UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK x UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SI 20 Cr. 330 (AJN) GHISLAINE MAXWELL, Defendant. x THE GOVERNMENT'S OMNIBUS MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO THE DEFENDANT'S PRE-TRIAL MOTIONS AUDREY STRAUSS United States Attorney Southern District of New York Attorney for the United States of America Assistant United States Attorneys - Of Counsel - EFTA00099941 TABLE OF CONTENTS PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1 BACKGROUND 2 ARGUMENT 3 I. Jeffrey Epstein's Non-Prosecution Agreement Is Irrelevant to This Case. 3 A. The NPA Does Not Bind the Southern District of New Yolk 4 1. The Text of the Agreement Does Not Contain a Promise to Bind Other Districts 5 2. The Defendant Has Offered No Evidence That the NPA Binds Other Districts 9 B. The NPA Does Not Immunize Maxwell from Prosecution 15 1. The NPA Is Limited to Particular Crimes Between 2001 and 2007 15 2. The NPA Does Not Confer Enforceable Rights on Maxwell 17 C. The Defendant Has Offered No Basis for Additional Discovery or a Hearing 21 II. The Indictment Is Timely 23 A. Statutory Background 24 B. The 2003 Amendment to Section 3283 Applies Retroactively 26 1. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step One of Landgraf 28 2. The 2003 Amendment Satisfies Step Two of Landgraf 32 C. The Defendant's Crimes Involved the Sexual Abuse of Minors 36 III. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss the Indictment Based on Alleged Improper Pre- Trial Delay Should Be Denied 41 A. The Defendant Has Failed to Demonstrate Actual and Substantial Prejudice 42 1. Applicable Law 42 2. Discussion 44 B. The Defendant Has Failed to Establish That the Government Delayed the Indictment for An Improper Purpose 52 1. Applicable Law 52 2. Discussion 54 IV. The Court Should Deny the Defendant's Motions to Suppress 59 A. Factual Background 61 1. The Civil Lawsuit against Maxwell. 61 2. February 2016 Meeting 62 3. The April and July 2016 Depositions of Maxwell 64 4. The USAO-SDNY Commences the Instant Investigation in 2018 65 5. The USAO-SDNY's Sub oenas and Ev Parte Applications for Materials 66 6. Proceeding before c ahcni 68 a. ng 68 b. a 70 EFTA00099942 c. Chief Judge McMahoni Memorandum and Order 71 7. rder 74 8. Unsealing of Maxwell's Depositions. 74 9. The New York Daily News Article 75 B. The Defendant's Suppression Motion Should Be Denied 76 1. Martindell Provides No Basis to Grant the Relief the Defendant Seeks 76 a. Applicable Law 76 b. Discussion 79 2. Maxwell's Fourth Amendment Claim Fails 82 a. Maxwell Has Not Established Standing 82 i. Applicable Law 82 ii. Discussion 84 b. The Government Acted in Good Faith 86 i. Applicable Law 86 ii. Discussion 88 c. Suppression of Certain Materials Would Be Improper Under the Inevitable Discovery Doctrine 93 i. Applicable Law 93 ii. Discussion 94 3. The Defendant's Motion to Suppress Evidence Obtained Pursuant to the Subpoena Under the Fifth Amendment Is Without Merit 96 a. Applicable Law 96 i. The Fifth Amendment— Generally 96 ii. The Fifth Amendment— Act of Production Privilege 97 iii. The Fifth Amendment — When Private Action Is Deemed Government Action 98 b. Discussion 99 4. The Government Did Not Violate Maxwell's Due Process Rights 103 a. Applicable Law 104 b. Discussion 107 5. The Court Should Not Exercise Its Inherent Authority to Older Suppression 109 a. Applicable Law 109 b. Discussion 110 6. The Defendant Is Not Entitled to a Hearing 111 a. Applicable Law 112 b. Discussion 115 V. The Jury Should Decide Whether the Defendant Committed Perjury 116 A. Factual Background 117 B. Applicable Law 119 C. Discussion 122 1. April 2016 Deposition 123 2. July 2016 Deposition 129 3. Materiality 135 ii EFTA00099943 VI. Counts Five and Six Are Properly Joined and Should Not Be Severed 138 A. Applicable Law 138 B. Discussion 141 VII. The Indictment Contains the Elements of Each Offense and Provides the Defendant More Than Adequate Notice of the Charges Against Her 150 A. Applicable Law 150 B. Discussion 152 VIII. There Is No Basis to Strike Any Portion of the Indictment 157 A. Relevant Facts 158 B. Applicable Law 159 C. Discussion 161 IX. The Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Count One or Count Three as '\lultiplicitous Is Premature 169 A. Relevant Facts 169 B. Applicable Law 170 C. Discussion 172 X. The Defendant's Various Disclosure Motions Should be Denied 174 A. Bill of Particulars Is Not Warranted 174 1. Applicable Law 174 2. Discussion 178 B. The Defendant's Requests for Early Production of a Witness List and Jencks Act Material Should Be Denied 182 1. Applicable Law 182 2. Discussion 184 C. The Defendant's Additional Requests for Disclosure Should Be Denied 185 XI. The Use of a Grand Jury Siting in White Plains Was Entirely Proper 193 A. Background 194 1. The SDNY and Local Rules for the Division of Business 194 2. The SDNY Any Plan 195 B. Applicable Law 197 C. Discussion 198 1. The Defendant Was Properly Indicted by a Grand July Sitting in White Plains. 198 2. The Defendant's Fair Cross-Section Claim Is Meritless 205 a. The Defendant Has Not Established that Blacks or Hispanics Are Unfairly Represented 205 b. Any Potential Underrepresentation Is Not Due to Systematic Exclusion 210 CONCLUSION 212 iii EFTA00099944 EXHIBIT LIST Exhibit 1: Exhibit 2: Exhibit 3: Exhibit 4: Exhibit 5: Exhibit 6: Exhibit 7: Exhibit 8: Exhibit 9: Exhibit 10: Exhibit 11: Exhibit 12: Notes from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York June 14, 2007 Email November 2020 Report, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility Notes from February 11, 2021 Call Notes from February 29, 2016 Meeting November 30, 2018 Email December 6, 2018 Email Feb m deb Transcript of April 22, 2016 Deposition Transcript of July 22, 2016 Deposition Affidavit of Dr. Bernard R. Siskin iv EFTA00099945 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266 (1993) Andover Data Servs., a Div. ofPlayers Computer Inc. v. Statistical Tabulating Corp., Page(s) 152 876 F.2d 1080 (2d Cir. 1989) 106, 119, 149 Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51 (1988) 76 Aronson v. K. Arakelian, Inc., 154 F.2d 231 (7th Cir. 1946) 19 Berghuis v. Smith, 559 U.S. 314 (2010) 299, 302 Blaszczak, 17 Cr. 357 (LAK) 275 Nissen v. Lefevre, 924 F.2d 434 (2d Cir. 1991) 158 Mum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991 (1982) 143 Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 405 F.3d 964 (11th Cir. 2005) 24 Botha v. Don King Productions, Inc., No. 97 Civ. 7587 (JGK), 1998 WL 88745 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 27, 1998) 148 Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) 145 Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972) 110 Bridges v. United States, 346 U.S. 209 (1953) 53 Bronston v. United States, 409 U.S. 352 (1973) 181 Bryson v. United States, 396 U.S. 64 (1969) 147 Burgess v. United States, 552 U.S. 124 (2008) 51 Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S. 617 (1989) 159 Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206 passim Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973) 159 Chemical Bank v. Affiliated FM Ins. Co., 154 F.R.D. 91 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) passim EFTA00099946 Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 567 U.S. 142 (2012) Colorado v. Connelly, 51 479 U.S. 157 (1986) 139, 141, 142 Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564 (1987) 138 County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833 (1998) 152 Cruz v. Maypa, 773 F.3d 138 (4th Cir. 2014) 43 Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229 (2011) 122 Doe I v. United States, 359 F. Supp. 3d 1201 (S.D. Fla. 2019) 14 Doe No. I. v. United States, 749 F.3d 999 (11th Cir. 2014) 173, 174, 176 Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342 (1990) 76 Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 (1979) 289, 296 Edwards v. Mazzuca, No. 00 Civ. 2290 (RJS), 2007 WL 2994449 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 15, 2007) 234 Falter v. United States, 23 F.2d 420 (2d Cir. 1928) 45 Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976) 140, 146 Flagg v. Yonkers Sav. & Loan Assn, 396 F.3d 178 (2d Cir. 2005) 143 Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978) 166, 169, 170,171 Gatlo, 17 Cr. 686 (LAK) 275 Golino v. City of New Haven, 950 F.2d 864 (2d Cir. 1991) 125 Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989) 151 Grant v. United States, 282 F.2d 165 (2d Cir. 1960) 164 Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756 (1987) 158 Grunewald v. United States, 353 U.S. 391 (1957) 248 Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87 (1974) 225, 227 vi EFTA00099947 Hemphill v. United States, 392 F.2d 45 (8th Cir. 1968) 268 Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135 (2009) 123 Howell v. Superintendent Rockview SCI, 939 F.3d 260 (2d Cir. 2019) 302 Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681 (1988) 254 In re Enter. Mort. Acceptance Co. Sec. Litig. ("Enterprise", ), 391 F.3d 401 (2d Cir. 2004) 36, 43, 44 In re Grand Jucv Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Apr. 19, 1991, 945 F.2d 1221 (2d Cir. 1991) 108, 113 In re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated Oct. 29, 1992, 1 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 1993) 140, 145 In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 826 F.2d 1166 (1987) 136 In re Grand Jury Subpoena, 836 F.2d 1468 (4th Cir. 1988) 149 In re Three Grand Jury Subpoenas Duces Tecum Dated Jan. 29, 1999, 191 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 1999) 139 In Re Three Grand Jut), Subpoenas Jan. 5, 1988, 847 F.2d 1024 (2d Cir. 1988) 136 In re U.S., 834 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1987) 284 In re Various Grand Jury Subpoenas, 924 F. Supp. 2d 549 (S.D.N.Y. 2013), afrd, 579 F. App'x 37 (2d Cir. 2014) 140 Intl Equity In vs., Inc. v. Opportunity Equity Partners Ltd., No. 05 Civ. 2745 (JGK) (RLE), 2010 WL 779314 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2010) .Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461 (1997) 200 Kungvs v. United States, 485 U.S. 759 (1988) 222 Landgralv. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244 (1994) 35,36,41,42 Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1 (2004) 56, 57 Madanes v. Madanes, 186 F.R.D. 279 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) 141 Martindell v. Intl Tel. and Tel Coup., 594 F.2d 291 (2d Cir. 1979) passim Martinez v. McAleenan, 385 F. Stipp. 3d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 150, 151 Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433 (1974) 137 vii EFTA00099948 Miller v. Pate, 386 U.S. 1 (1967) 157, 174, 175 Mills v. Scully, 826 F.2d 1192 (2d Cir. 1987) 158 Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420 (1984) 144 Murray v. Met. Life Ins. Co., 583 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2009) 223 Nijhawan v. Holder, 557 U.S. 29 (2009) 56 Mr v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984) 132, 133 North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711 (1969) 259 Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985) 139, 141 Palmieri v. State of N.1'., 779 F.2d 861 (2d Cir. 1985) 108, 112, 114 Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128 (1978) 115, 116,118 Ratzlal.v. United States, 510 U.S. 135 (1994) Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98 (1980) Richardson v. Marsh, 165 116 481 U.S. 200 (1987) 212 Rivera v. United States, 928 F.2d 592 (2d Cir. 1991) 168, 172 Rochin, 342 U.S., 72 S. Ct. 205 153 Rosencrans v. United States, 165 U.S. 257 (1897) 296 Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749 (1962) 229 Rutenberg v. United States, 245 U.S. 480 (1918) 292 Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52 (1997) 245 San to hello v. United States, No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1998 WL 113950 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 13, 1998) 21 Sch. Dist. No. 7, 167 F.3d 784 (2d Cir. 1999) 61 SEC v. TheStreet.corn, 273 F.3d 222 (2d Cir. 2001) 109, 113 viii EFTA00099949 Silver, 15 Cr. 93 (VEC) 275 Skelos, 15 Cr. 317 (KMW) 275 Smith y. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979) 117,118 Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607 (2003) 45 Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 (1965) 300 Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975) 299,300 Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990) 56 Thom v. Ashcroft, 369 F.3d 158 (2d Cir. 2004) 47 Toussie v. United States, 397 U.S. 112 (1970) 48 United State v. Nader, 425 F. Supp. 3d 619 (E.D. Va. 2019) passim United States v. Ahmad, 992 F. Supp. 682 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 166 United States v. Ahmed, No. 10 Cr. 131 (PKC), 2011 WL 5041456 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 21,2011) 243 United States v. Al Kassar, 660 F.3d 108 (2d Cir. 2011) 154 United States v. Alameh, 341 F.3d 167 (2d Cir. 2003) 77,78,81 United States v. Alberti, 568 F.2d 617 (2d Cir. 1977) 187 United States v. Aleman, 286 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2002) 27 United States v. Alfonso, 143 F.3d 772 (2d. Cir. 1998) 226 United States v. Amato, 15 F.3d 230 (2d Cir. 1994) 209 United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold, 184 F.3d 131 (2d Cir. 1999) 222 United States v. Anderson, 747 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. 