Four Futures for the New Economy Geoeconomics and Technology in 2030 2025

Endnotes 1. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2025). World Economic Outlook: A Critical Juncture Amid Policy Shifts. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/04/22/world-economic-outlook-april-2025. 2. The White House. (2025). Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/04/ regulating-imports-with-a-reciprocal-tariff-to-rectify-trade-practices-that-contribute-to-large-and-persistent-annual-united- states-goods-trade-deficits/. 3. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). (2024). Trends in World Military Expenditure. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2025/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-world-military-expenditure-2024. 4. United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2025). World Investment Report 2025: International investment in the digital economy. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2025. 5. Bonaglia, D. et al. (2024). End of Year Edition – Against All Odds, Global R&D Has Grown Close to USD 3 Trillion in 2023. World Intellectual Property Organization. https://www.wipo.int/web/global-innovation-index/w/blogs/2024/end-of-year- edition. 6. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2025). World Economic Outlook: A Critical Juncture Amid Policy Shifts. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/04/22/world-economic-outlook-april-2025. 7. World Economic Forum. (2025). The Future of Jobs Report 2025. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future- ofjobs-report-2025. 8. United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2025). A world of debt. https://unctad.org/publication/world-of-debt. 9. World Trade Organization (WTO). (2025). Global Trade Outlook and Statistics. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/ booksp_e/trade_outlook25_e.pdf. 10. United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2025). World Investment Report 2025: International investment in the digital economy. https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2025. Four Futures for the New Economy: Geoeconomics and Technology in 2030 22