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5122122. 1:11 PM WIKIPEDIA Donald Trump - Wikipedia Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree in 1968. He became president of his father Fred Trump's real estate business in 19.Thand renamed it The Trump Organization.— Trump expanded the company's operations to building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He later started side ventures, mostly by licensing his name. From 2004 to 2O15, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice. Trump and his businesses have been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, including six bankruptcies. Trump's political positions have been described as populist, protectionist, isolationist,, and nationalist. He won the 2O16 United States presidential election as the Republican nominee against Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote,(i becoming the first U.S. president with no prior military or government service. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. The 2017-2019 special counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller established that Russia interfered in the 2016 election to benefit the Trump campaign, but not that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with Russia. Trump made many false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics, and promoted conspiracy theories, Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist, and many as misogynistic. Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding towards building a wall on the U.S.—Mexico border, and implemented a policy of family separations for apprehended migrants. He signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2O12. which cut taxes for individuals and businesses and rescinded the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He !!pointed 54 federal appellate judges and three United States Supreme Court justices. In foreign policy, Trump pursued an America First agenda, withdrawing Donald Trump Official portrait, 2017 45th President of the United States in office January 20,2017 — January 20,2021 Vice President Mike Pence Preceded by Barack Obama Succeeded by Joe Biden Personal details Born Donald John Trump June 14,1946 Queens, New York City, U.S. Political party Republican (1987-1999, 2009-2011,2012 — present) Reform (1999-2001) Democratic (2001-2009) Independent (2011-2012) Other political affiliations Spouse(s) Ivan Zelniekova (m, 1977; 1992) Maria Maples (ro, 1993; My, 1999) Melanie Knauss (m, 2005) Children Donald Jr. • Ivanka • Eric • Many • Barron httpeten.wlkipedia.orgivakilDonald Trump 1/92 EFTA00263367 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal, and initiating a trade war with China. Trump met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un three times, but made no progress on denuclearization. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials in his messaging, and promoted misinformation about unproven treatments and the need for testing. Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden but refused to concede, falsely claiming widespread electoral fraud and attempting to overturn the results by pressuring government officials, mounting scores of unsuccessful legal challenges, and obstructing the presidential transition. On January 6, 2021, Trump urged his supporters to march to the Capitol, which many of them then attacked, resulting in multiple deaths and interrupting the electoral vote count. Trump is the only federal officeholder in American history to have been impeached twice. After he pressured Ukraine to investigate Biden in 2019, he was impeached by the House of Representatives for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress in December. The Senate acquitted him of both charges in February 2020. The House of Representatives impeached Trump a second time in January 2021, for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in February, after he had already left office. Scholars and historians rank Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history.W Parent(s) Relatives ResIdence(s) Alma mater Occupation Awards Signature Website Fred Trump Mary Anne MacLeod Family of Donald Trump Palm Beach, Florida Wharton School (BS Econ.) Politician • businessman • media personality List of awards and honors Official website (https://w Presidential Library (http s://www.trum_ptibrary.gov/) White House Archives (htt ps://trumpwhitehouse.arc hives.gov/) Contents Personal life Early life Family • Religion Wealth Business career Real estate - Manhattan developments Mar-a-Lago Atlantic City casinos Golf courses — Branding and licensing Side ventures Trump University Foundation Legal affairs and bankruptcies Post-presidential investigations hfips://en.wikipeclia.orgNnki/Donald_Tromp EFTA00263368 5122/22,1 11 PM Donald Trump -Wdopedia Investigations of Russian election interference FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations i Special counsel investigation First impeachment Impeachment trial in the Senate 2020 presidential election Claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action 2021 Capitol attack Second Impeachment Post-presidency (2021-present) !public prpfile Approval ratings and scholar surveys Social media Relationship with the press False statements Promotion of conspiracy theories Racial views Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct Incitement of violence Popular culture Notes References Works cited External links Personal life Early life - Calnel 'ONG "To t4E.v4 tOteK Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in the borough of Queens in New York City,[~1JI the fourth child of Fred Trump, a Bronx-born real estate developer whose parents were German immigrants, and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, an immigrant from Scotland. Trump grew up with older siblings Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth, and younger brother Robert in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade [41[5][6] At age 13, he was enrolled at the New York_Military Academy, a private boarding school,L71 and in 1964, he enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 1968 with a B.S. in economics. 18.19] In 2015, Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen threatened Trump's colleges, high school, and the College Board with legal action if they released Trump's academic records 1101Trump at the New York Military Academy in 1964 httpslien.wikipedia.orgfriiki/Donald_Trump EFTA00263369 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - WiMpedie While in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments during the Vietnam War era. 111 In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based upon a medical examination, and in July 1968 a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve M. In October 1968, he was classified 1-Y, a conditional medical deferment,('- and in 1972, he was reclassified 4-F due to bone spurs, permanently disqualifying him from service.M Family In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelniaarra.1151 They have three children, Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988 1-1§1 The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's affair with actress Marla MaplesP73 He and Maples have one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993). 