2014) 212 United States v. Anderson, 772 F.3d 969 (2d Cir. 2014) 162 United States v. Annabi, 10 Cr. 07 (CM) 286 ix EFTA00099950 United States v. Annahi, 771 F.2d 670 (2d Cir. 1985) 5, 7, 8 United States v. Annahi, 771 F.2d 670 (2d Cir. 1985), alrd, 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 1988) 5 United States v. Arici, 12 Cr. 24 (LAP) 286 United States v. Arzherger, 592 F. 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Biaggi, 909 F.2d 662 (2d Cir. 1990) 298, 300 United States v. Bin Laden, 91 F. Supp. 2d 600 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) 240 United States v. Birney, 686 F.2d 102 (2d Cir. 1982) 61, 65 United States v. Birrell, 470 F.2d 113 (2d Cir. 1972) 183 EFTA00099951 United States v. Blakney, 941 F.2d 114 (2d Cir. 1991) 205, 219 United States v. Blaszczak, 308 F. Supp. 3d 736 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) 279 United States v. Block, No. 16 Cr. 595 (JPO), 2017 WL 1608905 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 28, 2017) 267 United States v. Bonacorsa, 528 F.2d 1218 (2d Cir. 1976) 180, 190, 197,199 United States v. Bonventre, 646 F App'x 73 (2d Cir. 2016) 271 United States v. Bortnovsky, 820 F.2d 572 (2d Cir. 1987) 266, 267, 274 United States v. Borti, No. 08 Cr. 230 (CSH), 2009 WL 3157582 (D. Conn. Sept. 25, 2009) 218 United States v. Brand, 467 F.3d 179 (2d Cir. 2006) 236 United States v. Brand, 556 F.2d 1312 (5th Cir. 1977) 75 United States v. Brand, No. 04 Cr. 194 (PKL), 2005 WL 77055 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 2005) 257 United States v. Broccolo, 797 F. Supp. 1185 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 207,214,217 United States v. Brown, 744 F. Supp. 558 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) 170 United States v. Brown, 800 F. App'x 455 (9th Cir. 2020), tert denied, No. 20-5064, -- S.O. -- , 2021 WL 78235 (Jan. 11, 2021) United States v. Brown, 34, 39 No. 07-0296, 2008 WL 161146 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 16, 2008) 216 United States v. Brown, No. 99-1230, 2002 WL 34244994, at (2d Cir. Apr. 26, 2002) 6 United States v. Bruno, 159 F. Supp. 3d 311 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) 7 United States v. Bunn, 154 F. App'x 227 (2d Cir. 2005) 237 United States v. Burke, No. 09 Cr. 135 (SJ), 2011 WL 2609837 (E.D.N.Y. Jult' 1, 2011) 82 United States v. Butler, 351 F. Supp. 121 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 243 United States v. Butler, No. 04 Cr. 340, 2004 WL 2274751 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 7, 2004) 208, 211 United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338 (1974) 110 United States v. Caming, 968 F.2d 232 (2d Cir. 1992) 165 xi EFTA00099952 United States v. Campo Flores, No. 15 Cr. 765 (PAC), 2016 WL 5946472 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 12, 2016) 281, 282 United States v. Canfield, 212 F.3d 713 (2d Cir. 2000) 167 United States v. Canter, 338 F. Supp. 2d 460 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) 283 United States v. Carbonaro, No. 02 Cr. 743 (RCC), 2004 WL 2222145 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2004) 83 United States v. Carpenter, 680 F.3d 1101 (9th Cir. 2012) 50 United States v. Carson, 464 F.2d 424 (2d Cir. 1972) 217, 219 United States v. CFW Const. Co., 583 F. Supp. 197 (D. S.C. 1984) 23 United States v. Chacko, 169 F.3d 140 (2d Cir. 1999) 259 United States v. Chalmers, 474 F. Supp. 2d 555 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 225, 226 United States v. Chambers, 800 F. App'x 43 (2d Cir. 2020) 69 United States v. Chan Lo, No. 14 Cr. 491 (VSB), 2016 WL 9076234 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2016), aff'd. 679 F. App'x 79 (2d Cir. 2017) United States v. Chen, 378 F.3d 151 (2d Cir. 2004) United States v. Cheung Kin Ping, 555 F.2d 1069 (2d Cir. 1977) United States v. Chuang, 183 271 68, 81 897 F.2d 646 (2d Cir. 1990) 115, 116 United States v. Coffey, 361 F. Supp. 2d 102 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) 228 United States v. Coke, No. 07 Cr. 971 (RPP), 201 1 WL 3738969 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2011) 153, 160, 163 United States v. Collins, 409 F. Supp. 3d 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 278 United States v. Concepcion, 983 F.2d 369 (2d Cir. 1992) 252 United States v. Coppa, 267 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 2001) 274 United States v. Corbett, 750 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2014) 137 United States v. Cornielle, 171 F.3d 748 (2d Cir. 1999) 60, 77, 78, 85 United States v. Corr, 543 F.2d 1042 (2d Cir. 1976) 181 xii EFTA00099953 United States v. Countentos, 651 F.3d 809 (8th Cir. 2011) 57, 58 United States v. Cromitie, 727 F.3d 194 (2d Cir. 2019) 154 United States v. Cromitie, et al., 09 Cr. 558 (CM) 286 United States v. &ouch, 84 F.3d 1497 (5th Cir. 1996) 75 United States v. DAtnico, 734 F. Supp. 2d 321 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 268 United States v. Davis, 702 F.2d 418 (2d Cir. 1983) passim United States v. DeFilippo, No. 17 Cr. 585 (WHP), 2018 WL 740727 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2018) 169 United States v. Delacruz, 970 F. Supp. 2d 199 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 77 United States v. DePalma, 461 F. Supp. 778 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) 241,250 United States v. Dewar, 489 F. Supp. 2d 351 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 165 United States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 1999) 251, 253 United States v. DiGregorio, 795 F. Supp. 630 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) 155 United States v. Dodge, 597 F.3d 1347 (11th Cir. 2010) (en bane) 54 United States v. Dornau, 356 F. Supp. 1091 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) 73 United States v. Dorvee, 616 F.3d 174 (2d Cir. 2010) 236 United States v. Drago, No. 18 Cr. 0394 (SJF) (AYS), 2019 WL 3072288 (E.D.N.Y. July 15, 2019) 86 United States v. Dumitru, No. 18 Cr. 243 (LAK), 2018 WL 3407703 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2018) 261 United States v. Eldred, 933 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2019) 123 United States v. El-Sadig, 133 F. Supp. 2d 600 (N.D. Ohio 2001) 23 United States v. Elsbery, 602 F.2d 1054 (2d Cir. 1979) 62, 72 United States v. Estrada, 320 F.3d 173 (2d Cir. 2003) 259 United States v. Ewell, 383 U.S. 116 (1966) 80 EFTA00099954 United States v. Falso, 544 F.3d 110 (2d Cir. 2008) 166,169 United States v. Farmer, 137 F.3d 1265 (10th Cir. 1998) 179,180 United States v. Feldman, 939 F.3d 182 (2d Cir. 2019) 8,20,27 United States v. Fennel!, 