Document text
RECOMP II USERS' PROGRAM NO. 1013
PROGRAM TITLE:
PM 151 RADIOACTIVE DECAY DEMONSTRATION FOR RECOMP II
COMPUTER
PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION: Service Routine
AUTHOR*
PURPOSE:
EFFECTIVE DATE:
L. Halprin
Army Signal Research & Development Lab.
Data Equipment Branch
Fort Monmouth, New Jersey
Af ter entering the time of the atomic explosion that
caused the present radioactivity level, the computer
will give upon command; (l) a report of all entered
positions as to its location, its measured intensity,
and the time of measurement, (2) a report of any or all
entered positions at any given time as to the remaining
radiation level and if it is dangerous or not, and (3)
the time when the radiation level will be safe if it is
not already safe.
July 1959
Published by
RECOMP Users' Library
at
AUTONETICS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
A DIVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, INC.
3584 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles 5, Calif.
p
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction - - — -.--.----«---- — 1
2. Theory --------- - - 2
3. Time of Explosion --------- — -------- 5
km Position Readings 5
5. Position Report - - — — ----------- — -10
6. Intensity Level • — -----------------12
7« Intensity Saftey Level 17
8, Memory Dump - — 17
9. Summary - — ---- — ----------20
; p
RADIATION DECAY DEMONSTRATION
1. Introduction :
The Radiation "Decay demonstration is capable of storing for
one to sixteen different positions; information as to location of the
position, the radioactivity intensity level at the position, and the time
of the radioactivity intensity reading* This data nay be entered in any
random order either Manually using the typewriter or automatically using
the photo-tape reader*
After entering the time of the atomic explosion that caused
the present radioactivity level, the computer will give upon command;
(1) a report of all entered positions as to its location, its measured
intensity, and the time of measurement, (2) a report of any or all
entered positions at any given time as to the remaining radiation level
and if it is dangerous or not, and 0) the time when the radiation level
will be safe if it is not already safe. The saftey level that is considered
safe can be determined in advance by the operator in order to adjust to
battle conditions.
Attention is brought to the word "demonstration** in the title
of this program* A very accurate prediction of intensity levels cannot
be determined without additional information such as weather conditions,
wind speed and direction, type of bomb, previous radiation level before
the bomb explosion and more accurate formulas. These omisions were
purposely made in order to have a less confusing and faster operating
demonstration. Under average conditions, the answers produced by the
demonstration should be within a few percent of the correct value.
The typewriter should be loaded with 8 inch or wider paper,
the switch under the type bin cover should be set to execute "tabs" from
the computer, and the tab stops set as given in the summary at the end of
this report.
The program descrition starts with an outline of the mathematical
theory involved followed by an outline of each of these major sections of
the demonstration: Time of Explosion, Position Readings, Position Report,
Intensity Level, Intensity Saftey Level, Memory Dump, and Summary.
2.P
2. Theory :
Radioactivity intensity decays exponentally trout the tiae of
an atomic explosion according to the equation:
!) I = Io e~ c *
I « intensity at some tiae after explosion (R)
I ~ intensity at time of explosion (R)
t » tine from expos ion (hours)
c as decay constant * 0.35
The computer could solve this equation using u. normal Talor series
expansion such as:
V I«X.[A-R**fif--*f- ]
This solution however would take too many terms to give an
accurate answer so by using the same series expanded about infinity
instead of zero gives:
3) I * I. [> * £ ■»■ :£* ]
A resonable accurate answer is now possible with Just the
first 3 terms. In the exponential equation y± the value c is determined
by the radioactive element involved in the explosion. Normally, many
elements are involved, each with different values of c and many of these
elements are completly non-radiating within a period of 1.^1 hours. A
value of c that is an approximation of the radiation decay after an
average atomic explosion is 0.35 and values of t less then ijK) hours are
considered the same as t « i.ko in order to overcome the high initial
inaccuracy brought about by the very fast decay elements of the bomb.
