Defossilizing Industry Scaling-up CCU 2025

Glossary The following is a list of common terms used in this paper and an explanation of their intended meaning. Atmospheric carbon – carbon derived from the atmosphere, usually obtained through direct air capture of CO2. Biogenic carbon – carbon released from the combustion or decomposition of biomass or products derived from biomass. Captured CO2 – CO2 recovered from air or emissions sources through carbon capture technologies. Carbon dioxide removal – removal and permanent storage of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbon oxides (COx) – umbrella term for CO and CO2. Both can be used in CCU. CCU-products: –Fuels – materials combusted for the purpose of generating heat, e.g. methane. –Intermediates – materials produced for conversion into more complex chemicals. Compounds such as methane, methanol and ethanol can be used as both fuels and intermediates. –Chemicals – materials produced for use in final product which is not specifically produced for combustion, e.g. ethylene and propylene. –e-fuels/e-chemicals – a subset of CCU fuels and chemicals synthesized from captured CO2 and green hydrogen. Cradle-to-grave life-cycle analysis – evaluation of the effects a product has on the environment over the entirety of its life. Direct air capture – a form of carbon capture technology which captures CO2 directly from the atmosphere. Emissions avoidance – displacement or prevention of greenhouse gas emissions otherwise expected to be generated. Emissions reduction – reduction of emissions from existing emissions sources through change in activity, such as application of new technologies. Fossil point source – industrial or power sector sources of emissions from the use of fossil fuels. Long-duration storage – sequestration of carbon within a solid medium for periods of centuries. Net neutral – no overall addition or removal of CO2 from the atmosphere from a given activity. Process emissions – industrial emissions arising from industrial processes that do not involve the use of fossil fuels. Valorization – creation or enhancement of the economic value of materials. Defossilizing Industry: Considerations for Scaling-up Carbon Capture and Utilization Pathways 37