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First Author with Tetrameles nudiflora (Bondsa mara) in Hosagunda sacred grove
FOREST TREES OF CENTRAL WESTERN GHATS
A PICTORIAL FIELD MANUAL
Authors: G. Ramachandra Rao, Vishnu D Mukri, M. D. Subash Chandran
& T.V.Ramachandra
First Edition: 2023
ISBN: 978-8 1-963374-0-7
Copyright © Authors 2023
Published by:
Karnataka State Medicinal Plants Authority
4th Floor, Vanavikas Building, 18th Cross, Malleshwaram,
Bengaluru — 560003, Phone: 080-23464089
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://kampa.karnataka.gov.in
Printed at:
Bharath Printers,
#8, Adichunchanagiri Mutt Complex, Vijayanagar, Bengaluru - 560040
Photos by: Authors
Front Cover : Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy
Back Cover : Karikan Sacred grove temple side-Diptero-patch, Honavar,
Uttara Kannada Dist.
This book is published under the Project No: HG/KR-02/2021-22,
sponsored by National Medicinal Plants Board.
FOREST TREES OF CENTRAL
WESTERN GHATS
A Pictorial Field Manual
Authors
G. Ramachandra Rao
Vishnu D Mukri
M. D. Subash Chandran
T. V. Ramachandra
Published by
ot
Karnataka State Medicinal Plants Authority
4th Floor, Vanavikas Building, 18th Cross,
Malleshwaram, Bengaluru — 560003
Phone: 080-23464089
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://kampa.karnataka.gov.in
JAWAID AKHTAR, 1...
Brus Vers
Department
MESSAGE
Trees are a valuable natural capital of a nation. Among the 6771
plant taxa recorded from Karnataka 1404 taxa (21%) are trees. The trees
of the Western Ghats are a unique treasure since they offer a multitude
of services to human beings as well as to the ecosystem. The medicinal
property of trees is one of the principal services which should be
recognised and given due importance while the global herbal trade is
growing rapidly. The global market for Herbal Medicines is projected to
reach US$248.6 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 7.9% over the
analysis period 2022-2030.
I congratulate the Karnataka State Medicinal Plants Authority for
publishing the field guide “Forest Trees of Central Western Ghats — A
Pictorial Field Manual” at a crucial time when loss of biodiversity is
widespread. The manual is of great relevance to the forestry staff to
readily identify the trees of ecological and economic significance and
carry out suitable conservation measures. The endeavour of the authors
to make taxonomy reachable to all is much appreciated. It has reduced
the burden of carrying voluminous flora to the field. The authors’ novel
approach to identify very large trees by looking at the fallen foliage,
thorns, wood fragrance, latex, sap, leaf arrangement, and leaf type has
simplified the laborious job of tree identification. The information about
the conservation status, medicinal value, and ecosystem services of the
one hundred thirty-one trees of Central Western Ghats provided in the
book aids in a better understanding of the flora.
I would like to express my appreciation for the commendable efforts
made by the Karnataka State Medicinal Plants Authority in spreading
awareness about the significant role of medicinal plants in promoting
health, supporting livelihoods, and preserving the ecosystem, not only for
the benefit of the stakeholders but also for the public. Such initiatives
can help to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
icon (
(Jawaid Akhtar)
Additional Chief Secretary to Government
Gacaerd: 080-2225 6722 / 2203 2509, Re 080-2225 8393, Soowors: prs-'
Ho. 448, 482 SBA, Het Fo.2, wmHWTA syd, Gea 6.97. sourdo De, dorisecd-560 00!
fee pov.in / prsfee@gmail.¢
No, 448, 4" floor, Gate No.2, M.S. Building, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar Veedhi, Bengaluru — 560 001
Tel: 2225 6722 / 2203 2509, Fax: 080-2225 8393, Email: prs-fee @karnataka.gov.in / [email protected]
Additional Chief Secretary to Govt.
Government of Karnataka Forest, Ecology and Environment
Department of Forest, Ecology & Environment
(Head of Forest Force)
Snore DMs
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
The Western Ghat is internationally recognized as a region of immense
global importance for the conservation of biological diversity, besides
containing areas of high geological, cultural, and aesthetic values. It also has
an exceptionally high level of biological diversity and endemism and is
recognized as one of the world’s eight ‘hottest hotspots’ of biological diversity.
The forests of the site include some of the best representatives of non-
equatorial tropical evergreen forests anywhere and are home to at least 325
globally threatened flora, fauna, bird, amphibian, reptile, and fish species.
The Karnataka Forest Department is providing stringent protection to the
area.
I am happy to note that the Karnataka State Medicinal Plants Authority
has prepared a field guide “Forest Trees of Central Western Ghats — A Pictorial
Field Manual” for easy identification of trees, especially IUCN RED-listed,
endemic trees with potential medicinal value. The book provides colourful
photographs of bark, leaves, flower, fruits, and seeds along with details
regarding the habit, habitat, canopy, IUCN status, medicinal value,
vernacular names, and ecosystem services of the tree. I congratulate the
authors, Dr. G. Ramachandra Rao, Dr. T V Ramachandra, Sri. Vishnu D.
Mukri, and Dr. M. D. Subash Chandran for their sincere efforts to bring out
this informative manual.
The field manual is beneficial to botanists and nature lovers alike who
wish to study the trees of Central Western Ghats. Notably, the book will be of
great assistance to forest officers and frontline staff to identify and
understand the value of trees while in the field. I sincerely appreciate the effort
of the Karnataka State Medicinal Plants Authority in building the capacity of
the forest staff to conserve and sustainably utilise the medicinal plant
resource through such appropriate programs.
Rajiv IFS
“eore, Ban, dae SOT, 18Ne tex, mgezso, dorivet-560003,
Thacaeté : 080-23343770, Tae : 080-23341484 Srovsox : [email protected] / [email protected]
“Aranya Bhavan" 4th Floor, 18th Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru - 560 003
Ph : Off : 080-23343770, Fax : 080-23341484, e-mail : [email protected], [email protected]
T.K. ANIL KUMAR, LA.s., Tel: 080-2225 5324
Principal Secretary to Government : 080-2203 4234
Health and Family Welfare Department Fax: 080-2235 3916
E-mail: [email protected]
Room No. 105, First Floor
Vikasa Soudha, Dr. B.R, Ambedkar Veedhi
Bengaluru - 560 001
Message
The Karnataka State Medicinal Plants Authority supported by the
National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH, New Delhi is publishing a
unique book “Forest Trees of Central Western Ghats - A Pictorial Field Manual"
which is commendable. The Western Ghats is a haven for many ecologically and
economically important trees. Several are endemic to the region and many among
them are facing different levels of threat. KaMPA's effort to popularise such
tree species with medicinal value by providing an easy identification manual is
apt and timely. :
The Authority has been spearheading the objectives of the National
Medicinal Plants Authority (NMPB), New Delhi, and has been working towards
institutionalising mechanisms for the conservation, development, and sustainable
utilisation of medicinal plants.
May this field manual aid in spreading awareness about the rare and
endangered medicinally important tree species of Central Western Ghats.
I congratulate the authors, the Chief Executive Officer, and the staff of
KaMPA with whose active interest and commitment it has been possible to
publish this book.
I hope such initiatives will help to build the capacity of traditional
healthcare providers and contribute to public healthcare. Further, it helps in
the conservation of the medicinal plant resource of the state and the
development of the medicinal plant sector to tap global opportunities for the
benefit of local communities.
|. K. Anil Kumar)
Principal Secretary to Government
Health and Family Welfare Department
ill
\ © JAIN
a Dr. Chenraj Roychand
gh Chancellor,
Jain (Deemed-to-be-University)
j MESSAGE
If at any point of time you take a walk in the woods, you will pleasantly be made to
sy believe that amongst all the creations in the universe, there is nothing else more enchanting
and equally refreshing than trees and forests. With their hungry mouths thrust against
nature's ever flowing richness for sustenance, trees and the forests in which they dwell are
; without doubt the biggest source of livelihood for mankind.
As trees in forests look up to the heavens, straining all their sinews during the day to
receive the vital warmth from the sun's rays or the burst of rain from the skies, before folding
up at the close of day, these creations support mankind in diverse ways and provide a bouquet
of services, regulating, and accentuating our cultures in diverse ways. Intriguingly, India
straddles high amongst the nations of the world not only for its unique diversity and heritage
but also for the fact that it features amongst the top ten countries in the world with expansive
forest lands. Admirably, statistics paint even a better picture. Of the whopping total of 47,513
species of plants, with angiosperms comprising of 18,532 species (23% endemics) cater for 11.4
percent of the world's flora. In comparison with the Eastern Ghats or Deccan plateau, the
tropical forests of the Western Ghats remain ecologically endowed with an impressive
biodiversity and tagged as one of the 36 biodiversity hotspots in the world because of the high
concentration of endemic species.
The identification and conservation of these plants and their ecosystem remains a distinct
task for botanists if trees are to be safeguarded for generations to come. Along with
conservation, we should be mindful of the fact that with the unprecedented climatic changes
and unparalleled anthropogenic changes, the present biodiversity crisis needs urgent
redressal by firstly identifying, classifying and naming what remains of our biological
diversity. Unfortunately, in our present times of genomics and applied sciences, the
taxonomist remains an endangered species because of drawbacks in institutional and
financial support. In reality, identification of tropical plants, with its immense diversity and
att non-reachable large trees is often trickier than it seems and requires a lot of patience, resilience
git and practice.
* NE Having taken upon themselves the herculean task to bring to the fore, some of these
a : . challenges, I wish to compliment the efforts of the authors from Jain University and Indian
mM Institute of Science and congratulate them for bringing out this handy manual that will aid in
- identifying the tree flora of the Central Western ghats. Dr. G. Ramachandra Rao and co-
Bz a authors, have done a commendable job by making the world of trees and forests accessible to
> all those who have an interest in Nature and its conservancy.
= This beautifully crafted and designed pictorial manual along with its practical details
tal S ei makes identification of biodiversity more thrilling and interesting at the same time.
a}
~~
Dr. Chenraj Roychand
iv
he oll 25 hes
&¢. oe oh |,
at Foreword
The Western Ghats is one among the thirty-six world's biodiversity
a hotspots and home to thousands of species of plants and animals many of
which are endemic and endangered. Among the most diverse and
‘m, important groups of organisms in this region are the forest trees. They
provide vital ecosystem services such as habitat for wildlife, water
bs ; regulation, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration.
The book is a pictorial field manual that covers 131 species of forest
trees with emphasis on medicinally valuable species found in the central
part of the Western Ghats of Karnataka. It provides detailed descriptions,
illustrations, photographs, distribution maps, and easy identification keys
for each species, along with information on their ecology, uses, and
conservation status. The book focuses on easy field identification
techniques based on morphological, and vegetative characters, often
represented pictorially. It also provides a botanical glossary, illustration of
leaf shape and inflorescence types, and species index, which provides
ready reference.
The vast field experience of the authors has resulted in bringing
out a simplified field manual for easy identification of the trees of Central
Western Ghats. The book intends to reach a wide range of readers,
including students, researchers, teachers, naturalists, foresters,
conservationists, policymakers, and anyone interested in the natural
history of the Western Ghats. This book, in particular, is of great benefit to
forest frontline staff.
Cals I hope this book will inspire more people to identify, appreciate,
. os study, and protect the forest trees of the Western Ghats. They are not only a
Aes —- source of beauty and wonder but also a vital part of our life support system.
a Baten
>
s! ~~ Sudarshan G. A. IFS
__ Chief Executive Officer
Pe Karnataka State Medicinal
aN Plants Authority
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Acknowledgement
We are grateful for the financial support extended by EIACP Division
(ENVIS), Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change,
Government of India for conducting field studies and National Medicinal
Plats Board, Ministry of AYUSH for publishing the work.
We thank officers and forest staff, Karnataka Forest Department for their
timely help and logistics.
Our sincere thanks to Professor Dr. Raj Singh (Vice Chancellor, Jain
Deemed-to-be-University) for giving us permission and support for
publishing this book. Our heartful thanks to Mr. M.S. Santhosh (Joint
Registrar) for his support and suggestions during the publication of the
book. Special thanks to Dr. Chetan Nag K.S., Deputy Director, CUBEC, Jain
University, for various assistance during the publication.
We also thank Sri Sudarshan G.A. IFS., PCCF and CEO, KaMPA for
publishing the book from KaMPA.
Our sincere thanks to Mr. Akhil C A and Mr. Ganesh Shet, C.E.S., L.1.Sc., for
some of the Illustrations. We also thank sincerely Dr. Balachandran, Dr.
Prakash Mesta and Mrs. Gayatri Naik for technical assistance and Dr. D. K.
Mesta and Mr. Sameer Ali, C.E.S.,1.1.Sc., for assistance during field survey.
Our special thanks to Mr. Srikanth Naik, C.E.S., LLSc., for logistics and
field assistance.
Our heartfelt thanks to Dr. D Narasimhan, Associate Professor (Retired),
Department of Botany, Madras Christian college, Tambaram, Chennai for
his valuable suggestions.
We also wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Navendu Page, WIL,
Dehradun, Mr. Srikanth Ingalikar, Pune, Mr. Santosh Sutar, Vanalok for
their suggestions regarding the book.
Weare also grateful to Dr. Roopa D., KaMPA for her immense help during
the publication of the book. We also thank Dr. M.J. Prabhu, Dr. K.N.
Prabhu, Mr Manjuprasad Deppuniand other office staff, KaMPA for their
assistance and logistic support.
AUTHORS
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6, “Central Western Ghats Map cscscioncivasatiin census ain aonera ais 5
7. Tree species group under different
identificationicharaclers:.sssivsiidniwn avieuvinvivciitinerd aoaahansnve 6-10
8. Group-wise tree species descriptions,
détails and! photos: s:cicicscevati essen ashvhietaiaaveaila ise vinden 11 - 300
9. “Glossaty=illustrations: sei ioswacucostninecwniieciuntirnensetneescniee 301 - 315
10, Botamical Glossary scsvcssccsevccsvseceessnstecieeietecaccnisaceeseusenatsivecbesbeeavenecegeoneneats 316 - 317
11. Bibliography cscs cscicnes increas aecapnchtesl din atnialnasniadien. 318 - 319
12. Medicinal uses: iccsccesiccavcsraecrccsescecrtn eid ndenveaasbenwn decease 320 - 327
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Forest Trees of Central Western Ghats - A Pictorial
Field Manual
INTRODUCTION
The Western Ghats, on account of its exceptional biodiversity coupled with the
serious threat of depletion, is considered one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots.
It harbors over 4,000 species of flowering plants (40% endemics), 330 species of
butterflies (11% endemics), 156 species of reptiles (62% endemics), 508 species of
birds (4% endemics), 120 species of mammals (12% endemics), 135 species of
amphibians (75% endemics) and 289 species of fishes (41% endemics) (Daniels,
2003; Gururaja, 2004; Sreekantha et al., 2007). Since trees play a primary role in
maintaining the ecosystem it is essential to know the tree flora of the Western Ghats
to conserve the Ghat ecosystem. With this in view, the field manual has been
developed.
The manual is based on the floristic studies conducted in Uttara Kannada
district, and to some extent in Shivamogga and other districts harboring Western
Ghats of Karnataka. It delves into selected forest trees, representing different forest
types from evergreen to dry deciduous and diverse habitats from Myristica swamps
to rocky terrain. The trees portrayed in the manual have been chosen for their
representativeness of ecosystems, their ecological roles in the system, and for their
endemism and rarity. E.g., Dipterocarpus indicus and Vateria indica are
representatives of the primary forests, especially sacred groves; others like Olea
dioica, Polyalthia fragrans and Terminalia paniculata are widely distributed trees.
The manual portrays more evergreen tree species and endemics than deciduous
species since endemism is more pronounced among the evergreen species than the
deciduous ones. This may be explained by the connection of the Indian
subcontinent with the Gondwanaland in the geological ages. The break-up of
Gondwanaland from Madagascar, eventual northward drifting from the equatorial
region, experiencing highly wet conditions, consequent collision with Eurasia, the
rise of Himalayas etc., made the region rich in plants of varied lineages, from
Gondwana landmasses to arrivals from Eurasia. Whereas, following the rise of
Himalayas, the climate became drier in most of the Indian plains causing the
disappearance of major evergreen forests. However, the Western Ghats, became a
refugia for several endemics, since major portions experienced heavy rainfall and
humid conditions (Karanth, 2003; Prasad et al., 2009).
The importance of pictorial flora
Classical floristic works such as the Flora of Presidency of Bombay (Cooke, T.
1901-1908), Forest Flora of Bombay Presidency and Sind (Talbot, W.A. 1906-
1911), Flora of Karnataka (C. J. Saldanha (1984-1996) are generally descriptive
with complex scientific terminology. They predominantly rely on floral and fruit
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ft characteristics and other subtle characters to distinguish closely related species.
my Amateur nature enthusiasts, students and field workers often find it difficult to use
Ps a such floristic works in the field despite their great benefits. Hence our focus here is
aa on easier field identification techniques based on more obvious, morphological,
‘a, and vegetative characters, represented pictorially.
The Central Western Ghats region, encompassing diverse array of ecosystems
and habitats, is one of the most well-studied regions, and has been attracting more
professionals and amateurs interested in flora, medicinal plants, forestry, ecological
studies, etc. Further, discoveries of several new species from the region, e.g., the
se tree Semecarpus kathalekanensis, (Dasappa and Swaminath, 2000), climbers
x, Friesodielsia sahyadrica (Page & Surveswaran, 2014), Reissantia sessilifloraN.V.
Page, Srivastav & R. Rao (Page, et. al., 2017) and herbs like Eriocaulon
karaavalense Darsh., R.K. Choudhary, Datar & G.R. Rao (Darshetkar et al., 2019)
etc., and rediscovery of highly threatened southern Western Ghat species like the
trees Madhuca bourdillonii and Syzygium travancoricum (Chandran et al., 2008;
Krishnakumar & Shenoy, 2006) and new reports like Fimbristylis pubisquama
Kern and Schoenoplectus grossus (L. f.) Palla, Isachne pulchella Roth ex R. & S,
Dimeria avenacea (Rao et al., 2011) have captured the greater attention of
botanists.
The manual contains 131 forest tree species which are pictorially grouped based
on easily identifiable morphological characters. Photographs of bark, twig, leaves,
flower, fruits, seeds etc., are given for easier identification. Additionally, details of
tree phenology, ecology, and threat status along with taluk-wise distribution of tree
species (in Uttara Kannada district) are provided. The manual will benefit
beginners, professional taxonomists, and nature enthusiasts, trying to identify trees
from Central Western Ghats. While we have tried to cover as many trees as possible,
this is not an exhaustive manual with many tree species excluded due to
unavoidable reasons. However, this manual gives reasonable assistance in the
identification of a large number of trees from this region, particularly from wetter
low to mid-altitude forest.
rm
How to use the manual
< Standing below high-statured evergreen trees such as Calophyllum polyanthum,
AOS Lophopetalum wightianum or Ficus nervosa, with no flower or fruit easily visible,
_ a one would find it hard to identify the tree using the conventional floras. Therefore,
Bz re « the keys in the manual empasise the vegetative characters. The buttresses, stilt
Pn! roots, bark, exudations, etc., are some prominent features ofa tree that are visible in
. <a all seasons. These prominent vegetative characters have been used as keys to
PT identify trees. These characters are crucial for beginners and also spares them from
ew. carrying bulky, descriptive floras during arduous treks in the forest. Nevertheless,
pi after returning from the field floras should be consulted for further verification and
eas em final confirmation, as this manual is in no way a replacement for classical floras.
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Efforts have also been made to incorporate a few lines on ecology and utilities of the
species in the manual. The tradition of using botanical terminology is continued in
this manual as such terms are more apt expressions of the characters than the routine
language. However, a complete glossary of technical terms with appropriate
illustrations is provided for ready reference.
Trees have been grouped based on fourteen easily recognisable morphological
characters. For the first few groups, characters like bark, wood, thorns, etc., are
given importance in arriving at identification. The presence of thorns or spines is
useful for narrowing the choice of species. One may, thereafter, move on to
fragrance, latex or sap which give important clue for identification. Fragrance of the
wood is important in field identification, for which one has to make a small incision
in the wood. Tree identification, inside a dense forest, using such vegetative
characters becomes an art through experience.
When characters from bark, wood, latex, etc., do not match with the species one
can move on to twigs or leaves. Leaves are easily available material for
identification. Fallen leaves or twigs can be collected from the ground or from the
lower branches or large saplings. Thereafter, based on the venation, leaf
arrangement, or other features like simple or compound leaf, whether the tree has
three or more veins from the leaf base, or whether the leaves are arranged in whorls
at nodes and similar readily available features are taken into consideration for
identification.
Some of the things to be considered are:
1. Start identifying the tree from the first group (Trees armed with thorns / prickles)
and if that character is lacking go to the next group i.e., trees with fragrant wood
and so on.
2. If the characters are not so well evident then they are ignored. For
instance, Euonymus indicus leaf has few serrations towards the tip,
giving the appearance of leaf with entire margin at the outset. Hence it is placed
in the group Simple opposite-entire leaves.
3. While using leaves for identification, leaves from mature trees should be used.
For eg. Artocarpus hirsutus sapling has a different leaf shape and size than that
of the adult plant.
4. When a tree has two prominent vegetative characters such as clustered leaves
and milky latex, the more readily recognizable and striking character has been
used for differentiation. If the species is not found in the above groups check in
the groups using leaves as important character.
5. After confirming in broad categories the search can be narrowed down to
exact species by screening through the photos which are provided in the field
identification section for each species.
6. Palms are placed separately.
“ay 2 : .? ~ ~ _
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Abbreviations
Forest type: EV-Evergreen, SE-Semi-evergreen, MD-
Moist deciduous, DD-Dry deciduous, SS-Scrub-savanna,
FO-Forest opening, RI-Riparian (along streams and
rivers).
Fl & Fr (Flowering & Fruiting)- January (J), February (F),
March (M), April (A), May (M), June (J), July (J), August
(A), September (S), October (O), November (N), December
(D).
Uses: Me-Medicinal, Ed-Edible, Or-Ornamental, Av-
Avenue, OU-Other uses.
Endemism: WG-Western Ghat endemic, BE-Broader
endemic (India-Sri Lanka).
Ecosys. Value (Ecosystem value)- Wi-Wild life
importance
IUCN (Threat status): Cr-Critically Endangered, En-
Endangered, Vu-Vulnerable.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada district: BH-Bhatkal,
HO-Honnavar, KU-Kumta, AN-Ankola, KW-Karwar,
YE-Yellapur, SR-Sirsi, SI-Siddapur, MU-Mundgod, HA-
Haliyal, JO-Joida.
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CENTRAL WESTERN GHAT
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ee Tree species group under different
ry identification characters
ay A, Trees armed with thorns or prickles Family Page No.
a, 1. Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. Rubiaceae 12-13
: ae " 2. Flacourtia montana J. Graham Salicaceae 14-15
eS \ 3. Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng.
be & Sastre Rubiaceae 16-17
4. Xantolis tomentosa (Roxb.) Raf. Sapotaceae 18-19
B. Trees with fragrant wood 21
5. Canarium strictum Roxb. Burseraceae 22-23
6. Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.)J.Presl Lauraceae 24-25
7. Cryptocarya wightiana Thwaites Lauraceae 26-27
8. Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex Hiern Meliaceae 28-29
9. Litsea floribunda (Blume) Gamble Lauraceae 30-31
10. Litsea ghatica Saldanha Lauraceae 32-33
11. Machilus glaucescens (Nees) Wight Lauraceae 34-35
12. Reinwardtiodendron anamalaiense (Bedd.)
Mabb. Meliaceae 36-37
C. Trees with milky latex 39
13. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae 40-41
14. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae 42-43
15. Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul ssp.
zeylanicus Jarrett Moraceae 44-45
16. Donella lanceolata (Blume) Aubrev Sapotaceae 46-47
—_ 17. Falconeria insignis Royle Euphorbiaceae 48-49
ein 18. Ficus callosa Willd. Moraceae 50-51
Sd 19. Ficus microcarpa L.f. Moraceae —_52-53
ant x! 20. Ficus nervosa Roth Moraceae 54-55
4! 21. Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia (Roxb.)
bats A. Chev Sapotaceae 56-57
SP 22. Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam. Sapotaceae 58-59
3 ee 23. Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.)
at Kosterm. Calophyllaceae 60-61
Yo yd 24. Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae 62-63
ata . 25. Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. Apocynaceae 64-65
6
ae 6g ew 76. '\|
2a. 3 Pe o.\
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
2.
33.
D. Trees with stem exuding watery or
coloured sap
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson
Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy
Gymnacranthera canarica (Bedd.ex King)
Warb.
Knema attenuata (Wall. ex Hook.f. &
Thomson) Warb.
Myristica beddomei King
Myristica magnifica Bedd.
Myristica malabarica Lam.
Semecarpus kathalekanensis Dassapa &
Swami.
E. Trees with leaves trinerved (3) or
more nerved from base
Piliostigma foveolatum (Dalzell) Thoth
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg.
Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br.
Pterospermum reticulatum Wight & Arn.
Sterculia guttata Roxb.
Strychnos nux-vomica L.
Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Anacardiaceae
Fabaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Loganiaceae
E Trees with leaves clustered or whorled
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.
Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.
Holigarna arnottiana Hook.f.
Holigarna grahami (Wight) Kurz.
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.
