Endnotes 1. International Labour Organization. (n.d.). What is forced labour? Retrieved November 14, 2025, from https://www.ilo.org/topics/forced-labour-modern-slavery-and-trafficking-persons/what-forced-labour 2. The Alan Turing Institute. (n.d.). Data science for tackling modern slavery. Retrieved November 14, 2025, from https://www.turing.ac.uk/research/research-projects/data-science-tackling-modern-slavery 3. International Labour Organization. (n.d.). What is forced labour? Retrieved November 14, 2025, from https://www.ilo.org/topics/forced-labour-modern-slavery-and-trafficking-persons/what-forced-labour 4. Sedex. (2022). Recognising forced labour risks in global supply chains. https://www.sedex.com/app/uploads/2022/12/Sedex-Recognising-forced-labour-risks.pdf 5. International Labour Organization. (1930). Forced labour convention (No. 29). https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/nrmlx_en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312174 6. International Labour Organization. (2018). Guidelines concerning the measurement of forced labour (Report ICLS/20/2018). Twentieth International Conference of Labour Statisticians. https://www.ilo.org/media/209456/download 7. International Labour Organization, International Organization for Migration, & Walk Free. (2022). Global estimates of modern slavery: Forced labour and forced marriage. https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/global-estimates- modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid. 10. Sedex. (2022). Recognising forced labour risks in global supply chains. https://www.sedex.com/app/uploads/2022/12/Sedex-Recognising-forced-labour-risks.pdf 11. Global Commission on Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking. (2025). No country is immune: Working together to end modern slavery and human trafficking. United Nations University Centre for Policy Research. https://www.modernslaverycommission.org/report/ 12. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2025). Mapping efforts to protect worker rights in supply chains. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/mapping-efforts-to-protect-worker-rights-in-supply-chains_ f4eacea7-en.html 13. International Labour Organization. (2023). Jobs and global supply chains in South-East Asia. https://www.ilo.org/publications/jobs-and-global-supply-chains-south-east-asia 14. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia. (2024). Annual digest of social protection reforms in the Arab region, 2024. https://www.unescwa.org/sites/default/files/pubs/pdf/annual-digest-social-protection-reforms- arab-region-2024-english.pdf 15. Walk Free. (n.d.). Global slavery index. Retrieved November 14, 2025, from https://www.walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/ 16. Tech Against Trafficking. (2025, May). Standardizing data collection on forced labor: Benchmark of practices and gap analysis. https://techagainsttrafficking.org/resources/Tech-Against-Trafficking-Standardizing-Data-Collection-on-Forced- Labor-May-2025.pdf 17. IHRB. (n.d.). Responsible recruitment gateway. Retrieved November 14, 2025, from https://www.ihrb.org/projects/the- responsible-recruitment-gateway 18. BSR & Tech Against Trafficking. (2024, March 18). Building an effective data ecosystem to address forced labor in global supply chains. https://techagainsttrafficking.org/resources/BSR-TAT-Effective-Data-Ecosystem-Supply-Chains.pdf 19. World Health Organization. (2022). WHO COVID-19 data hub. https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases?n=c; World Economic Forum. (2023). Net zero data exchange: Building trust for collective action. https://www.weforum.org/ publications/net-zero-industry-tracker-2023/digest/. These initiatives illustrate how trusted data sharing can improve coordination and accountability across institutions. 20. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). Due diligence guidance for responsible business conduct. https://doi.org/10.1787/15f5f4b3-en 21. European Commission. (2024). Corporate sustainability due diligence. https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy- euro/doing-business-eu/sustainability-due-diligence-responsible-business/corporate-sustainability-due-diligence_en 22. Resonance Global. (2022, March 1). Best practices to harness the power of pre-competitive collaboration for sustainable supply chains. https://www.resonanceglobal.com/blog/best-practices-to-harness-the-power-of-pre-competitive- collaboration-for-sustainable-supply-chains 23. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2025, February). Enhancing access to and sharing of data in the age of artificial intelligence. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/enhancing-access-to-and-sharing-of-data-in-the- age-of-artificial-intelligence_23a70dca-en.html 24. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2021). Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137 Harnessing Data and Intelligence for Collective Advantage: Ending Forced Labour in Global Supply Chains 26

Harnessing Data and Intelligence for Collective Advantage 2026