New Economy Skills 2025

Endnotes 1. Goldman Sachs. (2023, April 5). Artificial Intelligence: Generative AI could raise global GDP by 7% . https://www. goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent?utm_source=chatgpt.com . 2. FutureDotNow. (2025, May 6). The UK economy could see an annual boost of more than £23 billion p/a from building the essential digital skills of the workforce, says major new research [Press release]. https://futuredotnow.uk/lack-of-digital- skills-in-workforce-costing-uk-over-23-billion-per-year/ . 3. Eurostat. (2025). ICT specialists - statistics on hard-to-fill vacancies in enterprises. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ statistics-explained/index.php?title=ICT_specialists_-_statistics_on_hard-to-fill_vacancies_in_enterprises . 4. International Finance Corporation (IFC). (2019). Digital Skills in Sub-Saharan Africa: Spotlight on Ghana. https://www.ifc. org/content/dam/ifc/doc/mgrt/digital-skills-final-web-5-7-19.pdf . 5. Cognizant. (2024). Building momentum: The path to confident AI adoption. https://www.cognizant.com/en_us/insights/ documents/cognizant-the-path-to-confident-ai-adoption.pdf . 6. Gottschalk, F., & Weise, C. (2023). Digital equity and inclusion in education: Anoverview of practice and policy in OECD countries (OECD Education Working Papers No. 299). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 7. Global Education Monitoring Report Team. (2023). Global education monitoring report, 2023: technology in education: a tool on whose terms? . UNESCO Publishing. 8. Eurostat. (2024). Skills for the digital age . https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Skills_for_ the_digital_age . 9. Fraile, M.N., Peñalva-Vélez, A., & Mendióroz Lacambra, A.N. (2018). Development of Digital Competence in Secondary Education Teachers’ Training. Education Sciences, 8 (3). https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/8/3/104 . 10. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2025). Preparing Teachers for Digital Education: Continuing Professional Learning on Digital Skills and Pedagogies (OECD Education Policy Perspectives 122). https:// www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2025/05/preparing-teachers-for-digital-education_13a76e57/ af442d7a-en.pdf . 11. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2022). PISA 2022 Assessment and Analytical Framework. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2023/08/pisa-2022-assessment-and- analytical-framework_a124aec8/dfe0bf9c-en.pdf . 12. World Economic Forum. (2025). Gender Parity in the Intelligent Age . https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Gender_ Parity_in_the_Intelligent_Age_2025.pdf . 13. Brynjolfsson, E., Chandar, B., & Chen, R. (2025). Canaries in the coal mine? Six facts about the recent employment effects of artificial intelligence (working paper). Stanford Digital Economy Lab. https://digitaleconomy. stanford. edu/ publications/canaries-in-the-coal-mine ; Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P ., & Rock, D. (2024). GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs. Science, 384 (6702), 1306-1308; Handa, K., Tamkin, A., McCain, M., Huang, S., Durmus, E., Heck, S., & Ganguli, D. (2025). Which Economic Tasks are Performed with AI? Evidence from Millions of Claude Conversations . arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.04761 14. Cognizant. (2024). New Work, New World . https://www.cognizant.com/en_us/insights/documents/new-work-new-world- with-generative-ai-wf2064768.pdf . 15. Google. (2025). 2025 DORA State of AI-assisted Software Development Report . https://cloud.google.com/resources/ content/2025-dora-ai-assisted-software-development-report . 16. Becker, J., Rush, N. Barnes, E. & Rein, D. (2025, July 10). Measuring the Impact of Early-2025 AI on Experienced Open-Source Developer Productivity. METR blog . https://metr.org/blog/2025-07-10-early-2025-ai-experienced-os-dev- study/#:~:text=Core%20Result,evidence%20for%20in%20Table%202 . 17. Hering, A., & Rojas, A. (2025, September 23). AI at work report 2025: How GenAI is rewiring the DNA of jobs. Indeed Hiring Lab . https://www.hiringlab.org/2025/09/23/ai-at-work-report-2025-how-genai-is-rewiring-the-dna-of-jobs/ . New Economy Skills: Building AI, Data and Digital Capabilities for Growth 39