Madhuca bourdillonii (Gamble) H. J. Lam.
Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq.
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.
G. Trees with Simple-opposite-serrate
leaves
Callicarpa tomentosa L.
Tetrapilus diocus (Roxb.) L. A. S. Jhonson
7
r
a
se
Apocynaceae
Dilleniaceae
Elaeocarpaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Sapotaceae
Pittosporaceae
Combretaceae
Lamiaceae
Oleaceae
67
68-69
70-71
72-73
74-75
76-77
78-79
80-81
82-83
85
86-87
88-89
90-91
92-93
94-95
96-97
99
100-101
102-103
104-105
106-107
108-109
110-111
112-113
114-115
116-117
119
120-121
122-123
a ay gh } =. “| aan OS
mA | a a 7 ~4 aR x
Sane — yp : : 7° va
Rs
fy H. Trees with Simple-opposite-entire
4 leaves 125
“aN 51. Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. ex Choisy Calophyllaceae 126-127
"9 38 52. Calophyllum apetalum Willd. Calophyllaceae 128-129
mF 53. Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Rhizophoraceae 130-131
ee i 54. Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P. S. Green Oleaceae 132-133
- 55. Eugenia roxburghti DC. Myrtaceae 134-135
ei 56. Euonymus indicus B. Heyne ex Wall. Celastraceae 136-137
57. Ixora brachiata Roxb. Rubiaceae 138-139
58. Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight Lythraceae 140-141
59. Lagerstroemia speciosa subsp. speciosa Lythraceae 142-143
60. Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. Celastraceae 144-145
61. Memecylon talbotianum brandis Melastomataceae 146-147
62. Mesua ferrea L. Calophyllaceae 148-149
63. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Rubiaceae 150-151
64. Psydrax umbellatus (Wight) Bridson Rubiaceae = 152-153
65. Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston Myrtaceae 154-155
66. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae 156-157
67. Syzygium hemisphericum (Wight) Alston Myrtaceae 158-159
68. Syzygium gardneri Thwaites Myrtaceae 160-161
69. Syzygium laetum (Buch.-Ham.) Gandhi Myrtaceae 162-163
70. Syzygium occidentale (Bourd.) Gandhi Myrtaceae 164-165
71. Syzygium stocksti (Duthie) Gamble Myrtaceae 166-167
72. Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. Myrtaceae 168-169
73. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex. DC.) Wight &
oe: Arn. Combretaceae 170-171
ale I. Trees with Simple-alternate-serrate /
ae dentate / crenate leaves 173
a 74. Careya arborea Roxb. Lecythidaceae 174-175
ie 75. Drypetes confertiflora (Hook. f.) Pax &
te K. Hoffm. Putranjivaceae 176-177
. ou 76. Elaeocarpus serratus L. Elaeocarpaceae 178-179
wie 77. Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken Achariaceae 180-181
a, 78. Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Symplocaceae 182-183
ihe - 79. Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br Tetramelaceae 184-185
8
ys) ' war.
2a. 3? tema
7 : : 3 2 LS 2 ~S
ms | < wa = =4 ae x +
Sane — yp : 7° va
Rs
fy J. Trees with Simple-alternate-entire leaves 187
80. Antidesma montanum Blume Phyllanthaceae 188-189
a, 81. Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr Phyllanthaceae 190-191
38 82. Ardisia solanacea Roxb. Primulaceae 192-193
Me) & 83. Tritaxis glabella var. praetervisa Chakrab &
aul, G. Krishna Euphorbiaceae 194-195
- 84. Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern. Ebenaceae 196-197
ei 85. Diospyros candolleana Wight Ebenaceae 198-199
86. Diospyros crumenata Thwaites Ebenaceae 200-201
87. Diospyros montana Roxb. Ebenaceae 202-203
88. Diospyros oocarpa Thwaites Ebenaceae 204-205
89. Diospyros paniculata Dalzell Ebenaceae 206-207
90. Diospyros ridleyi Bakh Ebenaceae 208-209
91. Diospyros saldanhae Kosterm. Ebenaceae 210-211
92. Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. Dipterocarpaceae 212-213
93. Dysoxylum gotadhora (Buch-Ham.) Mabb. Meliaceae = 214-215
94. Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Ulmaceae =. 216-217
95, Hopea parviflora Bedd. Dipterocarpaceae 218-219
96. Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. Dipterocarpaceae 220-221
97. Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae 222-223
98. Margaritaria indica (Dalzell) Airy Shaw _Phyllanthaceae 224-225
99. Mastixia arborea (Wight) C.B. Clarke Nyssaceae 226-227
100. Meiogyne pannosa (Dalzell) J. Sinclair Annonaceae 228-229
101. Nothopegia castaneifolia (Roth) Ding Hou Anacadiaceae 230-231
102. Mappia nimmoniana (J.Graham)
oe: Byng & Stull Icacinaceae 232-233
alg 103. Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae 234-235
L<= 104. Monoon fragrans (Dalzell) B.Xue &
, R.M.K.Saunders Annonaceae 236-237
ame 105. Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Malvaceae 238-239
bg Se 106. Sageraea laurina Dalzell Annonaceae 240-241
‘= 107. Strombosia ceylanica Gardner Olacaceae 242-243
wt 108. Terminalia elliptica Willd. Combretaceae 244-245
ws. 109. Terminalia paniculata B. Heyne ex Roth = Combretaceae 246-247
“i ‘ - 110. Vateria indica L. Dipterocarpaceae 248-249
111.
LIZ.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125,
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
K. Trees with Compound-opposite-entire
leaves
Cassia fistula L.
Stereospermum colais (Buch.-Ham. ex
Dillwyn) Mabb.
Terminalia anogessiana Gere & Boatwr.
Vitex altissima L.f.
Vitex leucoxylon L. f.
251
Fabaceae 252-253
Bignoniaceae 254-255
Combretaceae 256-257
L. Trees with Compound-alternate-entire
leaves
Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) Benth.
Archidendron bigeminum (L.) I.C.Nielsen
Crateva religiosa G. Forst.
Dimocarpus longan Lour.
Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.
Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk
Sapindus trifoliatus L.
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd.
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken
Toona ciliata M. Roem
Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims
Walsura trifoliolata (A. Juss.) Harms
Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob
M. Trees with Compound-alternate-
serrate leaves
Bischofia javanica Blume
N. Palms
Arenga wightii Griff
Caryota urens L.
10
Lamiaceae 258-259
Lamiaceae 260-261
263
Meliaceae 264-265
Fabaceae 266-267
Capparaceae 268-269
Sapindaceae 270-271
Sapindaceae 272-273
Sapindaceae 274-275
Sapindaceae 276-277
Fabaceae 278-279
Sapindaceae 280-281
Meliaceae 282-283
Meliaceae 284-285
Meliaceae 286-287
Fabaceae 288-289
291
Phyllanthaceae 292-293
295
Arecaceae 296-297
Arecaceae 298-299
—
i ».
Group-wise Tree Species
Description and Photos
A. Trees Armed With
Thorns or Prickles
Se
aa
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.
Tree type: Evergreen
Forest type
FI&Fr: J F See O N
Uses
Endemism
IUCN
Catunaregam spinosa : 1) Leaf branch with flowers, 2) Flower close
up, 3) Leafy twig and flowers, 4) Twig with fruit.
CATUNAREGAM SPINOSA (Thunb.) Tirveng.
Family: Rubiaceae
Synonym: Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir.
Kannada name: Kaarekayi gida, Katmangari
Field Identification: Small trees or shrubs, armed with
straight, nearly horizontal spines.
Botanical description: Leaves usually fascicled from
suppressed branches, up to 6 x 4 cm, obovate, ovate or
spathulate, obtuse at apex, tapering into the petiole at base;
stipules triangular. Flowers white, turning pale yellow, at
the end of short branches, fragrant. Calyx cupular, densely
hairy outside. Corolla tube densely hairy outside. Stamens
5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruits a many seeded berry crowned with
the calyx limb, c.2 cm in diam., yellowish when ripe.
Habitat: Common in hill top savanna, scrub jungles, and
open deciduous forest.
Uses: Fruits used for fish poisoning and causes vomiting
when consumed. Bark and fruits used for various
medicinal purposes. Kerala forest tribes use tender leaves
as food.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Flacourtia montana J. Graham
Tree type: “Evergreen Deciduous
oO
Qa
>
aa)
Ww
n
oO
a
[e)
LL
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi
Flacourtia montana : 1) Tree with thorns, 2) Branches with fruits,
3) Leafy twig with young flowers, 4) Flowering twig, 5) Ripe fruits.
FLACOURTIA MONTANA J. Graham
Family: Salicaceae
Kannada name: MulluSampige, Champe hannu.
Field identification: Trunk and branches with large,
normally unbranched thorns. Wood with somewhat foetid
smell. (differs from Scolopia crenata which has branched
thorns and coriaceous leaves).
Botanical description: Thorns to 5-8 cm long. Leaves
alternate, 6-22 x 3-9 cm, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, base acute or rounded, crenate, 3-5 nerved from
base, tomentose along midrib and nerves beneath; petioles
up to 8 mm long. Flowers unisexual, in short densely
pubescent racemes. Male flowers with sepals 4-5,
tomentose. Berries 6-8 mm across, size of a cherry.
Habitat: Outskirts of evergreen to semi-evergreen forest
and scrub forest.
Uses: The berries have pleasant sweet and acidic taste,
eaten ripe, or pickled in immature stages. Wild animals
such as Slender Loris, Indian Giant Squirrel, Sloth bears,
Nilgiri Langur etc., and hornbills feed on the fruits. Chital
feed on leaves.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
—
¥ er 45 7 ~
; —y
— eC. _
Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre
Tree type: Deciduous
oO
a
>
ae)
wy
n
oO
a
eo)
Lu
Uses Me Ed OU
~ le 7 \ ~ |
Ecosys. Value Wi _
IUCN é
Om! ~ ose oth Ea.
Tamilnadia uliginosa : 1) Leaf branch with flowers, 2) Twig 3) Fruit
cut open.
16
TAMILNADIA ULIGINOSA (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre
Family: Rubiaceae
Synonym: Randia uliginosa (Retz.) Poir.
Kannada name: Kare, Adkale, Adkabale kai
Field Identification: Hard, rigid, small, thorny tree. Bark
reddish-brown; branches 4-angled, stout. Leaves fascicled
on suppressed branchlets; stipules interpetiolar.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, up to 15 x 7 cm,
obovate, or oblanceolate, clustered at the ends of terminal
or axillary suppressed branchlets, gradually narrowed into
the petiole at base. Flower solitary, dimorphic, up to 5 cm in
diam., white and fragrnat; pedicels short. Calyx broadly
tubular; lobes 5-8. Corolla lobes 5-8, twisted. Stamens 5-8.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a pulpy berry, c.5 cm long, ovoid,
yellow when ripe; seeds many.
Habitat: Rare in openand other scrub forest.
Uses: Roots used medicinally in diarrhoea and dysentry
and various ailments. Fruits eaten as vegetable. Leaves are
consumed by Gaur. Sambar deer feed on bark.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Xantolis tomentosa (Roxb.) Raf.
Forest type
Uses Me dO OU
i
Ecosys. Value Wi a’
IUCN CI En Vi -—
~- Xantolis tomentosa: 1) New flush with spines, 2) Young leafy twig,
i 3) Flowers, 4) Fruits and seeds.
18
ee: XANTOLIS TOMENTOSA (Roxb.) Raf.
Family: Sapotaceae
Synonym: Sideroxylon tomentosum Roxb.
Kannada name: Mullu Kumbal
BA Field Identification: Bark cracked, twigs armed with sharp
ye spines; young parts pubescent; bark and leaves with milky
* sap.
Botanical description: Branchlets tomentose. Leaves
alternate, up to 4-12 x 3-10 cm long, subcoriaceous, elliptic
or elliptic-obovate, apex rounded or retuse, dark green
above, paler beneath. Flowers white or creamy-white,
slightly fragrant, in axillary clusters; pedicels drooping,
fulvous pubescent. Calyx c. 6 cm long, campanulate hairy.
Corolla c. 9 mm long, lobes 5, narrowly lanceolate. Stamens
5; staminodes 5. Berries greenish-yellow, pubescent when
young, c.3.cm across.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest preferably in
openings.
Uses: Important food source for wild animals such as
Hanuman Languretc.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
wy:
Notes
I = a = = =
Covi, ae pe che
>,
20
Na at 4 fi x! Ne i? é
+ 4 . . Ada
a. A ’s . oa eg =
Canarium strictum Roxb.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
oO
[ok
>
pa)
oa)
n
i)
a
[e)
LL
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi “ig
iH) a
| \
0 mill hed - 0 0 OY with
Canarium strictum: 1) Tree 2) Bark exfoliation from below upwards
3) Bark close up blazed, 4) Leafy twig, 5) Fruits and seeds.
CANARIUM STRICTUM Roxb.
Family: Burseraceae
Kannada name: Karidhupa
Eng: Black dammar
Field Identification: Bark exfoliating from down up
normally. Inner yellow wood has fragrant aroma when
blazed. Exudes slowly a fragrant gummy sap in injured
areas which turn black and hard on exposure. (This type of
exfoliation of bark is also seen in Apananthe cuspidata and
Prunus ceylanica, which have simple leaves).
Botanical description: Tall, evergreen trees; deciduous in
drier places. Young branches rufous-tomentose. Leaves
imparipinnate, slightly thick, to 60 cm long; leaflets 3-7
pairs, 10-20 x 4.5-8.7 cm; margins finely serrate or entire,
unequal-sided at base. Flowers in short branched axillary
panicles. Sepals 3-lobed, rusty hairy outside. Petals 3, 6-10
mm long. Stamens 6. Drupes 3.7-5 x 1.5 cm, ellipsoid or
ovoid; stony hard.
Habitat: Frequent in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Resin called as black dammar from stem used in
manufacture of varnishes. Resin is used medicinally for
bone fracture & as incense Also many insects such as
stingless bees collect the resin. Light wood for packing cases
and matchindustry and for boards
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) J.Presl
Tree type: Evergreen _ eciduous
Forest type
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
IUCN
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.)Blume: 1) Bark 2) Leafy twig, 3)
Fruiting twig 4) Leaves harvested.
24
Family: Lauraceae
Kan: Lavanga patre, Dalchini
ay Field Identification: Trees with aromatic bark and leaves;
aay A leaves 3-ribbed.
Botanical description: Leaves up to 28 x 8 cm, opposite,
) elliptic oblong, obtuse, mostly 3 ribbed, sometimes more.
Inflorescence a paniculate cyme, axillary and terminal,
usually shorter than leaves. Flowers bisexual. Perianth
funnel shaped, tube short; lobes 6. Stamens 9 in 3 whorls.
Ovary enclosed in perianth tube. Fruit is a berry, oblong, up
to 2.5cm long.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: The bark and leaves of this species are used as a spice
for flavoring food.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Cryptocarya wightiana Thwaites
Forest type
FI & Fr:
Uses OU
Endemism WG
Ecosys. Value
IUCN :
Omid « = ne AU boas!
f
Cryptocarya wightiana: 1) Leafy twig, 2) Bark with blaze, 3) Leafy
branches, 4) Corky lenticels on twigs.
26
oe EO ar Oe
7a. CRYPTOCARYA WIGHTIANA Thwaites
i a . Family: Lauraceae
a Synonym: Cryptocarya bourdillonii Gamble
4 Field Identification: Bark reddish brown with copious
By lenticels; inner wood fragrant when blazed; Twigs with
sy large corky lenticels. Leaf whitish-glaucous underneath.
t Botanical description: Young parts rusty pubescent.
) Leaves alternate, 8-17 x 3-8 cm, ovate or elliptic-oblong,
shortly acuminate at apex, rounded to subacute at base,
dark green above, whitish-glaucous beneath. Panicles up to
12 cm long, fulvous pubescent. Fruits up to 1.5 cm in diam.,
globose.
Habitat: Occasional in evergreen forest along Ghats.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex Hiern
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
oO
a
>
aa)
wy
n
oO
—
[e)
LL
FI&Fr: | J
Uses Me /fEa )Or )Av) OU
Endemism WG
Ecosys. Value Wi ’ i
\)
oo thd
oe, Dysoxylum malabaricum: 1) Bark, 2) Leaflets with domatia in nerve
la axils, 3) & 4) Fruiting twig, 5) Fruit and seeds.
28
DYSOXYLUM MALABARICUM Bedd. ex Hiern
Family: Meliaceae
Kannada name: Bili Devadari
Field Identification: Large evergreen trees with grey- flaky
barks with white warts. Wood with strong cedar smell.
Leaves thick and domatia in the axils of lateral nerves.
Nerves very prominent beneath.
Botanical description: Leaves imparipinnate, up to 35 cm
long; leaflets 4-5 pairs, more sub-opposite than alternate, 8-
20 x 4-8 cm, elliptic-oblong, base oblique, apex acuminate,
puberulous when young; rachis angled. Flowers greenish-
yellow, fragrant, in axillary panicles. Calyx short, finely
pubescent outside, deeply 4-lobed. Petals 4, linear-oblong.
Staminal tube urceolate, 4-angled; anthers 8. Disc cupular,
crenulate. Ovary 4-locular. Capsules c. 5-6 cm across,
pyriform, verrucose, bright yellow when ripe with 4-
longitudinal furrows. Seeds 3-4, 3-gonous.
Habitat: Rare in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Leaves eaten by Hanuman Langur. Hornbills use
large trees for nesting. Wood used for construction and for
high graded plywood.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
< p— oS
Litsea floribunda (Blume) Gamble
Tree type: Deciduous
oO
Qa
>
ae)
oo)
n
i)
—
eo)
Ww
Litsea floribunda: 1) Tree with flowers and young fruits, 2) Bark with
blaze, 3) Leafy branch, 4) Young fruiting twig.
f w LITSEA FLORIBUNDA (Blume) Gamble
Family: Lauraceae
Synonym: Litsea wightiana Hook. f. p. p.
u Field Identification: Branchlets, and young leaves often
Bs Ay reddish clothed with dense rusty tomentose. Bark fragrant
sy when blazed; inner wood dirty yellow.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, variable in size
with up to 25 x 10 cm, elliptic or obovate-oblong,
coriaceous, acute to acuminate at apex. Umbels in racemes,
fulvous tomentose. Stamens 12. Fruit a berry up to 2 cm
long, oblong, seated on the cupular perianth-tube.
Habitat: Frequent in evergreen forest.
Uses: Wild animals such as Hanuman Langur feed on
young flush. Hornbills feed on fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
‘ a
~~ 4 a
a BS ' Litsea ghatica Saldanha
i
a 4 Tree type: [Evergreen
‘a )
Forest type
by
= ts hit “ah >t te ay a ae i re? i _- - 5
y 3 “— * ieee n i a - x ev EF
ha Ct os | ~ ae
4 4 LITSEA GHATICA Saldanha
Family: Lauraceae
Field Identification: Young branches tomentose. Leaves
large obovate and subverticillate towards the tips of the
branchlet. Inner wood fragrant when blazed.
Botanical description: Leaves 5-22 x 2.5-11 cm, obovate to
oblanceolate, base cuneate, abruptly acute or acuminate at
apex, grey pubescent beneath; lateral nerves distinctly
looped near the margins on lower side. Flowers in lateral
and axillary umbels, greenish-white to yellow. Perianth
lobes 6. Berries c. 1 cm across, globose, turning black.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
. 33
Machilus glaucescens (Nees) ime
Ecosys. Value Wi i
ed
Om! | till
Machilus glaucescens: 1) Bark with inner wood, 2) Flowering tree
3) &4) Flowering branch 5) Fruits and seeds.
MACHILUS GLAUCESCENS (Nees) Wight
Family: Lauraceae
Synonym: Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm
Kannada names: Gulmavu
Field Identification: Bark grey, white or dark lenticellate;
glutinous inside. Wood fragrant and mucilaginous when
blazed. Leaves glacous beneath, fragrant when crushed.
Botanical description: Large evergreen trees. Leaves
alternate, 18 x 8 cm, appearing clustered at ends of
branchlets, elliptic-oblong, pale green, without any hairs,
fragrant when crushed, base slightly oblique, coriaceous;
Stalk of leaf 3-4 cm; Inflorescence a panicle, near the end of
branches. Perianth c. 6 mm long, silky pubescent, greenish-
yellow, clothed with soft and short hairs, lobes 6. Fruit is a
berry, globular, smooth, 2 cm across, green, dotted with
white, turning black on ripening.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Important food resource for Lion Tailed Macaque,
Hanuman Langur etc. Bark is used medicinally and for
Agarbatti industry; powdered bark anti-inflammatory and
antirheumatic; wood used for construction purposes.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
— or
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
(=
}
Omi | vind]
REINWARDTIODENDRON ANAMALAIENSE
(Bedd.) Mabb
Family: Meliaceae
Synonym: Aglaia anamallayana (Bedd.) Kosterm
Kannada name: Chigatmari
Field Identification: Differs from other Aglaia sp in having
yellow inner bark. Bark with aromatic odour. Leaves
normally mottled with white dots; domatia in nerve axils.
Botanical description: Moderate sized, evergreen canopy
trees. Leaves 10-25 cm long, imparipinnate; leaflets 4-7, up
to 15 x 5.5 cm, alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed into short petiole; domatia beneath in the axils of
primary nerves. Flowers in axillary fascicled spikes. Sepals
5, ciliate on margins. Petals 5,5 mm long, white, longer than
sepals. Stamens in tube; anthers in two rows. Ovary
globose. Fruit a grape-sized berry, c. 1.8 cm long,
tomentose, oblong, 1-2 seeded.
Habitat: In evergreen forests.
Uses: Fruits pulpy, of value for wild animals.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
wy:
Notes
I = a = = =
Covi, ae pe che
>,
38
Na at 4 fi x! NE i? é
+ 4 . . AL
a. A ’s . oa ge =
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
Me E
Artocarpus hirsutus : 1) Tree, 2) Sapling, 3) Branches with leaves, 4)
Fruits, 5) Seeds.
Uses d OU
ARTOCARPUS HIRSUTUS Lam.
Family: Moraceae
Kannadaname: Hebbalasu
Field Identification: Lofty, evergreen trees with milky
latex. Wood yellowish inside. Leaves in saplings deeply
lobed.
Botanical description: Branchlets strigose with tawny
hairs. Petiole 3 cm long; leaf blade broadly elliptic-ovate or
lanceolate, acuminate at apex, rounded at base, rusty
pubescent beneath; to 25 x 14 cm; entire or sometimes
deeply pinnatifid and serrate; lateral nerves about 10 pairs.
Inflorescence axillary. Male flowers: sepals 2, connate
below. Stamens 1. Female flowers: Perianth tubular,
confluent below with the receptacle. Syncarp (multiple
fruit) 15 x 10 cm, cylindrical-ellipsoid, echinate with long
processes, orange when ripe. Seeds numerous, ovoid.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Fruits edible and with medicinal properties. Many
wild animals such as Lion-tailed Macaque, Bonnet
Macaque, Indian Giant Squirrel and Slender Loris feed on
this. Elephants feed on fruits and tender shoots.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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Uses Me Ed © Av OU
Endemism WG
i
Ecosys. Value Ww
IUCN Gh n Vu
}
Om! | _ eid
Artocarpus heterophyllus : 1) Tree with fruit, 2) Tree branch, 3) A
fruit close up 4) Fruits harvested.
aa 42 -
ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS Lam.
Family: Moraceae
Synonym: A.integrifolia auct. non L.
Kannada name: Halasu
Field Identification: Evergreen trees with milky latex
Botanical description: Leaves glabrous, stipules large, 8 x 4
cm, lanceolate covering terminal bud. Petiole up to 2.5 cm
long; leaf blade elliptic or obovate, obtuse to sub-acuminate
at apex, cuneate at base, to 20 x 8 cm. Inflorescence
cauliflorous, from the main trunk and old branches,
enclosed in spathaceous deciduous sheaths; male heads
clavate-oblong, up to 7 cm long; Female flowers:
Anthocarps pyramidal with flattish, acute tips. Style
exerted, clavate. Syncarp (multiple fruit) large with short,
hard echinate processes. Seeds enclosed in the yellow
fleshy, enlarged, edible perianth.
Habitat: Rare in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest;
common in cultivation.
Uses: Fruits and seeds used as food by forest tribes.
Favourite of Lion-tailed Macaque, Bonnet Macaque,
Elephant, Indian Gaint Squirrel and Slender Loris feed on
it;
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
i i. WS - os | Ss
Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul ssp. zeylanicus Jarrett
Forest type
Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi S&S
IUCN Cr En Vu
1 ok = wm ANY MeL ah ‘hd
Ome
Artocarpus gomezianus ssp. zeylanicus : 1) Bark, 2) Bark with milky
latex, 3) branches, 4) Leafy branch, 5) Fruiting branch.
s = 44 =?
oe
ARTOCARPUS GOMEZIANUS Wall. ex Trecul ssp.
ZEYLANICUS Jarrett
Family: Moraceae
Synonym: A. lakoocha auct. non Roxb.
Kan: Waate, Wonte
Field Identification: Yellowish brown inner wood. Milky
latex exuded when blazed. Inner bark reddish. Branchlets
densely grey tomentose. Fruits smaller, irregular.
Botanical description: Large deciduous trees. Branchlets
densely grey- or rusty-tomentose. Bark rough, grey.
