Document text
FM 3-22.9(FM23-9)
RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP
M16A1, M16A2/3, M16A4,
AND M4 CARBINE
APRIL 2003
HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*FM 3-22. 9(FM 23-9)
FIELD MANUAL
No. 3-22.9 (23-9)
HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Washington, DC, 24 April 2003
RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP
M16A1, M16A2/3, M16A4 and M4 CARBINE
CONTENTS
PREFACE
Page
V
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND TRAINING STRATEGY
Section I. Training Overview 1-1
1-1. Objectives 1-1
1 -2 . T raining Strategy 1-1
1-3. Training Phases 1-3
Section II. Marksmanship Training Strategy 1-5
1-4. Mission-Essential Tasks 1-5
1-5. Training Assessment 1-5
1-6. Basic Program Implementation 1-6
1-7. Training the Trainer 1-6
1-8. Duties of the Instructor-Trainer 1-7
1-9. Trainer Certification Program 1-7
1-10. Qualification Training 1-9
1-11. Unit Live-Fire Exercises 1-10
1- 12. C ommander ’ s Evaluation Guide 1-11
CHAPTER 2. CHARACTERISTICS, AMMUNITION, AND ACCESSORIES
2- 1. Characteristics 2-1
2-2. Rail Adapter System 2-9
2-3. Rail Grabbers and MILES Training Extender 2-12
2-4. Backup Iron Sight 2-14
2-5. M68, Close-Combat Optic 2-15
2 -6 . AN/P AQ -4B/C Infrared Aiming Light 2-17
2-7. AN/PEQ-2A Target Pointer/Illuminator/Aiming Light 2-19
2-8. AN/PAS-13 (V2) Medium Thermal Weapon Sight and
AN/PAS- 13 (V3) Heavy Thermal Weapon Sight 2-22
2-9. AN/PVS-4 Night Vision Sight 2-23
2-10. Borelight 2-25
2-11. Ammunition Types and Characteristics 2-26
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 23-9, 3 July 1989.
FM 3-22.9
Page
CHAPTER 3. TROUBLESHOOTING AND DESTRUCTION
3-1. Stoppages 3-1
3 -2 . Malfunctions 3-2
3- 3. Destruction Procedures 3-7
CHAPTER 4. PRELIMINARY RIFLE INSTRUCTION
(PHASE I of Basic Rifle Marksmanship)
Section I. Introduction to Basic Rifle Marksmanship and Mechanical Training . 4-1
4- 1. Clearing 4-2
4-2 . Cycles of Functioning 4-3
4-3. Modes of Fire 4-8
4-4. Peer Coaching 4-10
Section II. Marksmanship Fundamentals 1 4-11
4-5. The Four Fundamentals 4-12
4-6 . F iring Positions 4-18
4-7 . T raining Devices and Exercises 4-19
Section III. Marksmanship Fundamentals II 4-20
4-8. Weaponeer 4-20
4- 9. Engagement Skills Trainer 2000 4-2 1
CHAPTER 5. DOWNRANGE FEEDBACK
(PHASE II of Basic Rifle Marksmanship)
5 - E Grouping Procedures 5-1
5 - 2 . Zeroing Procedures 5-14
5-3. Known-Distance Range (With or Without LOMAH) 5-17
5-4. Effects of Wind and Gravity 5-26
5- 5. Ballistics 5-32
CHAPTER 6. FIELD FIRE
(PHASE III of Basic Rifle Marksmanship)
Section I. Target Detection 6-1
6- 1. Locating Targets 6-1
6-2. Marking Targets 6-3
6-3 . Range Determination 6-4
Section II. Field-Fire Training (Single Timed Targets
and Multiple Timed Targets) 6-5
6-4. Conduct of Field-Fire Range 6-6
6-5. Field-Fire Standards 6-7
Section III. Record Qualification 6-9
6-6. Practice Record Fire I and II 6-9
6-7 . Practice Record F ire Standards 6-10
6-8. Record Fire 6-11
6-9. Alternate Qualification Courses 6-14
FM 3-22.9
Page
CHAPTER 7. ADVANCED RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP
(PHASE IV of Basic Rifle Marksmanship)
Section I. Advanced Firing Positions 7-1
7- 1 . Alternate Prone F iring Position 7-1
7-2. Kneeling Supported Firing Position 7-2
7 -3 . Kneeling Unsupported F iring Position 7-2
7-4. Standing Firing Position 7-3
7-5. Modified Supported Firing Position 7-3
7-6. Urban Operations Firing Positions 7-4
7-7. Modified Automatic and Burst Fire Position 7-6
Section II. Combat Fire Techniques 7-7
7-8. Rapid Semiautomatic Fire 7-7
7-9 . Automatic or Burst Fire 7-10
7-10. Suppressive Fire 7-13
7-11. Quick Fire 7-15
Section III. Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Firing 7-18
7-12. MOPP Equipment Fire Training 7-18
7-13. NBC Dry-Fire and Live-Fire Exercises 7-21
Section IV. Night Fire Training 7-22
7-14. Unassisted Night Fire Training 7-23
7-15. Unassisted Night Fire Target Detection 7-25
7-16. Training with Artificial Illumination 7-26
7-17. Unassisted Night Dry-Fire and Live-Fire Exercises 7-27
Section V. Moving Target Engagement 7-29
7-18. Moving Target Fundamentals 7-29
7-19. Single-Lead Rule for Moving Targets 7-30
7-20. Moving Target Live-Fire Exercise 7-35
7-21. Moving T arget T echniques 7-35
Section VI. Short-Range Marksmanship Training 7-36
7-22. Conduct of Short-Range Marksmanship Training 7-37
7-23. Fundamentals of Short-Range Marksmanship 7-37
7-24. Preliminary Marksmanship Instruction 7-41
7-25. Phase I, Reflexive Fire Training 7-42
7-26. Phase II, Target Discrimination Training 7-44
7-27. Phase III, Short-Range Marksmanship Qualification 7-45
7-28. Phase IV, Shotgun and Automatic Firing Familiarization 7-46
Section VII. Squad Designated Marksman Training 7-46
7-29. Mission of the Squad Designated Marksman 7-47
7-30. Squad Designated Marksman Program 7-47
7-3 1 . Squad Designated Marksman Skills Progression 7-47
FM 3-22.9
Page
CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED OPTICS, LASERS, AND IRON SIGHTS
(PHASE V of Basic Rifle Marksmanship)
8- 1 . Training Strategies and Qualification Standards 8-1
8-2. Borelight 8-1
8 -3 . B ack-Up Iron S ight 8-10
8-4. M68, Close-Combat Optic 8-11
8-5. AN/PAS-13 (V2), (V3) Thennal Weapon Sight 8-14
8-6. AN/PAQ-4B/C and AN/PEQ-2A, Infrared Aiming Lasers.... 8-17
8-7. AN/PVS-4 Night Vision Device 8-21
APPENDIX A. TRAINING AIDS AND DEVICES A-l
APPENDIX B. SCORECARDS B-l
APPENDIX C. LASER MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING SYSTEM C-l
APPENDIX D. RANGE SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT D-l
APPENDIX E. RANGE PROCEDURES AND RANGE OPERATION
CHECKLIST E-l
APPENDIX F. ACTIONS, CONDITIONS, AND STANDARDS F-l
APPENDIX G. 10-METER TARGET OFFSETS AND 25-METER
ZERO OFFSETS G-l
APPENDIX H. NIGHT FIGHTING H-l
GLOSSARY Glossary- 1
REFERENCES References- 1
INDEX Index- 1
FM 3-22.9
PREFACE
This manual provides guidance for planning and executing training on the 5.56-mm
M16-series rifle (M16A1/A2/A3/A4) and M4 carbine. It is a guide for commanders,
leaders, and instructors to develop training programs, plans, and lessons that meet the
objectives or intent of the United States Army rifle marksmanship program and
FM 25-100 (Training the Force).
This manual is organized to lead the trainer through the material needed to conduct
training during initial entry training (IET) and unit sustainment training. Preliminary
subjects include discussion on the weapons’ capabilities, mechanical training, and the
fundamentals and principles of rifle marksmanship. Live-fire applications are scheduled
after the soldier has demonstrated preliminary skills.
The proponent of this publication is the U.S. Anny Infantry School. Send comments
and recommendations for improving this manual to [email protected] or on
DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Forms) to Commandant,
U.S. Anny Infantry School, ATTN: ATSH-ATD, Fort Benning, Georgia 31905-5000;
DSN: 835-4704; commercial: (706) 545-5107.
Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and
women are included.
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FM 3-22.9(FM 23-9)
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND TRAINING STRATEGY
An effective unit marksmanship program reflects the priority,
emphasis, and interest of commanders and trainers. This chapter provides
a proven rifle marksmanship training strategy as guidance in establishing
and conducting an effective training program. The strategy consists of the
progressive individual training periods taught during initial entry training
(IET). It progresses into advanced skills and concludes with advanced
reading material. Refresher training need only be conducted on periods
that are deemed necessary.
The proficiency attained by a soldier depends on proper training and
application of the basic marksmanship fundamentals. During initial
marksmanship training, emphasis is on learning the firing fundamentals,
which are taught in four phases -preliminary rifle instruction, downrange
feedback, field firing, and advanced firing exercises. This prepares
soldiers for advanced optic and laser training for combat-type collective
exercises and real world deployments.
Section I. TRAINING OVERVIEW
This section details the effective and proven method of training the soldier in preliminary
rifle marksmanship. The following marksmanship training guide contains the current
tasks that are trained in basic rifle marksmanship programs, during basic combat training
at Army training centers (ATCs), and during infantry one-station unit training (OSUT). It
provides a basis for structuring unit sustainment programs. The unit normally performs a
diagnostic test of the tasks and only conducts training on specific periods for soldiers who
must improve their basic firing skills. Training is usually conducted in a shorter time
frame than at IET.
1-1. OBJECTIVES
The procedures and methods used in the Anny basic rifle marksmanship program are
based on the concept that soldiers must become skilled marksmen. FM 25-100 stresses
marksmanship as a paramount soldier skill. The basic firing skills and exercises outlined
in this manual must be part of every unit’s marksmanship training program. Unit
commanders must focus their basic and advanced marksmanship training programs to
support their respective mission-essential task list (METL).
1-2. TRAINING STRATEGY
Training strategy is the overall concept for integrating resources into a program to train
the individual and collective skills needed to perform a unit’s wartime mission. Training
strategies for basic rifle marksmanship are implemented in TRADOC institutions (IET,
Noncommissioned Officers Education System [NCOES], Infantry Officer Basic Course
[IOBC]) and in units. The overall training strategy is multifaceted and includes
supporting strategies that use resources such as publications, ranges, ammunition,
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FM 3-22.9
training aids and devices, simulators, and simulations. These strategies focus on
developing the critical soldier and leader skills required for success in combat.
Two primary components form the training strategy: initial training and sustainment
training. Both may include individual and collective skills. Initial training must be taught
correctly the first time. A task taught correctly and learned well is retained longer and
skills can be sustained. However, an individual or unit eventually loses skill proficiency.
This learning decay depends on many factors such as the difficulty and complexity of the
task. Personnel turnover is a main factor in decay of collective skills, since the loss of
critical team members requires retraining to regain proficiency. If a long period elapses
between initial and sustainment sessions or training doctrine is altered retraining may be
required.
a. Initial Training. The training strategy for basic rifle marksmanship begins in IET
and continues in the unit. (An example of this overall process is illustrated in Figure 1-1
and provides a concept of the flow of unit sustainment training.) IET provides field units
soldiers who have been trained and who have demonstrated proficiency to standard in
basic rifle marksmanship. The soldier graduating from these courses has been trained to
maintain the rifle and hit a point target. He has learned to apply the four marksmanship
fundamentals, and other skills needed to engage a target.
(1) Once the soldier understands the weapon and has demonstrated skill in zeroing,
additional live-fire training exercises are conducted before qualification. Target types and
scenarios of increasing difficulty must be mastered to develop proficiency.
(2) IET culminates in the soldier’s proficiency assessment, which is conducted on the
standard record fire range or approved alternates, followed by instruction on advanced
firing techniques to include a night fire with either iron sights (unassisted) or night vision
goggles (assisted). This evaluation also provides an overview of training effectiveness.
b. Sustainment Training. Training continues in units using the basic skills taught in
IET. Additional skills, such as area fire, are trained and integrated into collective training
exercises, which include platoon and squad live-fire situation training exercises (STXs).
(1) The strategy for sustaining the basic marksmanship skills taught in IET is periodic
preliminary rifle instruction, followed by instructional and qualification range firing. A
unit must set up a year-round program to sustain skills. Key elements include training of
trainers, refresher training of nonfiring skills, and use of the Weaponeer, Engagement
Skills Trainer (EST), location of misses and hits (LOMAH), or other devices for remedial
training. Additional skills trained in the unit include semiautomatic and automatic area
fires, night fire, MOPP firing, firing using aiming devices, and moving target training
techniques.
(2) General marksmanship knowledge and weapon proficiency are perishable skills.
Marksmanship training should be conducted for short periods throughout the year. Most
units have a readiness requirement that all soldiers must zero their rifles within a certain
time after unit assignment. Soldiers must confirm the battle sight zeros of their assigned
rifles before conducting a qualification firing. Units should conduct preliminary training
and practice firing throughout the year due to personnel turnover. A year-round
marksmanship sustainment program is needed for the unit to maintain the individual and
collective firing proficiency requirements to accomplish its mission.
1-2
FM 3-22.9
DETERMINE REQUIREMENTS
RIAN /ADJUST TRAINING
CALENDAR BASED ON:
METL
GOALS
READINESS LEVELS
TURNOVERS
- MISSION
OBSERVANCE OF
DEFICIENCIES
TRAIN THE TRAINER
STAFF & UNIT LEADERS
INTENT & PRIORITY
• PUBLICATIONS REVIEW
• IDENTIFICATION OF TAS<S
. PREPARATION & REHEARSAL
- BASIC METL
YEAR-ROUND TRAINING PROGRAM
PERIODIC INTEGRATED TRAINING
TO MAINTAIN BAND OF EXCELLENCE
AND UNIT READINESS
CONDUCT ADDITIONAL SKILLS
CONDUCT UNIT EVALUATIONS
PREPARATION
TRAIN/REVIEW
. NIGHT FIRE SKILLS
ARtEP (MIP BAT ILh DRILLS)
MOPP SKILLS & POSITIONS
• MILES/LIVE. LTA/MTA
- CAMOUFLAGE. COVER. CONCEALMENT
VARIED MISSIONS & CONDITIONS
MODIFIEO/TACnCAL POSIT.ONS
• INTEGRATED INDIVIDUAL 5 COLLECTIVE
ASSAULT/SUPPRESSIVE FIRES
SKILLS
• MOVING TARGETS
• EVACUATION /CON DUCT OF AAR
FIRE & MOVEMENT
^-1
CONDUCT LIVE-FIRE
7
NBC 4 NIOHT FIRE.
CONDUCT PRI.
IDENTIFY TASKS.
TRAIN/REVIEW (NONFIRING)
MAINTENANCE & SERVICEABILITY
- I.MMEOIATC ACTION DRILLS
- INTEGRATED FUND
OTHER SM SKILLS
- EVALUATION/ RE MEDIATION
TRAIN /CON DUCT INITIAL 25 METERS
LIVE-FIRE PRACTICE
- LIVE -FI RE INTEGRATION OF BASICS
• GROUP/ZERO SETTING
• EVALUATION/REMFOATION
. TARGET DETECTION A ESTIMATION
. WIND /GRAVITY 4 ADJUSTED AIM
- PRECISE APPLICATION OF BASICS
- LrVF -FIRE PRACTICE AT KDRANOE WITH |
FEEDBACK
TRAIN-FIRE ON FfT$ RANGE TIMED |
EXPOSURE
- PRACTICE QUALIFICATION COURSE
• EVALUATION
CONDUCT BASIC RECORD FIRE.
- COMMANDER'S EVALUATION
STANDARD OR ALTERNATE COURSE
• ASSESSMENT OF BASIC PROFICIENCY
. READINESS
CONDUCT FTX. STX. & LFX
ASSESSMENT OF DRILLS.
Figure 1-1. Unit marksmanship sustainment strategy.
1-3. TRAINING PHASES
The procedures and techniques for implementing the Army rifle marksmanship training
program are based on all soldiers understanding common firing principles, being
proficient marksmen, and being confident in applying their firing skills in combat. This
depends on understanding the rifle and applying marksmanship fundamentals. Unit
leaders accomplish proficiency through supervised practice by qualified
instructors/trainers and thorough objective performance assessments. During preliminary
rifle instruction (PRI), instructors/trainers emphasize initial learning by reviewing,
reinforcing, and practicing the basics. Soldiers must master weapon maintenance,
function checks, and firing fundamentals before progressing to advanced skills and firing
exercises under tactical conditions. Soldier skills are developed in five phases:
• PHASE I. Basic Rifle Marksmanship (BRM) Preliminary Rifle Instruction
(PRI).
Introduction to BRM and mechanical training (4 hours)
Disassembly and assembly
Identify parts
Function check
Load/unload magazine
Ammunition types and care
Load/unload weapon
Correct malfunctions (SPORTS)
Adjust front and rear sights
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FM 3-22.9
Peer coaching
Eight cycles of function and trouble shooting
Marksmanship Fundamentals I (6 hours)
The four fundamentals
Basic firing positions
Range and safety procedures
Dominant eye training
Demonstrate the integrated act of shooting during dry fire exercises
Marksmanship Fundamentals II (6 hours)
Demonstrate the integrated act of shooting using the Weaponeer.
• PHASE II. BRM Downrange Feedback Range Firing.
Grouping procedures (6 hours)
Zeroing procedures (8 hours)
Downrange feedback (6 hours)
• PHASE III. BRM Field Firing on Train-Fire Ranges.
Field Fire I (single timed targets at 75, 175 and 300 meters) (3 hours)
Field Fire II (single and multiple timed targets at 75, 175 and 300 meters)
(3 hours)
Practice Record Fire (4 hours)
Practice Record Fire II (4 hours)
Record Fire (3 hours)
• PHASE IV. Advanced Rifle Marksmanship.
Alternate firing positions
Burst fire
Quick fire
Nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) fire
Moving targets
Squad designated marksman
Unassisted night record fire
Assisted night record fire infrared (IR)
Assisted night record fire (thermal)
Short range marksmanship
• PHASE V. Advanced Optics, Fasers, and Iron Sights.
Backup iron sight (BIS)
M68 close combat optic (CCO)
AN/PAQ-4C IR aiming laser
AN/PEQ-2A target pointer illuminator/aiming light (TPIAF)
Thermal weapon sight (TWS)
AN/PVS-4 night vision sight
Soldiers progress through these phases of rifle marksmanship training and sustainment.
These phases start with basic rifle marksmanship and progress into advanced rifle
marksmanship. Once these phases are mastered the soldier progresses into advanced
optics, and lasers. After all phases of rifle marksmanship are accomplished the final stage
is to conduct collective training during unit live-fire training exercises. An effective
marksmanship program can be measured by the unit’s ability to put effective fire on
1-4
FM 3-22.9
target. When the soldier is trained in all phases of rifle marksmanship a solid sustainment
program is the key to mission readiness.
