and, I think,
Iits wings and tail started falling oft. Perhaps the plane ins not hit directly
and the explosion took place near the plane and it was hit Iv the huret and
_,_»I!ragmeuts...I think it happened at the altitude or some 68,000 teet...I was
V _ _~_?_ahot dom some 25-30 miles south or southeast of Sverdlovsk. "At that moment
I we keeping to the route indicated on my chart rather accurately...1dxen the
plane began to tall down I was pressed to the central panel and could not use
the catapult. I opened the canopy, unfastened the straps and ct out iron theplane through the top. The parachute opened automatically. %Vo1ume 2, page
182; volume 1;, pages 256-257.!
The testimony of the accused, material evidence and expert conclusions
have shown that the plane piloted by Powers was equipped with a special blast-
ing device permitting the pilot to blow it up in case oi s forced lending in
Soviet territory. Moreover, there was a blasting machine in the'tape recorder
designed for registering the signals oi Soviet radar stations. Volume 1, page
228; volume 2, pages 209-210; volume 5, pages 30, 814-91.!
Powers was provided with a special pin nith lethal poison iron thecurare
poup. This pin was given to him, as Powers declared, to commit suicide in
case he was tortured. Volume l, page 3?; volume 2, pages 10, 93; volume 5,
pages 261-262.! .
All these plans and the carefully thought-out measures of precaution were
intended to avoid the exposure of the United States ruling quarters" aggressive
policy and to deceive world public opinion.
Besides the poisoned pin, Powers was provided with: a noiseless pistol
and cartridges, e dagger, a pneumatic rubber boat, abaet of topographical maps
oi the European part of the USSR and the adjoining countries, means for kindling
a fire, signal cartridges, an electric torchlight, compasses, a saw, shing
tackle and other implements and things, -as well as 7,500 Soviet rubles and
valuables gold coins, rings, wrist watches! which, as Powers testified, were
given to him by Colonel Shelton when he boarded the plane and were designed to
bribe Soviet people in case of a forced landing in Soviet territory.
All this equipment was taken from Powers after he was detained. Volume l,
pages 21-22, 314-bl 67-72, 81-83, 161-186; volume 2, pages b6-b8, 219-220;volume 3, pages 2hr,-250, 257-26!;; volume h, pages l-7, 16-21.!
Witnesses V.P. Surin, a driver, A.F. Cheremisin, a worker, LA. Chuzhakin,
pilot Powers vhm he psrachuted down, have testified to the following:
v.1>. sum--"on Hey lst, 1960, approximately at n A.u. local time, when
I me at home in aw apartment, I heard a sharp noise resembling that of a Jet
plane, but much shriller. This got me interested and I ran into the street toand out rst was up. Then I heard an explosion and also eaw...a colum oi
t...
at the same time I sighted a cloud of smoke in the sky and a white object
which ms coming down. I iollowed it with my e,/es and men it came lower I saw
it to be adescmding parachutist. than aJ.1 -this was happening driver Leonid
»Chuahaki.n,_ vhom I know from aw work, pulled up next to ne in his car..,1t1en he
-5- -e V get outrof the car I pointed to the descending parachutist and we started watch-
v
. ing where he xouldlsnd. Some time later -we saw that he was landing,,,on the____
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Ya driver, P.E. Asahin, an invalid, and ma:-Q others who witnessed how the "Lock- _ a fl"heed U-2" plane use hit by a rocket in the area of Sverdlovsk and imo do
shore oi a rivulet near the high voltage line. Ohushakin invited me into his ' I I
car and we drove to the place where the parechutist landed. Some SO metersfrom there, Chuzhakin stopped the car and we ran to the spot where the parachut-
ist came down." Volume , pages 326, 329.!
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us on the alert and then Cheremisin took any the longbarreled pistol in I.
leather case that use hanging from his belt. Ueaeked him by gestures whether .
he no alone. Be replied also by gestures that he ans. Seeing that the para-
chutist use a foreigner as decided to detain him. Volume 14, pages 399 and -s-er-1-Q-4___ -, .Q_. ' ' j3::l.00.!... - ». , ~. -, ~ . I.