Substituting these approximations into equation ^results in
A dropping out and:
*) i^otH 5 * -mi
3. P
Note that At Is liaited to a period of 2k hours after the blast
tiae since no dates are involved.
Normally, however, I is not known, so soae reading I Is taken
at any convenient tiae At after the explosion. Equation Jjirlll then solve
for I
o •
At:
Nov, at soae tine At* after taking the intensity level I, a nev
intensity level is desired which will be called I 1 . Either equation
jjor 8) will solve for I» .
IJ Zf (+* +>&*') > 1+0 hks ;
» _ JT«
r f =
Z) If (a* + ** w )± l«o **s;
I r = I
I' can then be compared against some value (such as 25 R)
in order to deteraine if the intensity is at a safe level or not. If
the intensity is not safe, the tlae t'* at which the intensity level is
safe is determined by first solving for t 5 , the time of blast to time
of safety (equation 9) and then for t M , present time to tiae of safety
(equation 10).
V
, f-f 7 ^^
2 Is
iS) *" = ( Vs - At *) H*S.
A graph of the intensity level versus tiae froa explosion as
derived by equation TjU shown in the graph on the next page. Notice that
the top of the graph is constant due to the effects of equation g/(ainiai2es
inaccuracies around the first hour after the explosion).
Proa the graph It is seen that I m - 1 1 where I , - intensity
one hour after the explosion.
S606
At(/f/ts) F&om J5*r*>as'*
5. P
The plot of this graph is almost exactly the
produced by equation no 11:
as that
t e time to explosion in hours
Equation 11) is presented in the manual "The Effects of Huclear Weapons"
printed by the Department of the Army (DA no. 39-3) in Ifay 1957 and is
explained on page 432 as a good approximation of the radiation level at
a given point some time after an atomic explosion*
This equation is introduced merely as a check against the
presented theory as it was not discovered until after the demonstration was
programmed*
3» Time of Explosion :
Pressing preset start button (or transfer to location 5200.0)
will cause the computer to ask:
TIME OF EXPLOSION:
Any four digit military time group from 0000 to 2359 is entered. Any
deviation from the military time format will cause either
////????*
or
//// ERROR
to be typed and a new time called for* After a time entry has been accepted,
all previous intensity readings are erased and the computer asks for new
position readings.
*». Position Readings :
Pressing pre-set start button no. 2 (or starting at location
5000.0) will cause the heading "POSITION READINGS" to be printed followed
by the question:
POSITION NO:
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7. P
A number of 1 thru 16 is entered. [email protected] numbers, nan-numeric
characters, or numbers over 16 will result In the error print-out:
//// NONE
After entering a correct position number, the computer asks for
the position location*
X:
and then
Y:
In both cases, enter a positive integer of five digits or less*
A negative entry or a non-numeric entry causes the reply:
////?????
An entry of more then 5 digits will bring the reminder:
//// 5 DIGITS MAX.
The time of the radiation intensity reading is asked for:
Enter a k digit military time group between 0000 to 2359*
Numbers appearing outside of this range or an entry of a non-numeric char-
acter causes the statment:
//// ERROR
Fimally, the intensity reading will be called for with:
DTEENSriY:
Any positive integer may be entered up to 11 digits. Negative
entries or non-numeric character entries are detected by the computer and
causes the type-back.
////?????
8. P
After the intensity level is entered, the computer converts
all entries to the proper format and stores them in the correct locations
coresponding to the desired position*
A nev position number is called for and the cycle of entries
Just described is repeated again ♦ As position reading data is entered, any
previous information at that position is replaced by the new readings*
A table of all position readings entered will be typed, whenever
the position number of zero is entered.
In order to automatically enter a complete set of radiation
intensity levels, follow these instructions:
(1) Enter time of explosion.