Section II. MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING STRATEGY
An effective unit marksmanship program reflects the priority, emphasis, and interest of
commanders and trainers. This section proposes a rifle marksmanship training strategy as
guidance in establishing and conducting an effective training program. The strategy
consists of the individual and leader refresher training for maintaining the basic skills
learned during IET. It progresses to training advanced and collective skills under
near-combat conditions during live-fire STXs.
1-4. MISSION-ESSENTIAL TASKS
Marksmanship proficiency is critical and basic to soldiering and is required for any unit
deployed to a wartime theater. All commanders should develop a mission-essential task
list (METL) and organize a training program that devotes adequate time to
marksmanship. The unit’s combat mission must be considered when establishing training
priorities. This not only applies to the tasks selected for the unit’s METL but also the
conditions under which the tasks are to be performed. If a unit may be employed in an
urban environment, the effects of range, gravity, and wind may not be too important, but
automatic or burst fire, quick fire, and assault fire would be. The reverse may be true of a
unit that expects to engage the enemy at long ranges with rifle fire.
1-5. TRAINING ASSESSMENT
To conduct an effective marksmanship program, the unit commander must detennine the
current marksmanship proficiency of all assigned personnel. To check the effectiveness
of a unit’s marksmanship program, constant evaluation is required. Observing and
accurately recording performance reveals the status of rifle and magazine maintenance,
the quality of the rifle’s zero, and the ability of each soldier to hit targets. This also
allows the commander to identify soldiers who need special assistance in order to reach
required standards, and to recognize soldiers who exceed these standards. Based on this
evaluation, marksmanship training programs can be developed and executed.
a. This assessment is continuous, and the program is modified as required. Spot
checks of individual marksmanship perfonnance, such as interviews and evaluations of
soldiers, provide valuable information as to whether the soldier knows how to zero, to use
NVDs, and to perform other marksmanship tasks.
b. In addition to spot checks and direct observation of training, assessment includes
a review of past training, which provides valuable infonnation for developing a training
plan. The assessment should include how record fire was conducted, what course of fire
was used, how often the unit conducted collective NBC or night fire, and so on. The
results are reviewed to determine unit weaknesses and which individuals require special
attention.
c. Based on the commander’s evaluation, goals, and missions, training events are
identified that should be conducted quarterly, semiannually, or annually. Rifle
marksmanship programs must be continuous. While the unit may only qualify its soldiers
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FM 3-22.9
annually or semiannually, test results show that sustainment training is required at least
quarterly to maintain marksmanship skills.
1-6. BASIC PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Knowledgeable instructors or cadre are the key to marksmanship performance. All
commanders must be aware of maintaining expertise in marksmanship
instruction/ training .
a. Instructor-Trainer Selection. Institutional and unit instructor-trainers are
selected and assigned from the most highly qualified soldiers. These soldiers must have
an impressive background in rifle marksmanship; be proficient in applying these
fundamentals; know the importance of marksmanship training; and have a competent and
professional attitude. The commander must ensure that selected instructor-trainers can
effectively train other soldiers. Local instructor- trainer training courses and
marksmanship certification programs must be established to ensure that instructor-trainer
skills are developed.
b. Cadre-Trainer. Cadre -trainer refers to a marksmanship instructor-trainer that has
more experience and expertise than the firer does. He trains soldiers in the effective use
of the rifle by maintaining strict discipline on the firing line, insisting on compliance with
range procedures and program objectives, and enforcing safety regulations. A good
instructor-trainer must understand the training phases and techniques for developing
marksmanship skills, and he must possess the following qualifications.
(1) Knowledge. The main qualifications for an effective instructor-trainer are
thorough knowledge of the rifle, proficiency in firing, and a thorough understanding of
this manual and supporting manuals.
(2) Patience. The instructor-trainer must relate to the soldier calmly, persistently, and
patiently.
(3) Understanding. The instructor-trainer can enhance success and understanding by
emphasizing close observance of rules and instructions.
(4) Consideration. Most soldiers enjoy firing regardless of their performance and
begin with great enthusiasm. The instructor-trainer can enhance this enthusiasm by being
considerate of his soldiers’ feelings and by encouraging firing abilities throughout
training, which can also make teaching a rewarding experience.
(5) Respect. An experienced cadre is assigned the duties of instructor-trainer, which
classifies him as a technical expert and authority. A good instructor-trainer is alert for
mistakes and patiently makes needed corrections.
(6) Encouragement. The instructor-trainer can encourage his soldiers by convincing
them to achieve good firing perfonnance through practice. His job is to impart knowledge
and to assist the soldier so he can gain the practical experience needed to become a good
firer.
1-7. TRAINING THE TRAINER
Knowledgeable small-unit leaders are the key to marksmanship training. This manual and
other training publications provide the unit instructor with the required infonnation for
developing a good train-the-trainer program.
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FM 3-22.9
(1) The commander should identify unit personnel who have had assignments as
marksmanship instructors. These individuals should be used to train other unit cadre by
conducting preliminary rifle instruction and live-fire exercises for their soldiers.
(2) Assistance and expertise from outside the unit may also be available such as the
Anny Marksmanship Unit at Fort Benning, Georgia. A suggested train-the-trainer
program is outlined below:
• Conduct marksmanship diagnostic test.
• Review operation and function, immediate action, and safety of rifle and
ammunition.
• Conduct PRI; review four fundamentals.
• Review coaching techniques and device usage.
• Establish grouping and zeroing procedures.
• Review effects of wind and gravity when firing out to 300 meters (out to 600
meters for advanced rifle marksmanship).
• Conduct range operations.
• Conduct qualification/record firing.
• Diagnose firing problems.
1-8. DUTIES OF THE INSTRUCTOR-TRAINER
The instructor- trainer helps the firer master the fundamentals of rifle marksmanship. He
ensures that the firer consistently applies what he has learned. Then, with practice, the
firer soon acquires good firing skills. When training the beginner, the instructor- trainer
could confront problems such as fear, nervousness, forgetfulness, failure to understand,
and a lack of coordination or detennination. An expert firer is often unaware that
arrogance and carelessness complicate problems. With all types of firers, the
instructor-trainer must ensure that firers are aware of their firing errors, understand the
causes, and apply remedies. Sometimes errors are not evident. The instructor-trainer must
isolate errors, explain them, and help the firer concentrate on correcting them.
a. Observing the Firer. The instructor-trainer observes the firer during drills and in
the act of firing to pinpoint errors. If there is no indication of probable error, then the
firer ’s position, breath control, shot anticipation, and trigger squeeze are closely
observed.
b. Questioning the Firer. The firer is asked to detect his errors and to explain his
firing procedure to include position, aiming, breath control, and trigger squeeze.
c. Analyzing the Shot Group. This is an important step in detecting and correcting
errors. When analyzing a target, the instructor-trainer critiques and correlates
observations of the firer to probable errors in performance, according to the shape and
size of shot groups. A poor shot group is usually caused by more than one observable
error.
1-9. TRAINER CERTIFICATION PROGRAM
The certification program sustains the trainers’ expertise and develops methods of
training. The program standardizes procedures for certifying marksmanship trainers.
Trainers’ technical expertise must be continuously refreshed, updated, and closely
managed.
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FM 3-22.9
a. Training Base. The training base can expect the same personnel changes as any
other organization. Soldiers assigned as marksmanship trainers will have varying
experience and knowledge of training procedures and methods. Therefore, the trainer
certification program must be an ongoing process that is tailored to address these
variables. As a minimum, formal records should document program progression for each
trainer. All marksmanship trainers must complete the three phases of training using the
progression steps, and they must be updated on a quarterly basis. One of the goals of the
program is for the trainer to know the training mission.
b. Certification Program Outline. All trainers must attend, then conduct, all phases
of the train-the-trainer program. Demonstrating the ability to train soldiers, to diagnose
and correct problems, and to achieve standards certifies trainers. Those trainers who fail
to attend or fail any phase of the diagnostic examination will be assigned to subsequent
training. The personnel designated to present instruction must complete the phases of the
program in the sequence described.
(1) Phase I, Program Orientation. During this phase, the trainer must accomplish the
following tasks and be certified by the chain of command.
• Be briefed on the concept of the certification program.
• Be briefed on the unit’s marksmanship training strategy.
• Review the unit’s marksmanship training outlines.
• Review issued reference material.
• Visit training sites and firing ranges.
(2) Phase II, Preliminary Marksmanship Training. During Phase II, the trainer must
demonstrate his ability to master the fundamentals of marksmanship. Phase II should be
completed within two weeks after Phase I. The following fundamentals must be reviewed
by the chain of command. The results of this review are recorded and maintained on a
trainer’s progression sheet, which is designed in accordance with the unit’s SOP.
• Characteristics.
• Capabilities.
• Disassembly.
• Clean, lubricate, and inspect.
• Assembly.
• Range determination and estimation.
• Classes of fire.
• Application of fire.
• Fire commands.
• Loading.
• Unloading.
• Immediate actions and remedial actions.
• Sight manipulations.
• Scanning techniques.
(3) Phase III, Basic Marksmanship Training. During this phase, the trainer must set
up and conduct firing on the various ranges. He must explain the targets and the zeroing
and scoring procedures. The trainer must explain the purpose of transition firing, field
zero procedures, range layout, and the conduct of training on the transition range. This
1-8
FM 3-22.9
briefing to the chain of command validates the trainer’s knowledge necessary to conduct
training. The results of this interview are recorded on the trainer’s progression sheet.
(4) Phase IV, Advanced Marksmanship Training. This is the final phase of the
train-the-trainer program and tests the trainer. The trainer must set up a range and
conduct training of at least one person. If ammunition is available, the trainer conducts a
firing exercise. If ammunition is not available, the testing is based on the quality of
training given.
1-10. QUALIFICATION TRAINING
Although marksmanship is a continuous training requirement, units normally conduct a
refresher program before qualification. Soldiers must be well rounded in marksmanship
fundamentals and have preparatory marksmanship training before qualification. This
applies to qualification for the entire unit or for newly assigned personnel. All trainers
must understand that rifle marksmanship is not a series of exercises to be trained in a
planned sequence. The unit must prepare for training by
• Issuing soldiers a serviceable weapon.
• Maintaining and replacing bad magazines.
• Issuing and assigning each soldier his own rifle that only he zeros and fires.
• Considering available or required resources early such as targets, ranges,
ammunition, training aids, devices, and publications.
a. Before the soldier can fire, he must know how to adjust rifle sights and should
understand ballistics to include the effects of wind and gravity on a bullet strike. A
refresher training program can prevent frustration and loss of confidence in the soldier,
and also prevent wasting ammunition and training time. This program is conducted for all
soldiers so they can meet the standards outlined in this manual and supporting manuals.
NOTE: Many individual marksmanship tasks, such as operation and function checks,
immediate action, target detection, and dry fire, do not require live firing.
b. Feedback (precise knowledge of bullet strike) must be included in all live-fire
training. The feedback is not adequate when bullets from previous firings cannot be
identified such as previous shot groups on a zero target that are not triangulated and
clearly marked.
c. The initial live fire should be a grouping exercise, which allows soldiers to apply
marksmanship fundamentals to obtain tight, consistent shot groups. Following a
successful grouping exercise, zeroing is quick and simple using only a few rounds.
d. After zeroing, downrange feedback should be conducted. A series of
scaled-silhouette targets provide unlimited situations for training on the 25-meter range if
modified field-fire or KD ranges are not available. The timed-fire scaled-silhouette target
can add to successful record fire performance since it represents targets at six different
ranges, requires quick response, and allows precise feedback. It is another way to confirm
zero and requires the application of the four fundamentals. This exercise can benefit units
that have access only to 25-meter ranges.
e. Field-fire training is a transitional phase that stresses focusing on a certain area.
Soldiers must detect the target as soon as it comes up and quickly fire with only
hit-or-miss feedback; this is an important combat skill. Soldiers who are exposed to the
1-9
FM 3-22.9
field-fire range before they have refined their basic firing skills cannot benefit from the
exercise. For example, if most 175- and 300-meter targets are missed, additional
feedback or PRI training should be conducted.
f. The Anny standard record fire course involves an element of surprise in that the
soldier should not be familiar with the lane in which he qualifies. He must scan the sector
and apply detection skills and range estimation skills. However, practice can be repeated
on the record fire course when available. This course provides the best opportunity for
practicing target detection skills and for engaging targets at ranges from 50 to 300 meters.
g. For inadequate firers, remedial training is conducted to include the use of the
Weaponeer device. Soldiers proficient in marksmanship skills can assist in the remedial
training effort.
1-11. UNIT LIVE-FIRE EXERCISES
Unit live-fire exercises are planned, prepared, and performed as outlined in the mission
training plan for the infantry platoon and squad. The soldier perfonns marksmanship
tasks under realistic combat conditions within the framework of these exercises.
NOTE: Table 1-1 shows training devices a commander may use to sustain weapons
proficiency. (See Appendix A for details on these training devices.) The
devices replicate, but are not intended to replace, live-fire exercises or
qualifications. Active and Reserve Component units should consult DA Pam
350-38, Standards in Weapons Training, for regulatory guidance on
mandatory live-fire training and qualification events. This DA Pam can best
be accessed online at http ://w ww . atsc . army . mil/ atmd/ strac/ index . htm for the
latest approved version.
EXERCISE
TRAINING DEVICE |[
Short Range
Training
Ammunition
and M2 Bolt
Weaponeer
Engagement
Skills Trainer
Military
Arcade
Computer
System
(MACS)
Location of
Misses and
Hits
(LOMAH)
Zero
X
X
X
X
Practice Fire
X
X
X
X
Record Fire
X
X
X
NBC Practice
X
X
X
X
NBC Record
X
X
X
Unassisted
Night Practice
X
X
Unassisted
Night Record
X
X
NVD Zero
X
X
NVD Practice
X
X
NVD Record
X
X
Advanced
Skills
X
X
X
Table 1-1. Training devices and exercises.
1-10
FM 3-22.9
a. During training, the fundamentals must apply to combat as well as to the range.
Too often soldiers disregard the fundamentals while under the pressure of combat.
Therefore, it is imperative the soldier receives feedback regarding his firing results and
his use of the fundamentals during collective live-fire exercises. This training should also
discuss target acquisition, area fire, quick fire, assuming firing positions, responding to
oral fire commands, and safety. Dry fire or MILES rehearsals at crawl, walk, and run
paces are required to learn SOPs and proper procedures.
b. Enough evaluators must be present during training to observe each soldier to
provide perfonnance feedback. The evaluator must know the scenario, the location of
targets, the friendly plan, and SOPs. He must watch to determine if the soldier identifies
targets in his sector and successfully engages them. The evaluator must also know the
fundamentals of marksmanship to detect soldiers’ mistakes and review them during the
after-action review (AAR).
1-12, COMMANDER’S EVALUATION GUIDE
Through the active and aggressive leadership of the chain of command, a perpetual base
of expertise is established and maintained. The unit’s esprit de corps is significantly
raised through the trainers’ desire to improve and demonstrate they are the best. The goal
of a progressive train-the-trainer program is to achieve a high state of combat readiness.
The following is an example of a commander’s evaluation guide. Commanders can use
this guide not only to assess their unit’s marksmanship proficiency, but to assess the
leaders of their units and their ability to effectively implement a marksmanship program.
They can also use it to develop the NCOs into subject matter experts within the unit.
1. Have you clearly stated the priority of rifle (small-arms) proficiency in your unit?
What is it? Do the staff and subordinates support this priority? Is it based on your
METL and an understanding of FM 25-100?
2. Have you clearly stated the intent of record fire? Are leaders accurately evaluating
firing performance, based on accurately recorded data and results?
3. Have you clearly stated that weapons qualification or record fire is one of the
commander’s opportunities to assess several skills relating to small-arms readiness?
4. What qualification course will be used to evaluate your unit’s marksmanship
readiness (small arms)?
a. Is the standard combat course, 300 yard KD; 25-meter scaled target or 300-meter
qualification course used?
b. How will it be conducted? Will the prescribed procedures be followed?
c. Who will collect the data?
5. Have you clearly stated the purpose and intent of PRI?
a. What skills will PRI address?
b. Will PRI be performance-oriented? Are tasks integrated?
6. Do soldiers maintain their assigned weapons and magazines IAW the technical
manual? Do they have a manual?
7. Do soldiers conduct serviceability checks of weapons and magazines before training?
Were maintenance deficiencies corrected?
8. Do soldiers demonstrate an understanding of the weapon’s operation, functioning,
and capabilities?
1-11
FM 3-22.9
9. Can your soldiers correctly apply immediate-action procedures to reduce weapon
stoppages and then quickly continue to fire? Have they demonstrated this during
dry fire?
10. Are your soldiers firing their assigned weapons?
a. How often are weapons reassigned between individuals?
b. What is the value of a recorded zero?
1 1 . Can your soldiers precisely and consistently apply the four fundamentals of rifle
marksmanship? To what standard have they demonstrated their mastery?
• During dry fire?
• During live fire?
• During firing on the 25-meter course?
• During KD firing?
12. Can your soldiers accurately battle sight zero their assigned rifle to standards?
a. Do they understand sight adjustment procedures?
b. Do they record their rifle’s zero? How is it done? Why?
c. Do they record the date the specific soldier last zeroed his specific rifle? What is
the specific sight setting? Are these linked? How do you check this?
13. Do your soldiers demonstrate their knowledge of the effects of wind and gravity
while firing out to 300 meters? What feedback was provided? How?
14. Can your soldiers scan a designated area or sector of fire and detect all targets out to
300 meters? If not, why?
15. Can your soldiers quickly engage timed single and multiple targets from both
supported and unsupported firing positions out to 300 meters? If not, which targets
were not engaged? Which were missed? Why?
16. During individual and collective training, do soldiers demonstrate their ability to
manage allocated ammunition and to engage all targets? Do they fire several rounds
at one target? Which targets? Why?
17. Based on an analysis of individual qualification scores, what is the distribution?
a. Are most soldiers just meeting the minimum acceptable perfonnance
(marksman)?
b. Are most soldiers distributed in the upper half of the performance spectrum
(sharpshooter, expert)?
c. What is the hit distribution during collective LFXs?
18. Do your soldiers demonstrate proficiency during night-fire, target detection and
acquisition, and night fire engagement techniques? Use of night vision devices?
19. Do your soldiers demonstrate individual marksmanship proficiency during MOPP
firing conditions? During collective exercises?
20. Do your soldiers demonstrate proficiency in moving target engagements? Do they
demonstrate proficiency collectively at the multipurpose range complex by hitting
moving targets? If not, do you conduct moving target training?
2 1 . Do you integrate marksmanship skills into tactical exercises and unit live-fire
exercises? If so, do you conduct suppressive fire, rapid-semiautomatic fire, and
automatic or burst fire. What tasks in the mission training plan are evaluated?
1-12
FM 3-22.9
22. Based on your on-site observations and analysis of training and firing performance,
what skills or tasks show a readiness deficiency?
a. What skills need training emphasis? Individual emphasis? Leader emphasis?
b. What are your perfonnance goals?
23. Who has trained or will train the trainers?
a. What is the subject matter expertise of the cadre?
b. Are they actually training the critical skills?
c. Have they addressed the non- firing skills first?
d. What aids and devices are being used?
24. What administrative constraints or training distracters can you overcome for the
junior officer and NCO? At what level are the resources necessary to train
marksmanship controlled (time, aids, weapons, ammunition, ranges)? Do the
sergeants do the job they are charged with?