496 F. Supp. 2d 279 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 284,286 United States v. Figueroa, 618 F.2d 934 (2d Cir. 1980) 255 United States v. Fiumano, No. 14 Cr. 518 (JFK), 2016 WL 1629356 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 25, 2016) 70 United States v. Florence, 456 F.2d 46 (4th Cir. 1972) 293 United States v. Florida West Mt1 Airways, Inc., 853 F. Supp. 2d 1209 (S.D. Ha. 2012) 23,24 United States v. Forde, 740 F. Supp. 2d 406 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) passim United States v. Gallo, No. 98 Cr. (KIK), 1999 WL 9848 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 1999) 275,281 United States v. Gambino, 838 F. Supp. 744 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 70 United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506 (1995) 182,184,200,222 United States v. Geanev, 417 F.2d 1116 (2d Cir. 1969) 284 United States v. Gentile, 235 F. Supp. 3d 649 (D.N.J. 2017) 48 United States v. Ghailani, 751 F. Supp. 2d 502 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 155 United States v. Ghavami, No. 10 Cr. 1217 (KMW), 2012 WL 2878126 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2012) 262 United States v. Gibson, 175 F. Supp. 2d 532 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 268 United States v. Gilbert, 266 F.3d 1180 (9th Cir. 2001) 62 United States v. Gillette, 383 F.2d 843 (2d Cir. 1967) 165 United States v. Gonzalez, No. 00 Cr. 447,2000 WL 1721171 85 United States v. Gottfried, 165 F.2d 360 (2d Cir. 1948) 292 United States v. Gracesqui, No. 10 Cr. 74 (PKC), 2015 WL 5231168 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 8,2015), affd,730 F. App'x 25 (2d Cir. 2018) 209 xiv EFTA00099955 United States v. Green, 981 F.3d 945 (11th Cir. 2020) 124 United States v. Greer, 956 F. Supp. 525 (D. Vt. 1997) 72 United States v. Griffith, No. 99 Cr. (HB), 2000 WL 1253265 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2000) 264 United States v. Guerrier, 18 Cr. 284 (JSR) 286 United States v. Guzman, 337 F. Supp. 140 (S.D.N.Y. 1972) 300 United States v. Halkbank, No. 15 Cr. 867 (RMB), 2020 WL 5849512 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 1, 2020) 261 United States v. Hallahan, 756 F.3d 962 (7th Cir. 2014) 19 United States v. Halper, 590 F.2d 422 (2d Cir. 1978) 216 United States v. Flagg, 278 F.3d 44 (2d Cir. 2002) 115 United States v. Harrison, 764 F. Supp. 29 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) 72 United States v. Hastings, 461 U.S. 499 (1983) 160 United States v. Heath, 455 F.3d 52 (2d Cir. 2006) 132, 133 United States v. Henderson, 337 F.3d 914 (7th Cir. 2003) 61, 62 United States v. Henry, 861 F. Supp. 1190 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) 269 United States v. Herbert, 698 F.2d 981 (9th Cir. 1983) 293 United States v. Hernandez, 85 F.3d 1023 (2d Cir. 1996) 242 United States v. Hester, No. 19 Cr. 324 (NSR), 2020 WL 3483702 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2020) 211 United States v. Heyward, No. 10 Cr. 84 (LTS), 2010 WL 4484642 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 9, 2010) 154 United States v. Hillegas, 578 F.2d 453 (2d Cir. 1978) 79 United States v. Hoo, 825 F.2d 667 (2d Cir. 1987) 78 United States v. Hsia, 24 F. Supp. 2d 14 (D.D.C. 1998) 249 United States v. lannelli, 461 F.2d 483 (2d Cir. 1972) 64 xv EFTA00099956 United States v. Israel, 05 Cr. 1039 (CM) 286 United States v. Jackman, 46 F.3d 1240 (2d Cir. 1995) 300, 301 United States v. Jeffries, 405 F.3d 682 (8th Cir. 2005) 33,37,38,46 United States v. Jenkins, 727 F. App'x 732 (2d Cir. 2018) 194 United States v. Jennings, 960 F.2d 1488 (9th Cir. 1992) 162 United States v. Jimenez, 824 F. Supp. 351 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) 240, 268 United States v. Johns, 15 F.3d 740 (8th Cir. 1994) 37 United States v. Johnson, 21 F. Supp. 2d 329 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) 294 United States v. Jones, 482 F.3d 60 (2d Cir. 2006) 259 United States v. Joseph berg, 459 F.3d 350 (2d Cir. 2006) passim United States v. Kaplan, 758 F. App'x 34 (2d Cir. 2018) 182 United States v. Kenny, 883 F. Supp. 869 (E.D.N.Y. 1995) 294 United States v. Kidd, 386 F. Supp.3d 364 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) 231, 232 United States v. King, 560 F.2d 122 (2d Cir. 1977) 64 United States v. Kozel, No. 19 Cr. 460 (KMW), 2020 WL 4751498 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2020) 236 United States v. Kross, 14 F.3d 751 (2d Cir. 1994) 183, 221, 222 United States v. Lanam, 369 F.3d 153 (2d Cir. 2004) 254 United States v. Lahey, 967 F. Supp. 2d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 168 United States v. Lain hus, 897 F.3d 368 (2d Cir. 2018) passim United States v. Laskow, 688 F. Supp. 851 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) 8 United States v. Laskow, 688 F. Supp. 851 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) (tbl.) 5 United States v. Laurenti, 581 F.2d 37 (2d Cir. 1978) 79 xvi EFTA00099957 United States v. Lawson, 683 F.2d 688 (2d Cir. 1982) United States v. Leo Sure Chief, 438 F.3d 920 (9th Cir. 2006) United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984) 60, 78 33,38,46 124, 125 United States v. Leonelli, 428 F. Supp. 880 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) 268 United States v. Levy, No. 11 Cr. 62 (PAC), 2013 WL 664712 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2013) 267 United States v. Lighte, 782 F.2d 367 (2d Cir. 1986) passim United States v. Loera, 333 F. Supp. 3d 172 (E.D.N.Y. 2018) 152 United States v. Long, 697 F. Supp. 651 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 65 United States v. Lopez, 944 F.2d 33 (1st Cir. 1991) 21, 26 United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783 (1977) 76, 79, 80, 82 United States v. Mahabub, No. 13 Cr. 908 (AJN), 2014 WL 4243657 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2014) 266, 268, 269 United States v. Mandell, 710 F. Supp. 2d 368 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 267 United States v. Marcus, 628 F.3d 36 (2d Cir. 2010) 248 United States v. Marianna Vljua, No. 15 Cr. 240, 2016 WL 107841 (N.D. Tex. Jan. 11, 2016) 22 United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307 (1971) 59, 63, 72 United States v. Markiewicz, 978 F.2d 786 (2d Cir. 1992) 178, 180, 187,198 United States v. Martin, 426 F.3d 68 (2d Cir. 2005) 167 United States v. Martinez, No. 92 Cr. (SWK), 1993 WL 322768 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 19, 1993) 216 United States v. Martinez, No. 94 Cr. (RPP), 1995 WL 10849 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 12, 1995) 77 United States v. Mason, 479 F. App'x 397 (2d Cir. 2012) 248 United States v. Mast, 