Adaptation through Water 2025

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https:// www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf . 2. Ona, B.J. et al. (2024). Changes in Future Rainfall over Southeast Asia Using the CMIP6 Multi-model Ensemble. Bilingual Publishing Group. https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/6335 . 3. Copernicus. (2025). Copernicus Interactive Climate Atlas: CMIP6. https://atlas.climate.copernicus.eu/atlas . 4. World Economic Forum. (2024). The Cost of Inaction: A CEO Guide to Navigating Climate Risk. https://reports.weforum. org/docs/WEF_The_Cost_of_Inaction_2024.pdf . 5. Global Commission on the Economics of Water (GCEW). (2024). The Economics of Water: Valuing the Hydrological Cycle as a Global Common Good, p.12. https://economicsofwater.watercommission.org/report/economics-of-water.pdf . 6. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). How can climate change affect natural disasters? https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-can- climate-change-affect-natural-disasters . 7. Mukherjee, S. et al. (2023). Interaction between dry and hot extremes at a global scale using a cascade modeling framework. Nature Communications, 14, Article number: 277. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35748-7 . 8. Statista. (2025). Countries most exposed to river floods worldwide in 2025, by risk index score. https://www.statista.com/ statistics/1306264/countries-most-exposed-to-floods-by-risk-index-score/ . 9. Sources: –WWF. (2025) . Water Risk Filter [Flooding] . https://riskfilter.org/water/home . [Data accessed in March 2025]. –European Commission. (2025). INFORM Risk Index. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Risk . –BCG analysis. Note: a/uni00A0company’s operations and value chain may face physical risk if: a) located in river basins prone to either water scarcity, flood, low water quality and/or ecosystems degradation, in turn negatively impacting water ecosystem services (basin water risk); b) if heavily dependent upon or impacting on water resources for their activities (operational water risk). 10. Sources: –United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). Risk and Resilience Portal: Thailand. https://rrp.unescap.org/country-profile/THA . –World Bank: “Climate projection data is modelled data/uni00A0from the global climate model compilations of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Projects (CMIPs), overseen by the World Climate Research Program. Data presented is/uni00A0CMIP6, derived from the Sixth phase of the CMIPs. The CMIPs form the data foundation of the IPCC Assessment Reports. CMIP6 supports the/uni00A0IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report.” Source: World Bank. Climate Change Knowledge Portal . https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ . –International Monetary Fund (IMF). Inflation rate, average consumer prices: Annual percent change. https://www.imf. org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD . –Benayad, A. et al. (2025). Why Investing in Climate Action Makes Good Economic Sense. BCG. https://www.bcg. com/publications/2025/investing-in-climate-action . –Chau, V. et al. (2023). Financing Climate Adaptation and Resilience Is Good for Business and the World. BCG. https:// www.bcg.com/publications/2023/financing-climate-resilience-and-adaptation-is-good-for-business-and-the-world . 11. Sources: –Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2023). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf . –United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). Risk and Resilience Portal: Thailand . https://rrp.unescap.org/country-profile/THA . –World Bank: “Climate projection data is modelled data/uni00A0from the global climate model compilations of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Projects (CMIPs), overseen by the World Climate Research Program. Data presented is/uni00A0CMIP6, derived from the Sixth phase of the CMIPs. The CMIPs form the data foundation of the IPCC Assessment Reports. CMIP6 supports the/uni00A0IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report.” Source: World Bank. Climate Change Knowledge Portal. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ . –International Monetary Fund (IMF). Inflation rate, average consumer prices: Annual percent change . https://www.imf. org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD . –Benayad, A. et al. (2025). Why Investing in Climate Action Makes Good Economic Sense . BCG. https://www.bcg. com/publications/2025/investing-in-climate-action . –Chau, V. et al. (2023). Financing Climate Adaptation and Resilience Is Good for Business and the World. BCG. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2023/financing-climate-resilience-and-adaptation-is-good-for-business-and-the-world . Endnotes Adaptation through Water: Mobilizing the Private Sector for Climate Adaptation in Southeast Asia 30