1-13
FM 3-22.9(FM 23-9)
CHAPTER 2
CHARACTERISTICS, AMMUNITION, AND
ACCESSORIES
This chapter describes the general components, characteristics,
ammunition, and accessories for the Ml 6- and M4-series weapons to include
a brief explanation of how to mount the various accessories.
2-1. CHARACTERISTICS
The M16-/M4-series weapons are 5.56-mm, magazine-fed, gas-operated, air-cooled,
shoulder-fired weapons. This section describes the general characteristics (Table 2-1) and the
components of the M16-/M4-series weapons. Table 2-2 (page 2-2) shows the characteristics
of various accessories.
CHARACTERISTIC
M16A1
M16A2/A3
M16A4
M4
WEIGHT (pounds):
Without magazine and sling
6.35
7.78
9.08
6.49
With sling and loaded:
20-round magazine
6.75
8.48
9.78
7.19
30-round magazine
7.06
8.79
10.09
7.50
Bayonet knife, M9
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
Scabbard
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
Sling, Ml
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
LENGTH (inches):
Rifle w/bayonet knife
44.25
44.88
44.88
N/A
Overall rifle length
30.00
39.63
39.63
N/A
Buttstock closed
N/A
N/A
N/A
29.75
Buttstock open
N/A
N/A
N/A
33.0
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Barrel rifling-right hand 1 twist (inches)
12
7
7
7
Muzzle velocity (feet per second)
3,250
3,100
3,100
2,970
Cyclic rate of fire (rounds per minute)
700-800
700-900
800
700-900
MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RATE OF FIRE:
Semiautomatic (rounds per minute)
45-65
45
45
45
Burst (3-round bursts) (rounds per minute)
N/A
90
90
90
Automatic (rounds per minute)
150-200
150-200 A3
N/A
N/A
Sustained (rounds per minute)
12-15
12-15
12-15
12-15
RANGE (meters):
Maximum range
2,653
3,600
3,600
3,600
Maximum effective range
Point target
460
550
550
500
Area target
N/A
800
600
600
Table 2-1. Characteristics of the M16-/M4-series weapons.
NOTE: For further technical information, refer to TM 9-1005-319-10 and
TM 9-1005-249-10.
2-1
FM 3-22.9
CHARACTERISTIC
ACCESSORY
S
CCO
PAQ-4C
PEQ-2A
MTWS
HTWS
WEIGHT
6.2 oz
5.78 oz
7.5 oz
4.1 lbs.
4.5 lbs.
LENGTH
4.9 in
5.5 in
6.4 in
15.5 in
18 in
HEIGHT
2.5 in
1.2 in
1.2 in
6.25 in
6.25 in
RANGE
300m
*600m+
*600m +
1,600m +
2,200m +
MOUNTING DEVICE:
M16A1/A2/A3
M4 carbine
M16A4 and M4 MWS
Ml 6 mount
"Upper
receiver
"Upper
receiver
Bracket Assy
Bracket Assy
*"Rail
grabber
Bracket Assy
Bracket Assy
•"Rail grabber
M16 mount
Upper receiver
Upper receiver
Ml 6 mount
Upper receiver
Upper receiver
WINDAGE
(1 increment clockwise)
Top side mounted
Left side mounted
Left 4 mm
N/A
Left 1 cm
Left 1 cm
Right 1 cm
Left 1 cm
Wide/Narrow
1 1/4cm/3/4cm
N/A
Wide/Narrow
3/4cm/3/4cm
N/A
ELEVATION
(1 increment clockwise)
Top side mounted
Left side mounted
Down 4 mm
N/A
Up 1 cm
Down 1 cm
Up 1 cm
Up 1 cm
1 1/4cm/3/4cm
N/A
3/4cm/3/4cm
N/A
* Actual range is dependent upon ambient light, NVGs, and background contrast.
** With half-moon spacer installed.
"* Picatinny or Insight rail grabbers may be used.
Table 2-2. Characteristics of various accessories
for the M16-/M4-series weapons.
NOTE: For further technical information on these accessories refer to TM 9-1240-4 13-
12&P (CCO), TM 1 1-5855-301- 12&P (PAQ-4B/C), TM 1 1 -5855-308- 12&P
(PEQ-2A) and TM 1 1-5855-302-12&P (TWS)
a. The M16A1 (Figure 2-1) can be fired in either the semiautomatic or automatic fire
mode by rotating the selector lever to the desired mode (SAFE, SEMI, and AUTO).
Figure 2-1. M16A1 rifle.
(1) Mechanically Zeroing the Ml 6A1. Mechanically zeroing the M16A1 (Figure 2-2) is
only necessary when the weapon zero is questionable, the weapon is newly assigned to the
unit, or the weapon sights have been serviced. If necessary, the soldier should mechanically
zero the weapon as follows:
(a) Adjust the front sight post (1) up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush
with the front sight post housing (2). Then adjust the front sight post 1 1 clicks in the
direction of UP.
2-2
FM 3-22.9
(b) Adjust the rear sight windage drum (3) all the way left until it stops. Then turn the
windage drum back (right) 17 clicks so the rear sight is approximately centered.
Figure 2-2. M16A1 rifle mechanical zero.
(2) Battlesight Zeroing the M16A1. If necessary, the soldier should use the aperture
marked “L” to battlesight zero the weapon (Figure 2-3). Table 2-3 and Table 2-4 (page 2-4)
show how much one click of elevation or windage will move the strike of the round from a
25-meter zero all the way out to 500 meters.
Figure 2-3. M16A1 rifle battlesight zero.
STANDARD SIGHTS
RANGE (meters)
25
100
200
300
400
500
ELEVATION
17/64 in
0.7 cm
1 3/32 in
2.8 cm
2 13/64 in
5.6 cm
3 9/32 in
8.4 cm
4 3/8 in
11.2 cm
5 15/32 in
14 cm
WINDAGE
17/64 in
0.7 cm
1 3/32 in
2.8 cm
2 13/64 in
5.6 cm
3 9/32 in
8.4 cm
4 3/8 in
11.2 cm
5 15/32 in
14 cm
Table 2-3. Point of impact for M16A1 with standard sights.
2-3
FM 3-22.9
LOW LIGHT LEVEL SIGHT SYSTEM
RANGE (meters)
25
100
200
300
400
500
ELEVATION
2 3/64 in
0.9 cm
1 3/4 in
3.5 cm
2 3/4 in
7 cm
5 1/4 in
10.5 cm
7 in
17.7 cm
8 3/4 in
22.2 cm
WINDAGE
17/64 in
0.7 cm
1 3/32 in
2.8 cm
2 13/64 in
5.6 cm
3 9/32 in
8.4 cm
4 3/8 in
11.2 cm
5 15/32 in
14 cm
Table 2-4. Point of impact for M16A1 with LLLSS.
b. The M 1 6A2/A3 rifle (Figure 2-4) features several improvements over the M 1 6A 1 . It
is designed to fire either semiautomatic or a three-round burst through the use of a selector
lever (SAFE, SEMI, and BURST). The M16A3 has the same characteristics as the M16A2
with the exception of the selector lever (SAFE, SEMI and AUTO) this weapon fires full
automatic.
Figure 2-4. M16A2/A3 rifle.
(1) Mechanically Zeroing the M16A2/A3. Mechanically zeroing the weapon (Figure
2-5) is only necessary when the weapon zero is questionable, the weapon is newly assigned
to the unit, or the weapon sights have been serviced. If necessary, the soldier should
mechanically zero the weapon as follows:
(a) Adjust the front sight post (T) up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush
with the front sight post housing (2).
(b) Adjust the elevation knob (3) counterclockwise, as viewed from above, until the rear
sight assembly (4) rests flush with the carrying handle and the 8/3 marking is aligned with
the index line on the left side of the carrying handle.
(c) Position the apertures (5) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter
aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (6) to align the index mark on the 0-200 meter
aperture with the long center index line on the rear sight assembly.
Figure 2-5. M16A2/A3 rifle mechanical zero.
2-4
FM 3-22.9
(2) Battlesight Zero the M16A2/A3. If necessary, the soldier should battlesight zero the
weapon as follows (Figure 2-6):
(a) Adjust the elevation knob (1) counterclockwise, as viewed from above, until the rear
sight assembly (2) rests flush with the carrying handle and the 8/3 marking is aligned with
the index line (3) on the left side of the carrying handle. Then adjust the elevation knob one
more click clockwise.
(b) Position the apertures (4) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter
aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (5) to align the index mark on the 0-200 meter
aperture with the long center index line on the rear sight assembly.
Figure 2-6. M16A2/A3 rifle battlesight zero.
(c) Table 2-5 shows how much one click of elevation or windage will move the strike of
the round from a 25-meter zero all the way out to 600 meters.
RANGE (meters)
25
100
200
300
400
500
600
ELEVATION
3/4 in
0.9 cm
1 3/8 in
3.5 cm
2 3/4 in
7 cm
4 1/8 in
10.5 cm
5 1/2 in
14 cm
6 7/8 in
17.5 cm
8 1/4 in
20.9 cm
WINDAGE
1/8 in
0.3 cm
1/2 in
1 .25 cm
1 in
2.5 cm
1 1/2 in
3.8 cm
2 in
5 cm
2 1/2 in
6.3 cm
3 in
7.6 cm
Table 2-5. Point of impact for M16A2/A3.
c. The M16A4 rifle (Figure 2-7) features additional product improvements that are
illustrated in this chapter and in the operator’s manual. It is designed to fire either
semiautomatic or a three-round burst through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and
BURST). The only changes from the M16A1/A2/A3 are the addition of the M5 rail adapter
system and the detachable carrying handle.
Figure 2-7. M16A4 MWS.
2-5
FM 3-22.9
(1) Mechanically Zeroing the M16A4. Mechanically zeroing the weapon is only
necessary when the weapon zero is questionable, the weapon is newly assigned to the unit, or
the weapon sights have been serviced. If necessary, the soldier should mechanically zero the
weapon as follows (Figure 2-8):
(a) Adjust the front sight post ( 1 ) up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush
with the front sight post housing (2).
(b) Adjust the elevation knob (3) counterclockwise, when viewed from above, until the
rear sight assembly (4) rests flush with the carrying handle and the 6/3 marking is aligned
with the index line (5) on the left side of the carrying handle.
(c) Position the apertures (6) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter
aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (7) to align the index mark on the 0-200 meter
aperture with the long center index line (8) on the rear sight assembly.
Figure 2-8. M16A4 MWS mechanical zero.
(2) Battlesight Zero the M16A4 MWS. If necessary, the soldier should battlesight zero
the weapon as follows (Figure 2-9):
(a) Adjust the elevation knob (1) counterclockwise, when viewed from above, until the
rear sight assembly (2) rests flush with the detachable carrying handle and the 6/3 marking is
aligned with the index line (3) on the left side of the detachable carrying handle. To finish
the procedure, adjust the elevation knob two clicks clockwise so the index line on the left
side of the detachable carrying handle is aligned with the “Z” on the elevation knob.
(b) Position the apertures (4) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter
aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (5) to align the index mark on the 0-200 meter
aperture with the long center index line (6) on the rear sight assembly.
Figure 2-9. M16A4 MWS battlesight zero.
(c) Table 2-6 shows how much one click of elevation or windage will move the strike of
the round from a 25-meter zero all the way out to 600 meters.
2-6
FM 3-22.9
RANGE (meters)
25
100
200
300
400
500
600
ELEVATION
3/4 in
0.9 cm
1 3/8 in
3.5 cm
2 3/4 in
7 cm
4 1/8 in
10.5 cm
5 1/2 in
14 cm
6 7/8 in
17.5 cm
8 1/4 in
20.9 cm
WINDAGE
1/8 in
0.3 cm
1/2 in
1 .25 cm
1 in
2.5 cm
1 1/2 in
3.8 cm
2 in
5 cm
2 1/2 in
6.3 cm
3 in
7.6 cm
Table 2-6. Point of impact for M16A4 MWS.
d. The M4-series carbine (Figure 2-10) features several modifications that make it an
ideal weapon for close combat operations. The M4 is a 5.56-mm, magazine-fed, gas-
operated, shoulder-fired weapon. It is designed to fire either semiautomatic or a three-round
burst through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and BURST). The M4A1 is fully
automatic. The M4-series carbine buttstock has four positions: closed, 1/2 open, 3/4 open,
and full open. The M4 carbine becomes the M4 MWS when the M4 rail adapter system is
installed on it (Figure 2-11).
Figure 2-10. M4/M4A1 carbine with standard handguards installed.
Figure 2-11. M4 MWS.
(1) Mechanically Zeroing the M4/M4A1 and M4 MWS. Mechanically zeroing the
weapon is only necessary when the weapon zero is questionable, the weapon is newly
assigned to the unit, or the weapon sights have been serviced. If necessary, the soldier should
mechanically zero the weapon as follows (Figure 2-12, page 2-8):
2-7
FM 3-22.9
(a) Adjust the front sight post ( 1) up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush
with the front sight post housing (2).
(b) Adjust the elevation knob (3) counterclockwise, when viewed from above, until the
rear sight assembly (4) rests flush with the detachable carrying handle and the 6/3 marking is
aligned with the index line (5) on the left side of the carrying handle.
(c) Position the apertures (6) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter
aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (7) to align the index mark (8) on the 0-200 meter
aperture with the long center index line on the rear sight assembly.
Figure 2-12. M4/M4A1 and M4 MWS mechanical zero.
(2) Battlesight Zero the M4/M4A1 and M4 MWS. If necessary, the soldier should
battlesight zero the weapon as follows (Figure 2-13):
(a) Adjust the elevation knob (1) counterclockwise, when viewed from above, until the
rear sight assembly (2) rests flush with the detachable carrying handle and the 6/3 marking is
aligned with the index line (3) on the left side of the detachable carrying handle. The
elevation knob remains flush.
(b) Position the apertures (4) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter
aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (5) to align the index mark (6) on the 0-200 meter
aperture with the long center index line on the rear sight assembly.
Figure 2-13. M4/M4A1 and M4 MWS battlesight zero.
NOTE: The “Z” marking on the elevation knob used in the detachable carrying handle of
the M4-series weapon should be ignored. The “Z” marking is only used when the
M16A4 is being zeroed.
(c) Table 2-7 shows how much one click of elevation or windage will move the strike of
the round from a 25-meter zero all the way out to 500 meters.
2-8
FM 3-22.9
RANGE (meters)
25
100
200
300
400
500
ELEVATION
3/4 in
0.9 cm
1 3/8 in
3.5 cm
2 3/4 in
7 cm
4 1/8 in
10.5 cm
5 1/2 in
14 cm
6 7/8 in
17.5 cm
WINDAGE
1/8 in
0.3 cm
1/2 in
1 .25 cm
1 in
2.5 cm
1 1/2 in
3.8 cm
2 in
5 cm
2 1/2 in
6.3 cm
Table 2-7. Point of impact for M4/M4A1 and M4 MWS.
2-2. RAIL ADAPTER SYSTEM
The M4 rail adapter system (RAS) (Figure 2-14) consists of a set of lightweight sections that
replace the standard handguards on the M4 carbine. The M5 RAS is standard issue on the
M16A4. The RAS provides a secure mounting point for various accessories that may be
mounted top, left and right. The user may only remove the lower assembly to perform
preventive maintenance checks and services (PMCS). Accessories may be mounted on the
right side of the RAS but, currently, are not supported with 10- and 2 5 -meter zeroing
procedures. Only accessories that do not require retention, such as a flashlight or vertical
pistol grip, can be mounted on the bottom rail.
1
Figure 2-14. Rail adapter system.
NOTE: The bottom rail of the RAS will not retain zero.
a. The RAS rail covers/heat shields can be quickly attached and detached from the
RAS. A spring latch at one end of each rail cover/heat shield automatically engages cutouts
in the RAS. To slide the shield beyond a cutout, or to remove it, apply thumb pressure to the
center of the spring latch and slide it in the desired direction. The rail cover/heat shield
protects the shooter’s hands from direct contact with the metal parts of the RAS and protects
the RAS surfaces from excess wear and damage. The M5 RAS rail covers/heat shields are
available in 1 1-, 9-, 6-, 5-, and 4-rib sections (Figure 2-15, page 2-10).
2-9
FM 3-22.9
WARNING
When firing the weapon at high rates of sustained
fire the barrel and metal components of the RAS can
become hot enough to inflict serious burns. Cover
exposed metal portions of the rail with the plastic
rail covers. Use the vertical pistol grip during heavy
sustained fire.
NOTES: 1 . Keep the bottom, left, and right unused rail sections covered with full-length
1 1-rib rail cover/heat shield sections. If any accessories are mounted on a
rail, cover the remaining rail surface with an appropriately sized rail
cover/heat shield. The top full length rail cover/heat shield will be
permanently removed if a backup iron sight is installed and replaced with a
shorter rail cover/heat shield to protect the firer’s nonfiring hand when the
barrel is hot.
2. For ease of reference the shorter lengths can be referred to by the number of
ribs along their outer surfaces.
b. The even numbered recoil grooves of each rail of the RAS are sequentially numbered
within the recoil grooves themselves (Figure 2-16). Each number is preceded by a letter
prefix indicating a specific slot on the RAS. The numbers of the top rail have a “T” prefix
while those of the bottom rail have a “B” prefix. Additionally, the numbers of the rail to the
shooter’s left have an “L” prefix while those on the rail to the shooter’s right have an “R”
prefix. These addresses assist the user in remounting an accessory in the same position,
2-10
FM 3-22.9
allows standardization on precisely where to mount certain accessories, and identifies
reference points for discussions on accessory mounting locations.
NOTE: Each RAS also contains holes within the notches that are threaded 1/4-inch deep
with 20 threads per inch (Figure 2-16). This is the standard thread size for a
camera tripod adapter, which is used to attach standard camera or video
accessories. For example, an RAS-equipped M4 carbine with a night vision
device mounted may be attached to a standard camera tripod for “hands free”
support during long periods of surveillance.
c. Each RAS comes with a vertical pistol grip (Figure 2-17). When installing the pistol
grip (3) the rail cover/heat shield must be removed first. Once removed, unscrew the pistol
grip lock (1) until the tip (2) is no longer visible through the hole in the pistol grip. Slide the
pistol grip onto the RAS (it will cover five notches on the RAS). The tip on the top of the
pistol grip lock (1) must then be aligned with a notch and hand tightened. (For further
information on these accessories refer to TM 9-1005-319-10.)
3
Figure 2-17. Vertical pistol grip.
2-11
FM 3-22.9
2-3. RAIL GRABBERS AND MILES TRAINING EXTENDER
The Insight rail grabber (Figure 2- 1 8) and the Picatinny rail grabber (Figure 2-20, page 2-14)
were designed to mount accessories onto the M16A4 and M4-series weapons. Each rail
grabber has proven its ability to retain zero when installed and tightened properly. Both rail
grabbers attach accessories on the upper receiver and on all four sides of the RAS. Once
zeroed the rail grabbers can be removed from the weapon and will retain zero as long as the
rail grabber is not separated from the accessory and is remounted on the exact same notch it
was zeroed on. If the accessory and rail grabber is reinstalled on a different notch, or the rail
grabber is separated from the accessory, they must be rezeroed. A one-time retightening of
the rail grabber and accessory is recommended after the first three rounds are fired to fully
seat both. Details specific to each rail grabber are outlined in the following paragraphs.