1$ They married in 1993, separated in 1997, and divorced in 1999.119.1 Tiffany was raised by Marla in California. 2O In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss. 21 They have one son, Barron (born 2006).0 Melania gained-U.S. citizenship in 2006.t2-3.1 Religion Trump went to Sunday school and was confirmed in 1959 at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens 12x11251 In the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, which belongs to the Reformed Church.(24261 The pastor at Marbles Norman Vincent PealejA ministered to the family until his death in 1993.126i Trump has described him as a mentorj&7i In 2015, the church stated that Trump was not an active member.(25] In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public Liaison. gl In 2020, he said he identified as a non-denominational Christian.ini Wealth In 1982, Trump made the initial Forbes list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth. His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.Eagl After filing mandatory financial disclosure forms with the FEC in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilitiessig Forbes estimated his net worth at $4.5 billion in 2015 and $3.1 billion in 2off3.LV1 In its 2021 billionaires ranking, it was $2.4 billion (1,299th in the world), making him one of the wealthiest officeholders in American hi at.[33] Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported in 2018 that Trump, using the pseudonym "John Barron" and claiming to be a Trump Organization official, called him in 1984 to falsely assert that he owned "in excess of ninety percent" of the Trump family's business, to secure a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the Forbes 400 rankings of 1982, 1983, and 1984341 Trump has often said hetegan his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father, and that he had to pay it back with interest.[ 35) He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $6o million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.(3 61[37] In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the New York tax department began investigating.10) His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.[3001 Forbes estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product licensing income from $23 million to $a https://en.wlkipedia.orgAviki/Donald_Trump 5/92 EFTA00263370 5/22/22.1:11 PM Donald Trump - Vilkipedia Contrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen, Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $25o million each year, were more than double those of the nearest losers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million kg-433 Over twenty years, Trump lost hundreds of millions of dollars and deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share in The Apprentice and businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority- owned businesses. Much income was in tax credits for his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lowered them to $750. In the last decade, he balanced his businesses losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $rno million mortgage on Trump Tower (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.E As of October 2020, Trump has over $1 billion in debts, secured by his assets. He owed $64o million to banks and trust organizations, including Deutsche Bank, UBS, and Bank of China, and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.145-i Business career Trump (far right) and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King Fand of Saudi Arabia In 1985, with U.S. president Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan 41 Real estate Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father Fred's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs. [441(47-1 In 1971, he became president of the compry and began using The Trump Organization as an umbrella brand!. 81 Manhattan developments Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal. The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged by Fred Trumpa91 who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million in bank construction financing.159-1 The hotel reopened in 198o as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,r511 and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan. 1511 The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's PAC and was Trump's primary residence until 2o19.1531[54) In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan with a loan of $425 million from a consortium of banks. Two years later, the hotel filed for bankruptcy protection, and a reorganization plan was approved in 1992.1551 In 1995, Trump sold the Plaza Hotel along with Trump Tower in Midtown Manhattan https://en.wikipedia.mgMlIci/Donald_Trump EFTA00263371 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump VVildpedia most of his properties to pay down his debts, including personally guaranteed loans, allowing him to avoid personal insolvency. 11571 In 1996, Trump acquired the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper atao Wall Street, later also known as the Trump Building, and renovated it.] In the early 19905, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who were able to finance completion of the project, Riverside South [59-I Mar-a-Lago In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Fbrida.fa0 In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.M In 2019, Trump declared Mar-a-Lago his primary residence.(541 Atlantic City casinos In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation1- 611 It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole contro1.0-31 Trump had earlier bought a hotel and casino in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million. On completion in 1985, it became Trump Castle. His wife Ivana managed it unti11988.