Stipules small, ovate; petiole to 2.5 cm long; leaf blade
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded-truncate, to 25 x 12
cm. Lateral nerves 8-12 pairs. Inflorescence globose,
axillary, solitary or in pairs; anthers exserted. Syncarp
smooth, fleshy, irregularly lobed, 5-8 cm in diameter. Male
flowers: Sepals on sub-sessile receptacles. Sepals 3-4,
triangular, truncate, puberulous. Stamen 1. Fruit oblong,
irregularly globose, 5-7.5 cm in diameter, lobulate,
minutely velvety, yellow when ripe; seeds oblong, flat.
Habitat: Occasional in semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Fruits sour, used dry like tamarind. It has medicinal
properties.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
ya ae KS
Donella lanceolata (Blume) Aubrev
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
a
®. | Donella lanceolata: 1) Branches with fruits, 2) Twig with
; flowers and buds, 3) Fruit.
Pep Si or ™ Sze
se. ‘a ME i -
ae
ie DONELLA LANCEOLATA (Blume) Aubrev
Family: Sapotaceae
Synonym: Chrysophyllum roxburghii G Don.
Kannada name: Hale mara
ary Field Identification: Fairly large to medium trees with
es smooth, greyish bark and white latex. Wood yellow to red.
* Leaves with close parallel but indistinct secondary veins.
oe Leaves similar to Mimusops elengi and Calophyllum
polyanthum trees- but no vertical fiddures on bark. Leaf
margins undulating.
Botanical description: Leaves to 5-16 x 3-6 cm, oblong or
elliptic-lanceolate; young twigs and midrib beneath rufous
hairy, margins undulate, base acute, apex caudate-
acuminate, shining. Flowers greenish-white, many in
axillary clusters. Calyx broadly companulate, densely
ciliate. Corolla white orbicular. Berry 2.5-5 cm across,
globose, obscurely angled, light green when ripe.
Habitat: Rare in evergreen to semi-evergreen forests.
Uses: Fruits edible though sticky. Lion tailed Macaque
reported to feed on fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Falconeria insignis Royle
Tree type: Evergreen “Deciduous
Forest type
Fi& Fr: eee J JOA
eee
4
-
Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN
ail
Falconeria insignis : 1) Tree leafless with flowering spikes, 2) Bark, 3)
Leafy branches, 4) Fruits and seeds.
48
/ ‘ 1 . ‘
FALCONERIA INSIGNIS Royle
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Synonym: Sapium insigne sensu T. Cooke
Field Identification: Shrubs to small trees with cracked
bark; fissures rectangular. Thick milky latex is poisonous
and acrid. Leaf petiole often pinkish, and biglandular
below apex. Tree leafless while flowering.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, up to 23 x 7.5 cm,
slightly crowded at the ends of branches, elliptic-ovate or
obovate, acute at apex, attenuate at base, crenate-serrate,
glabrous.; petioles up to 5 cm long. Flowers appearing after
leaf fall, apetalous, greenish, in simple terminal erect
spikes.; female solitary. Calyx 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-
3 celled. Fruit drupaceous, globose.
Habitat: Common on lateritic areas and streams.
Uses: Used in local medicines.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Ficus callosa Willd.
Tree type: “Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
A
Less
6 a |
WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi || “>
0 iid teed - wnt AW! tut
Ficus callosa : 1) Tree with buttress, 2) Twig fruiting, 3) Silvery
white fallen leaves, 4) Fruits
50 =
FICUS CALLOSA Willd.
Family: Moraceae
Field Identification: Buttressed trees with somewhat
watery latex from stem. Old fallen leaves on forest floor
silvery-white. Branchlets warted. Lateral nerves prominent
below with strong reticulation.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, to 10-20 x 5-12.5
cm, ovate or oblong, abruptly acuminate at apex, acute or
rounded at base, glabrous above, slightly pubescent
beneath; petioles up to 5 cm long. Figs axillary,
pedunculate, globose. Basal bracts 3, pubescent.
Habitat: Occasional in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Important food resource for wild animals such as
Lion Tailed Macaques, Hanuman Langur etc. Various bats
and birds (Hornbills, Barbets etc.) feed on fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Ficus microcarpa L. f.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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Ecosys. Value Wi NG
IUCN : ome. = bial
Ficus microcarpa : 1) Tree trunk with aerial roots, 2) Twig with young
figs 3) Twigs with ripe figs.
x ~~ S \ le ae Cast tj me 2 ait
se) et .
seer ye
x f ity c " «
= : : -
Wy. mr y Sa <
V cs Beak | “oO : :
. i 4
f a FICUS MICROCARPA L. f.
Family: Moraceae
Synonym: Ficus retusa L.
Kannada name: Kirgoli mara, Pili mara.
Field Identification: Trees with whip-cord like aerial roots
and axillary figs. Leaves elliptic-obovate, rubbery with
cuspidate tip.
Botanical description: Leaves up to 10 x 7.5 cm, elliptic-
obovate or ovate, narrowed into the petiole at base,
coriaceous, glabrous shining above, paler beneath. Petioles
up to 2 cm long. Figs in axillary pairs, sessile, depressed
globose, up to 1 cmindiam., glabrous, yellowish when ripe.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest and in sacred
groves.
Uses: Important as food source for forest animals including
Lion Tailed Macaques and birds like Hornbills.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Ficus nervosa Roth
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
FI&Fr: | J
WG BE
Wi
Cr En Vu
Tey
Ficus nervosa: 1) Tree with buttress, 2) Twig, 3) Twig with young
oe fruits, 4) Twig with ripe fruits
” - 54 ==
] Pi ale
ee
FICUS NERVOSA Roth
Family: Moraceae
Kan: Nayatte
Field Identification: Trees with huge buttresses and
copious milky white latex when blazed. Leaves with basal
lateral nerves opposite.
Botanical description: Bark smooth grey, often mottled
with black, young parts minutely appressedly pubescent.
Leaves alternate, 9-16 x 4-8 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, base
narrowed or rounded, apex abruptly acuminate, margins
slightly undulate, revolute, shining on both surfaces,
glabrous, lateral nerves 6-10 pairs, basal nerves opposite.
Figs in axillary pairs, peduncled, subglobose, glabrous, 1.2-
2cmindiam., peduncles up to1.5cm long.
Habitat: Evergreen forests, frequently riverine.
Uses: Important source of food for wild animals and birds.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia (Roxb.)A.Chev
Tree type: Evergreen
Forest type
Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia : 1) Leafy twig with fruits, 2)
Matured leaves, 3) Young leaves with fruits, 4) Fruits.
~,
ee =
MADHUCA LONGIFOLIA var. latifolia
(Roxb.) A.Chev
Family: Sapotaceae
Synonym: Bassia latifolia Roxb.
Kannada name: Kadippe, Haltambri, Mahua
Field Identification: Bark cracked, dark, inner bark red
with milky latex; young parts rusty tomentose (orange-
brown tomentose in M. bourdillonii).
Botanical description: Leaves clustered at the ends of
branches, up to 15 x 10 cm, broadly elliptic to ovate, base
rounded, apex usually acute, densely woolly when young.
Flowers fascicled in dense clusters at the end of branches
along with leaves; pedicels 3-5 cm long, pubescent. Calyx
lobes 4, rusty tomentose. Corolla creamy, campanulate;
lobes 8. Stamens 20-30 in 3 rows. Berries 2.5-5 cm, fleshy,
rusty tomentose. Seeds 1-4, brownish-black.
Habitat: Frequent in moist deciduous forest.
Uses: The flowers are edible. Seeds also yield edible oil.
Timber is used for construction purpose. Flowers and fruits
eaten by bats. Flower buds, flowers and ripe fruits eaten by
Hanuman Langur. Sloth Bears feed on flowers and fruit.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
< "S ba
Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H. J. Lam.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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LL
FI&Fr: | J
~~ OU
Madhuca neriifolia: 1) Tree, 2) Flowering twig, 3) Flowers close up,
4) Seeds and fruits.
MADHUCA NERIIFOLIA (Moon) H. J. Lam.
Family: Sapotaceae
Synonym: Bassia neriifolia Moon.
Kannada name: Naanilu mara
Field Identification: Narrow long leaves compared to
other Madhuca sp., and mostly riverine.
Botanical description: Bark scaly, dark, branched. Leaves
to 24 x 6 cm, oblong-elliptic to narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
acute to obtuse at apex, base cuneate, coriaceous, glabrous
and shining above. Flowers yellowish-white in axillary
fascicles near the ends of branches; pedicels 2 cm long,
drooping. Corolla tube densely rufous-hairy on both sides;
lobes 6, oblong. Ovary glabrous. Berries up to 3 cm long,
fusiform.
Habitat: Common riverine trees in evergreen to moist
deciduous forest.
Uses: Fruits used for medicinal purpose. Host for many
orchids and other epiphytes.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Kosterm
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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Uses
Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN :
=“, | Mammea suriga: 1) Tree branches 2) Bark blazed to show inner red
pe wood, 3) Twig, 4) Fruits and seeds.
MAMMEA SURIGA (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Kosterm
Family: Calophyllaceae
Synonym: Mammea longifolia (Wight ex J. Graham) Planch.
& Triana; Ochrocarpus longifolius (Wight) T. Anderson
Kannada name: Suragi
Field Identification: Bark scaly; often covered with black
patches of lenticular like markings; inner bark thick,
reddish, exuding red gum. Leaves thick, shining, oblong to
oblong-lanceolate.
Botanical description: Medium tree. Leaves opposite or in
whorls of 3, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, up to 15-20 x 5-6 cm,
glaucous beneath, coriaceous, nerves numerous, near
parallel but finely reticulate, midrib strong. Flowers
polygamous pedicellate, fragrant, in dense fascicles in axils
of fallen leaves, or on old wood, white streaked with red.
Petals 4, thin. Stamens many, yellow. Fruit a berry, c. 2.5 cm
long, pointed, ovoid, 1-seeded.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forests mostly seen
in lower altitudes; in coastal laterite hills; coastal sacred
groves
Uses: Flowers used for making garlands and used for
medicinal purpose. Timber used for building purpose.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Mimusops elengi L.
Forest type
Fi&Fr: ee ) J A SON
Mimusops elengi: 1) Bark with incision showing white latex, 2) Leafy
twig, 3) Flowers 4) Seeds.
‘..
MIMUSOPS ELENGIL.
Family: Sapotaceae
Kannada name: Ranjalu, Pagadi mara
Field Identification: Large evergreen tree with cylindrical
trunk and milky latex. Bark dark brown to grey with
shallow vertical fissures. Wood red. Leaves with numerous
faint lateral nerves at right angle to midrib. (Also see
Calophyllum polyanthum and Chrysophyllum roxburghii).
Botanical description: Leaves broadly ovate, up to 12.5 x
6.5 cm, coriaceous, shortly acuminate, sub acute at base,
glabrous, dark green shining above, paler beneath, margins
slightly undulating; petioles to 2.5 cm long. Flowers
axillary, clustered or solitary, white sweet scented, c. 1.8 cm
across, star like. Petals 8, divided to the base into 3
segments. Stamens 8, alternate with the subpetaloid
fimbriate staminodes. Berries 2-2.5 cm long, ovoid, yellow
when ripe.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: The fruit edible; oil from the seeds is employed by
locals for cooking, burning and in medicine. Fragrant
flowers are made into necklaces which retain their
fragrance even when dry. Important food and nesting sites
for forest animals and birds. Forest tribes of Kerala eat fruits
and use seed oil. Hornbills and Hanuman Langur feed on
fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Tabernaemontana alternifolia L.
Tree type: Evergreen “Deciduous —
Forest type
FI& Fr: See J l6U)l CUA Sl 6h(O ae
Uses
Endemism WG
Ecosys. Value Wi
Chi Bn) VU
IUCN
"=, | Tabernaemontana alternifolia : 1) Bark with milky latex, 2) Leafy
we: twig, 3) Fruiting twig, 4) Fruits split open, 5) Fruits and seeds.
64
TABERNAEMONTANA ALTERNIFOLIA L.
Family: Apocynaceae
Synonym: Ervatamia heyneana (Wall.) T. Cooke
Kan: Maddarasu, Madle mara.
Field Identification: Very soft-wooded shrubs to small
trees with milky latex and corky, grey bark having
longitudinal fissures and cracks. (Similar to Holarrhena
antidysentrica, but leaves in latter bigger, wider, with base
rounded and unequal sided).
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, to 18 x 6 cm,
elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at apex, acute at base, thinly
coriaceous, glabrous, dark green above, paler beneath.
Flowers white, in terminal or lateral corymbose cymes.
Calyx c. 5 mm long, glabrous; lobes c. 2 mm long. Corolla
falling early; tube cylindric; lobes broad falcate, with
crispid margins. Follicles 2.5-4.5 cm long, orange-yellow,
beaked.
Habitat: Forest fringes, openings, and scrub jungles.
Uses: Used medicinally for microbial infections, diabetes,
renotoxicity etc. Anticancer alkaloid camptothecin
discovered, stem having most content. Protease from latex
has food and biotechnological applications.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
wy:
Notes
i = x = = =
‘Corie ; tame pe che
>,
66
Na at 4 fi x! NE i? é
+ 4 . . Adve
a. A ’s . oa ge =
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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Uses Me Ed Or |
Endemism WG
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN Cr En Vu
Mle hed — mn A tlw
"=. | Garcinia gummi-gutta : 1) Branch with leaves 2) Bark with yellow
Bes exudate, 3) Flowering twig, 4) Seeds and fruit.
68
es Pa
Wa Loa ole fa
GARCINIA GUMMI-GUTTA (L.) N. Robson
Family: Clusiaceae
Synonym: Garcinia cambogia Dest.
Kannada name: Uppage
Field Identification: Trees with bright yellow sap;
branches horizontal to drooping. Differs from G. talboti
which has yellow inner bark and wood when blazed. It
differs from G.morella which has orange-yellow sap,
quadrangular stems, chartaceous leaves and easily
discernible prominent mid and lateral nerves whereas in
G. gummi-gutta veins embedded .
Botanical description: Leaves simple, opposite 7-15 x 2-7
cm, broad, elliptic-obovate, acute or obtuse at apex, dark
green above, paler beneath, lateral nerves parallel; petioles
up to 2 cm long. Male flower fascicled, in axils of fallen
leaves; sepals 4, thick and fleshy, outer shorter than inner.
Petals 4, concave, thick, red and fleshy. Female flowers
larger than males. Staminodes in an irregular ring. Berries
up to8cm in diam., fleshy with 8-10 groves, 6-8 seeded.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest
Uses: Fruits as condiments for flavoring curries in place of
Tamarind. Also used medicinally for many diseases.
Hydroxy-citric acid from fruits in high demand for weight
loss and fat metabolism. Wild animals such as Lion Tailed
Macaque etc., feed on these.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy
Tree type: Deciduous
Forest type
Maal
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“,
FI& Fr: Sev J J) A S Okie
Ves
K ~
Uses Me Ed Or « OU
Endemism
wf”
Ecosys. Value
Garcinia indica: 1) Tree branches fruiting, 2) Bark with yellow gum,
3) Flowering twig, 4) Fruits and seeds.
= - 70 =
, ia.
,
GARCINIA INDICA (Thouars) Choisy
Family: Clusiaceae
Kannada name: Murugalu, Kokum
Field Identification: Branches drooping. Trees with
yellow sap or gum.
Botanical description: Leaves simple, opposite, up to 5-10
x 4-6, ovate or obovate or elliptic oblong, rounded, acute or
abruptly acuminate at apex, narrowed at base. Flowers
polygamous. Male flowers 4-8 in axillary or terminal
fascicles. Sepals 4, outer ones smaller than inner. Petals 4.
Stamens on short column. Female flowers sessile or
subsessile. Stigmas 4-8 rayed. Berry globose, up to 4cm in
diam., deep purple whenripe.
Habitat: Open areas in semi-evergreen and moist
deciduous forest.
Uses: Edible, the rind used to prepare cooling beverages.
Kokum butter extracted from seeds used for cooking,
medicine, skin cracking, cosmetic products etc. Hanuman
Langur and Bonnet Macaque feed on fruits and shoots.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Ze
‘ Sy —
Gymnacranthera canarica (Bedd.ex King) Warb.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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Om! _ till
Gymnacranthera canarica: 1) Bark, 2) Knee roots, 3) Leafy twig,
4)Glaucous leaf undersurface, 5) Fruits and arils shown.
wi
4 a GYMNACRANTHERA CANARICA
SY (Bedd ex. King) Warb.
a Family: Myristicaceae
E q ’ Synonym: Gymnacranthera farquhariana (J. Hooker &
J a ° Thomson) Warb.
ee ‘ Kannada name: Pindi, Gandpatre, Jaddipatre
iu Field Identification: Warty lenticelled knee roots (loop
like breathing roots) growing around the base of the tree.
Bark rough with warty lenticels.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, up to 25 x 10 cm,
acuminate at apex, glaucous beneath. Male flowers yellow,
in axillary panicles. Perianth usually 4-lobed. Anthers 6-
12, free at apex and adnate to the column by their backs.
Ovary stigma sessile. Fruit up to 3 cm in diam.; pericarp
fleshy, aril laciniate.
Habitat: Rare in swampy areas of evergreen forests.
a
r=
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
‘Eiht:
| B
Knema attenuata (Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Warb
Tree type:
Forest type
4 WH ey Z 5 4 5
FI&Fr: J ND Fe
{
30m \ V/
Uses Me OU f
G
|
| |!
wall. =
Knema attenuata : 1) Twig with fruits, 2) Bark oozing blood-red
sap, 3) Flower, 4) Seeds with and without red aril.
Family: Myristicaceae
Kannada name: Hedaglu, Hedmangla, Raktamara
Field Identification: Trees with red sap from bark.
Branches horizontal or drooping. Branchlets rusty-
tomentose. Differs from Myristica malabarica in having
horizontal branches, broader and thinner leaves, absence
of stilt roots and have smaller fruits, dark arillate seed,
laciniate only at the apex.
Botanical description: Leaf alternate, blade 12-22 x 4.5-7
cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acute to rounded at
base, glabrous and shining above, white-glaucous
beneath. Male flowers obovate-globose, in 3-6-flowered
shortly pedunculate axillary umbels; Perianth, brown,
stellate-tomentose outside, glabrous and pink inside;
Female flowers in umbels, subsessile or sessile. Fruit
oblong-ovoid, to 3.5-4 x 1.5-2 cm, abruptly and shortly
pointed, densely clothed with rusty tomentum when
young; aril brilliant crimson, entire, except towards apex.
Seed narrowly ovoid.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: With prolific fruiting it is an important food resource
for wild animals and birds. Hanuman Langur and Bonnet
Macaque feed on fruits; Nilgiri Langur on flowers, leaves
and fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Myristica beddomei King
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
i)
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: al
ver:
Uses Me Ed OU
Endemism BE
Ecosys. Value Wi <i,
r
Omid | tw sadtatl]
Myristica beddomei: 1) Glaucous underside of leaves, 2) Leafy twig
3) Fruiting twig close up, 4) Fruits harvested.
76
MYRISTICA BEDDOMEI King
Family: Myristicaceae
Synonym: Myristica dactyloides auct non Gaertn.
Kannada name: Kadu Jajikai, Hedpatre
Field Identification: Medium sized trees with red sap
from the bark. Leaves thicker and larger than M.
malabarica. Tree rarely with stilt roots.
Botanical description: Bark smooth, grey to brownish
grey. Leaf blade 15-25 x 6.5-12 cm; elliptic to oblong-
lanceolate, leathery, shining above, dull, glabrous, and
glaucous beneath, bluntly acute at apex, rounded or acute
at base. Female flowers sessile, in few flowered axillary
cymes. Perianth glabrous-urceolate, expanded below the 3
spreading ovate teeth, pubescent outside. Anthers
completely connate and not producing beyond the
staminal column; Fruits to 6x4 cm, subglobular, pericarp
powdery-brown. Seed globose, smooth; aril red, fleshy,
extending to the apex.
Habitat: Occasional in evergreen to semi-evergreen
forests.
Uses: Aril is the main commodity of trade as adulterant for
M. malabarica, and also has medicinal properties; good
shade tree in cardamom plantations. Hornbills, Langurs
etc. feed on fruits /arils.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Myristica magnifica Bedd.
Tree type: Deciau
Forest type
Fl & Fr:
G |BE
i
CI En |¥
M
,
TT [e
Myristica magnifica: 1) Tree with huge network of stilt roots,
2) Leafy branch, 3) Flower 4) Fruit and seeds.
78
> he oe or 2%
i
Re MYRISTICA MAGNIFICA Bedd.
Family: Myristicaceae
Synonym: Myristica fatua Houtt.
Kannada name: Gandpatre, Ramanadike
Ay Field Identification: Large trees having base of trunk
“sie furnished with thick broadly looping aerial roots (similar
* to mangrove) surrounding the tree. Bark with red watery
) sap. Leaves very thick, silvery-glaucous beneath.
Botanical description: Branchlets covered with mealy
rusty tomentose. Leaves alternate, elliptic to obovate-
oblong, up to 60 x 20 cm, acute at apex, acute or rounded at
the base, coriaceous, silvery glaucous beneath; lateral
nerves reddish-coloured and prominent beneath. Male
flowers in dense axillary clusters, dense rusty tomentose.
Fruits to 8 x 5 cm, obovoid, with a shallow longitudinal
sutural groove, brown pubescent.
Habitat: Very rare in Myristica swamps along streams in
dense evergreen forest.
Uses: Hornbills, Langurs, Lion Tailed Macaque etc. feed
on fruits/aril. Malabar Gaint Squirrel and Malabar Spiny
yy Door Mouse feed on seeds.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
BH bed KU AN KW VIE SR aa MU HA JO
Myristica malabarica Lam.
Tree type: Evergreen - Deciduous
Forest type
AV OU
Endemism WG
Ecosys. Value Wi NG
IUCN Gh “> Vu | I
0 ih eden) - nt AN MAL hn ba |
Myristica malabarica : 1) Tree with stilt roots, 2) Twig, 3) Fruits, 4)
Flowering twig, 5) Open fruit with arillate seed, 6) Fruit pericarp
discarded in forest after separation of seed.
MYRISTICA MALABARICA Lam.
Family: Myristicaceae
Kannada name: Rampatre.
Field Identification: Medium to large trees with red sap
from the bark; stilt roots often present. Fruit elongate, aril
yellow, laciniate aril. (Leaves are narrower than M.
dactyloides leaves).
Botanical description: Leaves 12-20 x 3-6 cm, alternate,
elliptic-oblong shape. Leaf underneath are bluish-green
colour. Flowering stalk in the axil of short cymes. Male
flowers many and female 3-4 per cyme. Flower tubular,
0.5-0.6 cm long, 3-lobed. Drupes elongate, 5-7 x 1-3.8 cm
with densely brown hairy outside enclosing a single large,
seed with yellow aril.
Habitat: Scattered in dense evergreen forests.
Uses: Arilis the main commodity of trade as spice and also
has medicinal properties; seeds and seed oil medicinal.
Hornbills, Lion Tailed Macaque, Hanuman Langur etc.
feed on fruits /arils.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
S ai
Semecarpus kathalekanensis Dassapa & Swami.
Tree type: Evergreen — Deciduous
Forest type
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
IUCN
Omid eteed nn dN
Semecarpus kathalekanensis: 1) Sapling, 2) Bark, 3) Flowers,
4)Fruits.
82 .
1G de Fak.
Pe a eae
SEMECARPUS KATHALEKANENSIS
Dassapa & Swami.
Family: Anacardiaceae
Field Identification: Bark greyish brown, smooth, mottled
with numerous prominent lenticels. Latex acrid, watery,
turning black after exposure. Leaves huge with acuminate
tip.
Botanical description: Branchlets stout, smooth, glabrous.
Leaves simple, alternate, spiral, petiole 5-10 cm long;
Leaves to 25-100 x 12-22 cm, oblong-lanceolate or obovate,
apex obtusely and abruptly acuminate, base oblique and
cuneate, margin entire and wavy. Inflorescence axillary
panicles with unisexual greenish flowers; male
inflorescence 25-50 cm long; female inflorescence 5-15 cm
long, rusty pubescent. Drupe, compressed, obliquely
reniform, ca. 2cm, 1-seeded.
Habitat: Very rare in undisturbed evergreen forest in
swamps.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
wy:
Notes
I = a = = =
Covi, ae pe che
>,
84
Na at 4 fi x! NE i? é
+ 4 . . er 4
a. A ’s . oa e =
E. Trees With Leaves
Trinerved (3) or More
Nerved From Base
i)
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2)
i)
—
oO
LL
FI & Fr:
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi eit,
; ) a
Lomi = with
Piliostigma foveolatum: 1) Tree, 2) Leaf (underneath) with fruits,
3) Fruits
ay
a
q PILIOSTIGMA FOVEOLATUM (Dalzell) Thoth
(h a : Family: Fabaceae
ef Synonym: Bauhinia foveolata Dalzell
ee Kannada name: Basavana pada mara
ii Field Identification: Large trees with straight boles;
sy Yellowish grey, smooth bark with small irregular knots.
*, Leaves 13-17 nerved from base.
} Botanical description: Leaves alternate, 10-18 cm long,
broad, suborbicular, base deeply cordate, apex 2-lobed.
Flowers scarlet red, subsessile in racemes. Calyx
ferruginous-tomentose; tube 3-4 mm long. Petals ovate-
oblong. Pods linear-oblong, tomentose, twisted, stalked,
red.