NOTE: The bottom rail will not retain zero.
a. Insight Rail Grabber (Figure 2-18). The Insight rail grabber is used to install the
AN/PEQ-2A and AN/PAQ-4B/C. This rail grabber must fully rest on the RAS in order to
retain zero. The locking clamp (1) must grasp the RAS, and the screw that tightens the rail
grabber must be tightened with a field tool such as a multipurpose tool.
(1) Both of the holes (2) located in the top of the rail grabber can be used to mount
accessories, but the hole closest to the muzzle must be used. This ensures the majority of the
rail grabber is supporting the accessory being mounted to prevent damage to the accessory.
(2) The rail grabber can be mounted where the tightening screw (3) is on either the left or
right side (when top mounted) or top or bottom (when left side mounted) so it does not
interfere with the operation of the weapon.
(3) Unless command-directed, all devices in a unit do not have to be mounted in the
same location as long as the individual users record or mark the mounting location on their
weapon to avoid unnecessary rezeroing. (Some examples of marking techniques are paint
markers and grease pencils.)
(4) Even if the rail grabber is resting entirely on the RAS, accessories should not make
contact with the front sight assembly or the collar of the barrel. The vibrations that occur
during firing will interfere with the rail grabber’s and accessory’s zero retention capabilities.
Figure 2-18. Insight rail grabber.
2-12
FM 3-22.9
b. MILES Training Extender for the Insight Rail Grabber (Figure 2-19). The
purpose of the training extender is to elevate the accessory above the MILES laser during
force-on-force training. The extender is installed by using the thumbscrew (1) to hand
tighten the extender into the mounting hole closest to the muzzle on the Insight rail grabber.
Once the extender is installed, the accessory is installed on top of the extender and tightened.
The training extender is only used when the Insight rail grabber is top mounted.
NOTE: TheAN/PEQ-2A and AN/PAQ-4B/C must be zeroed before and after using the
MILES training extender.
c. Picatinny Rail Grabber (Figure 2-20, page 2-14). The Picatinny rail grabber must
fully rest on the RAS in order to retain zero. The locking clamp must grasp the RAS and the
torque-limiting knob (1) that tightens the rail grabber must be hand tightened until it clicks
two times.
(1) Both of the holes located in the top of the rail grabber (1) can be used to mount
accessories, but the hole closest to the muzzle must be used. This ensures the majority of the
rail grabber is supporting the accessory being mounted to prevent damage to the accessory. It
also allows the torque-limiting knob (2) to be mounted on either the left or right side (when
top mounted) or top or bottom (when side mounted) to ensure the torque-limiting knob does
not interfere with the operation of the weapon.
(2) Unless command-directed, all devices in a unit do not have to be mounted in the
same location as long as the individual users record or mark the mounting location on their
weapon to avoid unnecessary zeroing. (Some examples of marking techniques are paint
markers and grease pencils.)
(3) Even if the rail grabber is resting entirely on the RAS, accessories should not make
contact with the front sight assembly or the collar of the barrel. The vibrations that occur
during firing will interfere with the rail grabber’s and accessory’s zero retention capabilities.
2-13
FM 3-22.9
Figure 2-20. Picatinny rail grabber.
2-4. BACKUP IRON SIGHT
The backup iron sight (BIS) (Figure 2-21) is a semi-permanent flip up iron sight, equipped
with a rail-grabbing base. It is intended to remain on the MWS while the M68 close combat
optic (CCO) reflex sight is used as the primary means of day fire control. If the M68 fails,
the prezeroed BIS can be flipped up and used to continue the mission. The BIS should only
be removed by the armorer and remains on the MWS at all the times unless the carrying
handle/sight is installed.
a. The BIS is installed by the armorer on the first notch of the integrated rail nearest the
charging handle. The flip-up sight collapses towards the firer out of the way and can be used
while the M68 is mounted. The BIS provides a backup capability effective out to at least 600
meters and can be installed on the M 16A4 and M4-series weapons. Before installing the BIS,
remove all rail covers/heat shields from the top except one 4-, 5-, or 6-rib shield. The
remaining rail cover/heat shield can be positioned to accommodate accessories and protect
the nonfiring hand when the barrel is hot.
Figure 2-21. Backup iron sight.
b. Once installed and zeroed, the BIS should be left in the stowed position for best
durability and minimal interference unless its use is eminent (Figure 2-22). It provides a
sighting capability when all other accessories have been removed, and it can be used to
establish approximate zeros for other sighting components without requiring live fire. Zeros
established using this method are only effective to approximately 20 meters and should be
refined by a live-fire zero.
2-14
FM 3-22.9
Figure 2-22. BIS in the stowed position.
2-5. M68, CLOSE-COMBAT OPTIC
The M68, close-combat optic (CCO) is a reflex (nontelescopic) sight (Figure 2-23). It uses a
red dot aiming point and is designed for the “two-eyes-open” method of sighting. The M68
can be shot with one eye open as well. The dot follows the horizontal and vertical movement
of the gunner’s eye while remaining fixed on the target. A one-time retightening of the
torque-limiting knob is recommended after the first three rounds are fired to fully seat the
M68. No centering or focusing is required beyond 50 meters.
Figure 2-23. M68, close-combat optic.
a. M16A1/A2/A3 Rifle (Figure 2-24, page 2-16). The M68 mounts on the M16
mounting bracket (1) that attaches to the carrying handle on the M16A1/A2/A3. The half-
moon spacer should not be installed but, if installed, it will not hinder firing performance.
Finnly hand-tighten the bracket (1), O-ring (2), and machine screw (3). Align the locking bar
(4) under the M68 with the notch in the rail ensuring the rotary switch (5) is facing the firer.
Tighten the torque-limiting knob (not shown here) until it clicks two times.
2-15
FM 3-22.9
Figure 2-24. Mounting the M68 to the M16A1/A2/A3.
b. M16A4 and M4-Series Weapons (Figure 2-25). The M68 mounts directly to the
integrated rail on top of the M 1 6A4 and M4-series weapons (in place of the carrying handle).
The half-moon spacer (1) should be installed to raise the M68 above the front sight post but
the M68 can still be fired without the spacer. The soldier’s preference dictates exactly which
notch the M68 is mounted to. Although any notch is acceptable, testing has shown that the
farther away the M68 is from the soldier’s eyes, the better his field of view. Remove the
carrying handle, align the locking bar with a notch, and tighten the torque-limiting knob until
it clicks twice. If the M68 is remounted onto the same notch, it will retain zero.
Figure 2-25. M68 mounted on the M16A4/M4-series weapons.
c. M16A4 and M4-Series Weapons with M68 and AN/PVS-14 (Figure 2-26). This
combination is an effective passive means of engaging targets during hours of limited
visibility. The brightness knob on the M68 should be on the lowest setting that presents the
red dot clearly when viewed through the AN/PVS-14. The soldier must consider the
following factors:
• The AN/PVS-14 should be mounted where the firer can acquire a good sight
picture while performing the integrated act of shooting.
2-16
FM 3-22.9
• The M68 can be mounted and zeroed on any slot forward of the AN/PVS-14 as
long as the rail grabber fully rests on the RAS and the M68 lens does not rest on
the front sight post.
• The closer the AN/PVS-14 is mounted to the M68, the larger the field of view
will be.
• In order to get a clear sight picture with this configuration; fine adjustments must
be made to the range focus, gain-control, and diopter on the AN/PVS-14.
• The eyecup should be exchanged with the eye guard that is shipped with the
AN/PVS-14 to reduce the light signature from the display when not viewing.
• The red dot on settings 2 and 3 projects a negligible light signature at night,
which can only be seen through a night vision device. Settings 4 through 10 will
project a noticeable signature detectable by opposing forces using night vision
devices.
• The brighter the dot, the larger the blooming effect becomes in the AN/PVS-14.
(The blooming effect reduces the soldier’s field of view and will prevent him
from seeing targets behind the blooming.)
Remove the carrying handle and mount the M68 ( 1) by tightening the thumbscrew clamping
knob. Mount the AN/PVS-14 (2) where the best field of view is achieved. Once the preferred
location for the M68 is located, the M68 must be zeroed to that notch (if different from the
notch the M68 was previously zeroed on). (For further information on the M68, refer to TM
9-1240-413-12&P and TM 1 1-5855-306-10 for the AN/PVS-14).
Figure 2-26. Mounting the M68/AN/PVS-14 combination on an MWS.
2-6. AN/PAQ-4B/C INFRARED AIMING LIGHT
The AN/PAQ-4B/C infrared aiming light (Figure 2-27, page 2- 1 8) projects an infrared laser
beam that cannot be seen with the eye but can be seen with night vision devices. This aiming
light works with the AN/PVS-7-series goggles and the AN/PVS-14. The AN/PAQ-4B/C
mounts on various M16-/M4-series weapons with mounting brackets or rail grabbers.
2-17
FM 3-22.9
Figure 2-27. AN/PAQ-4B/C infrared aiming light.
a. M16A1/A2/A3 Rifle (Figure 2-28). The armorer must install the bracket assembly
(1). The switch lever shroud (2) is aligned with the notches on the mounting rail (3). Lower
the on/off switch. The AN/PAQ-4B/C (4) is then aligned with the notches on the switch
lever shroud and hand tightened using the thumbscrew (5). Tool tightening is recommended
to ensure zero retention if the thumbscrew is metal. The plastic thumbscrew must be hand
tightened to avoid breakage. Retightening of the thumbscrew is recommended after a few
rounds have been fired to ensure zero retention. The remote switch should be attached to the
weapon where it is most convenient for the firer without interfering with the functioning of
the weapon or hindering the firer ’s ability to fire the weapon.
V
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Figure 2-28. Mounting the AN/PAQ-4B/C on the M16A1/A2/A3
and M4 carbine.
b. M16A4/M4 MWS Weapons (Figure 2-29). The Picatinny rail grabber (1) or the
insight rail grabber (5) is used to mount the AN/PAQ-4B/C to the RAS. Mount the rail
grabber all the way forward on the top or either side of the RAS (2) ensuring it does not
extend beyond the end of the RAS. (The AN/PAQ-4B/C will not retain zero if the rail
grabber extends beyond the end of the integrated rail when mounted.) Tighten the torque-
limiting knob (3) until it clicks twice. Align the thumbscrew (4) on the AN/PAQ-4B/C with
the thumbscrew hole in the rail grabber nearest the muzzle. The mounting procedures are
identical for the M16A4 and M4-series MWS. The remote switch should be attached to the
2-18
FM 3-22.9
weapon where it is most convenient for the firer without interfering with the functioning of
the weapon or hindering the fircrs’ ability to fire the weapon. If the aiming light and rail
grabber are removed as a whole unit and mounted onto the same rail, the system will retain
zero. If the rail grabber and AN/PAQ-4B/C are separated, the AN/PAQ-4B/C must be
rezeroed to the weapon. (For further infonnation refer to TM 1 1-5855-301 - 12&P.)
Figure 2-29. Mounting the AN/PAQ-4B/C on the MWS top or left.
2-7. AN/PEQ-2A TARGET POINTER/ILLUMINATOR/AIMING LIGHT
The AN/PEQ-2A target pointer/illuminator/aiming light (TPIAL) (Figure 2-30, page 2-20) is
a Class Illb laser that emits a highly collimated beam of infrared light for precise aiming of
the weapon as well as a separate infrared illumination beam with adjustable focus to
illuminate shadowed areas. The AN/PEQ-2A can be used during force-on- force training in
the low power modes only. High power modes can only be used on live-fire ranges
exceeding 220 meters. The AN/PEQ-2A is used in conjunction with night vision devices and
can be used as either a handheld illuminator/pointer or can be weapon-mounted with
included brackets/accessory mounts. The AN/PEQ-2A can be used to accurately direct fire
as well as illuminate and designate areas and targets.
2-19
FM 3-22.9
Figure 2-30. AN/PEQ-2A target pointer illuminator/aiming light.
a. M16A1/A2/A3 Rifle and M4 Carbine (Figure 2-3 1). The armorer must install the
bracket assembly (1). The AN/PEQ-2A (2) thumbscrew (3) is then aligned with the hole in
the mounting rail (4) nearest the muzzle and tool tightened. The remote switch should be
attached to the weapon where it is most convenient for the lircr without interfering with the
functioning of the weapon or hindering the firer’s ability to fire the weapon. Retightening of
the rail grabber and thumbscrew is recommended after a few rounds have been fired to
ensure zero retention.
Figure 2-31. Mounting the AN/PEQ-2A to the
M16A1/A2/A3 rifle and M4 carbine.
2-20
FM 3-22.9
b. M16A4/M4 MWS Weapons (Figure 2-32). The Picatinny rail grabber (1) or the
Insight rail grabber (2) may be used to mount the AN/PEQ-2A to the RAS. Mount the rail
grabber all the way forward on the top or either side of the RAS ensuring it does not extend
beyond the end of the RAS. (The AN/PEQ-2A will not retain zero if the rail grabber extends
beyond the end of the integrated rail when mounted.) Tighten the torque-limiting knob (4)
until it clicks twice. If installing the AN/PEQ-2A with the Insight rail grabber you must tool
tighten the AN/PEQ-2A and rail grabber or it will come loose. Align the thumbscrew (5) on
the AN/PEQ-2A with the hole that is closest to the front sight assembly located on the tope
of the rail grabber. The mounting procedures are identical for the M16A4 and M4-series
modular weapon systems. If the aiming light and rail grabber are removed as a whole unit
and mounted onto the same rail, the system will retain zero. If the rail grabber and AN/PEQ-
2A are separated, the AN/PEQ-2A must be rezeroed to the weapon.
Figure 2-32. Mounting the AN/PEQ-2A on the M16A4 and M4 MWS.
c. M16/M4 MILES Mounting Procedures (Figure 2-33, page 2-22). When conducting
MILES training with the Insight rail grabber (1) or bracket assembly (4), the AN/PEQ-2A is
attached to the M16-/M4-series weapons using the training extender bracket (2). The training
extender is hand tightened by turning the thumb wheel (3) on the training extender
clockwise. The training extender bracket is not required when mounting the AN/PEQ-2A
onto the side of the MWS. The Picatinny rail grabber does not require the training extender.
(For further information refer to TM 1 1-5855-308-12&P.)
NOTE: The AN/PEQ-2A and AN/PAQ-4B/C must be zeroed before and after using the
MILES training extender.
2-21
FM 3-22.9
Figure 2-33. MILES training extender bracket installation on
M16-/M4-series weapons.
2-8. AN/PAS-13 (V2) MEDIUM THERMAL WEAPON SIGHT and AN/PAS-13
(V3) HEAVY THERMAL WEAPON SIGHT
The AN/PAS-13 (V2) medium thermal weapon sight (MTWS) and the AN/PAS-13 (V3)
heavy thermal weapon sight (HTWS) (Figure 2-34) are silent, lightweight, compact, and
durable battery-powered infrared imaging sensors that operate with low battery consumption.
(Both the MTWS and the HTWS are referred to henceforth as a singular thermal weapon
sight [TWS]). The TWS is capable of target acquisition under conditions of limited visibility
such as darkness, smoke, fog, dust, and haze. The TWS operates effectively at night and can
also be used during the daytime. The TWS is composed of two functional groups: the
telescope (1) and the basic sensor (2).
Medium Thermal Weapon Sight Heavy Thermal Weapon System
Figure 2-34. HTWS and MTWS models of the thermal weapon sight.
a. M16A1/A2/A3 Rifle (Figure 2-35). The M16A1/A2/A3 weapon bracket (1) is a
standard item in the TWS carrying case. The weapon bracket’s threaded rod (2) is inserted
through the hole in the carrying handle of the M16A1/A2/A3 and secured with the thumb
wheel (3). The Picatinny rail grabber (4) on the bottom of the TWS is then aligned with a
notch on the bracket, ensuring the TWS is positioned to accommodate an effective firing
position once the eyecup (5) is depressed. Ensure the rail grabber fully rests on the bracket
when mounting the TWS or the sight will not retain zero.
2-22
FM 3-22.9
Figure 2-35. Mounting TWS on an M16A1/A2/A3.
b. M16A4/M4-Series Weapons (Figure 2-36). The Picatinny style rail grabber with
spacer (1) on the bottom of the TWS is aligned with a notch on the integrated rail (2) of the
M16A4/M4-series weapons ensuring the TWS is positioned to accommodate an effective
firing position once the eyecup is depressed. The TWS will not retain zero if the rail grabber
extends beyond the end of the integrated rail when mounted. Tighten the torque-limiting
knob clockwise until it clicks twice. Retightening the rail grabber is recommended after a
few rounds have been fired to ensure the sight is fully seated. The mounting procedures are
identical for the M16A4 and M4-series MWS.
Figure 2-36. Mounting TWS on M16A4/M4-series weapons.
2-9. AN/PVS-4 NIGHT VISION SIGHT
The AN/PVS-4 night vision sight is a portable, battery-operated electro-optical instrument
used for observation and aimed fire of weapons at night (Figure 2-37, page 2-24). It
amplifies reflected light, such as moonlight, starlight, and sky glow, so that the viewed scene
becomes clearly visible to the operator. The AN/PVS-4 does not emit visible or infrared light
2-23
FM 3-22.9
(except from the eyepiece) that can be detected by the enemy. It can be used on the M16A2
rifle, M4 carbine, and M4 modular weapon system. Mounting brackets are provided for each
type of weapon.
Figure 2-37. AN/PVS-4 night vision sight.
a. M16A2-Series Weapons (Figure 2-38). The AN/PVS-4 is mounted to the carrying
handle on the M16A2-series weapons. Position the sight in the groove on the top of the
carrying handle and align the threaded hole in the base of the sight-mounting adapter over
the hole in the handle. Insert the mounting knob assembly through the hole in the carrying
handle and screw it firmly clockwise into the sight-mounting adapter. If difficulty is
encountered, turn the sight and the rifle upside down. Place the rifle handle onto the sight-
mounting adapter, lining up the hole in the carrying handle with the hole in the sight-
mounting adapter. Place the mounting knob assembly through the hole in the carrying handle
and screw it clockwise.
Figure 2-38. AN/PVS-4 on the Ml 6A2 -series weapons.
b. M4/M4-MWS-Series Weapons (Figure 2-39). The Picatinny rail grabber with a
mounting adapter (1) on the bottom of the AN/PVS-4 is aligned with a notch on the
integrated rail (2) of the M4/M4-MWS-series weapons ensuring the AN/PVS-4 is positioned
to accommodate an effective tiring position once the eyecup is depressed. The AN/PVS-4
will not retain zero if the rail grabber extends beyond the end of the integrated rail when
mounted. Tighten the torque-limiting knob clockwise until it clicks twice. Retightening of
the rail grabber is recommended after a few rounds have been fired to ensure the sight is
2-24
FM 3-22.9
fully seated. The mounting procedures are identical for the M4 and M4-MWS-series
weapons.
Figure 2-39. AN/PVS-4 on the M4/M4-MWS-series weapon.
2-10. BORELIGHT
The borelight (Figure 2-40) is an eye-safe laser that is used to zero aiming lasers, such as the
AN/PAQ-4 or AN/PEQ-2, without a 25-meter confirmation. The borelight has four settings:
OFF (the borelight is not in use); GOGGLE (when using NVGs; this mode is selected when
using the borelight in a tactical environment); LOW (used during normal operations); and
PULSE (used during dry-fire training mode). The borelight will also boresight optics and
iron sights to ensure the first shot group hits the 25-meter zero target when zeroing the
weapon. The borelight comes with a 5.56-mm, 7.62-mm, .50 caliber, and MK 19 mandrel.