[ 64][651 Trump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal In Tai_Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in 'rink bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990. " It went bankrupt in 1989.E Reorganizing left him with half his initial stake and required him to personally guarantee future performance.W To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold his failing Trump Shuttle airline, his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked, and other businesses.1221 In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[Thl THCR purchased the Taj Mahal in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004, 2009, and 2014, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership. M He remained chairman until 2009.EZ31 Golf courses Atlantic City The Trump Organization began building and buying golf courses in 1999,4] It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide as of July 2020P4l[75] Trump visited a Trump Organization property on 428 (nearly one in three) of the 1461 days of his presidency and is estimated to have played 261 rounds of golf, one every 5.6 days.11 Branding and licensing htipsfien.wikipedia.orglwiki/Oonald_Trump 7192 EFTA00263372 5/2222, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia The Trump name has been licensed for various consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and home furnishing,sP 7][781 According to an analysis by The Washington Post, there are more than fifty licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.(7-9-1 By zoi8, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.L7-7-1 Side ventures Trump and New Jersey Generals quarterback Doug Flutie at a 1985 press conference in the lobby of Trump Tower In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's strategy of moving games to a fall schedule (where they competed with the NFL for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit against the organization.[80][8]. Trump's businesses have hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall adjacent to and promoted as taking place at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic city elszio31 In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, which was an races such as the Tour de France or the Giro attempt to create an American equivalent of European (134i From 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blot of shares in various public companies while su estin that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profita leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmaiLM The New York Times found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but later "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".M In 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, with 21 planes and landing rights in New York City, Boston, and Washington, financed the purchase with $380 million from 22 banks, rebranded the operation the Trump Shuttle, and operated it until 1992. Trump failed to earn a profit with the airline and sold it to USAir.1861 In 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units and then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20-50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markupsi371 [§71 The increased costs were used as justification to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units J371 Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.L881[891 Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002 [9°1(911 In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe. 19A NBC and Univision dropped the pageants from their broadcasting lineups in June 2015.91 Trump University haps://en.wikipediaorgivaki/Donald_Trurnp EFTA00263373 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedid In 2004, Trump co-founded True ip University, a company that sold real estate training courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000.1241 After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of the word "university" violated state law, its name was changed to Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 20105151 In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.(91 11 In addition, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[ME981[991 Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[Aal Foundation The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988i1011[1021 In the foundation's final years its funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, who did not donate any personal funds to the charity from 2009 until 2014.1g111 The foundation gave to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups LL.1 In.gsSTIte Washington Post reported that the charity had committed several tential le al and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion-M-5' - Also in 2016, the New York State attorney general's office said the foundation appeared to be in violation of New York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York[io6II1o7] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved. [1°8] In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.Em 9X"(0 In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed all its assets to other charities In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaigniu2K113] Legal affairs and bankruptcies Fixer Roy Cohn served as Trump's lawyer and mentor for 13 years in the 197os and 1.98osil-41 According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship. 11 In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the United States government for $100 million over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump and Cohn lost that case when the countersuit was dismissed and the government's case went formard.12-;51 In 1975, an agreement was struck -requiring Trump's properties to furnish the New York Urban League with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, amoniathings.I21- 63 Cohn introduced political consultant Rorer Stone to Trump, who enlisted services to deal with the federal government. As of November 20164 Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by USA Todd. us While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter it bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009 11 They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties. 11 https.11en.wilupedia.orgNnkdDonald Trump EFTA00263374 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedla During the 19805, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion, 12° but in the aftermath of his corporate bankruptcies of the early 19905, most major banks declined to lend to him, with only Deutsche Bank still willing to lend money.121 After the 2021 United States Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.l12z1 In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. In response, Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chairman Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures. 11231D.M1 In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,11 2-5-1 and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.tmeninj Trump's attorneys appealed the rulings,t1281 arguing that