From Minerals to Megawatts 2025

Images: Getty Images Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project, insight area or interaction. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum, nor the entirety of its Members, Partners or other stakeholders. © 2025 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.Contents Foreword 3 Executive summary 4 1 Understanding mineral intensity 5 1.1 The known frontier of electric mobility 7 1.2 The hidden footprint of digitalization 9 1.3 Copper and steel for electrification 11 2 Supply chains disjointed by tiers, territories and timelines 13 2.1 Anatomy of the electric mobility supply chain 14 2.2 Structure of the digital infrastructure supply chain 16 2.3 Map of the grid supply chain 18 3 Shared risks, divided attention 20 3.1 Early warning signs in supply 20 3.2 Upstream shocks, downstream consequences 24 3.3 Competing risk agendas 25 4 From awareness to action 29 4.1 Lessons from past disruptions 29 4.2 Making coordination possible 30 4.3 Roadmap to delivery 31 Conclusion 33 Contributors 34 Endnotes 36 From Minerals to Megawatts: Building Resilience for EVs, Data Centres and Power Grids 2