Figure 2-40. Borelight with a 5.56-mm mandrel.
a. Boresighting is conducted at 10 meters with the borelight, weapon, aiming device
and a 10-meter offset. Each aiming device and weapon combination has a unique 10-meter
offset (Appendix G).
b. Figure 2-41A depicts a 10-meter boresight target and Figure 2-41B (page 2-26)
depicts a 25-meter zero target. When used properly these offsets will align the aiming device
on the selected weapon to engage a target center mass at 300 meters.
( 1 ) The 1 0-meter boresight target is used in conjunction with the borelight. The 1 0-meter
boresight target is a 1 -centimeter grid system with a crosshair and a circle. The crosshair is
the aiming point for the aiming device and the circle is the point of impact for the borelight.
(Refer to Chapter 8 for a detailed explanation of bore sighting procedures.)
2-25
FM 3-22.9
(2) The 25-meter zero target is used when live firing at 25-meters. The 25-meter zero
target for the Ml 6- and M4-series weapons is the standard M16A2 zero target with the
appropriate strike zone marked on the target (Figure 2-41B). The M4 zero target is only used
when zeroing the iron sights on the M4. The aiming point is always center mass of the
300-meter scaled silhouette. The designated strike zone is a 4-by-4 square designating where
the rounds should impact when you aim center mass. (Refer to Chapter 8 for a detailed
explanation of the 25-meter offset zeroing procedures.)
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Figure 2-41. 10-meter boresight target and 25-meter zero offset.
2-11. AMMUNITION TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS
This paragraph provides infonnation on different types of standard military ammunition used
in the M16-/M4-series weapons (Figure 2-42, page 2-28). Use only authorized ammunition
manufactured to U.S. and NATO specifications. (Figures 2-43 through 2-47 [pages 2-28
through 2-30] show ammunition trajectory data.)
a. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M193. The Ml 93 cartridge is a center- fire cartridge with
a 55-grain, gilded metal-jacketed, lead alloy core bullet. The M193 round is the standard
cartridge for field use with the M16A1 rifle and has no identifying marks (1, Figure 2-42,
page 2-28).
b. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M196. (Used in the M16A1 rifle) The M196 cartridge
has a red or orange painted tip (2, Figure 2-42, page 2-28). Its main uses are for observation
of fire, incendiary effect, and signaling. Soldiers should avoid long-term use of 100 percent
tracer rounds, which could cause deposits of incendiary material, or chemical compounds
that could damage the barrel. Therefore, when tracer rounds are fired, they are mixed with
ball ammunition in a ratio of no greater than one-to-one with a preferred ratio of three or four
ball rounds to one tracer round.
2-26
FM 3-22.9
c. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Dummy, M199. (Used in all rifles.) The Ml 99 dummy
cartridge is used during dry firing and other training (3, Figure 2-42, page 2-28). This
cartridge can be identified by the six grooves along the sides of the case beginning about 1/2
inch from its tip. It contains no propellant or primer. The primer well is open to prevent
damage to the firing pin.
d. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Blank, M200. (Used in all rifles.) The M200 blank cartridge
has no projectile. The case mouth is closed with a seven-petal rosette crimp and shows a
violet tip (4, Figure 2-42, page 2-28).
e. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M855. (Used in the M16A2/3/4 and M4-series weapons.)
The M855 cartridge has a 62-grain, gilded metal-jacketed, lead alloy core bullet with a steel
penetrator. The primer and case are waterproof. This round is also linked and used in the
M249. It has a green tip (5, Figure 2-42, page 2-28). This ammunition should not be used in
the M16A1 except under emergency conditions, and only at targets less than 90 meters in
distance. (The twist of the M16A1 rifling is not sufficient to stabilize the heavier projectile
of the round).
f. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M856. (Used in the M16A2/3/4 and M4-series
weapons.) The M856 tracer cartridge has characteristics similar to the Ml 96 tracer with a
slightly longer tracer burnout distance. This cartridge has a 63.7-grain bullet. The M856 does
not have a steel penetrator. It has a red tip (orange when linked 4 to 1 for the M249) (6,
Figure 2-42, page 2-28). This ammunition should not be used in the M16A1 except under
emergency conditions, and only at targets less than 90 meters in distance. (The twist of the
M16A1 rifling is not sufficient to stabilize the projectile of the heavier ammunition).
g. Cartridge, 5.56-mm Short-Range Training Ammunition (SRTA), M862. (Used in
all rifles.) The M862 SRTA (7, Figure 2-42, page 2-28) is designed exclusively for training.
It can be used in lieu of service ammunition on indoor ranges and by units that have a limited
range fan that does not allow the firing of service ammunition. SRTA ammunition must be
used with the M2 training bolt.
(1) Although SRTA closely replicates the trajectory and characteristics of service
ammunition out to 25 meters, it should not be used to set battle sight zero of weapons to fire
service ammunition. The settings that are placed on the sights for SRTA could be different
for service ammunition.
(2) If adequate range facilities are not available for sustainment training, SRTA can be
used for any firing exercise of 25 meters or less. This includes the 25-meter scaled silhouette,
25-meter alternate qualification course, and quick-fire training. SRTA can also be used for
Urban Operations training. (See Appendix A for use of SRTA in training.)
h. Storage. When storing ammunition in the open is necessary, it must be raised on
dunnage at least 6 inches from the ground and protected with a cover, leaving enough space
for air circulation. Since moisture and high temperatures adversely affect ammunition and
explosives, the following must be adhered to:
• Do not open ammunition boxes until ready to use.
• Protect ammunition from high temperatures and the direct rays of the sun.
• Do not attempt to disassemble ammunition or any of its components.
• Never use lubricants or grease on ammunition.
2-27
FM 3-22.9
TRACE DUMMY BLANK
Ml 96 Ml 99 M200
u
BALL TRACER SRTA
M855 M856 M862
© © © © © ® ©
Figure 2-42. Ammunition, 5.56-mm for the M16- and M4-series weapons.
Figure 2-43. M855 drop during 25-meter zeroing
(M16A2 at 8/3+1; M4 at 6/3).
2-28
FM 3-22.9
150
100
50
0
-50
(0
8
-S -100
c
-150
-200
-250
-300
Ml 6 zero EL
Ml 6 300m
Ml 6 400m
Ml 6 500m
-*-M16 600m
-•-Ml 6 700m
-)-M16 800m
Meters
Figure 2-44. Bullet drop of M855 ammunition with M16A2 (8/3).
Figure 2-45. Bullet drop of M855 ammunition with M4 (6/3).
2-29
FM 3-22.9
Figure 2-46. M4 carbine and M16A2 rifle bullet
trajectory comparison.
Figure 2-47. Bullet drop of M4/M855 during 25-meter zeroing on 6/3.
2-30
FM 3-22.91FM 23-9)
CHAPTER 3
TROUBLESHOOTING AND DESTRUCTION
Commanders and unit armorers are responsible for the organizational
and direct support maintenance of weapons and for the destruction of
weapons when necessary. Soldiers are responsible for always keeping their
weapons clean and operational in training and in combat and, therefore,
should be issued an operator ’s technical manual and cleaning equipment for
their assigned weapons.
3-1. STOPPAGES
A stoppage is a failure of an automatic or semiautomatic firearm to complete the cycle of
operation. The firer can apply immediate or remedial action to clear the stoppage. Some
stoppages cannot be cleared by immediate or remedial action and may require weapon repair
to correct the problem. A complete understanding of how the weapon functions is an integral
part of applying immediate action procedures.
a. Immediate Action. Immediate action involves quickly applying a possible correction
to reduce a stoppage without performing troubleshooting procedures to detennine the actual
cause. The key word SPORTS will help the firer remember the steps in order during a
live-fire exercise. To apply immediate action, the soldier:
• Slaps gently upward on the magazine to ensure it is fully seated, and the
magazine follower is not jammed (see note).
• Pulls the charging handle fully to the rear.
• Observes for the ejection of a live round or expended cartridge. (If the weapon
fails to eject a cartridge, perform remedial action.)
• Releases the charging handle (do not ride it forward).
• Taps the forward assist assembly to ensure bolt closure.
• Squeezes the trigger and tries to fire the rifle.
Only apply immediate action once for a stoppage. If the rifle fails to fire a second time for
the same malfunction inspect the weapon to detennine the cause of the stoppage or
malfunction and take the appropriate remedial action outlined below.
NOTE: When slapping up on the magazine, be careful not to knock a round out of the
magazine into the line of the bolt earner, causing more problems. Slap only hard
enough to ensure the magazine is fully seated. Ensure that the magazine is locked
into place by quickly pulling down on the magazine.
b. Remedial Action. Remedial action is the continuing effort to detennine the cause for
a stoppage or malfunction and to try to clear the stoppage once it has been identified. To
apply the corrective steps for remedial action, first try to place the weapon on SAFE, then
remove the magazine, lock the bolt to the rear, and place the weapon on safe (if not already
done).
NOTE: A bolt ovenide may not allow the weapon to be placed on SAFE.
3-1
FM 3-22.9
3-2. MALFUNCTIONS
Malfunctions are caused by procedural or mechanical failures of the rifle, magazine, or
ammunition. Pre-firing checks and serviceability inspections identify potential problems
before they become malfunctions. This paragraph describes the primary categories of
malfunctions.
a. Failure to Feed, Chamber, or Lock. A malfunction can occur when loading the rifle
or during the cycle of operation. Once the magazine has been loaded into the rifle, the
forward movement of the bolt carrier group could lack enough force (generated by the
expansion of the action spring) to feed, chamber, or lock the bolt (Figure 3-1).
Figure 3-1. Failure to feed, chamber, or lock.
(1) Probable Causes. The cause could be the result of one or more of the following:
• Excess accumulation of dirt or fouling in and around the bolt and bolt carrier.
• Defective magazine (dented, bulged, or a weak magazine spring).
• Improperly loaded magazine.
• Defective round (projectile forced back into the cartridge case, which could
result in a stubbed round or the base of the previous cartridge could be separated,
leaving the remainder in the chamber).
• Damaged or broken action spring.
• Exterior accumulation of dirt in the lower receiver extension.
• Fouled gas tube resulting in short recoil.
3-2
FM 3-22.9
• A magazine resting on the ground or pushed forward could cause an improper
lock.
(2) Corrective Action. Applying immediate action usually corrects the malfunction. To
avoid the risk of further jamming, the firer should watch for ejection of a cartridge and
ensure that the upper receiver is free of any loose rounds. If immediate action fails to clear
the malfunction, remedial action must be taken. The carrier should not be forced. If
resistance is encountered, which can occur with an unserviceable round, the bolt should be
locked to the rear, the magazine removed, and the malfunction cleared. For example, a bolt
override is when a cartridge has wedged itself between the bolt and charging handle. The
best way to correct this problem is by —
• Ensuring the charging handle is pushed forward and locked in place.
• Securing the rifle and pulling the bolt to the rear until the bolt seats completely
into the buffer well.
• Turning the rifle upright and allowing the overridden cartridge to fall out.
b. Failure to Fire Cartridge. This is a failure of a cartridge to fire despite the fact that
a round has been chambered, the trigger pulled, and the sear released the hammer. This
occurs when the firing pin fails to strike the primer with enough force or when the
ammunition is defective.
(1) Probable Causes. Excessive carbon buildup on the firing pin (Figure 3-2, A) is often
the cause, because the full forward travel of the firing pin is restricted. A defective or worn
firing pin can give the same results. Inspection of the ammunition could reveal a shallow
indentation or no mark on the primer, indicating a firing pin malfunction (Figure 3-2, B).
Cartridges that show a normal indentation on the primer, but did not fire indicate faulty
ammunition.
A.
Carbon or Fouling Buildup.
B. Various primer indents.
LIGHT PRIMER
INDENT
NORMAL PRIMER
INDENT
Figure 3-2. Failure to fire.
(2) Corrective Action. If the malfunction continues, the firing pin, bolt, carrier, and
locking lug recesses of the barrel extension should be inspected, and any accumulation of
excessive carbon or fouling should be removed. The firing pin should also be inspected for
damage. Cartridges that show a nonnal indentation on the primer, but failed to fire could
3-3
FM 3-22.9
indicate a bad ammunition lot. Those that show a complete penetration of the primer by the
firing pin could also indicate failure of the cartridge to fully seat in the chamber.
NOTE: If the round is suspected to be faulty, it is reported and returned to the agency
responsible for issuing ammunition.
WARNING
If an audible “POP” or reduced recoil occurs during
firing, immediately cease-fire. This POP or reduced
recoil could be the result of a round being fired
without enough force to send the projectile out of
the barrel. Do not apply immediate action. Remove
the magazine, lock the bolt to the rear, and place the
selector lever in the safe position. Visually inspect
the bore to ensure a projectile is not lodged in the
barrel. If a projectile is lodged in the barrel, do not
try to remove it. Turn the rifle in to the armorer.
c. Failure to Extract. A failure to extract results when the cartridge case remains in the
chamber of the rifle. While the bolt and bolt carrier could move rearward only a short
distance, more commonly the bolt and bolt carrier recoil fully to the rear, leaving the
cartridge case in the chamber. A live round is then forced into the base of the cartridge case
as the bolt returns in the next feed cycle. This malfunction is one of the hardest to clear.
WARNING
A failure to extract is considered an extremely
serious malfunction, requiring the use of tools to
clear. A live round could be left in the chamber and
accidentally discharged. If a second live round is
fed into the primer of the chambered live round, the
rifle could explode and cause personal injury. This
malfunction must be properly identified and
reported. Failures to eject should not be reported as
extraction failures.
(1) Probable Cause. Short recoil cycles and fouled or corroded rifle chambers are the
most common causes of failures to extract. A damaged extractor or a weak or broken
extractor spring can also cause this malfunction.
(2) Corrective Action. The severity of a failure to extract determines the corrective
action procedures. If the bolt has moved rearward far enough to strip a live round from the
3-4
FM 3-22.9
magazine in its forward motion, the bolt and carrier must be locked to the rear. The
magazine and all loose rounds must be removed before clearing the stoppage. Usually,
tapping the butt of the rifle on a hard surface causes the cartridge to fall out of the chamber.
However, if the cartridge case is ruptured, it can be seized. When this occurs, a cleaning rod
can be inserted into the bore from the muzzle end. The cartridge case can be forced from the
chamber by tapping the cleaning rod against the inside base of the fired cartridge. If cleaning
and inspecting the mechanism and chamber reveals no defects but failures to extract persist,
the extractor and extractor spring should be replaced. If the chamber surface is damaged, the
entire barrel must be replaced.
d. Failure to Eject. Ejection of a cartridge is an element in the cycle of functioning of
the rifle, regardless of the mode of fire. A malfunction occurs when the cartridge is not
ejected through the ejection port and either remains partly in the chamber or becomes
jammed in the upper receiver as the bolt closes. When the firer initially clears the rifle, the
cartridge could strike an inside surface of the receiver and bounce back into the path of the
bolt.
(1) Probable Cause. The cartridge must extract before it can eject. Failures to eject can
also be caused by a buildup of carbon or fouling on the ejector spring or extractor, or from
short recoil. Short recoil is usually due to a buildup of fouling in the carrier mechanism or
gas tube, which could result in many failures to include a failure to eject. Resistance caused
by a carbon-coated or corroded chamber can impede the extraction, and then the ejection of a
cartridge.
(2) Corrective Action. While retraction of the charging handle usually frees the cartridge
and pennits removal, the charging handle must not be released until the position of the next
live round is determined. If another live round has been sufficiently stripped from the
magazine or remains in the chamber, then the magazine and all live rounds could also
require removal before the charging handle can be released. If several malfunctions occur
and are not corrected by cleaning and lubricating, the ejector spring, extractor spring, and
extractor should be replaced.
e. Other Malfunctions. The following paragraphs describe some other malfunctions
that can occur.
(1) The bolt fails to remain in a rearward position after the last round in the magazine is
fired. Check for a bad magazine or short recoil.
(2) The bolt fails to lock in the rearward position when the bolt catch has been engaged.
Check bolt catch; turn in to unit annorer.
(3) The weapon fires two or more rounds when the trigger is pulled and the selection
lever is in the SEMI position. This indicates a worn sear, cam, or disconnector. Turn in to
annorer to repair and replace trigger group parts as required.
(4) The trigger fails to pull or return after release with the selector set in a firing position.
This indicates that the trigger pin (A, Figure 3-3, page 3-6) has backed out of the receiver or
the hammer spring is broken. Turn in to armorer to replace or repair.
(5) The magazine fails to lock into the magazine well (B, Figure 3-3). Check the
magazine and magazine catch for damage. Turn in to armorer to adjust the catch; replace as
required.
(6) Any part of the bolt earner group fails to function (C, Figure 3-3). Check for
inconect assembly of components. Conectly clean and assemble the bolt carrier group, or
replace damaged parts.
3-5
FM 3-22.9
(7) The ammunition fails to feed from the magazine (D, Figure 3-3). Check for damaged
magazine. A damaged magazine could cause repeated feeding failures and should be turned
in to the armorer or exchanged.
NOTE: Additional technical information on troubleshooting malfunctions and replacing
components is contained in the organizational and direct support maintenance
publications and manuals.
Figure 3-3. Other possible malfunctions.
3-3. DESTRUCTION PROCEDURES
Only on the authority of the unit commander, IAW orders or policies established by the
Anny, may rifles subject to capture or abandonment in the combat zone be destroyed. The
destruction of equipment is reported through regular command channels.
a. Means of Destruction. Certain procedures outlined require the use of explosives and
incendiary grenades. Issue of these and related principles and specific conditions under
which destruction is effected, are command decisions. Of the several means of destruction,
the following apply:
3-6
FM 3-22.9
(1) Mechanical. Requires axe, pick mattock, sledgehammer, crowbar, or other heavy
implement.
(2) Burning. Requires gasoline, oil, incendiary grenades, and other flammable materials,
or welding or cutting torch.
(3) Demolition. Requires suitable explosives or ammunition. Under some circumstances,
hand grenades can be used.
(4) Disposal. Requires burying in the ground, dumping in streams or marshes, or
scattering so widely as to preclude recovery of essential parts.
NOTE: The same parts should be destroyed on all like materiel, including spare parts, so
that the enemy cannot rebuild one complete unit from several damaged units. If
destruction is directed, appropriate safety precautions must be observed.
b. Field-Expedient Methods. If destruction of the individual rifle must be perfonned to
prevent enemy use, the rifle must be damaged so it cannot be restored to a usable condition.
Expedient destruction requires that key operational parts be separated from the rifle or
damaged beyond repair. Priority is given in the following order:
• FIRST. Bolt carrier group: removed and discarded or hidden.
• SECOND. Upper receiver group: separated and discarded or hidden.
• THIRD. Lower receiver group: separated and discarded or hidden.
3-7
FM 3-22.9(FM 23-9)
CHAPTER 4
PRELIMINARY MARKSMANSHIP INSTRUCTION
(Phase I of Basic Rifle Marksmanship,)
An infantryman ’s basic battlefield tool is his weapon. To effectively
employ his weapon, marksmanship must be mastered from the basics of rifle
marksmanship to the advanced stages of target engagement. This will greatly
enhance the infantryman ’s capability to close with and destroy the enemy.
