Healthcare in a Changing Climate 2025

Endnotes 1. Haile, G., Tang, Q., Sun, S., Huang, Z., Zhang, X. & Liu, X. (2019). Droughts in East Africa: Causes, impacts and resilience. Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 193, pp. 146-161. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ S0012825218303519. 2. Vox. (2024). The latest on Hurricanes Milton and Helene. https://www.vox.com/climate/374867/hurricane-milton-helene- death-toll-flooding-outages-live-updates. 3. Griffith, C. (2022). Thousands of People Made Homeless in Hurricane Ian’s Aftermath. Invisible People. https://invisiblepeople.tv/thousands-of-people-made-homeless-in-hurricane-ians-aftermath/ . 4. Langlois, J. (2024). Dengue fever is — unfortunately — having a banner year. Can it be quelled? Goats and Soda, NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2024/07/23/g-s1-12674/dengue-mosquitoes-climate-virus-americas . 5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2024). Increased Risk of Dengue Virus Infections in the United States. https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2024/han00511.asp. 6. World Economic Forum. (2024). Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Human Health. https://www.weforum.org/ publications/quantifying-the-impact-of-climate-change-on-human-health/ . 7. United Nations (UN). (2024). For a livable climate: Net-zero commitments must be backed by credible action. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition. 8. Thomson, M. & Stanberry, L. (2022). Climate Change and Vectorborne Diseases. The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 387, no. 21. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra2200092. 9. Surprenant, A. (2024). How climate change affects vector-borne diseases. Wellcome. https://wellcome.org/news/how- climate-change-affects-vector-borne-diseases. 10. Sources: –European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2024). Dengue worldwide overview. https://www.ecdc.europa. eu/en/dengue-monthly. –Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. (2023). What to Know About Malaria in the U.S. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/malarias-comeback-in-the-us. 11. Bonell, A., Sonko, B., Badjie, J., Samateh, T., Saidy, T., Sosseh, F., Sallah, Y., Bajo, K., Murray, K.A., Hirst, J., Vicedo- Cabrera, A., Prentice, A.M., Maxwell, N.S. & Haines, A. (2022). Environmental heat stress on maternal physiology and fetal blood flow in pregnant subsistence farmers in The Gambia, west Africa: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Planetary Health, vol. 6, no. 12. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(22)00242-X/fulltext. 12. Shankar, K., Ali, S.A., Ruebel, M.L., Jessani, S., Borengasser, S.J., Gilley, S.P ., Jambal, P ., Yazza, D.N., Weaver, N., Kemp, J.F., Westcott, J.L., Hendricks, A.E., Saleem, S., Goldenberg, R.L., Hambidge, K.M. & Krebs, N.F. (2023). Maternal nutritional status modifies heat-associated growth restriction in women with chronic malnutrition. PNAS Nexus, vol. 2, no. 1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9896899/. 13. World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Mental health and Climate Change: Policy Brief. https://www.who.int/ publications/i/item/9789240045125. 14. Eitelwein, O., Fricker, R., Green, A. & Racloz, A. (2024). The Impact Of Climate Change On Human Health. Oliver Wyman. https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2024/jan/quantifying-climate-change-impact-on-human-health.html. 15. Breen, K. (2024). Hurricane Milton was fastest on record to intensify into Category 5 in the Gulf of Mexico: “Historic storm”. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-milton-florida-landfall-records/. 16. Lindsey, R. (2023). Climate Change: Global Sea Level. Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/ understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level. 17. Lindsey, R. (2023). Climate Change: Global Sea Level. Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/ understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level. 18. UN Atlas of the Oceans. (2016). Human Settlements on the Coast. https://www.oceansatlas.org/subtopic/en/c/114/. 19. United Nations (UN) & The European Space Agency (ESA). (2007). Percentage of Total Population Living in Coastal Areas. https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/oceans_seas_coasts/pop_coastal_areas.pdf. 20. Eitelwein, O., Fricker, R., Green, A. & Racloz, A. (2024). The Impact Of Climate Change On Human Health. Oliver Wyman. https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2024/jan/quantifying-climate-change-impact-on-human-health.html. 21. Mueller, W., Zamrsky, D., Essink, G.O., Fleming, L.E., Deshpande, A., Makris, K.C., Wheeler, B.W., Newton, J.N., Venkat Narayan, K.M., Mohd Naser, A. & Gribble, M.O. (2024). Saltwater intrusion and human health risks for coastal populations under 2050 climate scenarios. Scientific Reports, vol. 14. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-66956-4. 22. Campbell, L. (2023). Study finds states facing worse drought have more comprehensive drought planning. National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC). https://drought.unl.edu/Publications/News.aspx?id=400. 23. Frost, R. (2024). Regular droughts could become the Mediterranean’s ‘new normal’ due to climate change. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/02/21/regular-droughts-could-become-the-mediterreneans-new-normal-due-to- climate-change. Healthcare in a Changing Climate: Investing in Resilient Solutions 41