Congress was attempting to usurp the "exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch".J1~91(13°1 Post-presidential investigations Since leaving the presidency, Trump has been the subject of several probes into both his business dealings and his actions during the presidency. In February 2021, the District Attorney for Fulton County, Georgia, announced a criminal probe into Trump's phone calls to Brad Raffensperger.P 34 Separately, the New York State Attorney General's Office is conducting civil and criminal investigations into Trump's business activities, the criminal investigation in conjunction with the Manhattan District Attorneys Office. L311 By May 2021, a special grand jury was considering indictments 1133.111341 On July 1, 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a "15 year 'scheme to defraud' the government". The organization's chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, was arraigned on grand larceny, tax fraud, and other charges 5135X1361 In December 2021, the New York State Attorney General's office subpoenaed Trump to produce documents related to the businessi 131 On April 25, 2022, New York state judge Arthur Engoron held Trump in contempt of court for failing to comply with the subpoena. He imposed a fine of $10,000 per day until he complies.D 38-1 Media career 4-Books Using ghostwriters Trump has produced up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics under his nameP391 His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by Tony SchwartzSi ritil According to The New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, making him an emblem of the successful tycoon "[M21 Trump has called the volume his second favorite book, after the Bibleflill Film and television Trump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.1a Trump had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE since the late is8os.11431 He appeared at WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2010,1441 hnps//en.wikipedia.org/wikilDonald_Trump 10/92 EFTA00263375 Trump and President Bill Clinton in June 2000 5122/22.1:11 PM Donald Trump - WIldpedia Starting in the 19905, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.D45] He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trul=l (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 20081 From 2O11 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on Fox & Friendso3F491 From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. On The Apprentice, Trump played the role of a chief executive, and baseball game in 2009 contestants competed for a year of employment at the Trump Organization. On The Celebrity Apprentice, celebrities competed to win money for charities. On both shows, Trump eliminated contestants with the catchphrase 'You're fired "I-5-1 o Trump at a New York Mets Trump, who had been a member since 1989, resigned from the Screen Actors Guild in February 2O21 rather than face a disciplinary committee hearing for inciting the January 6, 2021, mob attack on the U.S. Capitol and for his "reckless campaign of misinformation aimed at discrediting and ultimately threatening the safety of journalists."Eb511 Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.(~ 521 Pre-presidential political career Trump's political party affiliation changednumerous times. He registered as a Republican in 1987,L_ a member of the Independence Part, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999,[154-1 a Democrat in 2001, a Republican in 2009, unaffiliated in 2011, and a Republican in 2O12.(153) In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers, (155-1 expressing his views on foreign policy and on how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.(L50 He ruled out running for local office but not for the presidency.(' 55) 2000 presidential campaign and 2011 hints at presidential run In woo, Trump ran in the California and Michigan primaries for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the 2000 United States presidential election but withdrew from the race in February zoo0.115-11110-115-91 A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent supportitl° In 2O11. Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in the 2O12 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.E163.11621 In May 2011, he announced he would not run, i6' and he endorsed Mitt Romney in February 2O12.i6 Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.111 Trump speaking at CPAC 2011 https://en.wikipedia.orgtwiki/Donald_Trump 11/92 EFTA00263376 5.'22,22 ".". PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia 2016 presidential campaign Trump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries. 16 He adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.114°I1661 His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive, [ 1-q1 and a record number of them were false.E1681['69][ml The Los Angeles Times wrote, "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has 41711172] Trump said he disdained political coiseetuess and frequently made claims of media bias.D73X1741 Trump announced his candidacy in June 2013.(i75][1761 His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.L271 He became the front-runner in March 2016.1178] After a landslide win in Indiana in May, Trump was declared the presumptive Republican norninee.11al Hilla!y Clinton led Trump in national polling averages throughout the campaign but in early July her lead narrowed [1843]E18ti In mid-July Trump selected Indiana March 2016. governor Mike Pence as his vice presidential running mate,Mg and the two were officially nominated at the 2016 Republican National Convention. [' M Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election. 1 Trump campaigning in Arizona, Campaign rhetoric and political positions Trump's political positions and rhetoric were right-wing populist [1851[186] 1s Politico described them as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory", quoting a health care policy expert at the American Enterprise Institute as saying that his political positions were "a total random assortment of whatever plays publicly."[!] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign. i8 Trump helped bring far-right fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream, pandered to white supremacists,L 194 retweeted racist Twitter accounts,fai and repeatedly refused to condemn David Duke, the Ku Klux Klan (KICK) or white supremacists.( 193] After a public uproar, he disavowed Duke and the ICKKE'941 In August 2016, he appointed Steve Bannon, the executive chairman of Breitbart News—described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right"—as his campaign CEO [- Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.-China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.