Understanding the operation and functions of any machine is vital to
becoming an expert with that machine. The same theory applies to rifle
marksmanship. Commanders must keep this in mind when setting up a
training program. This chapter covers the mechanical training of the
M16-/M4-series weapons. With this knowledge, a soldier is able to assess
and correct any malfunction to keep the weapon always operating properly.
Section I. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP AND
MECHANICAL TRAINING
This training program (Figure 4-1) introduces the soldiers to BRM and teaches them how to
maintain, operate, and correct malfunctions on an M16-/M4-series weapon. It also teaches
peer coaching responsibilities and sight manipulation while emphasizing safety.
Introduction to Basic Rifle Marksmanship and Mechanical Training
Period 1 (4 hours)
Instructional Intent:
Introduce the soldiers to BRM and teach them how to maintain, operate and correct malfunctions on a
M16-/M4-series weapon. Teach peer coaching responsibilities and sight manipulation while
emphasizing safety.
Observables:
Soldiers can disassemble and assemble their weapon (refer to TM 9-1 005-319-10).
Soldiers can identify all components of their weapon (refer to TM 9-1005-319-10).
Soldiers can maintain, load and unload their magazines (refer to TM 9-1005-319-10).
Soldiers can maintain, load, unload and clear their weapons (refer to TM 9-1 005-319-10).
Soldiers can handle and identify 5.56-mm ammunition (refer to TM 9-1005-319-1 0).
Soldiers can perform SPORTS on their weapon within five seconds (refer to TM 9-1005-319-10).
Soldiers understand the eight cycles of function and can troubleshoot their weapon IAW this manual.
Soldiers can perform a function check on their weapon (refer to TM 9-1005-319-10).
Soldiers can correctly manipulate their sights without assistance (refer to TM 9-1005-319-10).
Soldiers are emphasizing safety through out training (refer to TM 9-1005-319-10).
Soldiers are taught peer coaching techniques and responsibilities IAW this manual.
Notes: 1. Care must be taken in teaching immediate action (SPORTS) to clear a weapon
stoppage. This technique must not be confused with the procedure for correctly loading
a magazine into the weapon due to the position of the bolt.
2. Soldiers who do not meet the standard will receive remedial training before subsequent
instruction.
Figure 4-1. Introduction to basic rifle marksmanship
and mechanical training.
4-1
FM 3-22.9
4-1. CLEARING
This paragraph explains the techniques and procedures for clearing the M16-/M4-series
weapon (Figure 4-2). Additional mechanical training is available in TM 9-1005-319-10 to
include disassembly, maintenance, assembly, loading, and sight manipulation.
WARNING
To be considered SAFE before disassembly,
cleaning, inspecting, transporting, or storing, the
weapon must be cleared.
a. Point in a SAFE DIRECTION! Place selector lever on SAFE. If weapon is not
cocked, lever cannot be pointed toward SAFE.
b. Remove the magazine by depressing the magazine catch button and pulling the
magazine down.
c. To lock bolt open, pull charging handle rearward. Press bottom of bolt catch and
allow bolt to move forward until it engages bolt catch. Return charging handle to full
forward position. If you haven’t before, place selector lever on SAFE.
d. Check receiver and chamber to ensure these areas contain no ammo.
e. With selector lever pointing toward SAFE, allow bolt to go forward by pressing
upper portion of bolt catch.
NOTE: If the rifle will not be fired immediately close the ejection port cover.
4-2
FM 3-22.9
1. Place the selector on SAFE.
The weapon must be cocked,
to point the lever toward SAFE.
2. Remove the magazine.
PRESS THE CATCH BUTTON
3. Lockthe bolt open, pull the charging handle rearward
and press the bottom of the bolt catch; allow the bolt
to move forward until it engages the bolt catch. Return
the charging handle forward.
If you havent already done so, place weapon on SAFE.
PULL CHARGING
HANDLE
4. Check the receiver
and the chamber areas
for ammunition.
5. With the selector lever
pointing toward SAFE allow
Figure 4-2. Clearing.
4-2. CYCLES OF FUNCTIONING
The soldier must understand the rifle components and the mechanical sequence of events
during the firing cycle. The eight cycles of functioning (feeding, chambering, locking, firing,
unlocking, extracting, ejecting, and cocking) begin after the loaded magazine has been
inserted in the weapon.
a. Feeding (Figure 4-3, page 4-4). As the bolt carrier group moves rearward, it engages
the buffer assembly and compresses the action spring into the lower receiver extension.
When the bolt carrier group clears the top of the magazine, the expansion of the magazine
spring forces the follower and a new round up into the path of the forward movement of the
bolt. The expansion of the action spring sends the buffer assembly and bolt carrier group
forward with enough force to strip a new round from the magazine.
4-3
FM 3-22.9
Figure 4-3. Feeding.
b. Chambering (Figure 4-4). As the bolt carrier group continues to move forward, the
face of the bolt thrusts the new round into the chamber. At the same time, the extractor claw
grips the rim of the cartridge, and the ejector is compressed.
Figure 4-4. Chambering.
FM 3-22.9
c. Locking (Figure 4-5). As the bolt carrier group moves forward, the bolt is kept in its
most forward position by the bolt cam pin riding in the guide channel in the upper receiver.
Just before the bolt locking lugs make contact with the barrel extension, the bolt cam pin
emerges from the guide channel. The pressure exerted by the contact of the bolt locking lugs
and barrel extension causes the bolt cam pin to move along the cam track (located in the bolt
carrier) in a counterclockwise direction, rotating the bolt locking lugs in line behind the
barrel extension locking lugs. The rifle is ready to fire.
Figure 4-5. Locking.
d. Firing (Figure 4-6, page 4-6). With a round in the chamber, the hammer cocked, and
the selector on SEMI, the firer squeezes the trigger. The trigger rotates on the trigger pin,
depressing the nose of the trigger, and disengaging the notch on the bottom of the hammer.
The hammer spring drives the hammer forward. The hammer strikes the head of the firing
pin, driving the firing pin through the bolt into the primer of the round. When the primer is
struck by the firing pin, it ignites and causes the powder in the cartridge to ignite. The gas
generated by the rapid burning of the powder forces the projectile from the cartridge and
propels it through the barrel. After the projectile has passed the gas port (located on the
upper surface of the barrel under the front sight, Figure 4-5) and before it leaves the barrel,
some gas enters the gas port and moves into the gas tube. The gas tube directs the gas into
the bolt carrier. It passes through the key downward into a space between the rear of the
carrier’s bolt cavity and the rear of the bolt itself. The gas then expands. The bolt is locked
FM 3-22.9
into the barrel extension and unable to move forward, and the carrier is thus forced to the
rear by the expanding gas.
Figure 4-6. Firing.
e. Unlocking (Figure 4-7). As the bolt carrier moves to the rear, the bolt cam pin
follows the path of the cam track (located in the bolt carrier). This action causes the cam pin
and bolt assembly to rotate simultaneously until the locking lugs of the bolt are no longer in
line behind the locking lugs of the barrel extension.
Figure 4-7. Unlocking.
6
FM 3-22.9
f. Extracting (Figure 4-8). The bolt carrier group continues to move to the rear. The
extractor (which is attached to the bolt) grips the rim of the cartridge case, holds it firmly
against the face of the bolt, and withdraws the cartridge case from the chamber.
Figure 4-8. Extracting.
g. Ejecting (Figure 4-9). With the base of a cartridge case firmly against the face of the
bolt, the ejector and ejector spring are compressed into the bolt body. As the rearward
movement of the bolt carrier group allows the nose of the cartridge case to clear the front of
the ejection port, the cartridge is pushed out by the action of the ejector and spring.
Figure 4-9. Ejecting.
FM 3-22.9
h. Cocking (Figure 4-10). The rearward movement of the bolt carrier overrides the
hammer, forcing it down into the receiver and compressing the hammer spring, cocking the
hammer in the firing position. The action of the rifle is much faster than human reaction;
therefore, the firer cannot release the trigger fast enough to prevent multiple firing.
Figure 4-10. Cocking.
4-3. MODES OF FIRE
The M16A3 and M4A1 rifles function in either the semiautomatic or automatic mode. The
M16A2, M16A4, and M4 carbine function in either the semiautomatic or three-round
burst mode.
a. Semiautomatic Fire Mode (M16-/M4-series). The disconnector is a mechanism
installed so the firer can fire single rounds. It is attached to the trigger and rotated forward by
action of the disconnector spring. When the recoil of the bolt carrier cocks the hammer, the
disconnector engages the lower hook of the hammer and holds it until the trigger is released.
Then the disconnector rotates to the rear and down, disengaging the hammer and allowing it
to rotate forward until caught by the nose of the trigger. This prevents the hammer from
following the bolt carrier forward and causing multiple firing. The trigger must be squeezed
again before the next round will fire.
b. Automatic Fire Mode (M16A3 Rifle, M4A1 Carbine Only). When the selector
lever (Figure 4-11) is set on the AUTO position, the rifle continues to fire as long as the
trigger is held back and ammunition is in the magazine. The functioning of certain parts of
the rifle changes when firing automatically.
(1) Once the trigger is squeezed and the round is fired, the bolt carrier group moves to
the rear and the hammer is cocked. The center cam of the selector depresses the rear of the
disconnector and prevents the nose of the disconnector from engaging the lower hammer
hook. The bottom part of the automatic sear catches the upper hammer hook and holds it
4-8
FM 3-22.9
until the bolt carrier group moves forward. The bottom part strikes the top of the sear and
releases the hammer, causing the rifle to fire automatically.
(2) If the trigger is released, the hammer moves forward and is caught by the nose of the
trigger. This ends the automatic cycle of fire until the trigger is squeezed again.
Figure 4-11. Automatic fire mode.
c. Burst Fire Mode (M16A2/A4 Rifle, M4 Carbine). When the selector lever is set on
the BURST position (Figure 4-12), the rifle fires a three-round burst if the trigger is held to
the rear during the complete cycle. The weapon continues to fire three-round bursts with
each separate trigger pull as long as ammunition is in the magazine. Releasing the trigger or
exhausting ammunition at any point in the three-round cycle interrupts fire, producing one or
two shots. Reapplying the trigger only completes the interrupted cycle; it does not begin a
new one. This is not a malfunction. The M16A2/4 and M4 disconnectors have a three-cam
mechanism that continuously rotates with each firing cycle. Based on the position of the
disconnector cam, the first trigger pull (after initial selection of the BURST position) can
produce one, two, or three firing cycles before the trigger must be pulled again. The burst
cam rotates until it reaches the stop notch.
Figure 4-12. Burst fire mode.
FM 3-22.9
4-4. PEER COACHING
Peer coaching is using two soldiers of equal firing proficiency and experience to assist
(coach) each other during marksmanship training. Some problems exist with peer coaching.
If the new soldier does not have adequate guidance, a “blind-leading-the-blind” situation
results, which can lead to negative training and safety violations. However, when adequate
instruction is provided, peer coaching can be helpful even in the IET environment. Since all
soldiers in units have completed BRM, peer coaching should yield better results.
a. Benefits. The pairing of soldiers can enhance learning for both of them. The coach
learns what to look for and what to check as he provides guidance to the firer.
Communication between peers is different than communication between a soldier and drill
sergeant or senior NCO. Peers have the chance to ask simple questions and to discuss areas
that are not understood. Pairing soldiers who have demonstrated good firing proficiency with
those who have firing problems can improve the performance of problem firers.
b. Duties. The peer coach assists the firer in obtaining a good position and in adjusting
sandbags. He watches the firer not the target to see that the firer maintains a proper, relaxed,
steady position; that he holds his breath before the final trigger squeeze; that he applies
initial pressure to the trigger; and that no noticeable trigger jerk, flinch, eye blink, or other
reaction can be observed in anticipation of the rifle firing. The peer coach can use a variety
of training aids to assist in coaching the soldier. At other times, he could be required to
observe the target area. For example, when field-fire targets are being engaged and the firer
cannot see where he is missing targets. The peer coach can add to range safety procedures by
helping safety personnel with preliminary rifle checks.
c. Checklist for the Coach. The procedures to determine and eliminate rifle and firer
deficiencies follow.
(1) The coach checks to see that the —
• Rifle is cleared and defective parts have been replaced.
• Ammunition is clean, and the magazine is properly placed in the pouch.
• Sights are blackened and set correctly for long or short range.
(2) The coach observes the firer to see if he —
• Uses the correct position and properly applies the steady-position elements.
• Properly loads the rifle.
• Obtains the correct sight alignment (with the aid of an M 16 sighting device).
• Holds his breath correctly (by watching his back at times).
• Applies proper trigger squeeze; determines whether he flinches or jerks by
watching his head, shoulders, trigger finger, and firing hand and arm.
• Is tense and nervous. If the firer is nervous, the coach has the firer breath deeply
several times to relax.
(3) Supervisory personnel and peer coaches correct errors as they are detected. If many
common errors are observed, it is appropriate to call the group together for more discussion
and demonstration of proper procedures and to provide feedback.
d. Position of the Coach. The coach constantly checks and assists the firer in applying
marksmanship fundamentals during firing. He observes the firer’s position and his
application of the steady position elements. The coach is valuable in checking factors the
firer is unable to observe for himself and in preventing the firer from repeating errors.
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FM 3-22.9
(1) During an exercise, the coach should be positioned where he can best observe the
lirer when he assumes position. He then moves to various points around the li rcr (sides and
rear) to check the correctness of the firer’s position. The coach requires the firer to make
adjustments until the firer obtains a correct position.
(2) When the coach is satisfied with the firing position, he assumes a coaching position
alongside the firer. The coach usually assumes a position like that of the firer (Figure 4-13),
which is on the firing side of the firer.
Figure 4-13. Prone position of coach (right-handed firer).
NOTE: Bending one knee is optional in this position (soldier’s preference).
Section II. MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS I
This training program (Figure 4-14 and Figure 4-15, page 4-12) reinforces BRM and trains
the four fundamentals through dry-firing to standard during circuit training. It teaches range
and safety procedures.
Marksmanship Fundamentals I
Period 2 (8 hours)
Instructional Intent:
Reinforce BRM 1 and train the four fundamentals, with hands-on training, through dry firing to
standard during circuit training with an Ml 6-/M4-series weapon. Teach range and safety procedures.
Observables:
Live-fire range procedures replicated and enforced. (IAW local SOP)
Equipment fitted properly to maximize training. (IAW local SOP)
Ensure all dry firing is well-aimed fire using 25m zero targets.
Ensure peer coaching is being emphasized IAW this manual.
Ensure the four fundamentals are being integrated into all exercises IAW this manual.
Figure 4-14. Marksmanship Fundamentals I training program.
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FM 3-22.9
Tasks:
The four fundamentals IAW with this manual.
Basic firing positions IAW with this manual.
Range and safety procedures IAW with local standard operating procedures.
Dominant eye training. IAW with this manual.
Demonstrate the integrated act of shooting during dry fire exercises.
M15A1 aiming card 6 consecutive alignments. (3 using side alignment and 3 using bottom up
alignment.)
Target box and paddle exercise at 25 meters. (6 consecutive within a 2-cm circle)
Modified dime or washer exercise. (6 consecutive from prone and foxhole)
Notes: 1 . Additional training aids are listed in Appendix A of this manual.
2. Soldiers who do not meet the standard will receive remedial training on the fundamentals
of rifle marksmanship before subsequent instruction.
Figure 4-15. Marksmanship Fundamentals I training program (continued).
4-5. THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS
The soldier must understand and apply the four key fundamentals before he approaches the
firing line. He must establish a steady position allowing observation of the target. He must
aim the rifle at the target by aligning the sight system, and fire the rifle without disturbing
this alignment by improper breathing or during trigger squeeze. These skills are known
collectively as the four fundamentals. Applying these four fundamentals rapidly and
consistently is the integrated act of firing.
a. Steady Position. When the soldier approaches the firing line, he should assume a
comfortable, steady firing position. The time and supervision each soldier has on the firing
line are limited. He must learn how to establish a steady position during integrated act of
dry-fire training (Figure 4-16). The firer is the best judge of the quality of his position. If he
can hold the front sight post steady through the fall of the hammer, he has a good position.
The steady position elements are as follows.
(1) Nonfiring Handgrip. The rifle hand guard rests on the heel of the hand in the V
formed by the thumb and fingers. The grip of the non-firing hand is light.
(2) Rifle Butt Position. The butt of the rifle is placed in the pocket of the firing shoulder.
This reduces the effect of recoil and helps ensure a steady position.
(3) Firing Handgrip. The firing hand grasps the pistol grip so it fits the V formed by the
thumb and forefinger. The forefinger is placed on the trigger so the lay of the rifle is not
disturbed when the trigger is squeezed. A slight rearward pressure is exerted by the
remaining three fingers to ensure that the butt of the stock remains in the pocket of the
shoulder, minimizing the effect of recoil.
(4) Firing Elbow Placement. The firing elbow is important in providing balance. Its
exact location depends on the firing/fighting position used. Placement should allow
shoulders to remain level.
(5) Nonfiring Elbow. The non-firing elbow is positioned firmly under the rifle to allow a
comfortable and stable position. When the soldier engages a wide sector of fire, moving
targets, and targets at various elevations, his non-firing elbow should remain free from
support.
(6) Cheek-to-Stock Weld. The stock weld should provide a natural line of sight through
the center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight post and on to the target. The firer’ s
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FM 3-22.9
neck should be relaxed, allowing his cheek to fall naturally onto the stock. Through dry-fire
training, the soldier practices this position until he assumes the same cheek-to-stock weld
each time he assumes a given position, which provides consistency in aiming. Proper eye
relief is obtained when a soldier establishes a good cheek-to-stock weld. A small change in
eye relief normally occurs each time that the firer assumes a different firing position. The
soldier should begin by trying to touch the charging handle with his nose when assuming a
firing position. This will aid the soldier in maintaining the same cheek-to-stock weld hold
each time the weapon is aimed. The soldier should be mindful of how the nose touches the
charging handle and should be consistent when doing so. This should be critiqued and
reinforced during dry-fire training.
igure 4-16. Steady position.
(7) Support. When artificial support (sandbags, logs, stumps) is available, it should be
used to steady the position and support the rifle. If it is not available, then the bones, not the
muscles, in the firer’ s upper body must support the rifle.
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FM 3-22.9
(8) Muscle Relaxation. If support is used properly, the soldier should be able to relax
most of his muscles. Using artificial support or bones in the upper body as support allows
him to relax and settle into position. Using muscles to support the rifle can cause it to move
due to muscle fatigue.
(9) Natural Point of Aim. When the soldier first assumes his firing position, he orients
his rifle in the general direction of his target. Then he adjusts his body to bring the rifle and
sights exactly in line with the desired aiming point. When using proper support and
consistent cheek to stock weld the soldier should have his rifle and sights aligned naturally
on the target. When correct body-rifle -target alignment is achieved, the front sight post must
be held on target, using muscular support and effort. As the rifle fires, muscles tend to relax,
causing the front sight to move away from the target toward the natural point of aim.
Adjusting this point to the desired point of aim eliminates this movement. When multiple
target exposures are expected (or a sector of fire must be covered), the soldier adjusts his
natural point of aim to the center of the expected target exposure area (or center of sector).
b. Aiming. Having mastered the task of holding the rifle steady, the soldier must align
the rifle with the target in exactly the same way for each firing. The firer is the final judge as
to where his eye is focused. The instructor or trainer emphasizes this point by having the
firer focus on the target and then focus back on the front sight post. He checks the position of
the firing eye to ensure it is in line with the rear sight aperture.