(2) Enter all desired position readings as described in this
section*
(3) Check entries by printing out the table of all position readings*
(k) Using the inclosed memory dump (see section 8), punch out all
data between the locations 5600 to 5777*
(5) Punch the explosion time data in location 5225 to 5227*
(6) Terminate the tape (also see section 8)
(7) This tape may now be entered at any time by loading the
the tape in the photo-reader and pressing the "fill*'
button* All previous readings will be replaced by those
recorded on the tape*
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5. Position Report :
By entering a position no. in the position readings section of the
program (pre- set start no. 2) or by starting the computer at location 52*+0. 0,
a complete report of all positions entered, their locations, tine of
reading, and intensity readings are typed in the following format:
— —
POSITION REPORT
TIME OP EXPLOSION: 1023
NO.
jjlvatiuw
TIME
INTENSITY
1
12105 00237
1058
too
2
09012 12315
1236
30
5
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1309
5
9
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133^
12
15
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21kh
19
16
12512 51252
0756
500
If no position has been entered since last entering an atonic
explosion time (which will erase all previous readings), then this
report is given:
POSITION REPORT
TIME OP EXPLOSION: 1023
NO.
LOCATION
TIME
INTENSITY
After either report, control is transfered to the "intensity
level" section of the program which is described next.
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12. P
6. Intensity Level :
Preset start switch no. 3, location no. 5520.0, or termination
of a "position report" will cause the computer to type the heading and
time of the last entered explosion:
Uft'ERSmf LEVEL
TIME OP EXPIQSIOST: 1023
TIME:
The last line typed was the request for the time you wish the
intensity readings for. Enter a four digit Military time group between
0000 and 2359* (note: Since the date Is not entered along with the time,
as "intensity level" time entries are considered as being within 2fc hours
of the "position reading" tine for each particular position. Also, each
"position reading" tine is considered as being within 2k hours of the
tine of explosion. To avoid confusion, try to keep all tines, both
"position reading" and "intensity level" within 2k hours of the time of
explosion. ) Tine entries that are negative, or not in proper form will
result in the reply:
//// EKB(B
The next entry request is for the position number* Enter any
positive interger betvreen and 16® Entries other then this will bring
the reminder:
//// JKHE
Also, if a particular position number is called for that was
n&ver entered, the same reply is given.
Otherwise, the intensity level at the "intensity level" time
requested is computed and typed for each position chosen. If the intensity
level falls below a pre-set value, the words "HOT DAMGERCMS" will be typed
instead of the intensity level value. After several "position no:" entries,
the format will look like:
13. P
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intensity usvsl
TIME OF EXPLOSION:
102J
TIME: 2000
POSITION NO: 1
VSfSBB&VSti 232
POSITICST NO: 9
nrarcsriY: 572
position mi a
INOTSITr: NOT MHGEROUS
POSITION NO: 8
//// none
.,.,„.,,. ,. ... ....
If the deMonstrator desires, a report as to when the Intensity
level at each position will fall below the pore-set saftey level is also
presented* To obtain this additional information, sense switch C Must be
down. The format for the same previous example will now be:
"* • '■■ ■- *■"■■■ •■"
INTENSITY IEVSL
TIME CF EXPLOSION:
1023
TIME: 2000
POSITION NO: 1
wmmwii
232 SAFE IN 20 MS, 22 MIN.
POSITION NO: 9
TffiUmSTZX:
572 SAFE IN kj HRS, 57 MET.
POSITION NO: 2
INTENSITY:
NOT BANGEROUS
POSITION NO: 8
//// NONE
A complete report of what all intensity levels would be for each
entered position at any given tine can be had by entering (aero) when
asked for the position number. Again, if the time at which each position
will become "safe" is desired, just turn on (down) sense switch C.
Therefore, when asking the computer for position number 0, the computer
will type, depending on the position of sense switch C, one of the
following examples:
Ik. p
INTENSITY LEVEL
TIME OF EXPLOSION:
1023
TIME 2000
POSITION NO:
POSITION NO.
INTENSITY
1
232
2
NOT DftMGEROUS
5
NOT DANGEROUS
9
572
Ik
NOT DANGEROUS
15
NOT DANGEROUS
16
L - -
320
INTENSITY LEVEL
TIME OP EXPLOSICtf:
1023
TIME: 2000
POSITION NO:
POSITION NO.