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ing dragged by the parachute on the ground I held him and helped him to spill
the air from the parachute, since I an acquainted with this having served in
the -airforce in the paet. Meanwhile sq acquaintances Anatoli Gheremisin, -
. leonid Ghuzhakin and Vladimir Surin came running up and helped the pu-achutist
to get on his feet. I helped him to remove the parachute, idle Chersmisin, I and Surin removed the helmet with the earphones and the gloves.;;;.I"~ m < - ~-""--"'- - "».;}';-V . . - -.' ; L1 . <~- 4- we helm. .ww.+.1';."."..-,,@ I ..;...'.. ..;.;...¢ the paradnuti $5.» ' ' "
something in a language we could not understand. Us asked him who he was and
uhat happened but he gave no reply and only shook his head. We understood that
the was 1 foreigner and decided to detain him." Volume h, pages 31,9, 350.!
A.F. Cheremisin--"Supporting the detained psrschutist by the arms Asabin
and I led him to the passenger car standing close by in which Chuahakin and
Surin had arrived. While putting him into the car Asabin saw that the para-
chutist had a hunting knife and took it away." Volume h, page 387.! -
The inspection of the remnants of the domed plane shoved that the parts
and the instrumentation oi the plane were seriously damaged men the plane
was hit in the air and men it collided with the earth. Parts of the planeKer; ecatte;~ed over an area of about 20 square kilometers. Volume 1, pages
7- 9, 227.
Defendant Powers, than ehom the parts of the domed plane and asked what
plane it uas, replied: "It is a Lockheed U-2' plane in a very damaged con-
dition." -
When asked it it was the plane in which he flew over the territory of the
Soviet Union an Hay let, 1960, Powers replied: To my mind this is the same
plane uhich I piloted on May lst, 1960. In order to tell more exactly I must
see the pilot's cockpit if it still exists... _
After that defendant Powers ms sham the preserved part of the pilot's
cabin. Mien asked "Are you familiar with this part of the plane?! he replied:
"Yes, it is familiar to me. It is a canopy of the pilot's cockpit. I am sure
this is the canopy oi the cockpit of my plans..." Volume 3, page 158-160.!
The ezqaerts mo inspected the remnants of the domed plane concluded that
it was a subsonic one-seater reconnaissance plane of the "U-2" type of the
American firm "Lockheed" with a single turhojet engine. The plane has no na-
tional idantification marks. It carried apparatuses for photographic and radio
technical reconnaissance including a two-lense aerophoto camera with a focal
length of 36 inches and also the apparatuses for detecting radio emissions in
three centimeter, deci.-aster and meter ranges of 92svelen'gth.§., V _ ,-_ . I".;L'.J_; 'Installed in the plane also 1-as a remote controlled blasting block con-
taining 1.1; kilograms of explosive. The instrumentation and parts of the ,
engine was made by the "Pratt-'.hitney" firm, the starters and electric batteries
were made -by the firms Hamilton Standard, "General Electric, etc. Besides,
the'instrumentation hears marks which show that it is the properw of the
United States Defense Department. For instance the apparatuses for radio éhr
nical reconnaissance made by the "Hewlett-Packard Company" and Huggins Labora-
tory hear a special index shmrlng that it belonged to the United States DefenseDepartment. * I
The absence on the plane of national identification marks and the presence
. a set of special apparatuses for photo and radio technical reconnaissance,
-as -welleas theblasting device for destroying the plane clearly reveal itsplane carry trade marks of different American firms; in particular, ~the t92T-b6je'1Tl_;k__ V-v ___~_;~ Q _ __ ._ .. _ H _ _ . > jg - ,,_/
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e The e.xps_rt technical examination has eetahIished that~the~plene»parried__ __
a special aerial sound recorder cmnected with the radiovave detector, with a
roll of Ielfomlgnatic tape for 8 hours of continuous operation. The sound
recorder has the index I-1? 12,570 and serial number 769. It has a IX} tape-feed
actuating mechanism made by the America: Globe Industries, Inc. in Daytm, Ohio.
The decoding oi the impulse signals recorded on the terromgnetic tape has
ehonn these signals to belong to the ground radar stations of the radar net-
work of the air defenses of the Soviet Union."