(1) Rifle Sight Alignment. Alignment of the rifle with the target is critical. It involves
placing the tip of the front sight post in the center of the rear sight aperture (Figure 4-17).
Any alignment error between the front and rear sights repeats itself for every 1/2 meter the
bullet travels. For example, at the 25-meter line, any error in rifle alignment is multiplied 50
times. If the bullet is misaligned by 1/10 inch, it causes a target at 300 meters to be missed
by 5 feet.
Figure 4-17. Correct sight alignment.
(2) Focus of the Eye. A proper firing position places the eye directly in line with the
center of the rear sight aperture. When the eye is focused on the front sight post, the natural
ability of the eye to center objects in a circle and to seek the point of greatest light (center of
the aperture) aid in providing correct sight alignment. For the average soldier firing at
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FM 3-22.9
combat-type targets, the natural ability of the eye can accurately align the sights. Therefore,
the firer can place the tip of the front sight post on the aiming point, but the eye must be
focused on the tip of the front sight post. This causes the target to appear blurry, while the
front sight post is seen clearly. Two reasons for focusing on the front sight post are:
(a) Only a minor aiming error should occur since the error reflects only as much as the
soldier fails to determine the target center. A greater aiming error can result if the front sight
post is blurry due to focusing on the target or other objects.
(b) Focusing on the tip of the front sight post aids the firer in maintaining proper sight
alignment (Figure 4-18).
(3) Sight Picture. Once the soldier can correctly align his sights, he can obtain a sight
picture. A correct sight picture has the target, front sight post, and rear sight aligned. The
sight picture includes two basic elements: sight aligmnent and placement of the aiming point.
(a) Placement of the aiming point varies, depending on the engagement range. For
example, Figure 4-18 shows a silhouette at 300 meters where the aiming point is the center
of mass, and the sights are aligned for a correct sight picture.
Figure 4-18. Correct sight picture.
(b) A technique to obtain a good sight picture is the side aiming technique (Figure 4-19,
page 4-16). It involves positioning the front sight post to the side of the target in line with the
vertical center of mass, keeping the sights aligned. The front sight post is moved horizontally
until the target is directly centered on the front sight post.
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FM 3-22.9
Figure 4-19. Side aiming technique.
(4) Front Sight. The front sight post is vital to proper firing and should be replaced when
damaged. The post should be blackened anytime it is shiny since precise focusing on the tip
of the front sight post cannot be done otherwise.
(5) Aiming Practice. Aiming practice is conducted before firing live rounds. During day
firing, the soldier should practice sight alignment and placement of the aiming point. Using
training aids such as the M15A1 aiming card can do this.
c. Breath Control. As the firer’s skills improve and as timed or multiple targets are
presented, he must learn to control his breath at any part of the breathing cycle. Two types of
breath control techniques are practiced during dry fire. The coach/trainer ensures that the
firer uses two breathing techniques and understands them by instructing him to exaggerate
his breathing. The firer must be aware of the rifle’s movement (while sighted on a target) as
a result of breathing.
(1) The first technique is used during zeroing (and when time is available to fire a shot)
(Figure 4-20). There is a moment of natural respiratory pause while breathing when most of
the air has been exhaled from the lungs and before inhaling. Breathing should stop after most
of the air has been exhaled during the nonnal breathing cycle. The shot must be fired before
the soldier feels any discomfort.
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FM 3-22.9
(2) The second breath control technique is employed during rapid fire (short-exposure
targets) (Figure 4-21). Using this technique, the soldier stops his breath when he is about to
squeeze the trigger.
Figure 4-21. Breath control while engagement of short-exposure targets.
d. Trigger Squeeze. A novice firer can leam to place the rifle in a steady position and
to correctly aim at the target if he follows the basic principles. If the trigger is not properly
squeezed, the rifle will be misaligned with the target at the moment of firing.
(1) Rifle Movement. Trigger squeeze is important for two reasons: First, any sudden
movement of the finger on the trigger can disturb the lay of the rifle and cause the shot to
miss the target. Second, the precise instant of firing should be a surprise to the soldier. The
soldier’s natural reflex to compensate for the noise and slight punch in the shoulder can
cause him to miss the target if he knows the exact instant the rifle will fire. The soldier
usually tenses his shoulders when expecting the rifle to fire. It is difficult to detect since he
does not realize he is flinching. When the hammer drops on a dummy round and does not
fire, the soldier’s natural reflexes demonstrate that he is improperly squeezing the trigger.
(2) Trigger Finger. The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed on the
trigger between the first joint and the tip of the finger (not the extreme end) and adjusted
depending on hand size, grip, and so on. The trigger finger must squeeze the trigger to the
rear so the hammer falls without disturbing the lay of the rifle. When a live round is fired, it
is difficult to see what effect trigger pull had on the lay of the rifle. It is important to
experiment with many finger positions during dry-fire training to ensure the hammer is
falling with little disturbance to the aiming process.
(a) As the firer’ s skills increase with practice, he needs less time spent on trigger
squeeze. Novice firers can take five seconds to perform an adequate trigger squeeze, but, as
skills improve, he can squeeze the trigger in a second or less. The proper trigger squeeze
should start with slight pressure on the trigger during the initial aiming process. The firer
applies more pressure after the front sight post is steady on the target and he is holding his
breath.
(b) The coach/trainer observes the trigger squeeze, emphasizes the correct procedure,
and checks the firer’s applied pressure. He places his finger on the trigger and has the firer
squeeze the trigger by applying pressure to the coach/trainer’s finger. The coach/trainer
ensures that the firer squeezes straight to the rear on the trigger avoiding a left or right
twisting movement. The coach/trainer observes that the firer follows through and holds the
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FM 3-22.9
trigger to the rear for approximately one second after the round has been fired. A steady
position reduces disturbance of the rifle during trigger squeeze.
(c) Wobble area is the movement of the front sight around the aiming point when the
rifle is in the steadiest position. From an unsupported position, the firer experiences a greater
wobble area than from a supported position. If the front sight strays from the target during
the firing process, pressure on the trigger should be held constant and resumed as soon as
sighting is corrected. The position must provide for the smallest possible wobble area. From
a supported position, there should be minimal wobble area and little reason to detect
movement. If movement of the rifle causes the front sight to leave the target, more practice is
needed. The firer should never try to quickly squeeze the trigger while the sight is on the
target. The best firing perfonnance results when the trigger is squeezed continuously, and the
rifle is fired without disturbing its lay.
4-6. FIRING POSITIONS
During preliminary marksmanship instruction only the basic firing positions are taught. The
other positions are added later in training to support tactical conditions. The two firing
positions used during initial training are the individual foxhole supported firing position and
the basic prone unsupported firing position. Both offer a stable platform for firing the rifle.
They are also the positions used during basic record fire.
a. Individual Foxhole Supported Firing Position. This position provides the most
stable platform for engaging targets (Figure 4-22). Upon entering the position, the soldier
adds or removes dirt, sandbags, or other supports to adjust for his height. He then faces the
target, executes a half-face to his firing side, and leans forward until his chest is against the
firing-hand comer of the position. He places the rifle hand guard in a V formed by the thumb
and fingers of his nonfiring hand, and rests the nonfiring hand on the material (sandbags or
benn) to the front of the position. The soldier places the butt of the weapon in the pocket of
his firing shoulder and rests his firing elbow on the ground outside the position. (When
prepared positions are not available, the prone supported position can be substituted.) Once
the individual supported fighting position has been mastered, the firer should practice
various unsupported positions to obtain the smallest possible wobble area during final
aiming and hammer fall. The coach-trainer can check the steadiness of the position by
observing movement at the forward part of the rifle, by looking through the M16 sighting
device, or by checking to see support is being used.
Figure 4-22. Individual foxhole supported firing position.
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FM 3-22.9
NOTE: The objective is to establish a steady position under various conditions. The
ultimate perfonnance of this task is combat. Although the firer must be
positioned high enough to observe all targets, he must remain as low as possible
to provide added protection from enemy fire.
b. Basic Prone Unsupported Firing Position. This firing position (Figure 4-23) offers
another stable firing platform for engaging targets. To assume this position, the soldier faces
his target, spreads his feet a comfortable distance apart, and drops to his knees. Using the
butt of the rifle as a pivot, the firer rolls onto his nonfiring side, placing the nonfiring elbow
close to the side of the magazine. He places the rifle butt in the pocket formed by the firing
shoulder, grasps the pistol grip with his firing hand, and lowers the firing elbow to the
ground. The rifle rests in the V formed by the thumb and fingers of the non-firing hand. The
soldier adjusts the position of his firing elbow until his shoulders are about level, and pulls
back firmly on the rifle with both hands. To complete the position, he obtains a stock weld
and relaxes, keeping his heels close to the ground.
Figure 4-23. Basic prone unsupported firing position.
4-7. TRAINING DEVICES AND EXERCISES
Several marksmanship training devices are available to aid in sustainment training when
used with the appropriate training strategies. They are beneficial when ammunition is limited
for training or practice exercises. Some training devices are complex, costly, and in limited
supply, while others are relatively simple, cheap, and in large supply. Devices and aids can
be used alone or in combinations. Individuals or squads can sustain or practice basic
marksmanship skills and fundamentals with devices and aids.
a. Dominant Eye Training. This exercise assists the coach and the firer in determining
which eye the firer should use when engaging targets. The firer’ s dominant eye should be
identified early in the training process to prevent unnecessary problems such as a blurred
sight picture or the inability to acquire a tight shot group during the grouping exercise.
(Refer to Appendix A for a detailed explanation on the dominant eye training exercise and
training standards.)
b. M15A1 Aiming Card. This exercise measures the soldier’s ability to acquire the
same sight picture each time the firer places his sights on a target using iron sights (Refer to
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FM 3-22.9
Appendix A for a detailed explanation on the M15A1 aiming card exercise and training
standards.)
c. Target Box and Paddle Exercise. This exercise incorporates the soldier’s position
and breathing while aiming at a target 25 meters away, simulating a live fire 25-meter
engagement. This exercise reinforces the basic fundamentals while refining the soldier’s
muscle memory during the integrated act of dry firing. This exercise specifically focuses on
the soldier’s position, breathing and sight picture. (Refer to Appendix A for a detailed
explanation of the target box and paddle exercise and training standards.)
d. Dime and Washer Exercise. This exercise incorporates the soldier’s position;
breathing and trigger squeeze at a target 25 meters away, simulating a live fire 25-meter
engagement. The soldier must successfully dry-fire his weapon six consecutive times
without the washer falling to the ground. This exercise specifically focuses on all four of the
soldier’s fundamentals. (Refer to Appendix A for a detailed explanation of the dime and
washer exercise and training standards.)
Section III. MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS II
This training program (Figure 4-24) reinforces BRM and the four fundamentals while
demonstrating the integrated act of shooting on the Weaponeer.
Marksmanship Fundamentals II
Period 3 (8 hours)
Instructional Intent:
Reinforce BRM 1, 2 and the four fundamentals while demonstrating the integrated act of shooting on
the Weaponeer.
Observables:
All fundamentals emphasized and applied on the Weaponeer.
Weapons safety reinforced on the Weaponeer.
Peer coaching is emphasized during Weaponeer firing.
Remediate all soldiers who fail to hit six out of nine shots at the 300-meter Weaponeer target.
Tasks:
Demonstrate the integrated act of firing while using the Weaponeer device.
Note: Soldiers who do not meet the standard will receive remedial training before subsequent
instruction.
Figure 4-24. Marksmanship Fundamentals II training program.
4-8. WEAPONEER
The Weaponeer is capable of simulating all of the BRM live-fire scenarios without firing
rounds. Immediate feedback is available for critiquing the soldier’s application of the
integrated act of firing while using the Weaponeer device to include misfire procedures.
(Refer to Appendix A for a detailed explanation of the Weaponeer training procedures and
training standards.) This exercise incorporates all four fundamentals while giving immediate
downrange feedback.
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FM 3-22.9
4-9. ENGAGEMENT SKILLS TRAINER 2000
The engagement skills trainer (EST) 2000 is a portable firearms training simulator system
that provides training of marksmanship, squad tactical, and close-range shoot-don’t shoot
techniques and skills for small arms weapons. Features that differentiate the EST 2000 from
other systems are superior accuracy and state of the art graphics. (Refer to Appendix A for a
detailed explanation of the EST 2000 training simulator.)
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FM 3-22.91FM 23-9)
CHAPTER 5
DOWNRANGE FEEDBACK
(Phase II of Basic Rifle Marksmanship)
This chapter contains guidelines for the instructor-trainer to conduct
training on ranges that provide detailed feedback from the targets down
range, such as bullet impact locations and shot group size. Primarily this
chapter contains grouping and zeroing procedures and how to conduct the 3
types of known distance ranges. It also contains the instructional intent,
special instructions, and subject areas that should be observed to ensure
quality training.
Downrange feedback provides precise knowledge of what happens to
bullets at range. It provides for an effective transition between 25-meter
firing and firing on the field-fire range. Knowing precisely where all bullets
are hitting or missing the target, the poor firer (with instructor-trainer
assistance) can improve his performance and the good firer can bring his
shots to target center. Firers develop the knowledge and skills required to
perform with confidence on the field-fire range, where only hit-or-miss
information is available.
NOTE: The TRADOC commander must approve any change to the authorized
qualification courses. All questions concerning authorized qualification courses
should be forwarded to: Commandant, US Anny Infantry School, ATTN:
ATSH-INB, Fort Benning, GA 3 1905.
5-1. GROUPING PROCEDURES
This paragraph provides guidelines for the instructor-trainer to conduct a grouping range
(Figure 5-1). It includes concept, organization, shot group marking, shot group analysis,
multiple shot group analysis and troubleshooting of the fundamentals.
Instructional Intent:
Reinforce preliminary marksmanship instruction (PMI) by performing the integrated act of shooting,
and shoot two consecutive shot groups within a 4-cm circle at 25 meters.
Special Instructions:
Ensure M16A1 rear sight is set on the aperture marked L.
Ensure proper rear sight setting to zero (M16A2/3=8/3+1, M16A4=6/3+2, M4=6/3).
Ensure the rear sight aperture is set on 300+1 , not 800+1 .
Ensure small aperture is being used.
Enforce proper and accurate shot group marking.
Name is clearly marked on the target.
Observables:
Coaches are analyzing the firer’s fundamentals.
Majority of the round must be inside the circle to be counted.
Two consecutive 3-round groups are shot with 6 of 6 rounds in the 4-cm circle.
Figure 5-1. Grouping procedures.
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FM 3-22.9
a. Concept of Grouping. Shot grouping is a form of practice tiring with two primary
objectives: tiring tight shot groups and consistently placing those groups in the same
location. Shot grouping should be conducted between dry-fire training and zeroing. The
initial live-fire training should be a grouping exercise with the purpose of practicing and
refining marksmanship fundamentals. Since this is not a zeroing exercise, few sight changes
are made. Grouping exercises can be conducted anywhere that provides precise location of
bullet hits and misses such as a 25-meter live-fire zeroing range, KD range, Weaponeer,
MACS, LOMAH, LMTS, or EST. No sight adjustments should be made to the sights until
the firer can shoot six consecutive shots (two shot groups) inside a 4-centimeter circle. Once
this is accomplished the soldier is now ready to conduct zeroing procedures.
b. Organization of Grouping on a 25-meter range. The organization and conduct of a
grouping range are based on the availability of ammunition, number of personnel, and the
firing ability of personnel in training.
(1) The unit is divided into firing orders. The first order fires while the second order
coaches. Ten firing points are reserved to conduct corrective instruction.
(2) Sandbags should be provided at each firing point to accommodate supported firing
positions (Figure 5-2).
(3) Each shot is fired using the same aiming point (center of mass) from a supported
firing position.
(4) Each soldier ensures his sights are set for 25-meter firing.
(5) The soldier fires a three-round shot group at the 25-meter zero target. The firing line
is cleared, and he moves downrange to examine the shot group. The soldier and coach
examine the shot group for fundamental errors, triangulate the shot group and put the number
1 in the center of the shot group.
(6) If the shot group is off of the 25-meter zero target the weapon should be
mechanically zeroed. If the shot group is barely on the target a bold adjustment should be
made.
(7) Each shot is fired using the same aiming point (center of mass). The objective is to
fire tight shot groups and to place those shot groups inside a 4-centimeter circle (the actual
location of groups on the target is not important).
(8) The soldier returns to the firing line and fires a second three-round shot group.
(9) The firing line is cleared, and he moves downrange to examine the second shot
group, triangulate, and mark the center of the shot group with the number 2. The soldier
groups the two shot groups and marks the center.
(10) Steps 1 through 8 are repeated until the soldier places six out of six consecutive
rounds inside a 4-centimeter circle. (The majority of the round must be inside the circle or it
is not counted). If the soldier is not grouped in 18 rounds, he should be removed from the
firing line and given remedial training before attempting to group again.
(11) Once firing proficiency has been demonstrated from the supported firing position,
grouping exercises can be conducted from the unsupported firing position. For example, 27
rounds are allocated for the grouping exercise, if the soldier groups in 1 8 rounds, he can fire
the remaining 9 rounds from the unsupported firing position.
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FM 3-22.9
Figure 5-2. The 25-meter range.
c. Shot-Group Marking. The instructor- trainer must understand how to analyze shot
groups correctly. If the soldier is to benefit from this exercise and if the instructor-trainer (or
coach) is to provide useful guidance, the soldier must mark each shot group for a clear record
of his firing practice (Figure 5-3). He connects the three bullet holes on his target with a
straight line and places a number inside the shot group. The number represents the center of
the three shots. When two shots are near one end of the group and the third shot is toward the
other end, the number is placed closer to the two near shots (Figure 5-4). This is not a precise
marking that requires a measurement but a procedure to help shot-group analysis. The three-
round shot group allows the firer’s performance to be evaluated. While some of the variation
in a single shot group is due to the rifle and ammunition.
Figure 5-4. Central point of an odd-shaped group.
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FM 3-22.9
d. Shot-Group Analysis. The purpose of shot-group analysis is to identify firer errors
on the single shots of a shot group so the soldier can correct these errors while firing the next
shot group. Shot-group analysis begins with the instructor-trainer observing the soldier while
he fires. The instructor-trainer observes the firer’s position, aiming, trigger squeeze and
breathing. The instructor-trainer then analyzes the shot group to confirm problem areas. The
coach should not use shot-group analysis as a stand-alone tool without observing the firer.
The ideal shot group will have all three rounds within a 2-centimeter circle. Three rounds
within a 4-centimeter circle is the minimum standard.
NOTE: The M16A2 zero target squares are .96 centimeter in size while the M4 zero
target squares are 1.3 centimeters in size. Two single shots on a 25-meter zero
target that are 2 centimeters apart does not equate to two squares from each other
on the M4 zero target. The M 1 6A2 25-meter zero targets difference in distance is
so small that it can be disregarded.
(1) Match-Grade Performance. The target shown in Figure 5-5 illustrates a match-grade
quality rifle-ammunition combination, which places all bullets in almost the same hole, and
helps detect the slightest errors of the firer.
300 METERS 300 METERS 300 METERS
Figure 5-5. 25-meter match grade performance.