735 F.2d 745 (2d Cir. 1984) 144 United States v. McCourty, 562 F.3d 458 (2d Cir. 2009) 260 xvii EFTA00099958 United States v. McDarrah, 351 F. App'x 558 (2d Cir. 2009) 257 United States v. Medina, No. 13 Cr. 272 (PGG), 2014 WL 3057917 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2014) 261 United States v. Miller, 116 F.3d 641 (2d Cir. 1997) 252, 292 United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976) 116, 117, 119 United States v. Miller, 911 F.3d 638 (1st Cir. 2018) 44 United States v. Ming He, 94 F.3d 782 (2d Cir. 1996) 161 United States v. Milan, No. 08-760,2009 WL 2328870 (E.D. Pa. July 28,2009) 218 United States v. Mitchell, 966 F.2d 92 (2d Cir. 1992) 144 United States v. Milo! 165 F. Supp. 2d 558 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 268 United States v. Monserrate, No. 10 Cr. 965 (CM), 2011 WL 3480957 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2011) 267 United States v. Montoya-Eschevatria, 892 F. Supp. 104 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) 118 United States v. Moore, 968 F.2d 216 (2d Cir. 1992) 125 United States v. Morgan, 113 F.3d 1230, 1997 WL 268712 (2d Cir. 1997) (unpublished opinion) 45 United States v. Most*, 965 F. Supp. 2d 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 242,243,247,262 United States v. Mulder, 273 F.3d 91 (2d Cir. 2001 ) 241, 242 United States v. Mullens, 536 F.2d 997 (2d Cir. 1976) 139 United States v. Murgio, 209 F. Supp. 3d 698 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) 231, 241, 247 United States v. Muric, No. 10 Cr. 112 (LTS), 2010 WL 2891178 (S.D.N.Y. July 13, 2010) 86 United States v. Myers, 692 F.2d 823 (2d Cir. 1982) 153, 161 United States v. Napolitano, 552 F. Supp. 465 (S.D.N.Y. 1982) 241 United States v. Nejad, No. 18 Cr. 224 (AJN), 2019 WL 6702361 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 9, 2019) 225 United States v. Nersesian, 824 F.2d 1294 (2d Cir. 1987) 233 EFTA00099959 United States v. Nitcche, 843 F. Supp. 2d 4 (D.D.C. 2011) 201, 202 United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974) 282 United States v. Noble, No. 07 Cr. 284 (RJS), 2008 WL 140966 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 2008) 164 United States v. Okwumabua, 828 F.2d 950 (2d Cir. 1987) 138 United States v. Olivieri, 740 F. Supp. 2d 423 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) 146 United States v. Oshatz, 700 F. Supp. 696 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 147, 148 United States v. Page, 657 F.3d 126 (2d Cir. 2011) 205,209,210,220 United States v. Pascarella, 84 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 1996) 252 United States v. Paulino, 445 F.3d 211 (2d Cir. 2006) 253 United States v. Payner, 447 U.S. 727 (1980) 115, 161, 162 United States v. Pena, 932 F. Supp. 2d 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 22I United States v. Perez, 940 F. Supp. 540 (S.D.N.Y.1996) 281 United States v. Pierre-Louis, No. 16 Cr. 541 (CM), 2018 WL 4043140 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 2018) passim United States v. Pipola, 83 F.3d 556 (2d Cir. 1996) 253 United States v. Pirro, 212 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 2000) 229 United States v. Pizarro, No. 17 Cr. 151 (AJN), 2018 WL 1737236 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 10, 2018) passim United States v. Plaza-Andrades, 507 F. App'x 22 (2d Cir. 2013) 291 United States v. Polos, 723 F. App'x 64 (2d Cir. 2018) 195 United States v. Post, 950 F. Supp. 2d 519 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 226 United States v. Potamitis, 739 F.2d 784 (2d Cir. 1984) passim United States v. Prisco, 391 F. App'x 920 (2d Cir. 2010) 4 United States v. Quinones, 511 F.3d 289 (2d Cir. 2007) 251 xix EFTA00099960 United States v. Rahimi, No. 16 Cr. 760 (RMB), 2017 WL 2984169 (S.D.N.Y. June 22, 2017) 225 United States v. Rahman, 189 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 1999) 154 United States v. Rajamtnam, No. 09 Cr. 1184 (RJH), 2010 WL 4867402 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 24, 2010) 172 United States v. Ramnath, 131 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 1997) 300 United States v. Raymonda, 780 F.3d 105 (2d Cir. 2015) 124 United States v. Reeves, et al., 16 Cr. 372 (VEC) 286 United States v. Remington, 208 F.2d 567 (2d Cir. 1953) 146 United States v. Resendiz-Ponce, 549 U.S. 102 (2007) 227, 235 United States v. Ricco, 549 F.2d 264 (2d Cir. 1977) 61 United States v. Richardson, 512 F.2d 105 (3d Cir. 1975) 49 United States v. Richardson, 537 F.3d 951 (8th Cir. 2008) 293 United States v. Rioux, 930 F. Supp. 1558 (D. Conn. 1995) 297, 298 United States v. Rioux, 97 F.3d 648 (2d Cir. 1996) passim United States v. Rittweger, 259 F. Supp. 2d 275 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) 268 United States v. Rivera, 546 F.3d 245 (2d Cir. 2008) 204, 220, 224 United States v. Rivera, No. 09 Cr. 619 (SJF), 2011 WL 1429125, at (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2011) 262 United States v. Rivera, No. 16 Cr. 175 (LGS), 2017 WL 1843302 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 2017) 274 United States v. Roberts, 660 F.3d 149 (2d Cir. 2011) 138 United States v. Roberts, 852 F.2d 671 (2d Cir. 1988) 132 United States v. Rolan-Zapata, 916 F.2d 795 (2d Cir. 1990) 256 United States v. Rosa, 11 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 1993) 253 United States v. Rosa, 626 F.3d 56 (2d Cir. 2010) 123 xx EFTA00099961 United States v. Rubin, 609 F.2d 51 (2d Cir. 1979) 61 United States v. Rubinson, 543 F.2d 951 (2d Cir. 1976) 8I United States v. Ruiz, 702 F. Supp. 1066 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) 214 United States v. Ruiz, 894 F.2d 501 (2d Cir. 1990) 207,213,214,217 United States v. Russo, 483 F. Supp. 2d 301 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) 274, 282 United States v. Russo, 801 F.2d 624 (2d Cir. 1986) 5, 1 I United States v. Rutkoske, 506 F.3d 170 (2d Cir. 2007) 248 United States v. Salameh, 152 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 1998) 5, 6, 245 United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (1987) 151 United States v. Salmonese, 352 F.3d 608 (2d Cir. 2003) 247, 249 United States v. Sampson, 385 F.3d 183 (2d Cr. 2004) 208 United States v. Sampson, 898 F.3d 270 (2d Cr. 2018) 200, 201 United States v. Sampson, 898 F.3d 287 (2d Cir. 2018) 177, 178, 188 United States v. Samson or, No. 07 Cr. 1198 (CM), 2009 WL 176721 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 2009) 269 United States v. Santiago, 987 F. Supp. 2d 465 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 75 United States v. Sarwari, 669 F.3d 401 (4th Cir. 2012) 179, 180 United States v. Saftar, 272 F. Supp. 2d 348 