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Principal Investigator: Susan R Weiss
Organization: UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Fiscal Year: 2019
Award: $447,387
Funding agency: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS), a zoonotic lineage C Betacoronavirus discovered in 2012, has
caused over 2,000 infections and more than 700 deaths. The emergence of MERS in addition to SARS
highlights the public health significance of virulent, emerging coronaviruses (CoVs). MERS is descended from
a parental bat CoV (BtCoV), and like other bat borne viruses, is believed to be nonpathogenic in its natural
host. The reasons for such disparate outcomes of zoonotic CoV infection between bats and humans represent
a gap in knowledge. All CoVs encode lineage specific accessory proteins often with roles in host antagonism of
innate responses. MERS accessory proteins NS4a and NS4b are reported to antagonize interferon (IFN)-
induction in overexpression and reporter systems, and we present data herein showing that mutation of either
protein confers attenuation of replication to recombinant mutant MERS viruses. However, little is known about
the mechanisms of host antagonism during MERS infection, another important gap in knowledge. While NS4a
is a dsRNA binding protein that localizes with viral replication/transcription complexes and antagonizes IFN-
mRNA expression, NS4b has no homology with any other protein in NCBI. We used structural modeling to
identify MERS NS4b as a LigT-like 2H-phosphoesterases (2H-PE), and like the NS2 protein of lineage A
Betacoronavirus MHV, NS4b has 2’,5'-phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and antagonizes RNase L in the
cytoplasm. However, unlike NS2, MERS NS4b has an N-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) and
localizes primarily to the nucleus. In preliminary data, NS4b also cleaves 3’,5’ bonds found in possible RNA
substrates, implying other likely nuclear functions. RNA-seq data suggest that NS4b regulates the antiviral host
responses as well as programmed cell death pathways, and this may be at least in part by post-transcriptional
modification of select mRNAs. We will test the hypothesis that MERS NS4a and NS4b antagonize dsRNA-
induced antiviral pathways in the cytoplasm and NS4b is a unique coronavirus protein, which acts
enzymatically in the nucleus to down-regulate the abundance of select host mRNAs, further
antagonizing antiviral responses. We propose to: 1. Use recombinant MERS mutant viruses to assess NS4a
and NS4b-mediated antagonism of dsRNA-induced antiviral pathways in human A549 cells and in primary
human airway epithelial cells. 2. Investigate the substrate specificity of NS4b as well as its predicted nuclear
role in post-transcriptional regulation of the abundance of select antiviral mRNAs, and explore the possibility
that NS4b modulates programmed cell death. 3. Identify bat specific MERS-host interactions by infection of bat
derived cell lines and bats in vivo with MERS and NS4a and NS4b mutant viruses. These studies will elucidate
the likely multiple functions of the MERS NS4a and NS4b accessory proteins and in the long-term lead to
identification of candidate therapeutic targets. In addition, these findings may help explain the highly
pathogenic outcome of zoonotic virus infection in humans as compared to their natural hosts.
Terms: <A549><Anti-Viral Response><Antiviral Agents><Antiviral Drugs><Antiviral Response><Antivirals><Apoptosis><Apoptosis Pathway><Bats><Binding Proteins><CRISPR method><CRISPR methodology><CRISPR technique><CRISPR technology><CRISPR-CAS-9><CRISPR-based method><CRISPR-based technique><CRISPR-based technology><CRISPR-based tool><CRISPR/Cas method><CRISPR/Cas technology><CRISPR/Cas9><CRISPR/Cas9 technology><Cas nuclease technology><Cell Body><Cell Line><Cell Nucleus><CellLine><Cells><Cessation of life><Chiroptera><Cleaved cell><Complement><Complement Proteins><Complex><Coronaviridae><Coronaviridae Infections><Coronavirus><Coronavirus Infections><Cytoplasm><Data><Death><Detection><Disease><Disorder><Double-Stranded RNA><Endogenous Interferon Beta><Engineering><Enzyme Gene><Enzymes><Epithelial Cells><Epithelium><Epithelium Part><Fibroblast Interferon><Gene Transcription><General Viruses><Genes><Genetic Alteration><Genetic Change><Genetic Transcription><Genetic defect><Human><IFN><IFN-Beta><IFN-β><IFNb><Immune response><Immunological response><Infection><Innate Immune Response><Interferon-beta><Interferon-β><Interferons><Knock-out><Knockout><Knowledge><Lead><Ligand Binding Protein><Ligand Binding Protein Gene><Ligands><Lung infections><MERS-CoV><Mediating><Messenger RNA><Middle East Respiratory Syndrome><Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus><Modern Man><Modification><Mouse Hepatitis Virus><Murine Gastroenteritis Virus><Murine hepatitis virus><Mutation><N-terminal><NH2-terminal><NLS Peptide><Natural Interferon Beta><Natural human interferon beta><Non-Polyadenylated RNA><Nuclear><Nuclear Localization Signal><Nuclear Localization Signal Peptide><Nucleus><Outcome><PDE 5 enzyme><Pathogenicity><Pathogenicity Factors><Pathway interactions><Pb element><Phosphodiesterases><Post-Transcriptional Control><Post-Transcriptional Regulation><Programmed Cell Death><Protein Binding><Proteins><Public Health><Publishing><RNA><RNA Expression><RNA Gene Products><RNA Nucleases><RNA Seq><RNA sequencing><RNAseq><RNase><Recombinants><Reporter><Reporting><Ribonuclease Family Protein><Ribonucleases><Ribonucleic Acid><Role><SARS><Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome><Strains Cell Lines><Structural Models><Substrate Specificity><System><Testing><Therapeutic><Transcription><Transmission><Viral><Viral Diseases><Viral Receptor><Virulence Factors><Virulent><Virus><Virus Diseases><Virus Receptors><Virus Replication><Zoonoses><Zoonotic><Zoonotic Infection><anti-viral agents><anti-viral drugs><anti-virals><attenuation><bound protein><candidate identification><cleaved><cultured cell line><design><designing><dsRNA><genome mutation><heavy metal Pb><heavy metal lead><host response><immunoresponse><in vivo><mRNA><mRNA Expression><mutant><oligoadenylate><overexpress><overexpression><pathway><phosphodiesterase V><phosphodiesterase-5><phosphoric diester hydrolase><posttranscriptional control><posttranscriptional regulation><pulmonary infections><recombinant virus><replicase><response><sensor><social role><therapeutic target><transcriptome sequencing><transmission process><viral infection><viral multiplication><viral replication><virus host interaction><virus infection><virus multiplication><virus-induced disease>