Ocean Economy Imperative 2026

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55. IEA. (2025). Energy system – Renewables – Wind – Technology deployment. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/ renewables/wind 56. Global Wind Energy Council. (2025). Global Offshore Wind Report 2025. https://www.gwec.net/reports/ globaloffshorewindreport 57. BloombergNEF. (2025, August 26). Global Renewable Energy Investment Still Reaches New Record as Investors Reassess Risks. https://about.bnef.com/insights/clean-energy/global-renewable-energy-investment-reaches-new-record- as-investors-reassess-risks 58. Goldman Sachs. (2024, October 31). Reaching net zero is forecast to require nearly $75 trillion of investment. https:// www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/reaching-net-zero-is-forecast-to-require-nearly-75-trillion-of-investment 59. Global Maritime Forum. (2020, January 20). The scale of investment needed to decarbonize international shipping. https://globalmaritimeforum.org/insight/the-scale-of-investment-needed-to-decarbonize-international-shipping 60. bid 61. Safety 4 Sea. (2025, November 5). New global port initiative targets $1 billion in green maritime infrastructure. https:// safety4sea.com/new-global-port-initiative-targets-1-billion-in-green-maritime-infrastructure 62. Port Technology. (2023, September 26). Smart ports market to reach $15.5 billion by 2032. https://www.porttechnology. org/news/smart-ports-market-to-reach-15-5-billion-by-2032/ 63. UNCTADstat Data centre. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/ 64. World Travel and Tourism Council. (2025, June) Coastal & Marine Tourism: Quantifying Its Footprint And Funding Requirements For Mitigation And Adaptation. https://ocean-breakthroughs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Coastal- and-Marine-Tourism-Quantifying-its-footprint-and-funding-requirements-for-mitigation-and-adaptation.pdf 65. Ibid 66. OECD. (2024). OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2024. OECD Publishing. Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/80885d8b-en. 67. Balestracci G, Nel-lo-Andreu MG and Gomez S. (October 15, 2025). Coastal, marine or blue tourism governance? Spotting academic trends through a bibliometric analysis. Front. Mar. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1623424 68. Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O’Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P . Williamson. (2019). Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 447–587. https://doi. org/10.1017/9781009157964.007 69. Canada’s Ocean Supercluster. (2024). Blue Bioeconomy Discussion Paper. Ambition 2035. European Commission. (2025). Communication from the Commission: A Strategic Framework for a Competitive and Sustainable EU Bioeconomy. COM(2025) 960 final. 70. Ibid 71. BlueBioClusters. (2023). Deliverable 2.1 Report on Understanding Blue Bioeconomy Value Chains. European Union Grant Agreement ID 101060703. 72. BlueBioClusters Project. (2022). Coastal Regions in Transition to the Blue Bioeconomy. 73. European Commission. (2025). Communication from the Commission: A Strategic Framework for a Competitive and Sustainable EU Bioeconomy. COM(2025) 960 final. 74. European Regions Research and Innovation Network. (2019). Blue Bioeconomy Forum: Roadmap for the Blue Bioeconomy. Publications Office of the European Union. 75. Global Seafood Alliance. (2021, October 11). An introduction to circular economy principles in aquaculture. Responsible Seafood Advocate. 76. International Renewable Energy Agency. (2023). Scaling up investments in ocean energy technologies. International Renewable Energy Agency. 77. Ocean Energy Europe. (2023). Ocean energy: Stats and trends 2023. Ocean Energy Europe. 78. Verra. (2025). Verified Carbon Standard—Area of focus: Blue carbon. Verra. 79. Ibid 80. World Health Organization. (2022). Microplastics in drinking-water: Background document / updates on micro- and nanoplastics. World Health Organization. 81. Fuller, R., Landrigan, P . J., Balakrishnan, K., et al. (2022). Pollution and health: A progress update. The Lancet Planetary Health. 82. United Nations Environment Programme. (2021). From pollution to solution: A global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution. United Nations Environment Programme. 83. United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Turning off the tap: How the world can end plastic pollution and create a circular economy. United Nations Environment Programme. 84. Ibid 85. Verschuur, J., Lumma, J. & Hall, J.W. (2025). Systemic impacts of disruptions at maritime chokepoints. Nat Commun 16, 10421. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65403-w The Ocean Economy Imperative: Defining Value, Managing Risk and Mobilizing Investment 20
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