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) 27 United States v. Savage, 970 F.3d 217 (3d Cr. 2020) 302 United States v. Scala, 388 F. Supp. 2d 396 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) 67,68,71 United States v. Scarpa, 897 F.2d 63 (2d Cir. 1990) 69 United States v. Scarpa, 913 F.2d 993 (2d Cir. 1990) passim United States v. Schaefer, No. 17 Cr. 400 (HZ), 2019 WL 267711 (D. Or. Jan. 17, 2019) 121 xxi EFTA00099962 United States v. Schalk-id-, 871 F.2d 300 (2d Cir. 1989) 182 United States v. Schmidt, 105 F.3d 82 (2d Cir. 1997) 153, 154 United States v. Schneider, 801 F.3d 186 (3d Cir. 2015) 51,52,54,57 United States v. Seabrook, No. 10 Cr. 87 (DAB), 2010 WL 5174353 (S.D.N.Y. Dee. 14, 2010) 282 United States v. Sensi, No. 08 Cr. 253, 2010 WL 2351484 (D. Conn. June 7, 2010) 34, 52 United States v. Sergentakis, No. 05 Cr. 230 (JFK), 2005 WL 1994014 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 2005) 275 United States v. Serrano, No. 13 Cr. 58 (KBF), 2014 WL 2696569 (S.D.N.Y. June 10, 2014) 126 United States v. Shaw, 260 F. Supp. 2d 567 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) 165, 171 United States v. Sliker, 751 F.2d 477 (2d Cir. 1984) 255 United States v. Smith, 985 F. Supp. 2d 547 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) 241, 243, 247 United States v. Smith, No. 05 Cr. 922 (DLC), 2007 WL 980431 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 3, 2007), aff'd, F. App'x 636 (2d Cir. 2009) United States v. Snyder, 668 F.2d 686 (2d Cir. 1982) United States v. Soares, 66 F. Supp. 2d 391 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) United States v. Spears, 206 63, 78 295 159 F.3d 1081 (7th Cir. 1999) 62, 66, 67 United States v. Sprouts, 282 F.3d 1037 (8th Cir. 2002) 63 United States v. Stavroulakis, 952 F.2d 686 (2d Cir. 1992) 225, 233 United States v. Stein, 456 F.2d 844 (2d Cir. 1972) 68 United States v. Stein, 541 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2008) 142, 143 United States v. Stokes, 733 F.3d 438 (2d Cir. 2013) 124, 132 United States v. Stringer, 730 F.3d 120 (2d Cir. 2013) 228, 229, 231 United States v. Strohm, 671 F.3d 1173 (10th Cir. 2011) 180, 190 United States v. Swanson, 210 F.3d 788 (7th Cir. 2000) 170 EFTA00099963 United States v. Sweig, 441 F.2d 114 (2d Cir. 1971) 207,211,217 United States v. Tanu, 589 F.2d 82 (2d Cir. 1978) 79 United States v. Thai, 29 F.3d 785 (2d Cir. 1994) 252 United States v. Thompson, 13 Cr. 378 (AJN), 2013 WL 6246489 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3,2013) 281,284 United States v. Thompson, 896 F.3d 155 (2d Cir. 2018) 236 United States v. Thompson, No. 13 Cr. 378 (AJN), 2013 WL 6246489 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 2013) 274 United States v. Tones, 901 F.2d 205 (2d Cir. 1990) 266,268,271 United States v. Towne, 870 F.2d 880 (2d Cir. 1989) 251 United States v. Tracy, 12 F.3d 1186 (2d Cir. 1993) 283 United States v. Tramunti, 513 F.2d 1087 (2d Cir. 1975) 225,233 United States v. Mantilla), 606 F. Supp. 2d 370 (S.D.N.Y. 2009) 284 United States v. Trippe, 171 F. Stipp. 2d 230 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) 267 United States v. Triumph Capital Group, Inc., 237 F. App'x 625 (2d Cir. 2007) 184,187 United States v. Turoff, 853 F.2d 1037 (2d Cir. 1988) 204 United States v. Ulbricht, No. 14 Cr. 68 (KBF), 2014 WL 5090039 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 10,2014) 118,275 United States v. Urena, 989 F. Supp. 2d 253 (S.D.N.Y. 2013) 28,171 United States v. Valentine, 820 F.2d 565 (2d Cir. 1987) 156,157,158 United States v. Valona, 834 F.2d 1334 (7th Cir. 1987) 66 United States v. Vickers, 708 F. App'x 732 (2d Cir. 2017) 256 United States v. Vickers, No. 13 Cr. 128 (RJA) (HKS), 2014 WL 1838255 (W.D.N.Y. May 8,2014) passim United States v. Vilar, No. 05 Cr. 621 (KMK), 2007 WL 1075041 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 4,2007) 169 United States v. Villegas, 899 F.2d 1324 (2d Cir. 1990) 115 EFTA00099964 United States v. Walker, 191 F.3d 326 (2d Cir. 1999) 70 United States v. Walsh, 194 F.3d. 37 (2d Cir. 1999) 228, 266, 271 United States v. Walters, 910 F.3d 11 (2d Cir. 2018) 152 United States v. Washington, 431 U.S. 181 (1977) 136, 137, 138 United States v. Watson, 599 F.2d 1149 (2d Cir. 1979) 78 United States v. Wedd, No. 15 Cr. 616 (KBF), 2016 WL 1055737 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 10,2016) 271 United States v. Weiner, 479 F.2d 923 (2d Cir. 1973) 187 United States v. Werner, 620 F.2d 922 (2d Cir. 1980) 205,206,208,223 United States v. Wey, No. 15 Cr. 611 (AJN), 2017 WL 237651 n.8 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 2017) 85, 227, 229 United States v. Williams, 205 F.3d 23 (2d Cir. 2000) 70 United States v. Williams, No. 10 Cr. 622 (ADS), 2018 WL 4623017 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 2018) 123 United States v. Winter, 348 F.2d 204 (2d Cir. 1965) 146 United States v. Wong, 431 U.S. 174 (1977) 146 United States v. Wright, 343 F.3d 849 (6th Cir. 2003) 62 United States v. Ying No. 15 Cr. 601 (DLI), 2018 WL 5113139 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 2018) 206 United States v. Yonkers Contracting Co., Inc., 682 F. Supp. 757 (S.D.N.Y. 1988) 291 United States v. Young, 08 Cr. 285 (KMK), 2008 WL 4178190 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 4, 2008) 235 United States v. Young, No. 08 Cr. 285 (KMK), 2008 WL 4178190 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 4,2008) 234 United States v. Zackson, 12 F.3d 1178 (2d Cir. 1993) 253 United States v. Zodhiates, 901 F.3d 137 (2d Cir. 2018) 122, 126, 131 Valentine v. Konteh, 395 F.3d 626 (6th Cir. 2005) 235 Vernon v. Cassadaga Valley Cent. School Dist., 49 F.3d 886 (2d Cir. 1995) 42, 43 xxiv EFTA00099965 Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702 (1997) Weingarten v. United States, 865 F.3d 48 (2d Cir. 2017). Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534 (1993) 151 passim 209,210,220 Zicarelli v. Dietz, 633 F.2d 312 (3d Cir. 1980) 293 Zietzke v. United States, 426 F. Supp. 3d 758 (W.D. Wash. 2019) 121 Statutes 18 U.S.C. §1623(a) 118 18 U.S.C. § 1591 152 18 U.S.C. § 1623 3,115 18 U.S.C. § 2 2, 3 18 U.S.C. § 2243 155 18 U.S.C. § 2422 passim 18 U.S.C. § 2422(a) 17 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b) 17 18 U.S.C. § 2423 3,151 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a) passim 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b) 17,37 18 U.S.C. § 2423(e) 17 18 U.S.C. § 2703(c)(2) 87 18 U.S.C. § 2703(d) 88 18 U.S.C. § 3282 24,35 18 U.S.C. § 3283 passim 18 U.S.C. § 3299 25 18 U.S.C. § 3500 181, 184 18 U.S.C. § 3500(a) 181 18 U.S.C. § 3500(b) 182 18 U.S.C. § 3509(a) 37 18 U.S.C. § 3509(a)(8) 36 18 U.S.C. § 3509(d) 152 18 U.S.C. § 3509(k) 24,36 18 U.S.C.