Artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise to transform healthcare – enhancing diagnostics, optimizing workflows and improving health outcomes for all. However, realizing AI’s benefits responsibly demands a fundamental evolution of how health systems, with their diverse set of stakeholders, develop and build trust in innovation. Existing evaluation frameworks – built for products that remain typically unchanged after approval, such as pharmaceuticals and medical devices – are not fully equipped to manage the dynamic, evolving nature of AI technologies. The probabilistic behaviour of certain AI systems introduces new dimensions of uncertainty that traditional, deterministic approaches cannot fully address. To manage these challenges effectively, regulatory models must evolve. Dynamic governance mechanisms such as regulatory sandboxes, life- cycle evaluation and post-market monitoring will be essential to ensure that AI systems remain safe, effective and equitable throughout their lifespan. Complementary to legislation, guidelines can help maintain innovation while setting clear societal guardrails and industry standards.Equally important is strengthening technical capacity among regulators, innovators and healthcare leaders to develop a shared understanding of AI’s capabilities and risks. Public–private partnerships should be positioned at the core of this transformation – co-developing standards, supporting regulatory innovation and building shared infrastructures for evaluation and monitoring. Strong international collaboration will be critical to harmonize approaches, foster interoperability and enable scaling of AI technologies across health systems. If we act now, we can embed trust in the foundations of digital health transformation. By aligning innovation with ethical principles and focusing on continuous evaluation, AI can fulfil its promise: improving health outcomes, enhancing system resilience and expanding access to high- quality care throughout populations.Earning Trust for AI in Health: A Collaborative Path Forward June 2025 Foreword Andy Moose Head of Health and Wellness, Centre for Health and Healthcare, World Economic ForumBen Horner Managing Director and Partner, Boston Consulting Group Earning Trust for AI in Health: A Collaborative Path Forward 3

Earning Trust for AI in Health 2025