Chief Economists Outlook September 2025

116. Draghi, M. (2024). The Draghi report on EU competitiveness. European Commission. https://commission.europa.eu/ document/download/97e481fd-2dc3-412d-be4c-f152a8232961_en?filename=The%20future%20of%20European%20 competitiveness%20_%20A%20competitiveness%20strategy%20%20for%20Europe.pdf. 117. UN Trade and Development. (2025, April). Trade and development foresights 2025: Under pressure – Uncertainty reshapes global economic prospects. https://unctad.org/publication/trade-and-development-foresights-2025-under-pressure- uncertainty-reshapes-global. 118. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2025). Global debt report 2025: Sovereign borrowing outlook. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/global-debt-report-2025_8ee42b13-en/full-report/sovereign-borrowing- outlook_b062d6ed.html#section-d1e1494-69841de0b6. 119. Mortimer, M. J., & Puutio, A. (2025). Development in retreat? Stanford Social Innovation Review. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/development-in-retreat; Katoka, B. (2025). Reduction in development aid: What sectoral impacts in least developed countries? IDDRI. https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/blog-post/reduction- development-aid-what-sectoral-impacts-least-developed. Chief Economists’ Outlook September 33