Habitat: Rare in moist to dry deciduous forest.
aes
~ Sle .
as
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
ve’ <<“T EE
. 87
4 \ ‘ ry, ~
a By) |
=. oe 4 e = .. @- & \ |y —
i Cie. ae! — oS é
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull. Arg.
Tree type: Evergreen — Deciduous
Forest type
ys
757
LO,
ae. s/t
@
= Mallotus philippensis: 1) Tree branches with fruits, 2) Leafy twig, 3)
va Twig with young fruits, 4) Mature fruits.
5 = 88 ; ar
|] o_o
“for ¢ oe a ~
> Vas ew i" oS
25 MALLOTUS PHILIPPENSIS (Lam.) Mull. Arg.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Kannada name: Kumkumada mara
' Field Identification: Branchlets rusty tomentose. Ovate
Fas fh toothed (or entire) leaves 3-nerved at base with reddish
Bi glands beneath.
Rs Botanical description: Small, evergreen tree. Leaves
) alternate, 8-23 x 3-12 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base
rounded or acute, apex acuminate, margins entire or
serrate, glabrous above, fulvous-tomentose and red
glandular beneath. Flowers greenish-yellow, in terminal,
brick red spikes or racemes. Sepals 4-5, lanceolate. Stamens
numerous. Female flowers in short spikes. Ovary with red
glands. Capsule c. 1 cm in diam., 3-lobed, covered with red
powder.
Habitat: Common in semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Fruit powder used in worm infestations, scabies ring
worm and other conditions. Dye from the red glands
flowering fruits used for dyeing silk. Hanuman Langur
feed on fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Pterygota alata (roxb.) R. Br.
Tree type: )
i)
Q
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pe)
=)
2)
i)
—
oO
LL
wnt NM, willl
Pterygota alata : 1) Tree, 2) Dry leaf and flowers, 3) Flowers. 4) Fruit
wh PTERYGOTA ALATA (Roxb.) R. Br.
Family: Malvaceae
Synonym: Sterculia alata Roxb.
Kannada name: Kolu gida, Kotte, Talbe mara
Bis fh Field Identification: Huge trees with buttresses, with
ee straight bole; young parts covered with dense golden-
* yellow stellate pubescence; Leaves ovate, palmately 7-
’ ribbed with long petioles.
Botanical description: Leaves crowded at the ends of
branches; up to 10-30 x 8-19 cm, ovate, acute apex,
chartaceous, cordate at base, glabrous, 3-7 nerved; petioles
5-9 cm long. Flowers short pedicelled, in rusty tomentose
panicles, up to 2.5 cm across. Calyx companulate, deeply 5-
6 lobed, rusty tomentose outside. Petals 0. Female flowers
with 5 ovaries, sessile, style recurved. Follicles c. 12 cm
across, globose, woody.
Habitat: Rare, but sometimes gregarious in dense
evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Seeds are roasted and eaten.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Pterospermum reticulatum Wight & Arn.
i)
Q
>
pe)
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2)
oO
—
O
LL
Uses
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
IUCN
Pterospermum reticulatum : 1) Leafy twig, 2) Leafy twig underneath,
3) Fruits.
» |‘ PTEROSPERMUM RETICULATUM Wight & Am.
Family: Malvaceae
Synonym: Pterospermum heyneanum Wall. ex. Wight & Arn.
Field Identification: Bark brownish-grey, rough, with
BS longitudinally arranged lenticels. Young shoots covered
es with ferruginous stellate pubescence. Leaf base
* asymmetric. Differs from P. diversifolium in having
a narrower leaves and whitish tomentose beneath.
Botanical description: Leaves 10-12 x 5-8 cm, oblong-
obovate, base rounded or subcordate to slightly oblique,
apex long acuminate, entire or coarsely toothed at apex,
palmately 3-5 ribbed, prominently reticulate and grey
pubescent beneath; petioles up to 1.5 cm long. Flowers
white, fragrant. Calyx linear-lanceolate, tometose outside.
Petals obovate-oblong. Capsules up to 7 cm long, ovoid to
oblong, brown pubescent, splits into 5 valves on maturity
Seeds winged at one end.
Habitat: Frequent in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Sterculia guttata Roxb.
Tree type:
i)
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=)
2)
i}
—
O
LL
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
IUCN
Sterculia guttata. 1) Leafy branches, 2) Flowers, 3) Fruits opened, 4)
Fruits intact.
STERCULIA GUTTATA Roxb.
Family: Malvaceae
Kannada name: Hulithardu mara
Field Identification: Young shoots clothed with stellate
tomentum. Leaves palmately 3-5 nerves; velvety hairy
beneath.
Botanical description: Medium sized, deciduous trees.
Leaves 25 x 12 cm, simple, clustered towards tips of
branches, base rounded or sub-cordate, apex acuminate,
palmately 3-5 nerved, glabrous above, softly tomentose
beneath petioles; stipulate, petioles up to 6 cm long,
thickened at tip, pubescent. Flowers yellow-purple, foetid,
in terminal or axillary racemes, crowded at the ends of
branches.. Calyx densely tomentose. Anthers 10-12. Fruits
1-5 developing from a single flower, up to 7.5 cm long,
obovoid, rugose with bright red-to pink outside when
mature. Seeds black, ovoid.
Habitat: Outskirts and forest edges in evergreen to semi-
evergreen forests.
Uses: Seeds are reported to be edible. Hanuman Langur
feed on seeds. Seed extract has insecticidal value. Bark
yields strong fibre.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Strychnos nux-vomica L.
Tree type:
Forest type
2
ver:
Uses Me
| Endemism
Ecosys. Value
| ' >
enn tiwild eins
Strychnos nux-vomica : 1) Leafy branch, 2) Young fruit 3) Ripe fruit,
STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA L.
Family: Loganiaceae
Kannada name: Kasaraka, Ittemajura.
Field Identification: Branchlets often with short sharp
axillary spines. Bark greyish-yellow, lenticellate. Inner
bark yellow. Leaves opposite, 3-5 nerved with middle 3
nerves prominent. Differs from Cinnamomum sp or
Neolitsea sp, which have fragrant aromatic leaves when
crushed and 3-nerved. Also differs from Celtis timorensis
which have more shining broader leaves, 3-nerved, and
crenate-serrate at tip.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, 6-15 x 4.5-10 cm,
broadly ovate or elliptic ovate. obtuse, base rounded, apex
obtuse or shortly acuminate, shining, 5-nerved. Flowers
numerous, greenish-white; tube c.8 mm long; lobes 5.
Stamens 5. Berry 2.5-5 cm in diam., globose, orange red
when ripe.
Habitat: In moist deciduous forest, degraded forest and
scrub jungles.
Uses: Fruits eaten by forest animals such as Hanuman
Langur. Hornbills feed on fruits. Seeds, bark and roots are
used in medicine.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
wy:
Notes
I = a = = =
Covi, ae pe che
>,
98
Na at 4 fi x! NE i? é
+ 4 . . er 4
a. A ’s . oa e =
F. Trees with leaves
clustered or whorled
at the ends of branches
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
e |
Ecosys. Value Wi } | | _
wen : ime
Alstonia scholaris : 1) Tree, 2) Umbellate cymes, 3) Bark exuding
milky latex, 4) Flowering twig, 5) Fruiting twig.
100
ey ALSTONIA SCHOLARIS (L.) R. Br.
Family: Apocynaceae
Kannada name: Maddale.
' Field Identification: Large, somewhat buttressed trees
PS. Ay with strongly fluted stem and milky latex; greyish white
es rough bark. Leaves in whorls of 4-7.
Re Botanical description: Young branches lenticellate.
) Leaves, oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, 7-17 x 6 cm, base
acute to slightly obtuse, apex rounded to notched at apex.
Flowers in umbellate cymes; strongly scented; corolla
greenish-white, fragrant, tube 6-9 mm long, with short and
soft hairs; corollamouth long and soft hairs at the mouth,
lobes wedge-shaped, oblong, 2.5 mm long. Follicles 20-60
cm long, cylindric, pendulous. Seeds light with brown
hairs.
Habitat: Found occasionally in evergreen and semi-
evergreen forests or as isolated trees even in rocky places.
Uses: Bark and leaves used in traditional medicine for
malaria, other fevers, ulcers, worm infestations etc. yellow
dye obtained from the bark.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
ys 101
ic)
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t=
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LL
Me Ed Or <
Sm
. 4 ~
Wi _S
| Sod
| es = f |
Oly E }
ee Pee eee T LY al
oe. Dillenia pentagyna: 1) Tree trunk, 2) Tree habit, 3) Leafy twig, 4)
aes Fruiting twig, 5) Fruits and seeds
“yr ~
“
)
ZL
DILLENIA PENTAGYNA Roxb.
Family: Dilleniaceae
Kannada name: Kanagilu, Kalthega
Field Identification: Moderate sized deciduous trees with
large, simple leaves having channeled petioles and
sheathing base and many strongly parallel, lateral veins.
Greyish-shining, scaly bark and V-shaped, prominent leaf
scars.
Botanical description: Leaves to 60 x 20 cm, obovate to
oblong-lanceolate, clustered at the end of branches,
dentate margins, acute, veins hairy beneath when young.
Flowers fragrant, 2.5-3 cm across in fascicles on old leafless
branches; pedicels up to 6 cm long. Sepals orbicular,
brown. Petals yellow, obovate, apex rounded. Carpels 5.
Fruits 2.5-4 cm across, yellow, with fleshy sepals. Seeds
reniform.
Habitat: Seen in moist deciduous to dry forests; fire
tolerant but with stunted growth in savanna type
formations.
Uses: Fruits edible and make notable food for wild animals
such as Hanuman Langur, Indian Giant Squirrel, Indian
Gaur etc; Langur also feeds on tender leaves. Leaves used
for manure and for medicinal purposes. Kerala forest
tribes use tender leaves as food
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
a
iS rae
a 4 *
< ~~ r ‘, .
1 eae Lae
4 4
; |
i
,
ie
103
Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
Ecosys. Value W
IUCN Gr=- | EnV mm re
-.— Elaeocarpus tuberculatus: 1) Bark, 2) Inflorescence, 3) Tree branch,
me 4) Fruiting twig, 5) Fruits and seed.
oll Pd
i ee
104
ea ae aie cat (Pan : a2 _<f aes 1
ae ELAEOCARPUS TUBERCULATUS Roxb.
Family: Elaeocarpaceae
Kannada name: Bhutali,
' Field Identification: Trees with huge buttresses, mostly
Fa riverine; large obovate leaves crowded at the end of
ee branches, turns bright red before shedding.
Botanical description: Bark smooth, pale brown. Leaves
) up to 26 x 14cm, crowded at the ends of branches, obovate,
base narrowed to truncate, apex rounded to obtuse,
minutely serrulate, hairy on nerves beneath. Flowers pure
white, 2-2.5 cm across. Sepals linear-lanceolate, fulvous-
pubescent. Petals wedge shape, silky long hairy outside,
lacinate. Stamens 40-50. Ovary conical, silky villous.
Drupes ovoid, smooth. Stones 2-valved, flattened,
tubercled.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest mostly
riverine.
Uses: Stones used to make rosaries and necklaces and used
for medicinal purpose.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
ys 105
Holigarna arnottiana Hook.
Tree type: Deciduous
Forest type
4
F he
a
<=
eRe
rr
cor
Ed
Endemism WG
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN
Holigarna arnottiana: 1) Tree trunk with blaze, 2) Fruiting twig, 3)
Leafy twig, 4) Spurs, 5) Fruits and seeds.
106 =
HOLIGARNA ARNOTTIANA Hook.
Family: Anacardiaceae
Kannada name: Holegeru
Field Identification: Petiole with a pair of spurs at tip; leaf
acute tip, veins up to 20 pairs. H. ferruginea differs in
having obovate leaves, obtuse tips and lateral nerves about
10 pairs; spurs falling early and petioles stout. H. nigra
differs in having spathulate leaves with rounded or
emarginate apex.
Botanical description: Trees with black caustic juice.
Leaves up to 25 x 9 cm, oblanceolate, cuneate-obovate,
apex acute, glabrous; petioles to 2.5 cm, spurs brownish
hairy at tip. Panicles with golden-brown pubescence.
Flowers yellowish-brown. Petals c. 4 mm long. Drupes 1-
2.5 x 0.5-1 cm, obliquely ovoid, black when ripe.
Habitat: Insemi-evergreen and disturbed forest.
Note: All Holigarna sp have tree and leaf sap which is
caustic causing blisters on skin; might be allergic.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
t = >’
. Pal See
x - q ;
> a 4
j
:
,
2
107
Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
, ~~ E cA i z =
Forest type i
J 2 Se Ay
FI&Fr:
ft f°
a) Holigarna grahamii : 1) Bark, 2) Petioles with 2 pairs of spurs, 3)
Leafy twig, 4) Tree in flowers
}
Z
-
HOLIGARNA GRAHAMII (Wight) Kurz.
Family: Anacardiaceae
Kannada name: Dodda holegeru
Field identification: Leaves large, golden-tomentose,
petioles with 2-4 spurs. Leaves oblanceolate, suddenly
broadened at the middle and finely pubescent beneath.
Botanical description: Trees with black caustic juice.
Leaves to 45 x 20 cm, oblanceolate, abruptly broadening
above the middle, acuminate at the apex, cuneate at apex,
finely pubescent beneath; spurs, early deciduous; lateral
nerves 22-30 pairs. Flowers whitish or yellowish-green, 3-7
mm across, crowded, in rufous-tomentose panicles. Drupe
c.2.5cm long, oblong-ovoid.
Habitat: Dense evergreen to semi-evergreen forest
Uses: Important fodder trees of Hanuman Langur and
Lion Tailed Macaques. Extract of various Holigarna spp.
inhibit various kind of human pathogens. In traditional
medicine used for treating arthritis, dysentery, skin
diseases etc.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
109
Tree type:
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
2) Tree trunk with wood
,
annea coromandelica: 1) Leafy branches
incision, 3) Fruiting branch close up 4) Fruits and seeds.
L
LANNEA COROMANDELICA (Houtt.) Merr.
Family: Anacardiaceae
Kannada name: Gojjalu, Goddana mara
Field Identification: Bark ash coloured, flaking off in thin
irregular scales; inner wood red, mucilaginous. Young
shoots rusty tomentose.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, imparipinnate,
20-45 cm long; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 5-11.5 x 4-6 cm ovate,
elliptic, base oblique, apex long acuminate, margins entire,
stellate pubescent beneath. Flowers yellow, appearing
when leafless, in cymose fascicles. Calyx ovate-orbicular.
Petals 3-4 cm, greenish-white or tinged with purple. Drupe
c. 1.2cmlong reniform, reddish-brown.
Habitat: Occasional in dry rocky areas of moist deciduous
forests.
Uses: Used medicinally, wood used for many purposes,
and leaves as fodder. Bats feed on fruits. Hanuman Langur
uses fruits and tender leaves and flowers; Chital feeds on
flowers.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
4 I
+ PS See»
he vrs
x - q ,
2 vs c
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:
>
Z
et
Madhuca bourdillonii (Gamble) H. J. Lam
Tree type: Deciduous
Forest type
=
he
=
hy Ae =
FI & Fr:
fen
IUCN
0 milled ole) - wnt AW! anita bd]
Madhuca bourdillonii: 1) Tree, 2) Branches, 3) Leaves with brownish-
orange tomentum on midribs, 4) Leafy twig (Underneath), 5)
Flowers, 6) Fruits.
2 .
MADHUCA BOURDILLONII (Gamble) H. J. Lam
a | Family: Sapotaceae
a, Synonym: Bassia bourdillonii Gamble
Kannada name: Dodda Hippe
ai Field Identification: Bark greyish-brown, deeply fissured
ey and flaky, with milky latex. Petioles and underside of leaf
* midrib and veins with brownish-orange, woolly hairs.
Botanical description: Large trees. Leaves, simple,
clustered at the ends of branches, to 20-32 x 6-10 cm; lateral
nerves 20-25; leaf base narrowing into short, thick, hairy
petiole. Flowers in dense clusters from axils of fallen leaves
or of older leaves. Flower pedicel 1.5-2 cm long covered
with dense hairs. Sepals 4, hairy outside. Ovary glabrous.
Fruits berries, 2-3 seeded.
Habitat: Very rare in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest;
closer to streams.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
BH bed KU Ey KW VIE SR aa MU HA JO
113
Pittosporum dasycaulon Mig.
Tree type: Evergreen — Deciduous
i)
jo}
>
pe)
=)
wn
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+=
ie)
LL
Me
Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN Cr Eno || Vu
Pittosporum dasycaulon: 1) Leafy branches, 2) Tree trunk, 3) Leafy
twig 4) Seeds and fruits.
ae: PITTOSPORUM DASYCAULON Mica.
Family: Pittosporaceae
Field Identification: Branches lenticellate. Young
' branchlets, buds densely and rusty tomentose. Leaves
aa margins undulating; nerves finely reticulated; orange to
es reddish seeds inside capsular fruit.
Botanical description: Small sized evergreen trees. Leaves
alternate, thinly coriaceous, lanceolate or broadly ovate,
up to 15 x 6cm, glabrous or midrib hairy beneath, crowded
towards apex of branches. Petioles channelled above, up to
1.2 cm. Flowers c. 1 cm across, in short dense tomentose
terminal corymbs. Sepals ovate. Petals yellowish-green,
oblong. Ovary densely tomentose. Capsule c. 1.3 cm in
diam., globose, 2-valved, crowned with persistent style.
Seeds 4, orange to reddish.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest preferring
open areas.
Uses: Reputed in Ayurvedic medicine as expectorant and
febrifuge.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
4 NTs)
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—
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LL
f Uses
Endemism
He. ak thd
Terminalia bellirica : 1) Tree leafless with flowering spikes, 2) Bark,
3) Leafy branches, 4) Fruits and seeds.
Na lh bag: OE en ; a? <7 >a /\.
a: TERMINALIA BELLIRICA (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Family: Combretaceae
Kannada name: Taare mara
Field Identification: Large buttressed tree with shallowly
Bs fh fissured bark and often ashy coating. Leaves crowded at
ee the ends of branches with long petioles; sessile glands at
*, the apex of petiole.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, up to 20 x 10 cm,
ovate-obovate or broadly elliptic, apex obtuse or acute,
glabrous, coriaceous; petioles up to 10 cm long. Flowers
yellowish-green, foetid, c. 5 mm across, in axillary spikes.
Calyx densely villous inside, recurved. Drupes
subglobose, c. 2.5 x 2 cm, minutely brown tomentose,
faintly 5-ridged.
Habitat: Outskirts of evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Fruits extensively used in medicine. The kernels are
edible. Ripe fruits have alcoholic effect. Fruits eaten by
wild animals such as Indian Gaint squirrel, Hanuman
Langur etc.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
‘ EG)
wy:
Notes
I = a = = =
Covi, ae pe che
>,
118
Na at 4 fi x! NE i? é
+ 4 . . AL
a. A ’s . oa ge =
G. Trees W
Simple, Opp
And Serrate Leaves
Callicarpa tomentosa L.
Tree type: rgr
Forest type
Fl & Fr: [a
Uses ys Ae
oe. Callicarpa tomentosa: 1) Leafy twig with flower buds, 2) Flowering
twig, 3) Flowering and fruiting twig, 4) Flowers close up
STE rae Cag a Be Se Ree. Fi \ {
y er =" a, nr = ae >
i st
a] - mx
- 4
4 “i CALLICARPA TOMENTOSA L.
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Field Identification: Branchlets and young leaves clothed
with dense, wooly white, stellate tomentum.
ey Botanical description: Small trees or shrubs. Leaves to 30 x
Bs 20 cm, elliptic-ovate, base rounded, apex acuminate,
i hirsute on nerves above, densely white tomentose beneath,
, margins entire or minutely serrate. Flowers terminal
umbellate cymes. Calyx c. 2.5 mm long, 4-lobed,
tomentose. Corolla 4 mm long reddish-purple. Ovary 2-
celled. Drupes c. 4 mm across, globose, turning purple-
black.
Habitat: In outskirts of semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Aqueous extract of leaves for dressing wounds, boils,
itches etc; roots also with similar actions. Other parts also
have various medicinal uses.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
SS a
a SSE
121
a
Tetrapilus diocus (Roxb.) L. A. S.
honson
(oD)
jos
>=
pa)
~
n
iD)
—
je)
LL
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN
Tetrapilus diocus: 1) Tree trunk with white lenticels, 2) Leafy
twig with flowers, 3) Flowering branch close up 4) Fruiting branch.
TETRAPILUS DIOCUS (Roxb.) L. A. S. Jhonson
Family: Oleaceae
Synonym: Olea dioica Roxb.
Kannada name: Akkiarkalu, Akkasale, Madle
Field Identification: Bark rough, brownish-grey,
shallowly vertically grooved and white lenticellate.
Branchlets lenticellate. Inner wood soft, yellow with
characteristic tamarind smell. Leaves opposite, mostly
serrate.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, 5-15 x 3-5 cm,
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, distantly
serrate or sometimes entire, base acute, coriaceous,
glabrous. Flowers in axillary or extra-axillary panicles,
fragrant. Corolla tubular companulate, c. 2.5 mm long,
creamy white turn brown on ageing. Stamens 2. Drupes
ellipsoid, c.1.2 cm long, purple to black when ripe.
Habitat: Common in disturbed forest and forest openings
in evergreen to moist deciduous forest.
Uses: Ripe fruits though bitter eaten by many wild animals
(eg. Hanuman Langur). Host to many butterflies and birds.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
> ares:
eS oe y Ps
ae BAAS oS
4 f
] wate
K
. 5
4
123
wy:
Notes
I = a = = =
Covi, ae pe che
>,
124
Na at 4 fi x! NE i? é
+ 4 . . AL
a. A ’s . oa ge =
H. Trees With
Simple, Opposite
and Entire Leaves
ve : >
i -— e-
Calophyllum polyanthum Wall. Ex Choisy
Tree type: Deciduous
Forest type
Uses
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi : |
| |
0 i'd «!
- a n0itwthel
Calophyllum polyanthum: 1) Tree habit, 2) Leaves, 3) Fruits, 4) Seeds,
5) A piece of illicitly felled tree.
CALOPHYLLUM POLYANTHUM Wall. ex Choisy
Family: Calophyllaceae
Synonym: Calophyllum tomentosum non Wight
Kannada name: Surahonne
Field Identification: Very tall lofty trees with cylindrical
stem unbranched till the top crown. Bark normally
yellowish brown to dark brown, with deep, longitudinal
fissures unlike Mimusops elengi with shallow fissures and
bark without yellow shade. It differs from Calophyllum
apetalum which has obtuse or retuse leaf apex.
Botanical description: Young parts more or less rusty
tomentose; branchlets 4-angled. Leaves to 15 X 5 cm,
elliptic oblong, narrowed at base, acuminate at apex,
glabrous, coriaceous, shining, margins entire or
undulating. Inflorescence terminal with flowers 1-2 cm
across, white; pedicel tomentose. Sepals unequal, 4. Petals
4, Stamens many. Drupe c. 2 cm across, obliquely-ovoid,
pointed.
Habitat: Mostly found in undisturbed evergreen forest.
Uses: Fruits edible and are important wildlife food
resource. Trees host many forest birds including
Hornbills. Seed oil used for illumination. Good
construction timber.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
ie : tonne
Calophyllum apetalum Willd.
Tree type: Deciduous
Forest type
Calophyllum apetalum : 1) Tree habit, 2) Bark, 3) Leafy twig, 4)
Fruiting twig.
128
Mh doe SEE : a2 _<f aes y'\
a CALOPHYLLUM APETALUM Willd.
Family: Calophyllaceae
Kannada name: Hole-honne
' Field Identification: Large trees with yellowish brown,
Bf fissured bark; Distinguished from C. polyanthum by obtuse
es or retuse leaf apex and lighter bark with shallower furrows.
i Botanical description: Leaf petiole to 0.5 cm long; leaf
blade 5-12 x 2.5-4 cm, oblong-obovate, apex obtuse or
retuse, base rounded or cuneate, leathery, shining above,
paler beneath; lateral nerves close. Flowers white, in
racemes; pedicels 1.5 cm long. Sepals 4, biseriate. Petals
absent. Drupes 1.5-2 cm long, ellipsoid, smooth, and
yellowish-orange.
Habitat: Commonly along shaded river and stream sides in
evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Ripe fruits edible. Used for medicinal purpose in
rheumatism. Seeds oil for skin diseases and rheumatism
and for lighting. Timber used in construction.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
4 is
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merrill.
Tree type: Deciduous
Forest type
M
Carallia brachiata : 1) Tree with stilt roots, 2) Bark, 3) Branches 4)
Flowering twig, 5) Fruits and seeds (black).
el
——- imma
Omi Bh ew ooaitnhd]
130
CARALLIA BRACHIATA (Lour.) Merrill.
Family: Rhizophoraceae
Synonym: Carallia integerrima DC.
Kan: Andu, Anda-muragalu
Field Identification: Trees sometimes with stilt roots
particularly in riverine areas. Bark with prominent
pistullar-lenticulate rough surface. (From far leaves look
similar to Garcinia gummi-gutta which exudes yellow sap
from stem when blazed. No yellow sap in C.brachiata).
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, thick, 7-12 x 4-6.5
cm, entire, obovate, rounded-emarginate to obtuse and
with many close parallel veins. Flowers small, white,
sessile, in axillary trichotomous cymes. Calyx c. 4mm long;
lobes 6-8. Petals as many as calyx lobes; orbicular, 2-fid,
clawed. Stigma 4-5 lobed. Berries 1-seeded, c.6 mm long,
red.