(2) 2-Centimeter Shot Groups. When firing a standard service rifle and standard
ammunition combination the dispersion pattern may be up to 2 centimeters apart without
human error. This dispersion pattern is not considered firer error. The targets shown in
Figure 5-6 reflect possible 25-meter shot group performances by standard rifle-ammunition
combinations and proper soldier performance. The variances of the standard rifle and
standard ammunition must be considered during shot-group analysis and the instructor-
trainer must ensure the soldier understands that his weapon or ammunition may not be
capable of placing three rounds within a 1 -centimeter square.
5-4
FM 3-22.9
300 METERS 300 METERS 300 METERS
Figure 5-6. Shot groups indicate no firer error.
NOTE: The following figures and paragraphs discuss indicators that may assist the
trainer-coach or firer by identifying potential problems with the firer’s four
fundamentals.
(3) 3-Centimeter Shot Groups. The targets shown in Figure 5-7 represent minimum
acceptable firing perfonnances. A better firing performance should be expected, and the
instructor-trainer should ensure the soldier is properly applying the four marksmanship
fundamentals. He should explain that this shot group size is not due to weapon or
ammunition performance. The placement of shots in these groups (about 3 centimeters apart
on the target) reflects minor shooting error. Any of these three shot groups could have been a
minor change in sight picture, breathing, trigger squeeze, position or an erratic round.
300 METERS 300 METERS 300 METERS
Figure 5-7. Shot groups indicate minor shooting error.
5-5
FM 3-22.9
(4) 4- to 5-Centimeter Shot Groups. The targets shown in Figure 5-8 represent
unacceptable tiring performance. A better tiring performance should be expected, and the
instructor-trainer should ensure the soldier is properly applying the four marksmanship
fundamentals. He should explain that this shot group size is not due to weapon or
ammunition performance. The placement of shots in these groups (about 4 to 5 centimeters
apart on the target) reflects considerable shooting error. Any of these three shot groups could
have been a change in position, sight picture, breathing, trigger squeeze or an erratic round.
Firers with these shot groups should receive dry-fire training to help correct firing problems.
(See Appendix A for more information.)
300 METERS 300 METERS 300 METERS
Figure 5-8. Shot groups indicate considerable shooting error.
(5) 6-Centimeter or Larger Shot Groups. The targets shown in Figure 5-9 represent
unacceptable firing performance. A better firing performance should be expected, and the
instructor-trainer should ensure the soldier is properly applying the four marksmanship
fundamentals. He should explain that group size is not due to weapon or ammunition
performance. The placement of shots in these groups (more than 6 centimeters apart on the
target) reflects major shooting error. Any of these three shot groups could have been a
change in position, sight picture, breathing; or trigger squeeze, or the firer may be
anticipating the shot. Firers with these shot groups should receive extensive dry- fire training
to help correct firing problems. (See Appendix A for more information.)
5-6
FM 3-22.9
300 METERS 300 METERS 300 METERS
Figure 5-9. Shot groups indicate major shooting error.
e. Multiple Shot-Group Analysis. Shot-grouping analysis is the ongoing analyses of
individual shot groups while comparing them to each other for consistent aiming. The
instructor-trainer must understand how to mark shot groupings correctly. If the soldier is to
benefit from this exercise, and if the instructor-trainer (or coach) is to provide useful
guidance, the soldier must mark each shot group individually and locates the center of more
than one shot group. In Figure 5-10 three shot groups were fired. Each shot group was
individually connected, marking the center of each with a number (1,2,3 and so on). Next,
the soldier connects the numbers and places an X in the center. The X represents the center
of all three shot groups.
Figure 5-10. Central point of three shot groups.
5-;
FM 3-22.9
(1) Acceptable Shot-Grouping Performance. The shot groups in Figure 5-1 1 represent
acceptable shot groups (4 centimeters or less) in the same location. A soldier firing this shot
grouping should make a sight change of left 10 and down 4. Any change should be clearly
marked on the target and saved for reference. The soldier would then be ready to zero his
weapon.
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NOTE: Location of the shot group on the 25-meter target is not important when
conducting a grouping exercise. The size of the shot groups and the dispersion of
the shot groupings are the main focus of this exercise. Two consecutive shot
groupings must fall within a 4-centimeter circle at 25-meters before the soldier
should be allowed to make any adjustments or to start zeroing procedures.
5-8
FM 3-22.9
(2) Shot Groups with Inconsistent Aiming. The groups in Figure 5-12 indicate that the
soldier for each shot group is applying proper firing fundamentals, but is using a different
aiming point each time a shot group is fired. The soldier’s understanding of the aiming
process is questioned, and his position checked for consistency. The instructor-trainer cannot
determine which shot group best represents the firer’s zero.
Figure 5-12. Shot groups with inconsistent aiming.
5-9
FM 3-22.9
(3) S hot Groups with Consistent Aiming and Major Shooting Error. The groups in
Figure 5-13 indicate consistent aiming, but the soldier is not applying the four fundamentals
properly while firing each shot group. The firer should be assigned a coach to troubleshoot
the soldier’s four fundamentals in an attempt to isolate the soldier’s firing errors.
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Figure 5-13. Shot groups with consistent aiming and major shooting error.
5-10
FM 3-22.9
(4) Shot Groups with Inconsistent Aiming and Major Shooting Error. The groups
shown in Figure 5-14 indicate inconsistent aiming and major shooting errors. The firer
should be assigned a coach to troubleshoot the soldier’s four fundamentals in an attempt to
isolate the soldier’s firing errors.
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Figure 5-14. Shot groups with inconsistent aiming
and major shooting error.
5-11
FM 3-22.9
(5) Shot Groups with Improper Vertical Placement. The shot groups shown in Figure 5-
15, when viewed as nine shots, reflect proper horizontal placement of shots but
unsatisfactory vertical dispersion. This indicates a failure to vertically aim at target center of
mass for each shot. The soldier’s aiming procedure is checked along with other
marksmanship fundamentals.
Figure 5-15. Shot groups with improper vertical placement.
5-12
FM 3-22.9
(6) Improper Shot Groups on the Edge of the Target. The shot groups shown in Figure
5-16 are improper groups. A sight change is made to bring the groups closer to the target
center. A bold sight change should be made to ensure the shot groups remain on the 25 -meter
zero target.
Figure 5-16. Improper shot groups on the edge of the target.
f. Troubleshooting the Fundamentals. The imagination is the only limiting factor in
troubleshooting the fundamentals as a coach. The following examples can be used to identify
errors in soldier’s fundamentals.
(1) Aiming. Attach the M16 sighting device and observe while the soldier fires.
(2) Breathing. Watch the rise and fall of the firer’s chest for consistency.
(3) Trigger squeeze. Place your finger over the firer’s finger while he fires, feeling for
jerking and smooth follow through.
(4) Position. Observe the following areas for consistency:
• Placement of the tip of the nose is always the same.
• Placement of the trigger finger is always the same.
• Placement of the nonfiring hand is always the same.
• Placement of the legs is always the same.
5-13
FM 3-22.9
• Cheek-to-stock position is always the same.
• Positioning of equipment is always the same.
(5) Other Potential Problem Areas. Ensure —
• Nonfiring eye is not shuttering.
• Equipment is fitted properly.
• Soldier is not flinching when the trigger is pulled.
• Soldier is firing with the dominant eye.
• Soldier is wearing glasses if applicable.
• Soldier is maximizing full use of the supported position.
5-2. ZEROING PROCEDURES
This paragraph provides guidelines for the instructor-trainer to zero M16-/M4-series
weapons at 25 meters and at actual range (Figure 5-17). It includes concept, organization,
mechanical zero, zero recording, 25-meter sight settings, field-fire sight settings, and
troubleshooting of the fundamentals.
Instructional Intent:
Reinforce PMI while adjusting confirmed shot groups center mass of the 4-cm circle with 5 out of 6
consecutive rounds at 25 meters.
Special Instructions:
Ensure M16A1 rear sight is set on the aperture marked L.
Ensure proper rear sight setting to zero (M16A2/3=8/3+1, M16A4=6/3+2, M4=6/3).
Ensure the rear sight aperture is set on 300+1 , not 800+1 .
Ensure small aperture is being used.
Enforce proper and accurate shot group marking.
Name is clearly marked on the target.
M16A1s are zeroing on the M16A1 zero targets.
M 1 6A2/A3/A4s are zeroing on the M16A2 zero targets.
M4s are zeroing on the M4 zero targets.
Observables:
Coaches are analyzing the firer’s fundamentals.
Majority of the round must be inside the circle to be counted.
Two consecutive 3-round groups are shot with 5 of 6 rounds in the 4-cm circle.
Figure 5-17. Zeroing procedures.
a. The purpose of battlesight zeroing is to align the sights with the weapon’s barrel
given standard issue ammunition. When this is accomplished correctly, the point of aim and
point of impact are the same at a given range such as 250 meters for the M16A1 and 300
meters for the M 1 6A2/A3/A4 and M4-series weapons. This sight setting provides the highest
hit probability for most combat targets with minimum adjustment to the aiming point.
(1) When standard zeroing procedures are followed, a properly zeroed rifle for one
soldier is close to the zero for another soldier. When a straight line is drawn from target
center to the tip of the front sight post and through the center of the rear aperture, it makes
little difference whose eye is looking along this line. There are many subtle factors that result
in differences among individual zeros. The similarity of individual zeros should be
emphasized instead of the differences.
5-14
FM 3-22.9
(2) Most firers can fire with the same zeroed rifle if they are properly applying
marksmanship fundamentals. This information can be useful in three ways. If a soldier is
having difficulty zeroing and the problem cannot be diagnosed, having a good firer zero the
rifle could find the problem and eliminates the weapon as part of the problem. When a
soldier must fire another soldier’s rifle without opportunity to verify the zero by firing, for
example, picking up another man’s rifle on the battlefield, the rifle will be closer to actual
zero if the rifle sights are left unchanged. This infonnation is useful in deciding initial sight
settings and recording of zeros. All rifles in the arms room, even those not assigned, should
have been previously zeroed by the last soldier it was assigned to. Zeroing this newly
assigned weapon should start with the sights left where they are.
(3) There is no relationship between the specific sight settings a soldier uses on his rifle
to the sight settings he would zero another rifle to. For example, a soldier could zero his
assigned rifle 10 clicks left of center, and then zero another rifle and his adjustments could
be 10 clicks right of center. This is due to the manufacturing difference from one rifle to
another, which makes it essential that each soldier zeros the rifle that he is assigned.
Therefore, all newly assigned personnel should be required to fire their rifle for zero as soon
as possible after assignment to the unit. The same rule must apply anytime a soldier is
assigned a rifle that is returned from direct support (DS) or general support (GS)
maintenance, or the zero is in question.
b. All soldiers should successfully group prior to zeroing. If the unit is proficient at
grouping, then two shot groups should be fired to confirm proficiency prior to making any
sight adjustments during zeroing procedures.
(1) The unit is divided into firing orders. The first order fires while the second order
coaches. Firing points are reserved to conduct corrective instruction. When using smaller
ranges, the unit should be divided into three or more orders.
(2) Sandbags should be provided at each firing point to accommodate supported firing
positions.
(3) Each shot is fired using the same aiming point (center of mass of the target) from a
supported firing position.
(4) Each soldier ensures his sights are set for 25-meter zeroing.
(5) The soldier fires a three-round shot group at the 25-meter zero target. The firing line
is cleared, and he moves downrange to examine the shot group. The soldier examines the
shot group for fundamental errors, triangulates the shot group and puts the number 1 in the
center of the shot group.
(6) Initially the soldier should fire two individual shot groups before a sight change is
considered. If the initial shot group is not on paper the weapon should be mechanically
zeroed before the soldier fires this weapon again.
(7) The soldier returns to the firing line and fires a second three-round shot group.
(8) The firing line is cleared, and he moves downrange to examine the second shot
group, triangulate and mark the center of the shot group with the number 2. The soldier
groups the two shot groups and marks the center of the two shot groups with an X. If the two
shot groups fall within a 4-centimeter circle the firer detennines what sight adjustments need
to be made, identifies the closest horizontal and vertical lines to the X, and then reads the
25-meter zero target to detennine the proper sight adjustments to make. If the two shot
groups did not fall within a 4-centimeter circle the soldier continues grouping.
5-15
FM 3-22.9
(9) The soldier then annotates any sight adjustments that need to be made to the weapon
on the 25-meter zero target and ensures his name is also on the target. If five out of six
rounds fell within the 4-centimeter circle the soldier is zeroed and can be removed from the
firing line. (The majority of the round must be inside the circle to be counted.)
(10) The unzeroed soldier returns to the firing line and makes sight adjustments.
(11) Steps 1 through 8 are repeated until the soldier places five out of six consecutive
rounds inside the 4-centimeter circle. If the soldier is not zeroed in 18 rounds he should be
removed from the firing line and given remedial training before attempting to zero again.
(12) Once firing proficiency has been demonstrated from the supported firing position,
zeroing exercises can be conducted from the unsupported firing position. For example, 18
rounds are allocated for the zeroing exercise; if the soldier zeroes in 9 rounds, the soldier can
fire the remaining 9 rounds from the unsupported firing position.
c. While applying the fundamentals, the soldier consistently aims center mass of the
target as shown in (A) of Figure 5-18. The soldier fires two separate three-round shot groups,
as shown in (B) of Figure 5-18, and groups them. Based on the location of these two groups
the soldier makes the appropriate sight adjustments. After making the correct sight changes,
the soldier fires two more separate three-round shot groups to confirm the adjustments have
aligned the sights with the center of the target, and the bullets are in the 4-centimeter circle
(Figure 5-19.).
Figure 5-18. Correct aiming (A), initial shot-group results (B).
5-16
FM 3-22.9
Figure 5-19. Final shot-group results.
5-3. KNOWN-DISTANCE RANGE (WITH OR WITHOUT LOMAH)
This paragraph provides guidelines for the instructor-trainer to conduct a known-distance
(KD) range and apply the effects of wind and gravity (Figure 5-20). The three types of KD
ranges discussed here are the standard KD range, the KD record fire range, and the modified
field-fire range.
NOTE: If the range is equipped with the location of misses and hits (LOMAH) system, a
firing order will be used to operate the LOMAH throughout the period of
instruction and will be fired last. When using LOMAH, the zero confirmation is
part of the program and will be shot as the first scenario. The soldier will shoot
six rounds at the 175-meter/200-yard target while aiming center mass of the
target. If the shot group falls within the 1 1-inch circle on the LOMAH monitor,
the soldier will continue the programmed scenario, which is identical to the
downrange feedback scenario without LOMAH. If the soldier shoots a shot
group that is 1 1 inches or smaller but is clearly not zeroed, then the instructor-
trainer should assist the soldier in making sight adjustments based upon the data
provided on the LOMAH monitor. If the shot group is not tight (greater than 1 1
5-17
FM 3-22.9
inches), then the soldier should be removed from the firing line and given
remedial training on the four fundamentals of marksmanship.
Instructional Intent:
Reinforce PMI while shooting from the prone supported and unsupported firing positions. Build the
soldier’s confidence that they can hit where they aim at range while applying the effects of wind and
gravity.
Special Instructions:
Ensure the effects of wind and gravity are thoroughly explained.
Ensure proper rear sight setting (M16A1=the unmarked aperture, short-range).
Ensure proper rear sight setting (M16A2/3=8/3, M16A4=6/3, M4=6/3).
Ensure the rear sight aperture is set on 300, not 800.
Observables:
Spotters being correctly used to provide feedback.
8 of 10 at 75 or 100 meters (100 yards).
1 4 of 20 at 1 75 or 200 meters (200 yards).
5 of 10 at 300 meters (300 yards).
Figure 5-20. Downrange feedback.
a. Concept of a Known-Distance Range. A KD range has three primary objectives:
fire tight shot groups at a known distance, make sight adjustments at range (not an objective
for IET soldiers) while experiencing the effects of wind and gravity, and marksmanship
testing. (LOMAH, LMTS, EST, Weaponeer and MACS are training aids discussed in
Appendix A that may be used to supplement or substitute this live-fire exercise.) The firing
task on a KD range is an intennediate step toward the firing task of a combat soldier. The
soldier is provided information concerning the precise hit-or-miss location of every bullet
fired. KD firing is conducted with a single, clearly visible target at a known distance, and the
soldier can establish a position that provides a natural point of aim on that single target.
(1) On the standard KD range, soldiers fire at the 100-, 200-, and 300-meter targets
without any time restraints.
(2) On the KD record fire range, soldiers fire at the 100-, 200-, and 300-meter or yard
targets with time restraints.
(3) On the modified field-fire range, soldiers fire at the 100-, 200-, and 300-meter targets
on a standard 50- to 300- meter field-fire qualification range. If a qualification range is not
available, this exercise may be shot on a standard 75- to 300-meter field-fire range. Targets
and target frames must be set up to accommodate this training.
NOTE: On ranges that are built in yards instead of meters the same KD targets will be
used. The difference is so small it does not need to be considered.
(4) The KD range does not require the soldier to detect targets, estimate range to targets,
scan a sector of fire, respond to surprise targets, respond to short exposure targets, or engage
multiple targets.
(5) An advantage of a KD range is the ability to see precisely where each bullet hits. To
benefit from this training you must ensure the soldiers can clearly see the results of each
firing, whether a group, single shot, or 10-round exercise.
5-18
FM 3-22.9
b. KD Target Description. Downrange feedback training should include detailed
explanations of the targets.
(1) The KD targets are large enough to capture all bullets fired. The standard E-type and
F-type silhouettes can be used if the standard KD targets are not available.
(2) The 16-centimeter circle on the 100-meter targets, 32-centimeter circle on the
200-meter targets, and the 48-centimeter circle on the 300-meter targets equate to the
4-centimeter zero target at 25 meters. If the soldier’s shot group falls within the 4-centimeter
circle at 25 meters they will fall within the circle on the target being shot. If the round falls
outside the circle the round will clearly miss the 300-meter target in Figure 5-21.
(3) The X is located in the bottom portion of the circle to show the firer where he must
aim so his bullets will hit target center of mass when his rifle is zeroed.
(4) The grid system on the targets in Figure 5-21 equates to the 25-meter zero targets.
For example, one click on the front sight post equals one square on the 25-meter zero target
and also equals one square on the target being shot. Infonnation similar to that on the zero
target has been overprinted to assist in applying sight adjustments.
100-METER FEEDBACK TARGET
NSN 6920-01-243-4006
200-METER FEEDBACK TARGET 300-METER FEEDBACK TARGET
NSN 6920-01 -243-4008 NSN 6920-01 -243-4007
Figure 5-21. Downrange feedback targets.
c. Marking the KD Range Targets. When the initial shot group is fired, target
spotters/markers (Figure 5-22, page 5-20) should be placed in each bullet hole, placing the
white side on the silhouette and black side off the silhouette. This procedure ensures the firer
can see where the rounds impacted. Instructors-trainers can observe the firer ’s perfonnance
and focus their attention on the soldiers having the greatest problems. Soldiers are motivated
to fire better since their peers can observe their performance. On the second and subsequent
shot groups, the target spotters/markers should be moved and placed in the holes of the new
shot group. The old holes must be pasted, using black pastors on black and white pastors on
white. Failure to paste all bullet holes makes it difficult to detennine one shot group from
another.
5-19
FM 3-22.9
Figure 5-22. Target marking with spotters (markers).
d. KD Shot-Grouping Analysis. Figure 5-23 shows two targets that were both shot
with three individual rounds (A). On a pop-up target these two firing performances would
provide the same information back to the firing line;
…[truncated]