§ 371 2, 151, 155, 168 18 U.S.C. § 3771 116 28 U.S.C. § 112 192 28 U.S.C. § 112(b). 192,200 28 U.S.C. § 1861 et seq 193, 194 28 U.S.C. § 1863(a) 194 28 U.S.C. § I863(b)(6) 195 28 U.S.C. § 1865(b) 194 xxv EFTA00099966 28 U.S.C. § 1869(e) 198,200 28 U.S.C. § 81 192 New York Penal Law § 130.55 155 Pub. L. No. 101.647 24 Pub. L. No. 103-322 24 Pub. L. No. 108-21 25 Pub. L. No. 109-162 25 Pub. L. No. 109-248 25 Rules Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(6) 99 Fed. R. Civ. P 56 153 Fed. R. Crim. P. 14(a) 157 Fed. R. Crim. P. 16 200 Fed. R. Crim. P. 21 221 Fed. R. Crim. P. 5(t) 206 Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e). 88 Fed. R. Crim. P. 7 168 Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(c)(1) 168 Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(d) 177 Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(f) 192 Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(a). 156 Fed. R. Crim. P. 8(a). 156 Fed. R. Evid. 402 183 Fed. R. Evid. 403 183, 185 Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2) 184 Fed. R. Evid. 801 210 N.Y. R.P.C. 3.7(b) 166 Rule 14 157 Rule 404(b) 186 Other Authorities 149 Cong. Rec. S 5137 30 149 Cong. Rec. S 5147 30 H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 108.66 29 Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals, 71 Harv. L. Rev. 593 (1958) 130 Sexual Abuse Prosecutions, 77 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 1 (1986) 24 xxvi EFTA00099967 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK x UNITED STATES OF AMERICA S1 20 Cr. 330 (AJN) GHISLAINE MAXWELL, Defendant. x PRELIMINARY STATEMENT The Government respectfully submits this memorandum in opposition to the defendant's twelve pre-trial motions, dated January 25, 2021 (the "Defense Motions"). In her pretrial motions, the defendant seeks to throw everything but the proverbial kitchen sink at the Indictment, raising myriad arguments that find little support in fact or law. For the reasons that follow, the motions should be denied in their entirety. First, the non-prosecution agreement between Jeffrey Epstein and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida is entirely irrelevant to this case, and the defendant's motion fails as a matter of law. Second, the indictment is timely under 18 U.S.C. § 3283, which provides an extended statute of limitations for crimes involving the sexual abuse of minors. The defendant's statute of limitations arguments run contrary to the text of the statute, the intent of Congress, and the weight of authority. Third, the defendant's claim that the Government delayed in bringingthe indictment fails as a matterof law and fact. Fourth, both of the defendant's motions to suppress evidence obtained through a judicially approved subpoena are meritless, and her allegations of Government misconduct are baseless. Fifth, Counts Five and Six—which charge the defendant with committing perjury—are properly pleaded, and the defendant's motion to 1 EFTA00099968 dismiss those charges improperly asks the Court to adjudicate her guilt. It is for the jury to decide whether the defendant committed perjury, and the motion should be denied. Sixth, the crimes in the indictment should be tried together, as all six counts of the indictment are logically connected and provable through overlapping evidence. The Court should not sever this case, and thereby require victims of child sexual abuse to testify at multiple trials. Seventh, the Indictment indisputably alleges each element of every offense charged and provides the defendant with ample notice of the charges against her. Eighth, the Indictment is properly pled and there is no basis to strike any portion of it as surplusage. Ninth, the defense motion to dismiss one of the conspiracy charges as multiplicitous is premature. Tenth, the defendant is not entitled to a bill of particulars or any of the other early disclosures she seeks. Finally, the use of a grand jury sitting in White Plains to return the Indictment in this case was entirely proper. BACKGROUND On June 29, 2020, a grand July sitting in this District returned an indictment charging the defendant in six counts. On July 2, 2020, the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBI") arrested the defendant. On July 8, 2020, a grand jury sitting in this District returned a superseding indictment (the "Indictment") containing the same charges, with ministerial corrections. (Dkt. No. 17). Count One of the Indictment charges the defendant with conspiring with Jeffrey Epstein and others to entice minors to travel to engage in illegal sex acts, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Count Two charges the defendant with enticing a minor to travel to engage in illegal sex acts, and aiding and abetting the same, in violation 18 U.S.C. §§ 2422 and 2. Count Three charges the defendant with conspiring with Epstein and others to transport minors to participate in illegal sex acts, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Count Four charges the defendant with transporting minors to participate in 2 EFTA00099969 illegal sex acts, and aiding and abetting the same, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2423 and 2. Counts Five and Six charge the defendant with perjury, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1623.1 ARGUMENT I. Jeffrey Epstein's Non-Prosecution Agreement Is Irrelevant to This Case The defendant seeks to dismiss the Indictment based on a 2007 non-prosecution agreement ("NPA") between Jeffrey Epstein and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida (the "USAO-SDFL"). (Def. Mot. 1). She does so despite the fact that: (1) she did not negotiate the NPA, was not a party to the NPA, and her name is not contained anywhere in the document; and (2) her crimes are not identified or named in any way in the NPA. Essentially, the defendant claims she is immune from prosecution for any federal crime, during any time period, anywhere, in the United States, based on the language of a document that does not name her and which she did not sign. Moreover, she seeks to enforce the NPA against a U.S. Attorney's Office that did not negotiate the NPA and is not bound by it. The defendant's arguments are meritless, and the Court should reject them. As a threshold matter, under the well-settled law of this Circuit, the NPA is not enforceable in this District, because the USAO-SDFL's agreement with Jeffrey Epstein is not binding on the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York (the "USAO-SDNY"). Moreover, even if the NPA applied to this District—which it does not—the NPA does not immunize the defendant from prosecution for the crimes charged in the Indictment. Finally, because the defendant has failed to As the Government has repeatedly indicated, the investigation into Jeffrey Epstein's co- conspirators remains ongoing. (See, e.g., Gov't Letter dated Aug. 21, 2020, Dkt. No. 46; Gov't Letter dated Oct. 6, 2020, Dkt. No. 60; Gov't Letter dated Oct 20, 2020, Dkt. No. 65). To the extent that investigation results in additional charges against the defendant, the Government intends to seek any superseding indictment at least three months in advance of trial. The Government does not anticipate that any new charges would require the production of any additional discovery. 