Catalysing Business Engagement in Early Warning Systems 2025

1. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2021). WMO Guidelines on Multi-hazard Impact-based Forecast and Warning Services. https://library.wmo.int/records/item/57739-wmo-guidelines-on-multi-hazard-impact-based-forecast-and- warning-services?offset=1. 2. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2023). Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water-related Hazards (1970-2021). 2022 update. https://wmo.int/publication-series/atlas-of-mortality-and-economic- losses-from-weather-climate-and-water-related-hazards-1970-2021. 3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. https://www.ipcc.ch/rep ort/ar6/wg2/. 4. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2023). Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water-related Hazards (1970-2021). 2022 update. https://wmo.int/publication-series/atlas-of-mortality-and-economic- losses-from-weather-climate-and-water-related-hazards-1970-2021. 5. Ibid. 6. Whitt, J. and S. Gordon. (2023). Gloomy forecast: The economic costs of extreme weather. Barclays. https://www.ib.barclays/our-insights/extreme-weather/The-economic-costs-of-extreme-weather.html. 7. World Economic Forum. (2024). Global Risks Report 2024. https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2024/digest/. 8. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2023). Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems. https://www.undrr.org/reports/global-status-MHEWS-2023#download. 9. The specific numbers are 4.05 deaths per 100,000 population compared to 0.71: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2023). Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems. https://www.undrr.org/reports/global-status-MHEWS-2023#download. 10. Here the numbers are 3,132 compared to 688: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2023). Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems. https://www.undrr.org/reports/global-status-MHEWS-2023#download. 11. Global Commission on Adaptation. (2019). Adapt now: a global call for leadership on climate resilience. https://gca.org/reports/adapt-now-a-global-call-for-leadership-on-climate-resilience/. 12. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2022). Global status of multi-hazard early warning systems. https://www.undrr.org/publication/global-status-multi-hazard-early-warning- systems-2022. 13. The UN Global Early Warning Initiative for the Implementation of Climate Adaptation. (2022). Early Warnings for All: Executive Action Plan 2023-2027. https://www.preventionweb.net/media/84612/download?startDownload=20241021. 14. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2024). Early Warnings for All: Private sector engagement strategy. https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68944-early-warnings-for-all-private-sector-engagement-strategy. 15. Risk-informed Early Action Partnership (REAP). (2024). The Roles of State and Non-State Actors in Early Warning and Early Action: Executive Summary. https://www.early-action-reap.org/roles-state-and-non-state-actors-early-warning-and-early- action-executive-summary. 16. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). (2016). Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction. https://www.undrr.org/publication/report- open-ended-intergovernmental-expert-working-group-indicators-and-terminology. 17. IBM Institute for Business Value. (2018). Just add weather – chemicals, petroleum and industrial products. https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/YVL78NNG. 18. Eilts, M. (2018). Is the National Weather Service a Competitor to the Private Weather Sector? DTN. https://www.dtn.com/is-the-national-weather-service-a-competitor-to-the-private-weather-sector/. 19. World Economic Forum. (2023). Taking Stock of Business Efforts to Adapt to Climate Change. https://www.weforum.org/publications/taking-stock-of-business-efforts-to-adapt-to-climate-change/. 20. Descartes Underwriting. (n.d.). Parametric Insurance Trends on the Horizon Against Climate & Emerging Risks. https://descartesunderwriting.com/insights/parametric-insurance-trends-an-alternative-insurance. 21. OTT HydroMet. (n.d.). Flood Warning. https://www.otthydromet.com/en/applications/flood-warning. 22. Rockström, J., A. Norström, N. Matthews, R. Biggs, et al. (2023). Shaping a Resilient Future in Response to COVID-19. Nature Sustainability, vol. 6, pp. 897-907. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-023-01105-9. 23. World Economic Forum. (2023). Taking Stock of Business Efforts to Adapt to Climate Change. https://www.weforum.org/publications/taking-stock-of-business-efforts-to-adapt-to-climate-change/. 24. Shendar, R. (2021). Data in Space: The Exabytes from Orbit. Western Digital. https://blog.westerndigital.com/data-in-space-exabytes-satellites-in-orbit/. 25. Mohney, D. (2020). Terabytes From Space: Satellite Imaging is Filling Data Centers. https://www.datacenterfrontier.com/ internet-of-things/article/11429032/terabytes-from-space-satellite-imaging-is-filling-data-centers. 26. European Union (EU). (2019). Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on open data and the re-use of public sector information (recast). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=celex%3A32019L1024. Endnotes Catalysing Business Engagement in Early Warning Systems 20