Europe in the Intelligent Age 2025

66. Henning Soller and Niko Mohr, with Anna Heid and Martina Gschwendtner, “Quantum sensing’s untapped potential: Insights for leaders,” McKinsey, 17 September 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our- insights/quantum-sensings-untapped-potential-insights-for-leaders. 67. “Quantum Technology Monitor,” McKinsey, April 2024. 68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Mario Draghi, “The Future of European Competitiveness: In-depth Analysis and Recommendations,” September 2024, https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/ec1409c1-d4b4-4882-8bdd-3519f86bbb92_en?filename=The%20 future%20of%20European%20competitiveness_%20In-depth%20analysis%20and%20recommendations_0.pdf. 71. Digital Europe, The EU’s Critical Tech Gap, https://cdn.digitaleurope.org/uploads/2024/07/DIGITALEUROPE-CRITICAL- TECHNOLOGIES-REPORT-FINAL_JULY_WEB.pdf. 72. Lareina Yee, Michael Chui, and Roger Roberts, et al, McKinsey Technology Trends Outlook 2024, McKinsey, 16 July 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-top-trends-in-tech. 73. Chris Bradley, Michael Chui, Kevin Russell, et al. ”The next big arenas of competition,” McKinsey, 23 October 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/the-next-big-arenas-of-competition. Estimated future market size is given as the average between the lower and upper estimates, based on McKinsey’s 2024 analysis. 74. Alexander Sukharevsky, Eric Hazan, Sven Smit, Marc-Antoine de la Chevasnerie, Marc de Jong, Solveigh Hieronimus, Jan Mischke and Guillaume Dagorret, “Time to place our bets: Europe’s AI opportunity,” McKinsey, 1 October 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/time-to-place-our-bets-europes-ai-opportunity. 75. Ibid. 76. Bhargs Srivathsan, Marc Sorel and Pankaj Sachdeva, with Arjita Bhan, Haripreet Batra, Raman Sharma, Rishi Gupta and Surbhi Choudhary, “AI power: Expanding data center capacity to meet growing demand,” McKinsey, 29 October 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/technology-media-and-telecommunications/our-insights/ai-power-expanding-data- center-capacity-to-meet-growing-demand. 77. Alexander Sukharevsky, Eric Hazan, Sven Smit, Marc-Antoine de la Chevasnerie, Marc de Jong, Solveigh Hieronimus, Jan Mischke and Guillaume Dagorret, “Time to place our bets: Europe’s AI opportunity,” McKinsey, 1 October 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/time-to-place-our-bets-europes-ai-opportunity. 78. Pitchbook, McKinsey analysis. 79. Alexander Sukharevsky, Eric Hazan, Sven Smit, Marc-Antoine de la Chevasnerie, Marc de Jong, Solveigh Hieronimus, Jan Mischke, and Guillaume Dagorret, “Time to place our bets: Europe’s AI opportunity,” McKinsey, 1 October 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/time-to-place-our-bets-europes-ai-opportunity. 80. Global AI Talent Tracker 2.0, MacroPolo, accessed September 2024. 81. Alexander Sukharevsky, Eric Hazan, Sven Smit, Marc-Antoine de la Chevasnerie, Marc de Jong, Solveigh Hieronimus, Jan Mischke and Guillaume Dagorret, “Time to place our bets: Europe’s AI opportunity,” McKinsey, 1 October 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/time-to-place-our-bets-europes-ai-opportunity. 82. Ibid. 83. Ibid. 84. Mario Draghi, “The Future of European Competitiveness: In-depth Analysis and Recommendation,” September 2024, https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/ec1409c1-d4b4-4882-8bdd-3519f86bbb92_en?filename=The%20 future%20of%20European%20competitiveness_%20In-depth%20analysis%20and%20recommendations_0.pdf. 85. Mario Draghi, “The Future of European Competitiveness: In-depth Analysis and Recommendations,” September 2024, https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/ec1409c1-d4b4-4882-8bdd-3519f86bbb92_en?filename=The%20 future%20of%20European%20competitiveness_%20In-depth%20analysis%20and%20recommendations_0.pdf. 86. Digital Europe, The EU’s Critical Tech Gap, https://cdn.digitaleurope.org/uploads/2024/07/DIGITALEUROPE-CRITICAL- TECHNOLOGIES-REPORT-FINAL_JULY_WEB.pdf. 87. Lareina Yee, Michael Chui, and Roger Roberts, et al, McKinsey Technology Trends Outlook 2024, McKinsey, 16 July 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-top-trends-in-tech. 88. McKinsey on Semiconductors, Number 9, March 2024, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/ semiconductors/our%20insights/mckinsey%20on%20semiconductors%202024/mck_semiconductors_2024_webpdf. pdf. 89. Mario Draghi, “The Future of European Competitiveness: In-depth Analysis and Recommendation,” September 2024, https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/ec1409c1-d4b4-4882-8bdd-3519f86bbb92_en?filename=The%20 future%20of%20European%20competitiveness_%20In-depth%20analysis%20and%20recommendations_0.pdf. 90. Ibid. Europe in the Intelligent Age: From Ideas to Action 35