3 EFTA00099970 offer any evidence to support her claim that the NPA applies to this District, to the defendant, or to the crimes in the Indictment, the Court should deny the defendant's request for discovery and an evidentiary hearing. A. The NPA Does Not Bind the Southern District of New York As an initial matter, the NPA is not enforceable in this District. To the contrary, it is black- letter law in this Circuit that a plea agreement in one district does not apply elsewhere, in the absence of express indications not present here. Indeed, the Second Circuit has considered and rejected the exact arguments the defendant advances in her motion. The defendant's motion is without any basis in the law and should be denied. It is well settled in the Second Circuit that "a plea agreement in one U.S. Attorney's office does not, unless otherwise stated, bind another." United States v. Prisco, 391 F. App 'x 920, 921 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing United States v. Annabi, 771 F.2d 670, 672 (2d Cir. 1985) (per curiam) ("A plea agreement binds only the office of the United States Attorney for the district in which the plea is entered unless it affirmatively appears that the agreement contemplates a broader restriction.")); United States v. Salameh, 152 F.3d 88, 120 (2d Cir. 1998). This Circuit "presumes a narrow reading of the boundaries of a plea agreement unless a defendant can affirmatively establish that a more expansive interpretation was contemplated." United States v. Laskow, 688 F. Supp. 851, 854 (E.D.N.Y. 1988) (citing Annabi, 771 F.2d at 672), aff'd, 867 F.2d 1425 (2d Cir. 1988)(tbl.). To meet this burden, a defendant must establish that either the text of the agreement or the "negotiations between defendant and prosecutor" indicate a promise to bind other districts. United States v. Russo, 801 F.2d 624, 626 (2d Cir. 1986). For the reasons set forth below, the defendant has failed to establish that the USAO-SDFL promised Epstein that the NPA would bind other districts. 4 EFTA00099971 1. The Text of the Agreement Does Not Contain a Promise to Bind Other Districts Turning first to the text of the NPA, the terms of the agreement do not contain an "affirmative appearance" that the parties who signed the NPA intended to bind any other U.S. Attorney's Office. To begin with, there can be no dispute that only representatives of the USAO- SDFL signed the agreement. There is no signature block for, nor specific mention of, any other district or component of the Department of Justice. In her motion, the defendant argues that the words "United States" in the NPA evince an intent to bind the entire United States Government. (Def. Mot. 1 at 18). But the Second Circuit has rejected this very argument: "[t]he mere use of the term `government' in the plea agreement does not create an affirmative appearance that the agreement contemplated barring districts other than the particular district entering into the agreement." Salarneh, 152 F.3d at 120 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). This rule also extends to plea agreements that use the term "United States." See United States v. Brown, No. 99-1230, 2002 WL 34244994, at *2 (2d Cir. Apr. 26, 2002) (summary order) (plea agreement does not bind other districts "even if the plea agreement purports to bind `the Government"' or the "United States"); United States v. Bruno, 159 F. Supp. 3d 311, 321 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) ("The Court disagrees with Defendant's argument that the phrase `United States' shows an intent to bind all United States Attorney's Offices. Rather, the plea agreement covers only Defendant's liability in the SDFL."). As the Second Circuit first explained in Annabi, plea agreements apply only in the district in which they are executed, absent evidence that the parties agreed to broader restrictions: As an original proposition, a plea agreement whereby a federal prosecutor agrees that `the Government' will dismiss counts of an indictment . . . might be thought to bar the United States from reprosecuting the dismissed charges in any judicial district unless the agreement expressly limits the scope of the agreement to the 5 EFTA00099972 district in which the dismissed charges are initially brought However, the law has evolved to the contrary. A plea agreement binds only the office of the United States Attorney for the district in which the plea is entered unless it affirmatively appears that the agreement contemplates a broader restriction. Annabi, 771 F.2d at 672 (citations omitted). Thus, under Annabi and its progeny, a plea agreement only binds the U.S. Attorney's Office that executes the agreement, even if, as here, the agreement references "the Government" or "the United States" and even if the agreement lacks a provision that "expressly limits the scope of the agreement to the district" in which the agreement was entered.2 Confronted with this clear and controlling authority, the defendant's motion attempts to limit the rule of Annabi by noting that some decisions applyingAnnabi concerned plea agreements that also included express provisions limiting the enforceability of the agreements to the districts in which they were entered. (Def. Mot. 1 at 22). Essentially, the defendant argues that without an express provision limiting the scope of the agreement, every plea agreement should be interpreted to bind the entire federal government. But the law in this Circuit holds the opposite: the presumption is that a plea agreement in one district does not bind another, absent an affirmative appearance that the agreement extends more broadly. See Laskow, 688 F. Supp. at 854 ("Defendant's argument, in effect, is that unless there is an explicit statement to the contrary, it is presumed that a non-prosecution agreement binds offices of the United States Attorney that are 2 The defendant's motion emphasizes that the Second Circuit has held, as a general matter, that plea agreements are construed against the Government. (Def. Mot. 1. at 13). That does not carry the day here, as Annabi provides a specific mode of analysis for