INTENSITY
1
232 SAFE IN 20 HRS,
22 KIN.
2
NOT DANGEROUS
5
NOT DANGEROUS
9
572 SAFE IS k7 HRS,
57 MIN.
Xlf
NOT DANGEROUS
15
NOT DANGEROUS
16
320 SAFE IN 25 HRS,
8 MIN.
When an Intensity level is completed, a new tine is
requested. If no information was entered for any position since the
last explosion tine was entered, the word H NONE H will be printed
under the POSITIOW NO. coluan*
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IT. P
7* Intensity Saftey Level :
Normally, a nan can live safely in an area that has a
radiation level of 2J> R/hr. This is the value used for the "saftey"
level in all computations with this demonstration. However, you nay wish
to change this level to a higher value "because the Men may all "be inside
tanks or have protective clothing on, etc. Entering the program at location
5555 *0 will cause the computer to ask the question:
IKOTSIIY SAraSiT LEVEL (R/hr):
Any positive interger up to 11 digits may be entered without
receiving the error reply:
//// ?????
This value is then stored as the ! *safe M level until it is
again changed by using the sane procedure as above.
6. Memory Dussp :
The memory dump routine is entered at location 0101.0 and
begins by displaying two groups of k zeros each on the display tubes.
Sl2i
Pressing any octal number key on the keyboard (0 - 7) will
cause that number to be entered into the right most digit. As more keys
are entered, the last number is entered at the right and the previous
numbers shifted left one digit. Only the last eight digits entered
are displayed with the "+", "-", "8", and "9" keys being ignored. The
"clear" key will reset the display tubes to aero as shown above. The
results produced by pressing keys "start", "enter", or "." will be
explained separately.
^* "Pyv® Memory Contents :
If the "start" key is depressed, the data between the
left and. ri^ht address showing on the display tubes at that
time are typed in Recomp command format with a reference address
typed every 8 words (one word per line).
18. P
B. Punch Menory Contents :
If the "ent" key is depressed, the data between the left
and right address showing on the display tubes at that tine
are punched in alphanumeric format along with a leading length of
blank tape leader and a location code coresponding to the left
address location*
C. Punched Tape Termination:
After all desired areas of memory are punched on tape,
the tape is terminated by pressing the key marked M . M on the
keyboard. This will set up a new location code corresponding to
the right address group shown on the display tubes, punch a
HALT code on tape, (or if sense switch D is down, a START
code,) punch a blank tape trailer, and mark the end of the tape
with an E punched on the tape.
The memory dump routine may be used to give a listing of any
area of the program by using the addresses shown on the flow charts or the
routine may be used to punch additional copies of the program. When
punching copies of the program, remember that locations within the memory
dump portion of the program are changing. Therefore, the tape will not
verify with the memory. This can be partially taken into account by
punching the area (XXX) to 0177 last (memory dump routine) and then when
the verify light does come on, most of the tape should already be verified.
The verify error light should never come on however after first filling
the tape that was punched.
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20. P
9* Summary :
Program Storage :
5000 to 5T77 (program and storage)
0270 to 0^37 (special data output)
5000 to 3137 (data input routine)
0500 to O517 (alphanumeric output)
0000 to 0177 ( memory dump and preset start locations)
%AB Settings ;
Preset Start Buttons ;
1. Tine of explosion
2. Position readings (and position report)
3* Intensity Level(s)
Other entry locations ;
?2kQ.O -— Position Report
5555*0 — — Intensity Saftey Level
0101.0 Memory Dump
Sense Switches ;
B -- — Hot used
C — — (when on) will print time when intensity level
is safe.
B (when on) will cause a memory damp tape to be
terminated with a "start" instead of
a "halt" code.
For copies of this demonstration tape, description of the program,
or additional information, contact the following;
Commanding Officer
USASRDL
Fort Monmouth, N. J*
attn; SIGFW/EL-SPB, Mr. L. Halprin