Habitat: Common near riverine, wet areas of evergreen to
semi-evergreen forests.
Uses: Bark used for medicinal purposes such as itches.
Fruits edible and many forest birds (Starlings) and animals
like Hanuman Langur feed on it. Timber for veneer and
plywood.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
x ; eon ae
> . > } 4
ay
Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P. S. Green
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
(oD)
Qa
>=
pa)
~
n
iD)
—
je)
LL
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
IUCN E
= : -L. jo @ rel +o sadaldil ate’
Chionanthus mala-elengi: 1) Flowering twig, 2) Stem with corky
dots, 3) Leaves, 4) Flowers.
132
Es eZ foe ee .- : v9 a
La a SE, aay * =~ Pe ad vo
hee T~
: b a id ae = rn Fe ae Tw . >
4 - CHIONANTHUS MALA-ELENGI (Dennst.) P. S. Green
a | Family: Oleaceae
ay Synonym: Linociera malabarica Wall ex G. Don
Kannada name: Akkarkal, Horiakkimara
Bf Field Identification: Bark greyish, covered with raised
es corky dots. Leaves often white dotted and lateral nerves
* about 10 pairs, joining in loops.
Botanical description: Medium sized tree. Leaves
opposite, up to 12 x 5 cm, elliptic-oblong to elliptic, base
cuneate, apex obtuse or abruptly acuminate, margins
revolute. Flowers small, white or yellowish white,
odorous, in axillary fascicles. Calyx 2 mm long, grey
pubescent. Petals 4, c. 6 cm long, linear-lanceolate. Fruit a
drupe, 8-12 mm long, ellipsoid, slightly curved.
Habitat: In outskirts of evergreen to semi-evergreen forest
and stream sides.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
‘ 2. % .
a SSE
133
Ye Eugenia roxburghii dc.
(oD)
jos
>
pa)
~
n
cD)
—
je)
LL
FI & Fr:
Uses
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
IUCN
Cag at RS pm. Es g? . »
a —— ty os . <~s 23 Ny
Co!) or | _—
EUGENIA ROXBURGHII Dc.
Family: Myrtaceae
Synonym: Eugenia macrosepala Duthie
Field Identification: Large shrubs, or small trees. Young
branchlets brownish with grey pubescence. Young leaves
pubescent.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, to 5-13 x 2.5-4.5
cm, elliptic-oblong, apex shortly or obtusely acuminate,
base usually acute, glabrous when old, lateral nerves
conspicuous beneath. Flowers sessile, white, lateral from
leaf axils, solitary or in pairs; bracteoles 2, linear. Calyx 4-
lobed, clothed with white hairs. Petals ciliate.
Habitat: Understorey plants of evergreen to semi-
evergreen forest in ghats, preferably in low to mid altitude.
135
Euonymus indicus b. Heyne ex wall.
Tree type: [JEVergreeml) Deciduous
1D)
Qa
>
pa)
~
n
cD)
—
je)
LL
FI&Fr: | J
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi
f 4 EUONYMUS INDICUS B. Heyne ex Wall.
i A Family: Celastraceae
Kannada name: Kad-dasal
Field Identification: Inner bark yellowish-orange when
shallowly blazed. Branchlets terete to somewhat angular.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, 4-8 x 2-4 cm,
elliptic, thinly coriaceous, glabrous, few serratures at the
apex. Flowers yellowish-red, with prominent disc, c. 2 cm
across, axillary, solitary or in peduncled cymes, star
shaped. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4-5, laciniate at the apex. Disc
5-lobed. Capsules c. 2 cm long, obcordate, 5-winged,
reddish.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forests along
streams.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
iced lt i
137
lxora brachiata roxb.
Tree type:
Deciduous
Forest type
FlI&Fr: J FMA
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi
L.. @ ~osedlil sit
Ixora brachiata : 1) Tree in flowering, 2) Twig with young flowers,
3) branches with flowers, 4) Fruits.
138
~" < DEO! Le SG Ne
vee IXORA BRACHIATA Roxb.
i a : Family: Rubiaceae
‘a Kannada name: Gurani, Garbale
i Field Identification: Leaf opposite with interpetiolar
Bay: Wy stipules and strongly scented, white flowers with thin
sy corolla tube; in sessile or shortly peduncled cymes.
: Botanical description: Leaves 6-20 x 3.5-7.5 cm, elliptic-
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse at apex, without hairs; leaf
stalk 1.4 cm long. Flowers in terminal, trichotomously
(thrice branched) branched corymbose cymes. Corolla tube
4-6 mm long. Stamens 4. Drupe 6-8 mm across, globose,
purplish-black when ripe. Seeds hemispherical.
Habitat: Under-storey trees in semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Fruits sweetish and eaten by wild animals and birds.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
139
Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight
Tree type: een
1D)
jos
>
pa)
~
n
iD)
—
je)
LL
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi
Lagerstroemia microcarpa: 1) Tree with peeling bark, 2) Whole
tree, 3) branch, 4) Flowering twig, 5) Fruits (down) and seeds.
Omid teed - and AN uit
140
LAGERSTROEMIA MICROCARPA Wight
Family: Lythraceae
Synonym: Lagerstroemia lanceolata Wall. Ex C.B. Clarke
Kannada name: Nandi mara
Field Identification: Smooth bark, yellowish to whitish-
grey, outer bark peeling off in large papery strips exposing
smooth inner bark white and fibrous; wood reddish.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, elliptic-lanceolate
or broadly ovate, up to 10 x 6 cm, acute or very shortly
acuminate at apex, coriaceous, usually hairy and glaucous
beneath. Flowers white, in large axillary and terminal
panicles. Calyx pink, hoary tomentose. Petals c. 0.7 cm
long, obovate-spathulate. Capsule ellipsoid, up to 1.8 cm
long, ellipsoid or oblong. Seeds winged.
Habitat: Frequent in semi-evergreen to deciduous forests.
Large trees in evergreen forests indicates past disturbances
suchas forest fire and clearing.
Uses: Wood for construction and boats.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
4 I
+ Pon See»
he vrs
x - q ,
2 vs c
§ 1
> “ 4
J with]
‘
:
>
Z
141
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
Tree type:
1D)
Qa
>
pas)
~
n
iD)
—
je)
LL
Uses
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
IUCN ( En
Lagerstroemia speciosa: 1) & 2) Flowering branches, 3) Fruits,
4) Seeds.
LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA (L.) PERS.
Family: Lythraceae
Synonym: Lagerstroemia flos-reginae Retz.
Kannada name: Hole-Dasavala, Taman
Field Identification: Bark smooth, white, scaling off in thin
plates; inner bark white, fibrous. Branches widely
spreading.
Botanical description: Leaves glabrous, upper leaves
opposite, up to 20 x 8 cm, oblong-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate at apex, pale beneath. Flowers purple-lilac, 5-7.5
cm across, in large terminal panicles; pedicel stout,
pubescent, with 2 thick, ovate, opposite bracteoles. Calyx
tube ribbed outside, tomentose. Petals sub-orbicular, long
clawed. Capsule broadly ovoid, up to 2.5 cm long, seated
on the woody ribbed calyx, seeds winged.
Habitat: Semi-evergreen to moist deciduous forests along
rivers and streams.
Uses: An ornamental tree and wood used for construction
and furniture.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
*
¥ r¢ = .
x - Ms ;
>». Se
K
5
.
}
143
Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.
Tree type: Evergreen — Deciduous
Forest type
Fl& Fr: ee ) 6A 6S h(O
M Eq Orava OU
e
Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN Gr En Vu
Lophopetalum wightianum: 1) Flowering twig 2) Tree with
buttressed base, 3) A branch, 4) Inflorescence, 5) Flowers in closer
LOPHOPETALUM WIGHTIANUM Arn.
Family: Celastraceae
Kannada name: Boralu paale, Banate, Belpaale, Sattale;
Field Identification: Large evergreen trees, to 40 m;
buttressed and with thick yellow serpentine roots from
base spreading on forest floor. Yellowish orange markings
on bark when scraped, rough, scaly, greyish bark mottled
with yellow. Wood reddish grey.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate to opposite, 8-15 x
4-7 cm, broadly elliptic or elliptic-oblong with entire
margins, glabrous on both surfaces, coriaceous. Flowers in
terminal or axillary paniculate cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, in
continuity with a prominent, fleshy, 5-lobed, purplish disc;
petals also purple with minutely dentate, wider, yellowish
tip, in continuity with disc lobes at base. Fruit capsular,
triangular outline, up to 14 cm long; seeds thin, broadly
winged.
Habitat: Found in evergreen-semi-evergreen forests;
prefers river and stream banks. Hanuman Langur feeds on
fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
*
"ae
¥
on
Memecylon talbotianum Brandis
Tree type: Deciduous
Forest type
Uses
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN
=, | Memecylon talbotianum: 1) Leafy branch, 2) Fruiting branch, 3)
Be Fruits and seeds
MEMECYLON TALBOTIANUM Brandis
Family: Melastomataceae
Kannada name: Belivaratha, Adachari
Field Identification: Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets
terete, dark green above, paler beneath with distinct
channeled petiole. Fruits orange/yellow. Differs from M.
edule which has sharply quadrangular branches and black-
purple fruits when ripe. M. malabaricum has leaves with
broad, cordate, amplexicaul base and black fruits.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, coriaceous, ovate
or elliptic, up to 10 x 5cm, shortly and obtusely acuminate,
narrowed into a short petiole at base, dull and yellowish
when dry, margins slightly revolute; lateral nerves
indistinct; petiole stout, channelled. Flowers small, blue,
sessile, in compact clusters, axillary or on old wood. Berry
globose or ovoid, yellow, up to 8 mm across, crowned with
a calyx tube, turning yellow when ripe.
Habitat: Understorey trees in evergreen to semi-evergreen
forest.
Uses: Birds and animals feed on berries. Wood used for
walking sticks and charcoal; leafy branches used for
thatching.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
es ol Gans ‘
aM
Mesua ferrea L.
Forest type
CPN 2
<a =
| P ‘canes
FI & Fr:
J FMAM J
T |
mma
)
wll LA. saw sonal
oe, Mesua ferrea: 1) Tree trunk portion, 2) Leafy twig, 3) Leaf
underneath showing whitish-glaucous waxy meal 4) Flower 5) Fruit
Pid] and seeds.
148
DV id
& ot Ee : as i . ar : a 7 a bed
i
oe MESUA FERREA L.
Family: Calophyllaceae
Kannada name: Nagasampige, Nagakesara
' Field Identification: Bark reddish-brown to greyish,
ay flaking off as thin, large scales. Leaves lateral veins very
ee fine and numerous, with whitish-glaucous waxy meal
a beneath.
Botanical description: Large trees. Leaves opposite, 5-12 x
2-4 cm, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, base subacute, apex
acuminate, red when tender, nerves at right angle to the
midrib. Flowers white, 5-8 cm across, bisexual, usually
solitary, axillary or terminal, pedicellate. Sepals 4,
orbicular. Stamens numerous, yellow. Fruit ovoid, 2.5-5 cm
in diam., woody, surrounded by enlarged sepals. Seeds
dark brown, 1-4, large.
Habitat: Rare in evergreen and semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Used for medicinal purpose. Flowers and stamens
are good haemostat. Oil extracted from seeds useful for
soaps. Essential oil from flower distillation for soap aroma.
Wood used in construction purposes. Bonnet Macaque
why feed on leaves.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
aM 149
Neolamarckia cadamba (roxb.) Bosser
Tree type: Evergreen — Deciduous j
(oD)
jos
>
pas)
~~
n
cD)
—
je)
LL
Av OU
Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi aif
IUCN Geoalfenclwa
{Mite aberd = mot AHIMA
Neolamarckia cadamba: 1) Tree with horizontal branches, 2) Tree, 3)
Leafy branches, 4) Flowering head.
150
Fass ae
NEOLAMARCKIA CADAMBA (Roxb.) Bosser
Family : Rubiaceae
Synonym: Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq
Kannada name: Kadamba mara, Neerubale
Field Identification: Large riverine trees, old trees
buttressed; bark pale brown, vertically shallowly grooved.
Branches horizontally spreading; stipules interpetiolar.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, up to 30 x 15 cm,
coriaceous, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate,
glabrous and shining above, pubescent beneath, margins
undulating, base usually rounded, sometimes cordate;
main lateral nerves parallel, prominent on both sides.
Flowers fragrant, in solitary terminal, globular heads, c. 3.5
cm across. Calyx lobes 5, linear. Corolla orange or pale
yellow; tube c. 1 cm long; lobes 5, lanceolate. Stamens 5.
Fruits c.6 mm long, globose, yellow when ripe.
Habitat: Occasional along streams and rivers.
Uses: Bark and leaf used for medicinal purpose. Fruits and
flowers used to prepare wine. Leaves eaten by Hanuman
Langur. Wood soft, used for packing purposes.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
> —" i
pe 2
151
Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson
Tree type: Deciduous
Une
vey
a
" &
a? ¥.
# Forest type wy
Uses Me OU
.( an
Ecosys. Value _
IUCN y ~ oll. a
oe. Psydrax umbellata: 1) Bark 2) Leafy twig, 3) Flowering twig, 4)
Flowers close up, 5) Unripe fruits.
1s
jew © vest
> ae LS 2) ees Le ~ =
a PSYDRAX UMBELLATA (Wight) Bridson
Family: Rubiaceae
Synonym: Canthium dicoccum var. umbellatum (Wight)
Santapau & Merch.
Kannada name: Hanigeri
es Field Identification: Bark shallowly fissured. Leaves with
* waxy coating and domatia in axils of lateral nerves.
Botanical description: A small evergreen tree; branchlets
more or less quadrangular. Leaves opposite, up to 15 x 7
cm, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or shortly acuminate at apex.
Flowers 5-merous, in pedunculate umbels, fragrant.
Corolla c.8 mm long, densely white hairy in throat; lobes 5.
Stamens 5. Drupes obovoid, c. 7 mm across, black when
ripe.
Habitat: Occasional in outskirts of semi-evergreen forests
and scrubby wet forest.
Uses: Bark employed for medicinal treatment such as
fracture. Wood is very hard and having several uses.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
< & o ~S
s- x 2
a3
Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston
Tree type:
7 Forest type '
$i ’ , “aut
Lea anita, aiwtil
oe. Syzygium caryophyllatum : 1) Tree with ripe fruits, 2) Tree with
aerial roots, 3) Flowering twig.
ty SYZYGIUM CARYOPHYLLATUM (L.) Alston
Family: Myrtaceae
Kannada name: Kuntu-nerale
' Field Identification: Small trees to large shrubs with terete,
Fas.» brownish branches with dark green, thick, obovate,
ee opposite leaves. Trees near stream have aerial roots.
y Botanical description: Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, up
) to 10 x 5.5 cm, coriaceous, lateral nerves numerous, apex
obtuse or suddenly bluntly acuminate, shining above, pale
and gland dotted beneath, coriaceous. Flowers sub-sessile,
white, in terminal corymbose dichotomous cymes with
quadrangular branches. Petals calyptrate, sub-orbicular.
Berry depressed globose, up to 8-10 mm in diam.
Habitat: Common along streams, moist areas, and coastal
laterite forests.
Uses: Fruits edible. Flowers host to numerous insect
population including bees, butterflies, wasps etc.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
A 155
Ig?
=
(oD)
jos
>
pa)
~~
n
cD)
—
je)
LL
Me Ed Or Av
Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi
be IUCN
- “| Syzygium cumini : 1) Leafy branches, 2) Flowering twig, 3) Fruiting
me branch, 4) Seeds.
156
SYZYGIUM CUMINI (L.) Skeels
Family: Myrtaceae
Kannada name: Nerale mara
Field Identification: Old trees having cracked bark, and
sometimes with shallow depressions. Leaves fragrant
when crushed. (Leaves differs from S. gardneri which have
caudate-acuminate narrow leaves, and S. hemisphericum
which have light brownish-grey smooth bark, and thicker
leaves).
Botanical description: Leaves slender, opposite; blade
elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse-acuminate, 10-14 x 3-6
cm; pellucid-dotted, with intra-marginal nerves, lateral
nerves very numerous and close; petiole up to 1.2 cm long.
Flowers whitish, sweet scented in compound trichotomous
cymes. Calyx tube turbinate, 0.5 cm long. Corolla covered
by cap like appendage (calyptrate). Berry globose or
oblong, 1.2-3.8 cm long, black-purple.
Habitat: Insemi-evergreen to moist deciduous forest.
Uses: Used for medicinal purpose. Fruits edible and
important food source for wild animals and birds. Wood
Used for agricultural implements and construction
purposes.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
wal
x Rr
"hi.4 ‘ be bt
. t i <
i, OEP
} f
> 4
4
’
¥
ie
>
2 157
Syzygium hemisphericum (wight) Alston
Tree type:
oD)
jos
>
pas)
~~
n
iD)
—
je)
LL
Uses Me Ed OU
Endemism BE
Vi |
|
0 wl. = -_
Syzygium hemisphericum: 1) Tree branches, 2) Bark with blaze, 3)
Fallen flowers, 4) Seeds.
i ae 2 eee XP 3
ow SYZYGIUM HEMISPHERICUM (Wight) Alston
\ re . Family: Myrtaceae
Kannada name: Bananerale
Field Identification: Bark light brownish-grey,
Ff moderately hard, sometimes with small aerial roots from
ey base. (Also see S.cumini).
i Botanical description: Leaves opposite, up to 12 x 6 cm,
ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, base tapering, acuminate
or obtuse at apex, nerves inconspicuous above, more
prominent beneath, coriaceous, minutely dotted; petioles
up to 1.2 cm long. Flowers in axillary and terminal panicled
cymes, up to 3 cm across, fragrant, white. Calyx 0.6-1 cm
long, tube hemispherical. Petals c. 8 mm long, sub-
orbicular. Berry c. 2.5 cm in diam., globose, purple,
crowned with calyx lobes.
Habitat: In evergreen to semi-evergreen forest in moist
areas and along streams.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
> &: Si pg
q pm om
159
Syzygium gardneri Thwaites
(0)
jos
>
pa)
~
n
oO
—
je)
LL
Ecosys. Value sm) _
| ad
IUCN | |
Syzygium gardneri : 1) Flowering twig with leaves, 2) Straight
cylindrical bole, 3) Bark surface, 4) Buttress, 5) Seeds and fruits.
Uses Me Ed OU
i : E
; Wi
160
- Px. " “| TK ss . Ss’ _/ >
7 ;
~ SYZYGIUM GARDNERI Thwaites
Family: Myrtaceae
Kannada name: Neer-nerale, Bilitrupa
Field Identification: Large buttressed tree with huge
BS cylindrical boles and characteristic yellowish-white,
es smooth bark. Inner wood dirty dull yellow to brown.
i Leaves fragrant when crushed with undulating margins
and numerous parallel nerves.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, up to 11 x 5 cm,
ovate-lanceolate, base acute, apex usually caudate-
acuminate, minutely pellucid-dotted; lateral nerves
conspicuous, numerous, parallel, united in an intra
marginal nerve. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes,
white. Calyx tube funnel shaped. Petals calyptrate, c.3 mm
long, elliptic, concave. Berry c. 1 cm across, ellipsoid,
purple.
Habitat: Frequent in evergreen forest.
Uses: Important tree species for wild life for food and
shelter.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
q pm om
161
~ Ae &
- of
Syzygium laetum (Buch.-Ham.) Gandhi
Tree type:
Deciduous
Forest type
74
Ii
Lp 9"),
ae ioe
Endemism BE
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN Cr En Vu
Syzygium laetum: 1) Leafy twig with flowers, 2) Flowers, 3) Crimson
flowers, 4) Young fruit.
162
= o_o
{ 4 SYZYGIUM LAETUM (Buch.-Ham.) Gandhi
Family: Myrtaceae
Field Identification: Small trees to large shrubs with terete,
brownish branches with dark green, thick, obovate,
Ba opposite leaves. Trees near stream have aerial roots.
Botanical description: Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, up
y to 10 x 5.5 cm, coriaceous, lateral nerves numerous, apex
obtuse or suddenly bluntly acuminate, shining above, pale
and gland dotted beneath, coriaceous. Flowers sub-sessile,
white, in terminal corymbose dichotomous cymes with
quadrangular branches. Petals calyptrate, sub-orbicular.
Berry depressed globose, up to 8-10 mm in diam.
Habitat: Common along streams, moist areas, and coastal
laterite forests.
Uses: Fruits edible. Flowers host to numerous insect
population including bees, butterflies, wasps etc.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
> & SY pak
q pm om
163
* aa
f Syzygium occidentale (bourd.) Gandhi
Tree type: Evergreen — Deciduous
Forest type
Fl& Fr: Se ) 6vJ A S ON OD
Uses Me Ed | On | Av | OU
Endemism WG
Ecosys. Value Wi
Syzygium occidentale: 1) Leafy branches with young fruits, 2) Leafy
branches, 3) Young fruits.
164
e— \ >t ae: ee c? .¢ ©
:
n ss : ae) ks _-> _
. f<¢ >“ =a : ce,
i —_ af 225% ‘3 A ; *
> as )
Bs
iy
ia SYZYGIUM OCCIDENTALE (Bourd.) Gandhi
Family: Myrtaceae
Synonym: Eugenia occidentalis Bourd.
Field Identification: Small trees with long narrow
lanceolate leaves, narrowed at both ends, rare along
a streams.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, up to 21 x 3.5 cm,
lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, slightly coriaceous.
Flowers in terminal cymes, large. Calyx broadly turbinate
above. Petals orbicular, white. Berry globose, c. 2 cmacross.
Habitat: Very rare in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest
along streams.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
ai
Syzygium stocksii (Duthie) Gamble
Tree type: Evergreen _ Deciduou
n
Forest type
FlI&Fr: J Se ) J AS ON OD
Uses
Endemism
IUCN
oad
|
I}
0 lll etek - mnt AN ML aH aa!
Syzygium stocksii: 1) Leafy branches with flowers, 2) Leafy
twig with fruits, 3) Flowers, 4) Fruits.
166
Se: Fe ed
a SYZYGIUM STOCKSII (Duthie) Gamble
(3 Ai : Family: Myrtaceae
ae Synonym: Syzygium travancoricum Gamble
-_ Field Identification: Large stream /swamp-side trees with
a scaly, brownish-grey bark somewhat smooth, slightly
4 buttressed. Young twigs 4-angled and winged, more
pronounced in saplings.
Botanical description: Young twigs 4-angled and winged.
Leaves opposite, up to 22 x 10 cm, broad elliptic to elliptic,
obtuse to acuminate at apex, narrowed at base,
intramarginal veins distinct, glabrous, coriaceous. Cymes
mostly axillary, sometimes terminal. Flowers small, c.4
mm, creamy white. Berry purple, depressed globose, 1.5
cm long.
Habitat: Very rare; in undisturbed evergreen forest, near
streams and swamps.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
‘Hi nm:
| 167
a
a Acs
ay’ : Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.
lis 3
Forest type
FI & Fr:
: ef ,
4 Uses
~~
Endemism
sm) / ~
a @ ral « 9
ro. Syzygium zeylanicum : 1), Leafy twigs with fruits, 2) Tree branches
ae with fruits, 3) Fruiting twig, 4) Fruits.
Ecosys. Value
IUCN
7. < 4
y “7 ; Se
< i
tar Bi :
<a ate 9 = i? <4
, = "
#
i —_ Hy
2
SYZYGIUM ZEYLANICUM (L.) DC.
Family: Myrtaceae
Synonym: Eugenia zeylanica (L.) Wight
Field Identification: Young branches reddish-brown to
grey. Leaves with prominent secondary and intramarginal
veins with acuminate apex.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite, 10 X 3.5 cm, ovate-
lanceolate to elliptic, margins recurved, apex acuminate to
long acuminate, base acute to rounded, with clearly
marked intramarginal nerve. Flowers white, in axillary
and terminal paniculate cyme. Petals orbicular. Berry c. 5
mm in diam., sub-globose, white, 1-seeded.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest along streams.
Uses: Fruits edible.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
. fe ee" “ 72.
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex. DC.) Wight & Arn.
Tree type: Evergreen
a
Forest type
FI&Fr: J F Se
Ecosys. Value
IUCN
|
0 milled eee) - mnt AW! till
Terminalia arjuna: 1) Tree bark, 2) Young tree, 3) Leafy branch, 4)
Fruits.
Family: Combretaceae
Synonym: Terminalia cuneata Roth.
Kannada name: Holematti
Field Identification: Bark greyish-white, smooth, peeling
into large flakes. Leaves usually crenulate; petioles with 2
glands near its apex.
Botanical description: Leaves 6-18 x 3-5.5 cm, often sub-
opposite, crenulate, oblong or elliptic; petiole short, with 2
glands near its apex, base rounded or sub-cordate,
glabrous; glands 1-2 at the base of midrib. Flowers yellow,
sessile, in short axillary terminal panicles. Calyx glabrous.
Drupes 3-5 cm long, with 5 equal hard wings, usually
notched near the top.
Habitat: Occasionally seen along river banks.
