Bridging the 6.5 Trillion Water Infrastructure Gap A Playbook 2025

Endnotes 1. United Nations. (2017). World population projected to reach 9.8 billion in 2050, and 11.2 billion in 2100. https://www.un.org/en/desa/world-population-projected-reach-98-billion-2050-and-112-billion-2100. 2. World Bank Group. (2019). Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.H2O.INTR.PC. 3. Sanitation and Water for All (SWA). (2020). A Handbook for Finance Ministers – how to make public investment work. https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/handbook-finance-ministers-how-make-public-investment-work . 4. OECD. (2018). Financing water: Investing in sustainable growth. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/ reports/2018/03/financing-water_2be68120/bf67ec4e-en.pdf. 5. World Health Organization (WHO), & United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2025). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2024: Special focus on inequalities. https://data.unicef.org/resources/jmp- report-2025/. 6. World Bank Group (2025). Water Security Financing Report 2024. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/ water-security-financing-report-2024. 7. Alnajdi, S., Naderi Beni, A., Alsaati, A.A., Luhar, M., Childress, A.E., & Warsinger, D.M. (2024). Practical minimum energy use of seawater reverse osmosis. Joule, 8 (11), 3088–3105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2024.08.005. 8. World Health Organization. (2023). Water supply, sanitation and hygiene monitoring. https://www.who.int/teams/ environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/monitoring-and-evidence/wash-monitoring. 9. Saadatinavaz, F., Alomari, M.A., Ali, M., & Saikaly, P .E. (2024). Striking a Balance: Decentralized and Centralized Wastewater Treatment Systems for Advancing Sustainable Development Goal 6. Adv. Energy Sustainability Res., 5 (10), 2400097. https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202400097. 10. Jung, Y.T., Narayanan, N.C., & Cheng, Y.L. (2018). Cost comparison of centralized and decentralized wastewater management systems using optimization model. Journal of environmental management, 213, 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.081. 11. AbuEltayef, H.T., Abualhin, K., & Alastal, K. (2023). Addressing non-revenue water as a global problem and its interlinkages with sustainable development goals. Water Practice & Technology. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.157 12. Ferrari, G., & Savic, D. (2015). Economic Performance of DMAs in Water Distribution Systems. Computing and Control for the Water Industry (CCWI2015) Sharing the Best Practice in Water Management, 119, 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. proeng.2015.08.874. 13. Global Water Intelligence (GWI). (2025). GWI water data. https://www.gwiwaterdata.com/. 14. Daulat, S., Rokstad, M.M., Bruaset, S., Langeveld, J., & Tscheikner-Gratl, F. (2024). Evaluating the generalizability and transferability of water distribution deterioration models. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 241, 109611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2023.109611. 15. SVCW-RESCU Program (2024, June 11). Silicon Valley Clean Water Launches New $580 Million Wastewater Conveyance System. https://svcw-rescu.org/silicon-valley-clean-water-launches-new-580-million-wastewater-conveyance-system/. 16. Rush, J. (2021, August 25). Silicon Valley Clean Water Turns to PDB Contracting for RESCU Tunnel. Tunnel Business Magazine. https://tunnelingonline.com/silicon-valley-clean-water-turns-to-pdb-contracting-for-rescu-tunnel/; McGovern, J. (2019, August 6). The Icky Business no one wants to talk about or do without. Climate Online Redwood City. https://climaterwc.com/2019/08/06/the-icky-business-no-one-wants-to-talk-about-or-do-without/. 17. Arup. (2022). Delivering a vital sewer upgrade capable of withstanding earthquakes and extreme weather. https://www.arup.com/projects/silicon-valley-clean-water-gravity-pipeline/. 18. World Bank Group. (2023). Scaling Up Finance for Water: A World Bank Strategic Framework and Roadmap for Action. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/scaling-up-finance-for-water-a-world-bank-strategic-framework- and-roadmap-for-action. 19. World Bank Group. (2025). Scaling Water Reuse: A Tipping Point for Municipal and Industrial Use. https://www.worldbank. org/en/topic/water/publication/scaling-water-reuse. 20. Boncz, M.A., Bezerra, E.T., Jr, M., Inacia, G., Dittmer, U., & Paulo, L. (2025). Rainwater harvesting potential and impact on stormwater drainage in an urban environment. Water Reuse, jwrd2025091. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2025.091. 21. Bousdira, A., Aouissi, K., & Antune, M. (2025). Rainwater harvesting (RWH): an alternative or a mitigation to water stress? the case of the city of Jijel, Algeria. Urban Water Journal, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2025.2531459. 22. Grundfos. (2024). Industrial water savings: an untapped potential in light industries. 23. Magni, M., Jones, E.R., Bierkens, M.F.P ., & van Vliet, M.T.H. (2025). Global energy consumption of water treatment technologies. Water Research, 277, 123245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.123245. Bridging the €6.5 Trillion Water Infrastructure Gap: A Playbook 41