—Mexico border. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countriest 1961 to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. He described NATO as "obsolete" fts7l[198) hapsfien.wikipedia.orgArriki/Donald_Trump 12/92 EFTA00263377 5/22/22,1:11 PM Donald Trump. Wildparia The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to its 19911200112m] Duke enthusiastically supported opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.I Trump and said he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back" 1202)12031 In an interview after the election, Trump said that he did not want to "energize the group" and that he disavowed them.[204][2°5] Financial disclosures Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.f31X 206 Trump did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2013 to do so if he ran for office.(12O1 2S He said his tax returns were being audited, and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.(2°91 After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the United States Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released 211_to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury!"10 lr I In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.E2'21 Election to the presidency On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged 6 16 Kr 20 electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides. 21 Trump received nearly 6 0 2011a 185 eel I 2.9 million fewer popular votes than Clinton, which 6 made him the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote.ig-4-1 ,CT Orwell Trump's victory was a political upset.LaW Polls had ie DINSOtoadisS EMS!. ELIAS'S consistently shown Clinton with a nationwide— 2016 electoral vote results. Trump won 304-227 though diminishing —lead, as well as an advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated, while Clinton's had been overestimated.L4 6-1 Trump won 3o states; included were Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which had been part of what was considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 199Os. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government —a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress. ggi Trump was the oldest person to take office as president at the time of his inauguration Eal§1 He is also the first resident who did not serve in the military or hold any government office prior to becoming president. 21# Trump's election victory sparked numerous protests.(22(12211 On the clay after Trump's inauguration, estimated 2 6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, M., protested against Trump in the Women's Marches.—[222] Marches against his travel ban began across the country on January 29, 2017, just nine days after his inauguration.[ ) https://en.wikipedia.orgAviki/Donald_Trump 13/92 EFTA00263378 5/22/22. 1.11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia Presidency (2017-2021) Early actions Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City policy, authorizing the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.121-4.1 Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectivelyi? 2511?-26,1 Conflicts of interest Women's March in Washington on January 21, 2017 Trump is sworn in as president by Chief Justice John Roberts Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric ..2271.2031 and Donald Jr, and a business associate.[ 2271[2!] However Trump continued to profit from his businesses ni and continued to have knowledge of how his administration's policies affected his businessesPAg Though Trump said he would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.C1 2-9-1 Trump was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution, 1~3°l marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.1-3 2 0)(231] The, plaintiffs said that Trump's business interests could allow foreign governments to influence hill:L[230][911DM Trump called the clause "phony".[2331[229) After Trump's term had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the cases as moot.(2341 Domestic policy Economy Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,I2351 which began in June 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[236] In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The bill had been passed by both Republican -controlled chambers of Congress without any Democratic votes. It reduced tax rates for businesses an& individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2O25, and eliminated the Affordable Care Act's individual requirement to obtain health insurance [2371(;IN The Trump administration claimed that the act would either increase tax revenues or pay for itself by prompting economic growth. Instead, revenues in 2018 were 7.6% lower than projected. 12391 hilps://en.wikipedia.org/wikilDonald_Trump 14192 EFTA00263379 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 5o percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2O19.124°1 Under Trump, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term; the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio also hit a post-World War II high.EMI1 Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan he had campaigned on.IM?1 Trump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce, by 3 million, than when he took office.12351 Energy and climate - 065112.0crt eate‘fteR Trump speaks to automobile workers in Michigan, March 2017 Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.L245X2441 He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40% and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.(~451 In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement. [2461 Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing, &juin& in the Arctic Refuge.12471 Trump aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels; 124811249) under Trump, natural gas expanded, but coal continued to decline.