Uses: Bark widely used for medicinal purpose. Wood used
for construction purpose.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
< Pe Ree:
; WE
5 , ‘|
’
,
al
wy:
Notes
I = a = = =
Covi, ae pe che
>,
i72
Na at 4 fi x! NE i? é
+ 4 . . Adve
a. A ’s . oa ge =
2) Fruits, 3) & :
,
J
Careya arborea: 1) Tree trunk with shallow knots
= bo
S < = 3
x< >
{e) Ss Se
= §
ds —
v ae © se:
— (eS
8 26 E| 6 ©
5 Yu 2|> a
2 Els 2
Ss 5 >
a oO wn oO
cy) To c
o
XQ Se oO fae)
is © Ww | uw =
Or Cerca,
att Sf Jest jaa
A ae ae
CAREYA ARBOREA Roxb.
Family: Lecythidaceae
Kan: Kavlu mara, Daddala
Field Identification: Small to medium trees with knotted
trunks. Leaves somewhat crowded towards the ends of the
branches and usually sessile.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, usually sessile,
crenate-denticulate, obovate, shortly acuminate, to 10-30 x
5-15 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence a short, few flowered
spike; peduncle woody. Flowers sessile, 3-6 cm across,
yellowish-white. Calyx 2-2.5 cm long; tube companulate.
Petals elliptic-oblong. Berries 5-9 cm across, green.
Habitat: In forest edges, hill tops,and scrub-savannas.
Uses: Bark, leaves, flowers and fruits medicinal; for snake-
bite and ulcers. Fruits edible. Elephants feed on tender
shoots, Hanuman Langur feed on fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
: |
4 Pea ty
_ we
5 \y 4
>
f wea
4
w. “>
Drypetes confertiflora (Hook. f.) Pax & K. Hoffm.
Tree type:
oO
[ok
>=
Y
w
n
oO
a
(e)
LL
Deciduous
8 { | | : ee
|) ed
Om! ! = oe
Drypetus confertiflorus: 1) Tree bark with blaze, 2) Twig, 3) Fruits, 4)
Fruits and seeds.
Family: Putranjivaceae
Synonym: Cyclostemon confertiflorus Hook. f.
Kannada name: Augai-mara
Field Identification: Large trees with fluted stems. Thick,
large, distantly serrate leaves which are often un-equal
sided at base.
Botanical description: Bark grey, smooth. Leaves up to 20
x 7.5 cm, oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtusely acuminate at
apex, glabrous, with distantly serrate or entire undulating
margins. Male flowers in clusters of old wood., shortly
pedicelled, stamens c.20; female flowers nearly sessile;
sepals 6. Fruits yellow, smooth, size of a small orange,
flattened, 2-seeded.
Habitat: Rare presence in evergreen forests.
Uses: Fruits reported as eaten by Sambar deer.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
. | Fe ao
9% a
ig
“BRS
" ~
,
DRYPETES CONFERTIFLORA (Hook. f.) Pax & K. Hoffm. =~"
Elaeocarpus serratus L.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
oO
[ok
>
pes)
Vv
n
oO
a
(eo)
LL
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN
Elaeocarpus serratus: 1) Flowering twig, 2) Tree with stilt roots 3)
Twig, 4) Fruits.
ELAEOCARPUS SERRATUS L.
Family: Elaeocarpaceae
Kannada name: Changbale
Field Identification: Trees with occasional stilt roots.
Leaves turn red on maturity, crenate margin and often with
glandular thickenings. Petioles with 2 small glands on
sides at apex. (Differs from E. glandulosus due to smaller
leaves; the latter has brown sepals linear glands in leaf
margins).
Botanical description: Leaves alternate or opposite, 5-11.5
x 3-5 cm, elliptic-oblong or obovate, base acute, apex acute
or shortly acuminate, margins irregularly crenate,
glabrous with often glandular thickenings in nerve axils;
petioles 1-2 cm. Flowers white in drooping racemes, 5-8 cm
long. Sepals 4-5, acute, glandular. Petals 7-8 mm long,
laciniate half way down. Stamens c. 30. Drupes up to 4cm
long, bluntly pointed at apex. Stone oblong, much
tuberculated.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest mostly
riverine and wet areas.
Uses: Hanuman Langur and Bonnet Macaque known to
feed on fruits. Fruits edible and used medicinally.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
S
Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch-Ham.) Oken
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
oO
Qa
>
ae)
oo)
n
oO
=
[e)
Ww
Fl&Fr: J FMAM J
=
|
Omi _ adtntal]
Hydocarpus pentandra : 1) Tree with fluted stem, 2) Fruiting twig, 3)
Branches, 4) Leafy twigs with fruits, 5) Fruit and seeds.
Family: Achariaceae
Synonym: Hydnocarpus laurifolia (Dennst.) Sleumer
Kannada name: Toratti, Chaal yennemara.
Field Identification: Tree bole somewhat fluted;
sometimes knotted; bark whitish-grey. Wood yellow,
hard. Leaves distantly serrate, acuminate. Upper half of the
petiole inflated.
Botanical description: Young parts brown pubescent.
Leaves alternate, 10-22 x 4-10 cm, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, entire or distantly serrate; stipules
linear, pubescent. Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes or
solitary, white. Sepals 5, unequal, the 3 inner longest. Petals
ciliate, 5, free, each with a pilose basal scale. Stamens 5,
villous at base.; stigma 5-lobed. Fruit globose, brown with
somewhat woody and rough rind; 5-10 cm across, globose,
hard, brown-tomentose, with 15-20 striate seeds.
Habitat: Mostly riverine and wet valley areas in evergreen
to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Seeds yield an yellow oil used for burning and in
native medicine for skin diseases and rheumatism.
Considered useful in early stages of leprosy. Fruits used for
fish poisoning. Wood smooth, soft, used for packing cases,
takes good finish.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
>— hs,
181
Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
Tree type:
oO
Qa
>=
aa)
Ww
n
oO
—
(e)
LW
Me OU
Ecosys. Value Wi
wnt hd q saith]
Symplocos racemosa : 1) Leafy branches with inflorescence, 2)
Flowering twig, 3) Flowers, 4) Ripe fruits.
Sea hy ae Ss 1) "ey . a2_-s Ro ‘ y'\
: my ‘p ~ 9 — ae 3 - Bc = -
oh SYMPLOCOS RACEMOSA Roxb.
Family: Symplocaceae
Synonym: S. beddomei C.B. Clarke.
Kannada name: Lodhra
BS Field Identification: Bark greyish yellow with large open
ey lenticels; inner bark yellow, soft. Leaf margins glandular
* serrate and petiole often dark coloured.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, up to 16 x 6.5 cm,
elliptic or elliptic oblong, acute to acuminate at apex,
crenate-serrate, coriaceous, dark green shining above,
paler beneath; petioles up to 1.5 cm long. Flowers white,
sessile or shortly pedicelled, fragrant, in pubescent spikes
or racemes, up to 15 cm long, usually unbranched. Calyx
lobes 5, glabrous. Corolla nearly divided to the base, up to
7.5 mm long. Drupe ellipsoid to ovoid, up to 1.5 cm long,
dark blue when ripe.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest in moist areas.
Uses: Young leaves and fruits eaten by wild animals such
as Hanuman Langur.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
A 183
Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br.
Tree type: Evergreen
Ecosys. Value Wi
wr
eon nudiflora : 1) Gigantic tree, 2) Leaves, 3) Painted
_ sitll
illustration of young fruits.
184
TETRAMELES NUDIFLORA R. Br.
Family: Tetramelaceae
Kannada name: Bondsa, Kadbende
Field Identification: Huge trees with large buttresses; bark
smooth and greyish white, lenticellate; inner wood yellow,
very soft. Leaves cordate, 3-5 nerved from base, irregularly
serrate. (Slightly resembles Trewia nudiflora which has
opposite leaf and margin entire).
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, appearing after
the flowers, more or less in whorls, up to 15 x 13.5 cm,
broadly ovate, irregularly serrate, base cordate, bright
green above, paler beneath with soft hairy reticulate
venation; petiole up to 15 cm long, pubescent. Flowers
numerous, yellowish, small. Male flowers in erect,
terminal, pubescent panicles; females in pendulous,
pubescent spikes. Male flowers calyx lobes 4; stamens 4.
Fruit a membranous capsule, up to 5 mm across, ovoid-
urceolate, 8-ribbed.
Habitat: Forest openings in evergreen to semi-evergreen
forest.
Uses: Important host plant for rock bees (Apis dorsata). The
huge tree forms small cave like shelters from their large
buttress and hollow stem, used temporarily by many small
and big wild animals.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
* P Sa te
‘\ 2. .
Far 7
. ye
2 ORF
a
bs
>
Z
185
wy:
Notes
i = x = = =
‘Corie ; tame pe che
>,
186
Na at 4 fi x! ‘i ) i é
LF Ths 4G 4
a 2 Oe
ith
Leaves
J. Trees W
v
i)
=
c
coal
s
=
<
o
—=
=
=
ep)
And Entire
Antidesma montanum Blume
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous —
Forest type
4
EAN
Fl& Fr: J FS
Av
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi
Chi En Vu
Antidesma montanum : 1) Tree trunk 2) Twig, 3) Branches,
4) Fruiting twig, 5) Fruiting (unripe) twig close up.
188
i \ : ae: aS, any 7s; oan = \
> Vos ot i S| Re
&
at ANTIDESMA MONTANUM BLUME
; Vi | Family: Phyllanthaceae
ay Kan: Kadivalasoppu
Field Identification: Presence of large sub-persistent
Be ovate-lanceolate stipules.
Botanical description: Small trees. Leaf blade to 12-25 x 3-
r 10 cm, elliptic-oblong, base rounded, apex acute to
acuminate, glabrous; stipules ovate-lanceolate, longer than
the petioles. Flowers shortly pedicelled, greenish yellow in
paniculate racemes or spikes. Calyx lobes 4, hairy. Stamens
3-5. Drupe somewhat oblique, tipped by stigmas, 1-seeded,
turning red with age.
Habitat: Margins of evergreen to semi-evergreen forests
and in humid disturbed forests.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
iced ew
189
Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr.
oO
Qa
>
ae)
oo)
n
oO
(e)
Ww
Ed
Ecosys. Value Wi
Aporosa cardiosperma: 1) Flowering branch, 2) A twig, 3) Fruits and
seeds
By j Family: Phyllanthaceae
a Synonym: Aporosa lindleyana (Wight) Baill.
ea Kannada name: Salle mara
. ' Field Identification: Bark thin with yellow inner wood.
si Fruit a globose capsule pointed with the style.
y Botanical description: Leaves simple, alternate; stipules
oblong-lanceolate, acute, caducous; petiole stout, grooved
above, glabrous; leaves up to 17 x 5 cm, narrow oblong to
narrow elliptic, apex gradually acuminate to caudate-
acuminate, base acute to rounded, glabrous; midrib raised
above; secondary nerves 6-9 pairs. Flowers unisexual; male
flowers: yellow, solitary or clustered in axillary spikes.
Female flowers: pale green, 3-8 together, in densely
tomentose small racemes. Fruit a capsule 10-12 mm across,
globose, yellow, glabrous, pointed with the style.
Habitat: Frequent in forest edges and open forest.
Uses: Fruits eaten by wild animals and birds
Ardisia solanacea Roxb.
Tree type: Deciduous
oO
Qa
>
ae)
w
n
oO
a
(e)
Ww
Ecosys. Value Wi
Ardisia solanacea : 1) & 2) Twig with flower buds 3) & 4) Flowering
twig.
ei ARDISIA SOLANACEA Roxb.
vs, 3 Family: Primulaceae
8 Kannada name: Bodina gida
Field Identification: Branches have prominent scars of
Fy fallen leaves. Leaves gland dotted.
Botanical description: Small trees or shrubs; very soft
R wooded. Leaves alternate, thick and soft with faintly
visible veins; up to 25 x 7.5 cm, sessile to shortly petiolate,
obovate-oblong, base cuneate. Flowers in axillary
corymbose cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, densely gland dotted.
Corolla waxy pink; petals basally united, lobes 8-9 mm
long. Drupes 0.7-1.3 cm across, depressed globose,
apiculate, purplish black when ripe and with coloured sap.
Habitat: Shady moist places, stream-sides and in open
meadows of semi-evergreen forests.
Uses: Leaves used as salad. Roots, leaves and bark
medicinal. Indian Giant squirrel feeds on fruits and leaves.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
> & Sf ee
7 pm om
193
Tritaxis glabella var. praetervisa Chakrab & G. Krishna
Tree type: Evergreen - Deciduous
oO
Qa
>
p
vw
n
oO
a
[e)
Ww
FI&Fr: | J
Endemism WG
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN En Vu
Tritaxis glabella var. praetervisa: 1) Tree bark, 2) Tree habit, 3) Twig,
4) & 5) Flowering twig.
194 =
TRITAXIS GLABELLA VAR. PRAETERVISA
Chakrab & G. Krishna
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Synonym: Dimorphocalyx lawianus (Mull. Arg.) Hook. f. ;
Dimorphocalyx glabellus Thwaites var. lawianus (Hook. f.)
Chakrab & N.P. Balakr.
Field Identification: Small tree, dark outer bark and
orange inner bark. Outer bark peels off leaving roundish
marks on the stem.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, 6-17.5 x 3-7 cm,
elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, apex obtusely-acuminate,
glabrous, paler beneath; small glands on undulating
margins. Pedicels c. 5 mm long. Flowers dioecious. Male
flowers solitary on old wood. Calyx 5-lobed, cupular.
Petals 5, white., reflexed at tip; disc of 5 glands. Stamens 10-
14 in two rows. Female flowers in leaf apposed clusters,
larger than male flower; calyx 5, unequal, much longer
than petals, enlarged in fruits. Ovary 3-celled, densely
hairy. Fruit a capsule of 3, 2-valved cocci, 1-1.5 cm across, 3-
lobed, surrounded at base by persistent calyx lobes.
Habitat: Mostly stream sides along boulders and wet
valleys.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
~ ri) & 7 ‘ 4
3
Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern.
Tree type: Deciduous
Forest type
nM deed wnt ANI ML go aH! aul
ot —.
i
f a DIOSPYROS BUXIFOLIA (Blume) Hiern.
\ re : Family: Ebenaceae
at Synonym: Diospyros microphylla Bedd.
Kan: Kunchiganamara
Fay: Field Identification: Large, buttressed trees with
ey spectacularly appearing crowns of dark green small leaves;
* Branchlets covered with long, golden yellow hairs. Bark
i dark to dark grey.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, 2-5 x 1-2.5 cm,
elliptic-ovate, acute at both ends, hirsute with yellow long
hairs, glabrous when old except on midrib, sub-sessile.
Male flowers small, 1-3 together in small axillary cymes.
Corolla white, urceolate; lobes ciliate on margins. Stamens
16. Female flower solitary. Ovary 4-celled. Fruits ovoid, up
to 1.9cm long, single seeded, glabrous.
Habitat: In evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
. | Fe ao
os a
ay
Diospyros candolleana Wight
Tree type: Deciduous
Forest type
E 1 B E f ¥
ndemism ) =
Ecosys. Value Wi
saad ada |
Diospyros candolleana : 1) Tree with blaze, 2) Twig with flower, 3)
Leafy twig, 4) Fruiting twig, 5) Fruits.
198
DIOSPYROS CANDOLLEANA Wight
Family: Ebenaceae
Kannada name: Kari-mara
Field Identification: Smaller to moderately tall evergreen
trees with greyish-black bark, inner wood reddish-pink.
Fruit having cup shaped, enlarged calyx, 5-lobed half-way.
(Trees similar to D.oocarpa which has smaller ovate-
lanceolate leaves and cylindrical fruits, and to D.paniculata,
which has more shining leaves and prominently
reticulated veins, compared to fulvous pubescence and
indistinct venation and of D. candolleana).
Botanical description: Leaves to 20 x 5.5 cm, elliptic or
oblong, bluntly acuminate at apex, glabrous, reddish-
brown beneath when dry. Midrib prominent beneath,
chanelled above. Venation indistinct. Male flowers sessile,
in dense axillary fulvous pubescent clusters. Calyx tubular,
silken hairs outside. Corolla, tubular, fulvous hairy
outside. Stamens 10, in 5 pairs. Female flower larger than
the male, sessile. Calyx with reflexed margins. Fruit
globose, up to 2.5 cm across. Seed with ruminate
endosperm.
Habitat: In evergreen to semi-evergreen forest
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Diospyros crumenata Thwaites
Tree type: Evergreen — Deciduous
Forest type
Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN :
Hl. ak thd
Diospyros crumenata: 1) Tree leafless with flowering spikes, 2) Bark,
3) Leafy branches, 4) Fruits and seeds.
200 =
WP
a
) fe Ne
Grey V ‘J
es
. ~ aa ae aj % a e oh 7 —/ bed
ey DIOSPYROS CRUMENATA Thwaites.
Family: Ebenaceae
Kannada name: Kari tumari mara
' Field Identification: Bark greyish to black with
Biss ih depressions, scaly. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves shining on
ee both sides. (Differs from D. ebenum which have glabrous
* male flowers, and fruiting calyx lobes not flat but reflexed
wil out).
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, up to 7-12 x 2.5-5
cm, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, obtusely abruptly
subacuminate at apex, base cuneate, coriaceous, fully
glabrous, shining on both sides; midrin channeled, slightly
raised beneath. Male flowers usually 3, hairy cymes bent
downwards. Calyx 5-6 mm long, companulate, tomentose
outside, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla creamy white to
yellow, tubular, 10-12 mm long, fulvous tomentose
outside, tube narrowing at apex. Fruit a berry, 3-6 cm in
diam., globose, glabrous; fruiting calyx flattened,
tetrahedral.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
A 201
Diospyros montana Roxb.
Tree type: Evergreer
oO
[ok
>
aa)
r=)
n
oO
a
(e)
Ww
Diospyros montana : 1) Tree trunk portion with knots and spine, 2)
Stem blazed to reveal inner yellow wood, 3) & 4) Leafy twig (with
DIOSPYROS MONTANA Roxb.
Family: Ebenaceae
Kannada name: Balagunike
Field Identification: Small, deciduous tree with knotty
trunks, and simple to branched thorns. Inner wood yellow,
rapidly turning to dark shade when blazed.
Botanical description: Young branches softly pubescent.
Leaves up to 11 x 5.5 cm, rounded or sub-cordate at base,
glabrous when old. Male flower 4-merous, usually 2-6, in
short axillary or extra axillary cymes. Calyx tomentose and
ciliate on margins. Corolla white, urceolate, twice as long
as calyx. Female flower solitary, larger than males; styles 4.
Fruit c. 2.5 cm across, fulvous hairy when young, brown or
yellow and glabrous on maturity.
Habitat: Deciduous forests and scrub.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Diospyros oocarpa Thwaites
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
- , a 2G
Forest type
~.“®, | Diospyros oocarpa : 1) Bark, 2) Twig, 3) Flowering twig, 4) Fruiting
vee twig, 5) Fruits.
Seg: “ieee A _ % es rar
DIOSPYROS OOCARPA Thwaites
Family: Ebenaceae
Field Identification: Small evergreen trees. Bark dark
greyish black with inner pinkish-red wood when blazed.
Fruits greenish, rough, cylindrical on flat cup shaped calyx.
Botanical description: Leaves to 12 x 7.5 cm, ovate-elliptic,
or ovate-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate at apex. Male
flower shortly pedicelled, in short few flowered axillary
cymes. Corolla tubular, yellow, 3-4 lobed. Stamens 10-12,
in sub equal pairs. Female flowers 1-3 together, larger than
males. Fruits up to 2.5 cm long, oblong-ovoid, seated on flat
cup shaped calyx.
Habitat : Evergreen to semi-evergreen forests; often on
river banks within forests.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Diospyros paniculata Dalzell
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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re. Diospyros paniculata : 1) Tree trunk, 2) & 3) Leafy twigs, 4) Flowers,
Pe, | 5) Fruits.
DIOSPYROS PANICULATA Dalzell
Family: Ebenaceae
Field Identification: Medium sized evergreen tree. Stem
often with grey blotches; twigs somewhat angular. Leaves
glabrous, finely reticulated and conspicuously veined,
small black sparse hairs on mid vein below.
Botanical description: Leaves 20 x 7.5 cm, oblong-
lanceolate, obtusely acuminate at apex, base acute or
rounded, coriaceous, glabrous, shining above. Male
flowers in paniculate cymes, from axils of fallen leaves.
Calyx c.9 mm long, broad foliaceous, laterally reflexed,
black pubescent. Corolla 10-15 mm long, tubular. Stamens
15-20. Female flowers, solitary, axillary. Fruit ovoid, up to4
cm long, hirsute when young, becoming glabrous with age.
Seated on enlarged persistent calyx, lobes auricled at base.
Habitat: Common trees in evergreen to semi-evergreen
forest inGhats.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Diospyros ridleyi Bakh.
Forest type
Ecosys. Value
=
i
wine
Omid of =
Diospyros ridleyi: 1) Leafy branches, 2) Bark, 3) Leafy branches
underneath, 4) Twig with young fruits.
ee eee nen
Po ae
f r DIOSPYROS RIDLEYI Bakh.
ih ra : Family: Ebenaceae
ae Synonym: Diospyros pyrrhocarpoides Ramesh & Franceschi;
. oe Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Mig. var. andamanica Kurz.
i f Field Identification: Bark dark, rough, scaly. Twigs
ye glabrous with dark and light shades on twigs. Leaves thick,
* glabrous with midrib channeled above and dark green,
3 paler beneath; lateral nerves finely reticulate.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, broadly elliptic-
oblong to ovate, up to 6.5-9 x 2.5 - 4.5 cm, bluntly acuminate
at apex, glabrous on both sides. Male flowers subsessile in
golden brown pubescent cymes. Corolla tubular, creamy
white. Female flowers sessile, solitary, axillary. Fruits
globose, 1.5-3 cm in diam., sessile or sub-sessile, densely
brown tomentose when young, glabrous with age; fruiting
calyx lobes strongly reflexed.
Habitat: Evergreen forest in Ghats.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
‘ri zk:
| 209
Diospyros saldanhae Kosterm.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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Diospyros saldanhae : 1) Tree bark with leafy twigs, 2) Twig, 3) Leafy
twig with young flowers, 4) Fruits.
210
sy DIOSPYROS SALDANHBAE Kosterm.
Family: Ebenaceae
Field Identification: Small trees easily identified by their
branchlets having soft bristly-hirsute hairs and leaves
By: Ay papery, with rounded or sub-cordate base. Berries with
es bristly hairs.
Botanical description: Leaves sub-sessile up to 14 x 6 cm,
oblong-ovate, acute at apex, rounded or sub-cordate at
base, glabrous above, sparsely hirsute beneath. Petiole up
to 5 mm long. Female flowers in clusters of 1-3. Berries
sessile or subsessile, up to 2 x 2.5 cm, ovate, bristly hairy;
fruiting calyx lobes 4, rounded at apex. Seeds 3.
Habitat: Along wet and shady areas of evergreen to semi-
evergreen forests.
ma
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Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Bie el lf
Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd.
Evergreen Deciduous
Tree type:
Forest type
<4]
(SF vi \
=
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‘Endemism WG Tiaeeyil 2“
-Ecosys. Value Wi | re: F
eo ey
0 m'fed «!
Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd : 1) Tree, 2) Leafy twig, 3) Twig close
up, 4) Flower, 5) Fruits.
Ay)
DIPTEROCARPUS INDICUS Bedd.
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Synonym: Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F.Gaertn.
Kan: Dhooma, Gurjan
Field Identification: Lofty trees with tall, cylindrical stems
unbranched to considerable height. Velvety hairy stipules,
annular leaf scars along with two-winged fruits important.
(Leaves might resemble Artocarpus hirsutus but without
milky latex).
Botanical description: Young shoots short adpressed
tomentose. Leaves c. 30 x 15 cm, elliptic or ovate, base
truncate or acute, apex acute or bluntly acuminate,
coriaceous, pubescent beneath, lateral nerves oblique,
parallel, prominent beneath. Stipules covering terminal
bud, oblong-ovate, acute, velvety, stellate hairy, caducous
leaving annular scars. Flowers c. 5 cm across in axillary
racemes. Petals 5, twisted. Fruit a 1-seeded nut, enclosed in
enlarged calyx tube, up to 2.5 cm across, with 2 large erect
wings, and 3 short ones.
Habitat: Primary evergreen forests.
Uses: Lion Tailed Macaques and Hanuman Langur feed on
tender leaves and use the trees as habitats; Hornbills use
the tree for nesting. Hosts canopy epiphytic flora. Wood
hard and used as timber and plywood. Stem yields
oleoresin.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Dysoxylum gotadhora (buch-ham.) mabb.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
Wi
0 mid ote = till
Dysoxylum gotadhora : 1) Tree trunk 2) Young twig, 3) &
4) Dehiscing fruits.
214
DYSOXYLUM GOTADHORA (Buch-ham.) Mabb.
Family: Meliaceae
Synonym: Dysoxylum binactariferum (Roxb.) Hook. f.
ex.Bedd.
Kannada name: Kadu Gandha, Devadhari
Field Identification: Medium sized evergreen tree with
imparipinnate leaves with alternate leaflets.
Distinguished from D. malabarica by the absence of domatia
in leaf nerve axils and wood not so strongly scented.
Botanical description: Leaves up to 35 cm long; leaflets 5-9,
alternate, up to 14 x 5 cm, oblong-elliptic, acuminate,
glabrous, entire or sometimes obscurely and distantly
toothed, base sometimes unequal. Flowers c.9 mm long, in
axillary or supra-axillary panicles, shorter than leaves.