~ These recordings can serve to deter-nine the range oi mvelengths on which
"the reoonnoitered radar stations operate, the frequency oi i.92q>ul.se repetition,
-the time of coverage oi the plans by a radar station and the area of its dis-
; intelligence g.i.1{'..-h J; ..£1;ie or ~};.¢1¢..¢ 11.2- ~ plsnevon its
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,3 '- ~-.....ight over the territory of the USSR has also been confirmed by the findings
of the technical experts who examined the plane's photographic equipment.
The experts established the 73-B aerial camera number 7321.00, which was
found on the "Lockheed U-2", to be a special reconnaissance camera designed
for high-altitude photograplnr of 160-200 kilometers-wide strips of land.
The invutigation has established that during his flight over the terri-
tory of the Soviet Union Powers photographed the territory and industrial,
military and other important establishments. I-inch of the film, removed from
the plane, has been found unexposed and ms developed. p
The examination of the aerial film has established that the locality
photographed th long-focus cameras from the plane is Soviet territory stretch-
ing from a p&t west of Tashkent to Sverdlovsk. Photographed on the film are
_a number of wits:-y airfields and civil airports as well as important indus-
trial establ&nents oi the South Urals.
The expats findings and the rest or the evidence collected show that
the air photq-aphs obtained during the flight of the "Lockheed U-2" plane,piloted by Pacers represent a wide range of intelligence on industrial andmilitary estishnen s within the pf10'tOg2'aphed area applicable both for recon-
naissance pupses and for compiling topographic maps and also for determiningthe cgoordinat of strategic military establishments. Volume 5,. pages 17?-135. '
The intigence-gathering activity of the "Lockheed U-2" plane has been
continued elm-by Powers teetimny during thepreliminary investigation andby his own Iitten statement. _ A -
Questic on the substance of the charge preferred against him, Powers
pleaded guili and testified as follous: "I plead guilty to the fact that I
have flow: Ir the Soviet territory and over the points indicated on the chart,
turned on mist! the necessary controls of the special equipment mounted
aboard our plus. This, I believe, ma done with the aim oi collecting intelli-
gence intention about the Soviet Union." _
_ And Iuoiar on: "In accordance with the contract which was sigmed by me
uith the Camel Intelligence Agency oi the United States, I was a pilot oi
this specialadr detachment of the USA_ dealing with the collection of inioma- -
tion about gmtional radio stations and radars on the territ_oryoi~-the<Sc:¢et-~Union and, aslsuppose, about locations of rockete.[ _.> Volui1_e,2, pages 176,
177- J /'Power!-'Bability to the charge preferred gjainst him is confirmed by fac-
tual end Eln evidence, experts findings an the testimony of the witnesses.
a on tlnsis of the foregoing- . .
Francine;-y Powers, born in 1929, subject of the United States, citiam
_ of Bourdyne,&|tucky, high school graduate, pilot of the special "10-10" in-
"'elli;;a1c_e~ nchnent of the eCen,tral__I.nte1,ligence Agency of the United States,
hereby sued oi having, after being recruited by the Central Intelligence ,
'7 of ulnited States in 1956, conducted intense espionage activity
the iet Union which is an expression of the aggressive policy pur-
~ '~.~§ernmaz:t of the United States. - M. -- _"
, he, Powers, invaded the airspace oi the IBSR in a spec-,.
..__._,_;_ :"_;~ence clans. '!Lockheed ll-2'_',,'_with_the knowledge 9! the '-ea.
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United States Government and under instructions from the American intelligence _,
service which is implementing the store-mentioned aggressive policy, rdth aview to gathering strategic intelligence on the location oi missile bases,
eirfields, radar facilities and other important defense and industrial estab-lishments of the USSR, that is, information which represents the state and
military secret of the Soviet Union, and, having flom over 2,000 kilometers
deep into the Soviet Union, photographed with special equipment e number ofthe above-mentioned installations and tape recorded the signals of radar sta-
tions, and collected other intonation of espionage character."
The crime, committed by the accused Francis Gary Powers, falls within thescope oi Article 2 oi the Lew ct the Soviet Union "On Criminal Responsibility
For State Crimes."
The indictment was dram up in the city of ' 7th, 1960.
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