Appendix Sources and methodology The section below highlights two important features of the 41 indicators included in the barometer: their sources and the methodology used to construct global trend lines (if a transformation was applied), organized by pillar. Trade and capital Developing countries’ share of foreign direct investment (FDI) Methodological notes: FDI is defined as inward stock. Calculation uses categorization of developing and developed countries as defined by the UN Statistics Division. Source: United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Developing countries’ share of manufacturing exports Methodological notes: Calculation uses categorization of developing and developed countries as defined by the UN Statistics Division. Source: World Bank FDI stock (as a percentage of GDP) Source: UNCTAD Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) (as a percentage of GDP) Methodological notes: End-December holdings used for 2012; end-June holdings used for 2013- 2023 (due to data availability). Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF) Goods trade (as a percentage of GDP) Source: World Bank Labour migration (as a percentage of the population) Methodological notes: For countries where 2023 data was unavailable, international migrant data was extrapolated using a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR). Source: International Labour Organization (ILO) Official development assistance (ODA) (as a percentage of GDP) Methodological notes: According to the OECD, prior to 2018, the ODA flows basis methodology covered loans expressed on a “cash basis,” meaning their full face value was included; repayments were subtracted as they came in. From 2018, the ODA grant-equivalent methodology is used whereby only the “grant portion” of the loan – that is, the amount “given” by lending below market rates – counts as ODA. Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Remittances (as a percentage of GDP) Source: World Bank Services trade (as a percentage of GDP) Source: World Bank Trade concentration Methodological notes: Concentration is defined in this instance as the total value of concentrated imports as a share of total imports. First, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) is computed for imports across all products for all countries. Then, each country’s imported product is categorized as “high concentration” (HHI greater than 3,000) or “low concentration” (HHI less than 3,000). Finally, the total value of trade for both concentration categories is aggregated over time to calculate the value share of high- and low-concentration products globally. The 2023 figure was extrapolated by applying the rate of change found from the partially reported 2023 data to the corresponding 2022 data and applying that to the balance of the 2022 data. Source: UN Comtrade Innovation and technology Average price of a lithium-ion battery Methodological notes: Two published charts were used to construct the decade trend line: one presenting data from 2010-2018, and one presenting data from 2013-2023. Data from the former chart were used for years 2012-2018, and 2019-2023 data was extrapolated using the year- on-year growth rates from the latter chart. Source: BloombergNEF Cross-border data flows (as a percentage of total intellectual property traffic) Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (international bandwidth usage); Cisco (IP traffic), TeleGeography Methodological notes: 2023 figure was extrapolated using the growth rate from TeleGeography report. Cross-border patent applications (as a percentage of total patent applications) Source: European Patent Office, PATSTAT Cross-border R&D (as a percentage of GDP) Methodological notes: Total R&D is used in this instance as a proxy for cross-border R&D, given that cross-border R&D data is scant. Source: OECD The Global Cooperation Barometer 2025 Second Edition 23