Calyx cupular, tometose outside. Petals 4, greenish-yellow
to white, tomentose outside. Disc tubular, irregularly 8
toothed. Ovary 4-celled. Capsule obovoid, woody, 2-4
seeded, orange-red when ripe. Seeds c. 2.5 cm long,
shining.
Habitat: Occasional and sometimes gregarious in semi-
evergreen forest.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.
Tree type: rgreen
Forest type
M
Ecosys. Value W Vi eS
_
IUCN | |
Om! saat wish
i
Holoptelea integrifolia : 1) Leafy twig with flowers and young fruits,
2) Bark with blaze, 3) Leafy twig, 4) Twig with dry fruits.
Family: Ulmaceae
Kannada name: Tapasi, Raahu beejada mara.
Field Identification: Bark rough and flaky with brownish
lenticels. When blazed, immediate outer green layer,
followed with inner yellow wood. Bark and crushed
leaves strong smelling.
Botanical description: Medium sized, deciduous tree.
Branches leafless when in flower. Leaves up to 12 x 7 cm,
elliptic-ovate, base rounded, acute to acuminate at apex;
petioles to 2.5cm long. Flowers greenish-yellow, in axillary
short condensed racemes. Calyx often 4-partite. Stamens 4-
8; anthers pubescent. Ovary stipitate, compressed,
pubescent. Fruit a dry samara with membranous
reticulately veined wing.
Habitat: Occasional in moist to dry deciduous forest.
Uses: Wood used for building purposes. Bark used for
treating rheumatism, skin diseases and many other
ailments in native medicine. Hanuman Langur feed on
tender fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
*
Hopea parviflora Bedd.
Tree type: “Evergreen Deciduous
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Ecosys. Value Ni <i
IUCN En ;
0 mid teed wn AN awit}
Hopea parviflora : 1) Lofty tree, 2) Peeling bark, 3) Leafy twig, 4)
Single leaf with domatia in axils of secondary vein.
f a HOPEA PARVIFLORA Bedd.
(3 re . Family: Dipterocarpaceae
’ Kannada name: Kiralbhogi
\ Field Identification: Large, straight trees with cylindrical
a boles; bark peeling from top or below. Leaves smaller than
eh Hopea ponga, with distinct domatia in leaf nerve axils. Bark
*, rusty brown, mottled with white.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, 5-11 x 2.5-5 cm,
ovate-lanceolate, base acute or rounded; lateral nerves
with domatia in their axils on the under surface. Flowers
many, in tomentose panicles, shortly pedicellate, small,
fragrant, creamy yellow. Wings of fruits up to 5.5 cm long
with 2 straw coloured wings.
Habitat: Dense evergreen and riparian forests, more in
southern Uttara Kannada.
Uses: Durable hard timber used for construction, boats and
various woodworks. Bark is good for tanning.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
a SSE
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Pan’ ——
Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
IUCN i
| | | ad
| If aa
wnt =
Hopea ponga: 1) Tree with peeling, cracked bark, 2) Leafy twig with
flowers, 3) Flowering branch, 4) Flowers in closer view, 5) Fruiting
branch, 6) Mature fruits.
220 a
a a
HOPEA PONGA (Dennst.) Mabb.
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Synonym: Hopea wightiana Wall. ex Wight Arn.
Kannada name: Haiga
Field Identification: Bark dark, exfoliating, branchlets and
petioles usually rufous tomentose. Usually with spherical,
echinate, axillary or extra axillary galls. Wood fibrous
when blazed.
Botanical description: Leaves larger, alternate, 12-15 x 3-5
cm, oblong or ovate-oblong, base truncate, obtuse or acute
at apex. Petiole swollen, tomentose. Flowers pink in
glabrous racemose panicles. Calyx glabrous, ovate. Petals
c.6mm long, ciliate along margins. Stamens 15, dilated at
base, alternate filaments with 2 anthers; anthers with long
filiform appendages. Fruits c. lcm long, ovoid, apiculate;
wings 2, crimson
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest and also along
streams.
Uses: Many insects and stingless bees collect resins from
tree. Other bugs and ants also feed on tree sap and galls.
Hanuman Langur and Lion Tailed Macaques feed on
tender leaves. Wood for various works.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
S
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Mull. Arg.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
Forest type
Endemism
(=>
Ecosys. Value Wi |
\ ly
a IUCN | |
- | - 0 milled oho - an ANAL ala hae!
oe. Macaranga peltata: 1) Tree bark, 2) Sapling 3) Flowering branch,
4) Inforescence in closer view.
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oy MACARANGA PELTATA (Roxb.) Mull. Arg.
a . Family: Euphorbiaceae
a Kannada name: Chandkal, Uppaligana-mara
: ne Field Identification: Fast-growing, soft-wooded trees,
Bs early colonisers trees in openings; gummy red exudation.
\ Large orbicular, peltate leaves, red-glandular beneath.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, to 24 x 22 cm,
peltate, orbicular, palmately veined, acute to acuminate at
apex, entire or minutely serrate, brown pubescent when
young; petioles up to 16 cm long. Inflorescence paniculate,
axillary. Flowers dioecious. Calyx in male 3-lobed. Petals 0.
Stamens 2-5. Ovary globose, cells 1-ovuled. Capsule 6-8
mm across, globose, glandular-hairy.
Habitat: Clearances and edges in humid forests; in
gardens.
Uses: Many wild animals feed on foliage.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Margaritaria indica (Dalz.) Airy Shaw
Tree type: Evergreen
Forest type
Uses
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
IUCN
Bea
ms —
Margaritaria indica: 1) Tree with characteristic patchy bark, 2) Leaf
underneath and unripe fruits, 3) Leaf branch with fruits, 4) Fruiting
branch close up.
224
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-, MARGARITARIA INDICA (Dalz.) Airy Shaw
i os ' Family: Phyllanthaceae
Field Identification: Bark scaly, exfoliating in plates with
brown patches. Branches angled with white lenticular
markings. Leaves glaucous beneath.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, distichous, up to
' 15 x 7.5 cm, elliptic or ovate, acute or acuminate at apex,
acute at base, membranous, glabrous, glaucous beneath.
Male flowers in fascicles, axillary. Sepals 4, the outer larger.
Petals 0. Stamens 4; filaments free. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a
globose capsule on pendulous long stalk, 2-seeded.
Habitat: Semi-evergreen forests mostly riparian.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Ser > ESE
‘Ss, ; \ ; > | : = .
Mastixia arborea (Wight) C. B. Clarke
Tree type:
Forest type
Fl&Fr: J|F MAM
Endemism WG
Ecosys. Value Wi
pe
‘S Mastixia arborea: 1) Leaf branch (underneath) with unripe fruits, 2)
~. | Stem bark, 3) Twig with fruits, 4) Seeds.
226
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> +e IO a SE
hi a MASTIXIA ARBOREA (Wight) C. B. Clarke
Family: Nyssaceae
Kannadaname: Gulla, Kumbalamara
A Field Identification: Bark greyish brown, smooth surface
Be Ke with lenticels, wood soft, yellow, exudes a dammar like
es resin on injuring.
Botanical description: Medium sized trees. Leaves
alternate, 6-15 x 3-7.5 cm, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, entire
or margins serrate towards apex only, coriaceous, green
and glabrous above, sparsely glandular dotted beneath.
Flowers green, many in pubescent panicles. Calyx c. 3 mm
long. Petals 5, ovate. Fruit a drupe, ovoid or ellipsoid 3 x 2
cm, crowned by the scar of the calyx-lobes.
Habitat: Evergreen forests along streams and swampy
forests.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Meiogyne pannosa (Dalz.) Sinclair
Tree type: Evergreen — Deciduous
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Meiogyne pannosa: 1) Tree trunk portion with bark, 2) Leafy twig,
3) Flower 4) Flower close up, 5) Fruits
228
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— pi *
ag ae : i? _<;
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MEIOGYNE PANNOSA (Dalz.) Sinclair
Family: Annonaceae
Field Identification: Small trees with knotted greenish-
black or grey bark, smooth but mottled with white;
branches long, slender, drooping, young parts pubescent.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, up to 14 x 5.5 cm,
ovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, membranous, glabrous,
shining above, lateral nerves impressed above, distinct
below, pubescent on young parts. Flowers 3-4 cm across,
solitary, yellowish, subsessile; axillary or extra axillary,
often on old wood. Sepals ovate, dark pubescent. Petals
clawed, lanceolate, tomentose. Berries 5-7, crowded, c. 1.2
cm long, velvety pubescent, sessile.
Habitat: Common understorey tree in dense evergreen
forest.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Nothopegia castaneifolia (Roth) Ding Hou
Tree type: D
Deciduous
Forest type
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i See
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Fli&Fr: J FMAM J
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Wi
Nothopegia castaneifolia:1) & 2) Leafy branch, 3) Flowering branch,
4) Seeds.
*-| NOTHOPEGIA CASTANEIFOLIA (Roth) Ding Hou
Family: Anacardiaceae
Synonym: Nothopegia racemosa (Dalzell) Ramamoorthy;
. Nothopegia colebrookiana sensu Hook
Kannada name: Ambatti
Y Field Identification: Bark smooth, black, blotched with
grey; inner wood red, hard. Petioles slightly twisted.
Botanical description: Small trees. Leaves 8-20 x 2.5-8 cm,
mostly alternate, oblong-lanceolate, alternate, sometime
opposite, acuminate at apex, glabrous, decurrent into
petiole, glabrous and shining above, paler and glaucous
beneath. Flowers yellowish, 2-3 mm across, in short
axillary racemes. Male flowers small Female flowers with 4
petals. Stamens 4. Drupe pinkish red, c.4 mm across,
depressed.
Habitat: Common in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Many wild animals such as Indian Giant Squirrel
feed on fleshy drupe.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
< & o ~S
s- x 2
231
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Mappia nimmoniana (J.Graham) Byng & Stull |
\
Forest type
FI & Fr: Ee
Uses
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi :
IUCN '
Mappia nimmoniana: 1) & 2) Leafy flowering branch,
3) Flowering branch close up, 4) Fruiting branch.
22
is ST
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pe
Pe) MAPPIA NIMMONIANA JJ.Graham) Byng & Stull
ye) Family: Icacinaceae
; Synonym: Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabb;
Yo Nothapodytes foetida (Wight) Sleumer
Kannada name: Helgodsa, Durvasanemara, Hetari
es Field Identification: Bark prominently lenticellate. Leaves
Bb! crowded toward the ends of the branches. Leaves emit a
i foetid smell when crushed and have domatia present in the
) axils of leaves.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, 9-30 x 4.5-14 cm,
ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, base pubescent, rounded
or acute and asymmetrical, apex acuminate. Flowers
creamy yellow, foul smelling, in terminal 5-10 cm long
panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Stamens 5; filaments dilated.
Ovary silky tomentose. Drupes 0.9-1.5 cm long, ellipsoid or
obovoid, purple when ripe.
Habitat: Outskirts of evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Highly valued medicinal plant with anti-cancerous
properties.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Phyllanthus emblica L.
Tree type: Evergreen “Deciduous
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Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi
Cr
IUCN Ene) Vu
Phyllanthus emblica: 1) Leafy branches, 2) Tree trunk, 3) Leafy twig
4) Seeds and fruits.
PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA L.
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Kannada name: Nelli mara
Field Identification: Bark brownish-grey, peeling off in
small flakes. Leaves pinnate. Branches spreading,
unarmed.
Botanical description: Leaves up to 1.3 x 0.3 cm,
distichous, subsessile, oblong-elliptic, acute to mucronate
at apex. Flowers greenish-yellow in axillary fascicles or
branches. Male flowers numerous. Perianth segments 6,
oblong. Ovary 3-locular. Capsule globose, fleshy, 6-
furrowed. Seeds 3-gonous.
Habitat: Occasional in hill top savanna, scrub jungles etc.
Uses: All parts extensively used for medicinal purpose.
Fruits edible. Gaur, Chital, Hanuman Langur etc. feed on
fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Monoon fragrans (Dalzell) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders
Tree type:
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Ecosys. Value Wi
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Monoon fragrans : 1) Tree, 2) Leaf twig, 3) Flowering branches 4)
Seeds and fruits.
MONOON FRAGRANS (Dalzell)
B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders
Family: Annonaceae
Synonym: Polyalthia fragrans (Dalzell) Bedd.
Kannada name: Naarsampige, Gourimara
Field Identification: Tree buttressed with straight bole
sometimes fluted; inner wood yellow, fibrous. Leaves
aromatic when crushed.
Botanical description: Young shoots rusty tomentose.
Leaves 23 x 11 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, sometime more
broader, pellucidly dotted when young, base rounded,
apex acute to shortly acuminate, glabrous and shining
above. Petioles up to 1.5 cm long. Flowers yellowish-green,
fragrant. Sepals almost orbicular. Petals subequal, 1.5-2.5
cm long, linear-lanceolate. Fruiting peduncle thick woody;
berries ovoid, up to 3.5 cm long, purple when ripe.
Habitat: Common in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
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Ecosys. Value
, | Pterospermum diversifolium: 1) Tree bark, 2) Lobed leaves of young
saplings , 3) & 4) Flowering branches.
PTEROSPERMUM DIVERSIFOLIUM Blume
Family: Malvaceae
Kannada name: Muchukunda mara
Field Identification: Bark brownish-grey, with light
coloured patches and knots. Blaze red. Saplings have
highly lobed palmate leaves.
Botanical description: Branches minutely rusty-
pubescent. Leaves 20 x 6 cm, elliptic-obovate, base cordate
or truncate, glabrous above, apex acuminate, grey-
tomentose beneath, palmately 7-8 lobed in saplings; nerves
and veins impressed above, strong on underside; clothed
with ferruginous pubescence. Petioles up to 1.8 cm long.
Flowers axillary, 1-2 together, large, fragrant, bracteoles
entire or bifid. Sepals 13 cm long, linear oblong, minutely
rusty pubescent on outside. Petals white, linear-oblong.
Capsules up to 15 cm long, oblong, 5-angled, woody,
beaked. Seeds winged at one end.
Habitat: Frequent in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Fruits and flowers used in ayurvedic and folk
medicine.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Sageraea laurina Dalzell
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LI
H
vivid
Sageraea laurina :
Flower close up.
SAGERAEA LAURINA Dalzell
Family: Annonaceae
Synonym: Bocagea dalzelli Hook.
Kannada name: Bilhaiga, Chandani
Field Identification: Dark scaly bark, with hard red inner
wood. Leaves Hopea ponga like but more shining above and
thicker. Midrib and lateral nerves impressed above.
Botanical description: Petiole to 8 mm long, transversely
rugose; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acute or
acuminate at apex, rounded or acute at base, to 18 x 6 cm,
shining above, dull below, glabrous, coriaceous. Flowers in
clusters of 2-10, on short tubercles of older branchlets;
bracts many; pedicel to 1 cm long. Sepals 3, orbicular.
Petals ovate acute, the exterior orbicular, concave; the
interior a little shorter, glabrous, ciliate. Stamens 12-18.
Ovaries 3-5, oblong-hairy; style short, lateral, glabrous;
stigma small. Fruitlets globose, subsessile, to 2 cm across.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest in more
wetter areas.
Uses: Used medicinally and timber used for construction
purpose.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
es ol eam ‘
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FI&Fr: | J
\ =
=
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aw adit
y. Strombosia ceylanica : 1) Tree trunk with characteristic depressions,
» | 2) Leafy branch with flowers, 3) Leafy branch, 4) Flowers, 5) Flowers
Os de)
nas close up.
: 242
aA
4 STROMBOSIA CEYLANICA Gardner.
Family: Olacaceae
Field Identification: Bark greyish with characteristic
shallow, light colored depressions and reddish blaze.
a Shining leaves with 4-6 pairs of secondary nerves.
Botanical description: Large evergreen canopy trees.
Leaves alternate, 6-12 x 3-5 cm, oblong-lanceolate, rounded
at the tip or shortly acuminate, pellucid dotted, glabrous;
petiole up to 1.8 cm long. Flowers c. 3 mm across, whitish-
yellow, sub-sessile, in axillary cymes. Calyx subrobicular.
Petals longer than calyx, linear-oblong, glabrous outside.
Ovary inferior, 5-locular. Drupes c.1 cm across, pyriform,
deep purple.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Terminalia elliptica Willd.
Tree type:
Forest type
Ecosys. Value Wi ‘7 Vi | <a
; i (Cad
IUCN | | |
Terminalia elliptica: 1) Tree branches with fruits, 2) Crocodile bark,
3) Leafy twig with stalked glands, 4) Fruits.
244
Pet eee
ole | still canal
TERMINALIA ELLIPTICA Willd.
Family: Combretaceae
Synonym: T. alata Roth; T. crenulata Roth; T. tomentosa
(Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.
Kannada name: Karimatti, Hunalu
Field Identification: Bark dark grey with rectangular
fissures (Crocodile bark); often with ashy coating. Leaves
with 1-2 stalked glands slightly above the base of midrib.
Botanical description: Leaves subopposite or alternate, up
to 17 x 6 cm, elliptic or obovate-oblong, obtuse or acute at
apex, narrowed at base; glands stalked. Flowers yellowish-
brown or greenish-yellow, in axillary and terminal
panicles. Calyx hairy outside. Drupes 3-5 cm long, with
normally 5 papery, brown wings.
Habitat: Common in moist to dry deciduous forest.
Hanuman Langur feeds on unripe fruits.
Uses: Wood used for building purposes. Langurs feed on
leaf and fruit and Chital on flowers and fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Terminalia paniculata B. Heyne ex. Roth.
Tree type: Evergreen
Forest type
Si Neg
Lat AD
“
"ft
=
Led
of”
Me ©
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN En Vu
,
tl | aa
-_
Terminalia paniculata: 1) Tree bark, 2) Fruiting twig, 3) Leafy
branches, 4) Glands near the base of midrib, 5) Fruits and seeds.
|
246
Family: Combretaceae
Kannada name: Bili matti, Kindal
Field Identification: Trees with brown bark with shallow
vertical groves. Leaves with 2 glands at the base of mid rib
beneath.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate or subopposite, up
to 20 x 10 cm, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate
at apex, base rounded or cordate with 1-2 glands at or near
the base of the midrib. Flowers sessile, greenish-white in
slender spikes forming compound panicles. Calyx cup
shaped. Drupes brick-red coloured, with 3 unequal wings,
1 long and 2 short.
Habitat: Common in moist to dry deciduous forest.
Uses: Young leaves eaten by Hanuman Langur, Gaur and
other wild animals. Wood used in agricultural
implements.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Vateria indica L.
oO
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n
oO
—
fe)
LL
Me Ed Or Av OU
(Se
4
, ~
IUCN al.
Vateria indica: 1) Tree, 2) Leafy branches with flowers, 3) Flower, 4)
Flowering branch, 5) Fruits, 6) Seeds with cotyledon.
es eee a.)
oe VATERIA INDICA L.
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Kannada name: Saal Dhoopa, Chandalika
a Field Identification: Large trees with straight bole in wild.
aa Bark smooth, grey, exudes gummy resinous sap on injury.
ee Branches clothed with hoary stellate hairs. Petioles inflated
*, near leaf base.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, up to 24 x 15 cm,
ovate or elliptic-oblong, apex acute, cordate or rounded at
base, lateral nerves prominent beneath, marked above.
Flowers to 1.9 cm across, white, fragrant, in terminal
panicles. Petals 5. Stamens numerous; anthers nearly
sessile. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a capsule, 2-6 cm long, ovoid,
brownish. Seeds large.
Habitat: Very rare in wild, mostly found in evergreen to
semi-evergreen sacred groves and undisturbed forest.
Planted as avenue tree.
Uses: The tree produces Indian dammer which is a
valuable varnish. The seeds yield a vegetable butter known
as “Malabar tallow’, used for manufacture of candles and
soaps. Hanuman Langur and other wild animals feed on
ws <i 1
4 the foliage, Nilgiri Langur on leaf and fruit. Bonnet
ae Macaque feed on fruits. Hornbills favor the tree for nesting.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
“HR: “ER * eB
249
250
Trees With
A
e
K
Compound, Opposite
And Entire Leaves
Cassia fistula L.
Tree type:
oO
Q
>
pa)
Ww
n
oO
a
eo)
Ww
FI & Fr:
“, | Cassia fistula: 1) Tree branch in flowers, 2) Inflorescence, 3) Young
rer pods, 4) Dry pod (broken in middle) and seeds.
Sys
uu %
eat eer = my = “ . 7 e/ >
ee CASSIA FISTULA L.
oe Family: Fabaceae
Kannada name: Kakke
Field Identification: Deciduous tree to 25 m. Smooth in
Be A young, and rough fissured in old trees with yellowish-
es brown bark. Different from other Cassia’s by pendulous
; large bright yellow flowers and long cylindrical pods.
Botanical description: Leaves to 45 cm long, without
glands; leaflets 3-8 pairs, opposite, 5-13 x 2-9 cm, ovate,
base cuneate, apex acute, bright green above and pale
beneath. Flowers bright yellow in hanging 20-60 cm long
racemes. Corolla 2.5-3.5 cm across, shortly clawed.
Stamens 10, all fertile. Pods cylindrical, 30-60 cm long,
pendulous, terete.
Habitat: Scattered trees in scrub forests of evergreen to dry
deciduous forest
Uses: Used widely for medicinal purpose. Pulp inside the
pod edible but a strong laxative. Popular as avenue trees.
Gaur, Chital etc. feed on fruits. Sambar feeds on bark.
Hanuman Langur feeds on tender leaves and fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
> 2. Gf :
-ERREREEE OE
; 253
| \ |
Forest type
,. =
Uses Me {Edy )Ors)Ave) ou
-Endemism | Ni E | | | |
Gece Vibe Fim | | | >
ews WM, win
Stereospermum colais: 1) Tree branches, 2) Bark with blaze,
3) Leafy branches, 4) Fruits.
STEREOSPERMUM COLAIS (Buch.-Ham.
ex Dillwyn) Mabb.
Family: Bignoniaceae
Synonym: Stereospermum personatum (Haask.) Chatterjee;
Stereospermum tetragonum DC.
Kannada name: Paadarimara, Kempudale, Mukurti
Field Identification: Bark yellowish to yellowish-grey,
inner wood yellowish. Trees with long curved hanging
fruits. Yellow flowers with purplish veins.
Botanical description: Large, deciduous, somewhat
buttressed trees. Leaves compound, 1-pinnate, opposite or
in whorls of 3, 30-45 cm long; leaflets 7-11, up to 15x 4.5m,
elliptic, acuminate to caudate at apex, cuneate and
sometimes un-equal sided at base. Flowers fragrant,
yellow, in slender drooping branches. Calyx campanulate,
5-6 mm long, 3-5 toothed. Corolla 1.8-2 cm long, pubescent
outside; limb 2-lipped. Stamens 4, didynamous, with a
rudimentary fifth. Fruita capsule, up to 45 cm long, curved,
linear, 4-angled, somewhat spirally twisted. Seeds many,
winged.
Habitat: In canopy gaps of evergreen-semievergreen
forests and in moist deciduous forest.
Uses: Reputed in folk medicine; roots for diabetes having
glucose reducing power. Hanuman Langur feed on unripe
fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Terminalia anogessiana Gere & Boatwr.
Tree type: Evergreen
Forest type
a
eae ~
0 milled eter) - end MW! uit
< se anogessiana:1) Tree 2) Twig, 3) Flowering twig,
~
4) Fruiting twig.
256
ca ee
A Pe a ae 2
-} oo a 3
oi TERMINALIA ANOGESSIANA Gere & Boatwr.
Family: Combretaceae
Synonym: Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex. dc.) Wall. ex. guill.
& perr.
Kannada name: Dindiga
ee Field Identification: Medium trees with fluted stem
" towards base. Bark exfoliating in thin flakes leaving
’ shallow, greenish to yellow, mottled surface. Leaves
| reddish when young, and turning red before shedding.
Botanical description: Leaves opposite to sub-opposite, 3-
8.5 x 2.5-6 cm, elliptic-oblong, base rounded, pale dull
glaucous green, apex obtuse, emarginate or shortly
cuspidate. Flowers sessile in globose, axillary heads,
greenish-yellow. Sepal tube pubescent. Stamens 10,
exserted. Fruits in globose heads, 4-8 mm across, orbicular,
winged with a long beak, yellow or brown. Seed ovoid,
solitary.
Habitat: Notable component of dry deciduous forests.
Uses: White gum from the stem used for making sweets
and calico printing; gum has medicinal value. Wood strong
vb and tough. Wood and leaves rich in tannin. Langurs feed
Sr on leaves and Chital on flowers.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Vitex altissima L. f.
Tree type:
oO
Q
>
aa)
w
n
oO
a
[e)
Ww
Wi :
Cr En Vu ] f
= with
Vitex altissima: 1) Tree branches, 2) Bark with blaze, 3) Leaves in
saplings, 4) Flowering twig.
VITEX ALTISSIMA L. f.
Family: Lamiaceae
Kannada name: Myrole, Bharanagi
Field Identification: Large trees with yellowish to pale
brown bark, inner wood yellow, hard. Leaves 3-foliate,
with terminal leaflet largest; petioles often angular and
winged. (Differs from Vepris bilocularis which does not
have winged petiole, leaves petioled and lateral nerves
parallel, differs from Crateva religiosa which is riverine,
leaves alternate and stems not quadrangular).