[25O25O Deregulation On January 30, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13774 which directed that for every new repletion administrative agencies issue "at least two prior regulations be identified for elimination".1 252] Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups5253] Trump_ dismantled many federal regulations on health, labor, and the environment, among other topic.si2541 Trump signed 4 Congressional Review Act resolutions repealing federal regulations, among them a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.12551 During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal regulations,1 2561 often "made after requests by the regulated industries "(~57) Health care During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA).E2581 In May 2017, the Republican -controlled House of Representatives passed a bill to repeal the ACA in a party-line vote but repeal proposals were narrowly voted down in the Senate after three Republicans joined all Democrats in opposing it.1259)1260) Trump scaled back the implementation of the ACA through Executive Orders 13760-11 and 138135gli Trump expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration cut the ACA enrollment period in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to encourage enrollment.E 2602641 The 2017 tax bill signed by Trump effectively repealed the ACA's individual health insurance mandate in 2019,12651 and a budget bill Trump signed in 2019 repealed https://ennalpedle.org/viikUDonald_Trump 15/92 EFTA00263380 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia the Cadillac plan tax.12661[2671 Trump falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by the ACA;116113 in fact, the Trump administration joined a lawsuit seeking to strike down the entire ACA, including protections for those with pre-existing conditions.[269127o) If the lawsuit had succeeded, it would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans. 12691 During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020 he suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs [IN Trump's policies in response to the opioid epidemic were widely criticized as ineffectual and harmful. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018, but surged to a new record of 50,052 deaths in 20193~7~1 Social issues Trump said in 2016 that he was committed to appointing "pro-life" justices, pledging to appoint justices who would "automatically" overturn Roe v. Wade.tml He also said he supported "traditional marriage" but considered the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled" issue;[-2-74/ in ;March 2017, his administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.12751 Trump said he is opposed to gun control in general, although his views have shifted over time3~761 After several mass shootings during his term, he said he would propose legislation to curtail gun violence, but this was abandoned in November 2019 [2771 His administration took an anti- marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana. 12781 Under Trump, the federal government executed is prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium 12791 In _4.2016 Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as waterboardine 2 0 2$11 but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary James Mattis. 2821 Pardons and commutations Most of Trump's pardons and commutations were granted to people with personal or political connections to him.12831 In his term, Trump sidestepped regular Department of Justicejrocedures for considering pardons; instead he often entertained pardon requests from his associates or from celebrities. 12831 From 2017 to 2019, the pardons included former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio;[2841 former Navy sailor Kristian Saucier, who was convicted of taking classified hotographs of classified areas inside a submarine; [2851 and rip.A± v pg commentator Dinesh [36-1 Following a request by celebrity Kim Kardashian, Trump commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, who had been convicted of drug trafficldng.LA28 Trump pardoned or reversed the sentences of three American servicemen convicted or accused of committing war crimes in Afghanistan or Iraq.i288,1 In November and December 2020, Trump pardoned four Blackwater erivate security contractors convicted of killing Iraqi civilians in the 2007 Nisour Square massac;[2891 white-collar criminals Michael Milken and Bernard Kerik;[29°1 and daughter Ivanka's father-in-law Charles KusImeri 284 He also pardoned five people convicted as a result of investigations into Russian interference in ,the 2016 presidential elections: Michael Flynn, George Papadopoulos, Alex van der Zwaan,12891 Roger Stone, whose 40-month sentence for lying to Congress, witness tampering, and obstruction he had already commuted in July, and Paul Manafort. 129'1 hups:hen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald Trump 16192 EFTA00263381 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia In his last full day in office, Trump granted 1.4.3 pardons and commutations; those receiving pardons include Steve Bannon, Trump fundraiser Elliott Broidy and three former Republican congressmen.CW Amongst those to receive sentence commutation were former Detroit mayor and Democrat Kwame Kilpatrick and sports gambler Billy Walters; the latter had paid tens of thousands of dollars to former Trump attorney John M. Dowd to plead his case with TrtunO292j Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op On June 1, 2020, federal law enforcement officials used batons, rubber bullets, pepper spray projectiles, stun grenades, and smoke to remove a largely peaceful crowd of protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White HouseS293112-941 Trump then walked to St. John's Episcopal Church, where protesters had set a small fire the night before; he posed for photographs holding a Bible, with senior administration officials later joining him in photos (2931[295] Trump said on June 3 that the protesters were cleared because "they tried to burn down the church [on May 31] and almost succeeded", describing the church as "badly hurt". 2-1 Religious leaders condemned the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itsel[MI Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police brutality protesters.1?2§] The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Mark A. Milky, later apologized for accompanying Trump on the walk and thereby "creat[ing] the perception of the military involved in domestic politics" (?-221 Trump and group of officials and advisors on the way from White House complex to St. John's Church Immigration Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build a wall on the Mexico—United States border to restrict illegal movement and vowed Mexico would pay for it:CPO He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residEg in the United States, O1 and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing "anchor babies" u021 As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang MS-13, though research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than native-born American.1.02- 3) Trump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.W 4][3°51 From 2018 onwards, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.—Mexico border,l3o 6 to stop most Central American migrants from seeking U.S. asylum, and from 2020 used the public charge rule to restrict immigrants using government benefits from getting permanent residency via green cards.13°71 Trump has reduced the number of refugees admitted into the U.S. to record lows. When Trump took