Botanical description: Branchlets quadrangular,
lenticillate, minutely hairy. Leaves opposite, up to 15 x 4
cm, digitately 3-5 foliate, mostly 3-foliate; leaflets sessile,
acuminate at apex, acute at base, glabrous above,
pubescent beneath, venation pellucid; petioles up to 7 cm
long, often winged and auricled at base. Flowers in
terminal panicles, sessile or shortly peduncled. Calyx
cupular, Corolla c. 6 mm long, bluish-white. Drupe
globose, c. 0.6 cm wide, purple when ripe.
Habitat: Forest openings and moist deciduous forest.
Uses: Much used as timber for building and furniture. The
wood gives yellow dye. Great Pied Hornbill has much
dependence on fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
* P Ss ‘
N er
ae el
< ~~ r ‘, .
1 ee a el
q i
3 4
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)
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aly
Vitex leucoxylon L. f.
Tree type:
oO
Qa
>
aa)
Ww
n
oO
=
eo)
Ww
Endemism NG BE
Ecosys. Value
Vitex leucoxylon: 1) & 2) Leafy twig with flowers, 3) Flowers, 4)
Unripe fruits.
~" < a ia Parts S a Ne
ae VITEX LEUCOXYLON L. f.
i a : Family: Lamiaceae
‘a Kannada name: Holle Lakki
| Field Identification: Riverine trees mostly digitately 5-
Fy Ay foliolate, opposite leaves; basal pair of leaflets much
sy smaller than the others; petiole joints often purplish.
Botanical description: Young parts more or less
pubescent. Leaves opposite, 3-5 foliolate; leaflets up to 10 x
4 cm, long petiolate, elliptic or lanceolate, often unequal
sided. Flowers fragrant, in axillary long stalked corymbose
cymes. Calyx cupular. Corolla white with purplish hairs;
upper lip divided into 2 rounded lobes; lower lip 3-lobed,
hairy in the centre with crisped margin. Drupe ellipsoid,
succulent, dark purple, up to2cm long.
Habitat: Frequent along streams.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
ica eed llc
261
wy:
Notes
I = a = = =
Covi, ae pe che
>,
262
Na at 4 fi x! NE i? é
+ 4 . . AL
a. A ’s . oa ge =
ai
Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) benth.
Forest type
Uses Ec Or f \
Endemism NG E
1s
“| Fs
a
0 leh odeed wn suis
Aglaia elaeagnoidea : 1) Leafy branch, 2) Bark closeup, 3) Tree
trunk, 4) Sapling in forest floor
AGLAIA ELAEAGNOIDEA (A_Juss.) Benth.
Family: Meliaceae
Synonym: Aglaia roxburghiana (Wight & Arn.) Mig.
Field identification: Inner bark red with light fragrance
Botanical description: Trees with young parts covered
with brown lepidote scales. Leaves imparipinnate, up to 25
cm long; leaflets 3-7, opposite, elliptic to oblanceolate, up to
17 x 6 cm. Flowers polygamous, globose, in panicles,
yellow. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-lobed, ciliate along margins.
Petals 5, elliptic-oblong. Stamens 5, inserted in the middle
of the subglobose staminal tube. Fruit a subglobose or
pyriform berry, ca 2 cm across, velvety-lepidote-
tomentose.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Fruits used for medicinal purpose
265
oO
Qa
>
aa
oo)
n
oO
a
eo)
Ww
Fl & Fr: [Re
Ecosys. Value _ _
| UCN 1 meer) i
meer)
Archidendron bigeminum _ : 1) Tree branches 2) Flowering twig, 3)
Flowering spike, 4) & 5) Fresh and dried fruits and seeds.
a ARCHIDENDRON BIGEMINUM (L.) LC. Nielsen
oe Family: Fabaceae
Synonym: Pithecellobium monadelphum (Roxb.) Kosterm.
* Kannada name: Kadu konde mara
Be A Field Identification: Tree bark reddish-brown,
ye prominently lenticellate. Gland on leaf petiole and one
4 below each pair of pinnae.
Botanical description: Small trees. Bark reddish brown,
lenticellate. Leaves bipinnate; Petioles 3-4 cm long, witha
gland above the middle; pinnae 1-2 pairs, 10 cm long,
usually with glands between leaflet pairs. Leaflets 7.5-15 x
3.5 cm, elliptic-ovate, apex emarginate, pubescent beneath
when young. Flowers pale yellow, few flowered heads in
peduncled clusters on long panicles. Calyx densely brown-
silky. in. Podsc.8x1.5cm, circinate.
Habitat: Frequent along margins of evergreen to semi-
evergreen forest.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
< & wy ‘
ee Ree
267
Crateva religiosa G. Forst.
Tree type: rgreen
oO
Qa
>=
aa)
w
n
oO
=
eo)
Ww
lEndemism $=6WG BE | | | Y \
' isa] \ ag
Ecosys. Value
IUCN En |
Onl co) nailed ada
Crateva religiosa: 1) Leaf branches with flowers, 2) Leaf branches, 3)
Flowers, 4) Fruiting branch.
CRATEVA RELIGIOSA G. Forst.
Family: Capparaceae (=Capparidaceae)
Synonym: Crateva magna (Lour.) DC.
Field Identification: Small sized riverine trees with
alternate, tri-foliate leaves and long petioles. (Also see
Vitex altissima).
Botanical description: Branches lenticellate. Leaves
alternate, digitately trifoliolate, petioles to 12 cm long;
leaflets 8-25 x 3-6 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute to
acuminate, attenuate at base, pale beneath, the lateral
leaflets oblique at base. Inflorescence a terminal corymb.
Flowers 3-4 cm across, greenish-white or yellow. Sepals 4,
petaloid. Petals long clawed. Stamens numerous; inserted
at the base of the gynophore; filaments lilac or purple. Fruit
a globose or ovoid, woody berry with hard rind, covered
with white specks.
Habitat: Occasionally found along open streams.
Uses: The bitter leaves are used in medicine; bark used as
antidote for snake bite. Host plant for many butterflies.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Dimocarpus longan Lour.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
oO
Qa
>
aa)
wy
n
oO
a
[e)
LW
Uses
Endemism
0 milled olen) wnt AW sill
Dimocarpus longan : 1) Tree branches with fruits, 2) Bark, 3)
Fruiting twig, 4) Fruits
DIMOCARPUS LONGAN Lour.
Family: Sapindaceae
Synonym: Nephelium longana cambess.
Kannada name: Kendala
Field Identification: Moderate sized evergreen trees, Bark
reddish brown, rough with lenticels and flaking off in
small pieces in places. Branchlets prominently white
lenticillate. Young parts clothed with rufous _ stellate
pubescence, (similar to Aglaia sp. But distinguished by
imparipinnate leaves).
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, to 40 cm long;
leaflets usually in 2-5 pairs, opposite, ovate-lanceolate,
acute to shortly acuminate at apex, rounded to oblique at
base, glaucous beneath, to 20 x 7cm, shining, young leaves
red. Flowers small, creamy white, c.4 cm across, in terminal
or axillary hairy panicles. Petals 5, linear-spathulate. Fruit
globose, tubercled, red, 1.5-2 cm across.
Habitat: Common in evergreen to semi-evergreen forests.
Uses: The aril of the seed is sweet and edible. Indian Giant
Squirrel and Hanuman Langur noted as feeding on fruits.
Timber for plywood and matchwood.
iS Nek
Distribution in Uttara Kannada ee ae
i, MU xe 3
J é x,
27
Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
oO
Qa
>=
ae)
w
n
oO
=
eo)
Ww
Harpullia arborea: 1) Tree bark, 2) Twig, 3) Flowers, 4) Immature
fruits.
a fee oe =
wh HARPULLIA ARBOREA (Blanco) Radlk.
Family: Sapindaceae
Synonym: Harpullia imbricata (Blume) Thwaites
' Field Identification: Tree bole fluted, smooth, greyish
Pi with inner yellow wood. Leaflets oblique at base.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, up
to 40 cm long; leaflets 6-12, up to 22 x 7 cm, alternate or
opposite, ovate or elliptic, oblique at base, shining above,
paler beneath, glabrous. Flowers yellowish in lax axillary
or sub-terminal pubescent panicles. Sepals 5, ovate,
tomentose. Petals twice the calyx, glabrous, obovate,
clawed. Stamens 5-8. Ovary ovoid, 2-celled. Fruit an
inflated, coriaceous, 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-valved capsule, c.5
cm across, pendulous, bright orange-red when ripe.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest near streams
and moist areas.
Uses: Fruit and bark extract prevent leech bite; seed oil is
used inrheumatism
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
oO
Qa
>
aa)
w
n
oO
a
(eo)
LW
Endemism N BE | \I
(a =
Ecosys. Value Wi |
IUCN a I Ji |
wl onal win |
Lepisanthes tetraphylla: 1) Tree with fruiting branches, 2) Flowering
twig, 3) Fruits and seeds.
_ 4 ” “et = 4 ar < , zy A
> Vg La a
ei LEPISANTHES TETRAPHYLLA (Vahl) Radlk
a | Family: Sapindaceae
a Synonym: L. deficiens (Bedd.) Radlk.; Hemigyrosa canescens
oe (Pers.) Blume
3 x ‘ Kannada name: Mooltaga, Kurpah, Katu yette
a Field Identification: Bark ash coloured; leaves
paripinnate, shining ashy-green. Fruits depressed towards
’ apex.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, paripinnate, up to
25 cm long; leaflets 2-4 pairs, up to 20 x 6 cm, opposite to
sub-opposite, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, apex
obtuse, acute or emarginate, shining ash green. Flowers
white or greenish-white, 4-5 cm across, in terminal rusty
panicles. Sepals unequal. Petals oblong-spathulate.
Capsules 1.5-2.5 cm across, subglobose, 3-gonous, yellow-
tomentose.
Habitat: Common in semi-evergreen to moist deciduous
forest.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Sapindus trifoliatus L.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous —
oO
Qa
>
aa)
w
n
oO
a
[e)
LW
Ecosys. Value Wi
esa atl
Sapindus trifoliatus : 1) Tree branch, 2) Twig with young fruits, 3)
Fruiting branch.
SAPINDUS TRIFOLIATUS L.
Family: Sapindaceae
Synonym: Sapindus laurifolius Vahl.
Kannada name: Antvaala mara, Norrekai
Field Identification: Bark grey shining with rough scaling.
Wood hard, yellow. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate,
terminal leaflet longest and acuminate. Fruit velvety when
young.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate;
leaflets opposite, 2-3 pairs, 5-20 x 3-8 cm, lanceolate or
elliptic-oblong, base acute or rounded, apex acute or
acuminate, margins entire. Flowers 4-5 mm across,
Greenish-white or white. Sepals 5, round-ovate, fulvous
pubescent outside. Ovary 3-lobed. Fruit up to 3.5 cm
across, consisting of 2-3 fleshy combined drupes, wrinkled
when ripe.
Habitat: Occasional in semi-evergreen to moist deciduous
forest, mostly cultivated.
Uses: Fruits used as substitute for soap. Fruit extracts is
good leech repellent. Fruit powder is applied externally for
skin and scalp problems. Fruit used for making shampoos
and soaps. Sapindus honey is considered medicinal and
very expensive. Chital feed on leaves; Hanuman Langur
feed on fruits.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
* P Ss ‘
> %
"he of ye be
Sal Pate ie
| ray Ne
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: $
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**. ix f fee j pee. ~ ee ~ =
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Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd.
Tree type:
Forest type
Fl & Fr: |
Ecosys. Value
Saraca asoca: 1) Flowering twig, 2) Flowering branches, 3) Leafy
twig with flowers, 4) Flowers.
SARACA ASOCA (Roxb.) Willd.
Family: Fabaceae
Synonym: Saraca indica auct., non L.
Field Identification: Riverine small trees with compound
paripinnate leaves with often young flush red. Leaflets
slightly oblique at base.
Botanical description: Leaves to 25 cm long, paripinnate;
rachis glabrous; stipules completely united, interpetiolar;
leaflets 4-6 pairs, up to 23 x 6 cm, acute to acuminate at
apex. Inflorescence on old wood with compact corymbose
panicles, terminal or axillary. Flowers 2.5 cm long;
bracteoles embrassing calyx tube. Calyx yellow, turning to
orange and finally to red; lobes 4. Petals lacking. Stamens 7-
8, free. Pod up to 25 x5 cm, oblong, compressed, woody.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest along streams.
Uses: The bark and flowers have high medicinal value.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.
Tree type: Evergreen “Deciduous
a
oO
Ob
>
pe)
wv
wn
oO
—
[e)
Le
FlI&Fr: | FMAM J
Uses M Ed Or Av OU
e
Endemism WG BE
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN Chi Eni |) Vu
Schleichera oleosa : 1) Young leaves and flowers, 2) Bark, 3) Flowers,
4) Seeds and fruits.
280
SCHLEICHERA OLEOSA (Lour.) Oken.
Family: Sapindaceae
Kannada name: Sagadi
Field Identification: Trunk deeply furrowed, with
exfoliating scales. Thick bark, reddish brown inside. Wood
reddish, hard. Young foliage red and conspicuous.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, paripinnate, up to
25 cm long; leaflets 2-4 pairs, up to 18 x 8 cm, sessile,
opposite or sub-opposite, obtuse to acute at apex,
coriaceous, base subacte or subcordate, densely brown
tomentose beneath. Flowers greenish-white, 2.5-3 mm
across. Petals absent. Stamens 5-8. Drupes 1.5-2 cm long.
Ovoid-globose, pointed, echinate, with blunt prickles.
Habitat: In forest edges and openings of semi-evergreen
forest and in moist to dry deciduous forest.
Uses: Whitish pulp of the fruit edible. Wood is used for
agricultural implements. Tree host for lac insect. Monkeys
and by Spotted Deer feed on fruits and leaves. Elephants
feed on the leaves. Chital feed on flowers.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Sal
¥ Cnr (AS
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q f
> 4
4
:
:
i
.
y 281
Toona ciliata M. Roem.
Tree type: Evergreen “Deciduous
oO
Qa
>
P
oo)
n
oO
a
(e)
WL
Or Av
1sm | \8
Ni
I
ee LL till
Toona ciliata: 1) Tree bark, 2) & 3) Leafy branches with dry fruits,
4) Dry split fruits.
TOONA CILIATA M. Roem
Family: Meliaceae
Synonym: Toona hexandra M. Roem.; Cedrela toona Roxb.
ex Rottl. & Willd.
Kannada name: Gandagarige
Field Identification: Bark dark brown to grey, vertically
fissured. Leaves lanceolate, with unequal base and long
acuminate apex.
Botanical description: Leaves paripinnate, 30-60 cm long,
alternate; leaflets opposite or alternate, 4-15 pairs, up to 16
x 6 cm, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, oblique at base,
acuminate to long acuminate at apex, glabrous, margins
serrate or entire. Flowers c. 8 cm across, white in terminal
drooping panicles, scented. Calyx lobes orbicular-ovate,
ciliate. Petals c. 5mm long, broadly elliptic, keeled at base
inside. Stamens 5, free. Ovary sessile. Fruit a 5-valved
capsule, up to 2.5 cm long, with5-winged central column.
Habitat: Occasional in out skirts of semi-evergreen forest
and in moist deciduous forest.
Uses: Bark used for medicinal purpose and flowers yield a
dye. Timber used in building and furniture.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims
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Heynea trijuga: 1) & 2) Tree branches with flowers, 3) Flowers,
4) Fruiting branch.
HEYNEA TRIJUGA Roxb. ex Sims
Family: Meliaceae
Synonym: Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentvelzen
Kannada name: Kora
Field Identification: Trees in forest edges, with compound
leaves; leaflets glaucous beneath; rachis swollen at the
junction of each pair of leaflet.
Botanical description: Branches spreading. Leaves
alternate, imparipinnate, up to 50 cm long; leaflets ovate to
ovate-elliptic, 7-9, 5-14 x 3.5-4 cm, unequal-sided at base,
glaucous beneath, acuminate at apex. Flowers white, c. 8
mm. across, in long peduncled panicles. Calyx 5-lobed.
Petals 5, 4-5 mm long, much longer than calyx, midrib
thickened. Anthers 10. Fruit 1-2 cm across capsule, globose,
reddish.
Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forest along forest
edges.
Uses: Visited by large number of butterflies and other
insects.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Walsura trifoliolata (A. Juss.) Harms
Tree type:
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Uses Me OU
Endemism BE
Ecosys. Value
IUCN
libel) , «etal ats
Walsura trifoliolata: 1) Leafy twig, 2) Bark with blaze, 3) Leafy
branch underneath, 4) Fruits and seeds.
oy De LE DBO ae SE
ey WALSURA TRIFOLIOLATA (A. Juss.) Harms
Family: Meliaceae
Synonym: Walsura piscida Roxb.
Field Identification: Bark pale brown with copious light
BA coloured lenticels; inner bark red, slightly fibrous. Leaves
ey trifoliolate with leaflets dark green above and glaucous
, beneath; petioles inflated at both ends.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate, leaflets
ovate-elliptic to subovate, up to 18 x 6 cm, sub-coriaceous,
shining dark green above, glaucous beneath, terminal
leaflet longer, base acute. Flowers yellowish white, small,
in axillary and terminal panicles. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals
c.1.5-3.5 mm long. Stamens 10. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a berry
orange yellow to brown, up to 2 cm long, finely tomentose,
minutely apiculate.
Habitat: Occasional in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest
and along streams.
Uses: Wood oil is used for itches. Bark is used for poisoning
fish.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
| Xylia xylocarpa (roxb.) W. Theob
Tree Type: Evergreen “Deciduous
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Uses
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi
IUCN Cr
= end nil natn
Xylia xylocarpa : 1) Tree branches, 2) Bark, 3) Leaflets with gland
in-between, 4) Fruits and seeds
XYLIA XYLOCARPA (Roxb.) W. Theob
Family: Fabaceae
Kannada name: Jambe
Field Identification: Leaf with orbicular gland between
the pinnae at the apex. Leaflets with a gland between each
pairs.
Botanical description: Bark rough with exfoliations.
Leaves compound, alternate, bipinnate; petiole pulvinate,
with an orbicular gland at tip; leaflets 4-18, opposite, upper
larger, up to 15 x 6 cm. Flowers bisexual, sessile, dull
yellow, in axillary globose heads. Petals 5. Stamens 10, free,
exserted. Fruit a pod, up to 15 cm long, flat, broadly falcate,
woody, compressed.
Habitat: Common in moist deciduous forest
Uses: Larval host plant. Seeds edible. Plants of medicinal
usage.
289
290
M. Trees With
Compound, Alternate
And Serrate Leaves
Bischofia javanica Blume
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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Ecosys. Value Wi a>
IUCN En Vu r
0 ith ted ant AN al
= Bischofia javanica: 1) Tree habit, 2) & 3) Leaf branch, 4) Flowering
guy | twig, 5) Flowering twig close up.
oll Pd
i
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ee BISCHOFIA JAVANICA Blume
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Kannada name: Neeli mara, Netr-honne
Field Identification: Large, evergreen trees with dark
i brown bark peeling off in angular scales; sometimes
ye reddish watery exudate on injury. A coppicer. Leaves 3-
foliate, serrate.
Botanical description: Leaves alternate, 3-foliate, serrate;
leaflets 11-18 x 4-10 cm, broadly elliptic-ovate, base often
oblique, apex acuminate; secondary nerves 6-8 pairs.
Flowers light green, in axillary and lateral pedunculate,
paniculate racemes. Male flowers: sepals white, 5, c. 1 mm
long. Stamens 5. Female flowers: Sepals c. 2.5 mm long.
Berry green, 6-8 mm across, globose, reddish-brown. Seeds
brown.
Habitat: Occasional in semi-evergreen forest; prefers
moist, shaded ravines and streamsides.
Uses: Bark and leaves have medicinal properties. Berries
are eaten by many forest birds. Berries also eaten by Kerala
forest tribes.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
294
Deciduous
1) Palm habit, 2) & 3) Fruiting
Endemism
Ecosys. Value
Arenga wightii Griff
Tree type:
tom wightii :
ARENGA WIGHTII Griff
Family: Arecaceae
Kannada name: Dodasalu
Botanical description: A palm with short trunk and very
long pinnate compound leaves. Stem covered with fibrous
leaf sheaths. Leaves pinnate, 9 m long; petioles to 4 m;
leaflets 90-110 x 3-5 cm, linear ensiform, white beneath, 2-
auricled at base. Spadix 1 m long, pendulous branches.
Male flowers strongly scented. Sepals 3, orbicular. Petals 3,
thick. Stamens many. Female flower petals triangular,
cuspidate. Fruits depressed globose.
Habitat: In shady areas of evergreen to semi-evergreen
forest.
Uses: Yields toddy from inflorescence. Leaves used for
thatching. Also source of food for many wild animals.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
Caryota urens L.
Tree type: Evergreen Deciduous
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Fl & Fr: [a
Uses
Endemism
Ecosys. Value Wi
ae?
ee fog ps < -
sr (= 2
— 2. 7
ai 4
CARYOTA URENS L.
TUE
Family: Arecaceae
Kannada name: Baini mara,
Botanical description: A pretty palm tree. Trunk stout,
annulate. Leaves pinnatisect, to 6 x 3.6 m; leaflets up to 20
cm long, broadly cuneate, serrate on the apical margins.
Inflorescence 3-4 m long. Spathe to 40 cm long. Flowers
greenish. Male flowers 1-1.5 cm long. Sepals 3, cordate,
ciliate; petals 3, larger than sepals. Staminodes 3. Female
flowers longer than male flowers. Berries c. 1.8 cm across,
globose.
Habitat: Occasional in evergreen to semi-evergreen forest.
Uses: Palatable sago is obtained from the pith. Fresh toddy
is obtained from peduncle. Drupes used medicinal. Food
for many wild animals. Tender leaves as food by Kerala
forest tribes. Wood resistant to termites and used in
making agricultural implements.
Distribution in Uttara Kannada
300
GLOSSARY-ILLUSTRATIONS
LEAF SHAPE
a 301
Acicular
needle shaped
Orbicular
circular
Acuminate
Tapering to a long point
Falcate
hooked or sickle shaped
Rhomboid
Diamond-shaped
Obtuse
Bluntly tipped
Ovate
Egg-shaped, wide base
Hastate
Triangular with basal lobes
Spatulate
Spoon-shaped
Elliptic
Oval- shaped,
small or no point
Palmate
Resembles a hand
Aristate
With spine like tip
Lanceolate
Pointed at both ends
Spear-shaped
Pointed, barbed base
Peltate
Stem attached centrally
Pedate
Palmate, divided lateral lobes
Linear
Parallel margins, elongate
Subulate
Tapering point, awl-shaped
Cordate
Heart-shaped, stem in cleft
Unifoliate
Having single leaf
Cuneate
Wedge shaped, acute base
Lobed
Deeply indented margins
Trifoliate/ternate
leaflets in threes
Obcordate
Heart-shaped,
stem at point
Deltoid Obovate
triangular Egg shaped, narrow at base
Truncate Digitate
Squared-off apex with finger like lobes
Pinnatisect
Deep, opposite lobing
LEAF
ARRANGEMENT
—.*
5
ut
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Ly 307
: cams ¥ eo =
. - ¥ in S § ~
Rosette Perfoliate
Leaflets in tight circular rings Stem seeming to pierce leaf
Simple Leaves
Alternate simple leaf Opposite simple leaf
Leaflets arranged alternately Leaflets in adjacent pairs
Compound Leaves
Odd Uni-Pinnate Even Uni-pinnate
Leaflets in row, one at tip Leaflets in row, two at tip
Bipinnate
Leaflets also pinnate
Tri pinnate
Leaflets also pinnate
Whorled
Rings of three or more leaflets
LEAF MARGIN
310
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e cal .
Ciliate Crenate
With fine hairs With rounded teeth
Denticulate Doubly serrate
With fine dentition Serrate with sub-teeth
my | %
Pe fr, Ae h
‘ee apabd,.s
Dentate Entire a3
With symmetrical teeth Even, smooth throughout
TYPES OF
INFLORESCENCE
LY, 313
Raceme Compound raceme
i
Leafy bracteate racemose . ,
inflorescence
a Vi Pp
Compound umbel | Double cyme | Umbel
314
as 2
Cymose corymb Raceme-corymb | Thyrosoid
a“
Dichasium
ae
Compound capitulum | Compound spike
S1(5)
Wen
_
‘
atk = fie = ae ey ee Se.
Botanical Glossary
‘ Sn Botanical term Meaning
I Amplexicaul The base dilated and clasping the stem, usually of
leaves
De Annulate With rings or ring like markings
3, Appressed Lying flat for the whole length of the part or organ
4. Auricle Ear like appendage
3 | Ss Blaze Make a cut on the wood to reveal inner wood
: 4 4 6. Calyptrate Cap like appendage
oy Is Campanulate Bell shaped
t 8. Caudate Long narrowly tipped
9. Chartaceous Papery
10. Ciliate Hairy
11. Circinate Spirally coiled with the tip innermost
12. _Cordate Heart shaped
13. Coriaceous Leathery
14. Crenulate Minutely scalloped
15. Crisped Finely curled
16. Cuneate Wedge shape
17. Cupular Cupola shape
18. Dentate Widely large toothed
19 Dioecious Male and female reproductive structures develop
on different individuals
20. Distichous Arranged in two opposite rows
21. Domatia Hollow structure made by plant, that is inhabited
by ants or mites
was 22. Emarginate Notched at apex
we | 23. Fimbriate Fringed
ae 24. Flush Young leaves and stem
aval 25. Fluted With furrows or vertical buttress like grooved stem
ee 26. Fulvous
…[truncated]