1. World Economic Forum. (2025). Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2025. https://www.weforum.org/publications/ fostering-effective-energy-transition-2025/ 2. “Harvest now, decrypt later” (HNDL) is a cybersecurity threat where attackers steal and store encrypted data today, intending to decrypt it once powerful quantum computers become available. It targets information with long-term value, such as state secrets or personal records, rendering current encryption useless against future quantum- enabled decryption. 3. US Department of Energy. (2025). Resource Adequacy Report: Evaluating the Reliability and Security of the United States Electric Grid. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/DOE%20Final%20EO%20Report%20%28REVISED%20 OCT%2027%29.pdf 4. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2024). Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards (NIST IR 8547, Initial Public Draft). https://csrc.nist.gov/pubs/ir/8547/ipd 5. D-Wave Quantum Inc. (2024). D-Wave Extends Agreement with Aramco Europe to Explore Quantum-Powered Optimization of Geophysical Problems. https://www.dwavequantum.com/company/newsroom/press-release/d-wave-extends- agreement-with-aramco-europe-to-explore-quantum-powered-optimization-of-geophysical-problems-3/ 6. QLM Technology (2023). Oil and Gas: Repsol Sinopec lidar camera trial advances methane emissions detection. https://qlmtec.com/case_studies/652e55927be17ef72ec1e1f2 7. Exail. (n.d.). Quantum gravimeters. https://www.exail.com/product/quantum-gravimeters 8. IBM Research. (2021). ExxonMobil and IBM Explore Quantum Algorithms to Solve Routing Formulations. https://ibm-research.medium.com/exxonmobil-ibm-scientists-explore-state-of-art-quantum-algorithms-to-solve-routing- formulations-e7ce39f8741c 9. Quantinuum. (2022). On the ArXiv: Modeling Carbon Capture with Quantum Computing. https://www.quantinuum.com/blog/on-the-arxiv-modeling-carbon-capture-with-quantum-computing 10. Pasqal. (2025). Pasqal and EDF pave the way to optimize energy management for EV Smart Charging with neutral atom quantum computing. https://www.pasqal.com/newsroom/edf-leverages-pasqal-to-successfully-run-energy-demand- forecasts-for-electric-vehicle-smart-charging/ 11. University of Science and Technology of China. (2024). Novel Quantum Lidar Achieves High-Sensitivity Wind Detection. https://en.ustc.edu.cn/info/1007/4935.htm 12. Gebel, J., Daems, P .-J., van Binsbergen, D., Krathe, V. L., Nejad, A. R. & Helsen, J. (2026). Impact of Wake Impingement on the Fatigue Loads in the Main Bearings and Blades of Offshore Wind Turbines. European Academy of Wind Energy. https://wes.copernicus.org/preprints/wes-2026-13/wes-2026-13.pdf 13. Hancock, J., Craven, M., McNeile, C., Vadacchino, D. (2025). Investigating Techniques to Optimise the Layout of Turbines in a Windfarm Using a Quantum Computer. Journal of Quantum Computing, 7 (2025) 55-79. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13123 14. Hitachi Energy. (2024). Transforming mission-critical communications at Austria’s leading energy company. https://www.hitachienergy.com/news-and-events/customer-stories/transforming-mission-critical-communications-at- austria-s-leading-energy-company 15. Lovati, S. (2023). Ford Enlists Quantum Computing in EV Battery Materials Hunt. EE Times. https://www.eetimes.com/ford-enlists-quantum-computing-in-ev-battery-materials-hunt/ 16. Evans, P ., Alshowkan, M., Earl, D., Mulkey, D., Newell, R., Peterson, G., Safi, C., Tripp, J., Peters, N. (2021). Trusted Node QKD at an Electrical Utility. IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 105220-105229, 2021. https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.09877 17. Smith, L., Hicks, I. (2020). Optimal Sensor Placement in Power Grids: Power Domination, Set Covering, and the Neighborhoods of Zero Forcing Forts. arXiv:2006.03460 [c.s.D.S]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03460 18. Sources: –Aboumrad, W., Marthi, P ., Debnath, S, Roetteler, M., Epifanovsky, E. (2025). A New Hybrid Quantum-Classical Algorithm for Solving the Unit Commitment Problem. arXiv: 2505.00145 [quant-ph]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00145 –IonQ. (2025). IonQ Partners with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Demonstrating Quantum Power Grid Optimization Advancements. https://www.ionq.com/news/ionq-partners-with-oak-ridge-national-laboratory-demonstrating- quantum-power 19. Agliardi, G., Cortiana, G., Dekusar, A., Ghosh, K., Mohseni, N., O’Meara, C., Valls, V., Yogaraj, K., Zhuk, S. (2024). A Machine Learning Approach to Boost the Vehicle-2-Grid Scheduling. arXiv:2407.20802 [math.OC]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.20802 20. Agliardi, G., Cortiana, G., Dekusar, A., Ghosh, K., Mohseni, N., O’Meara, C., Valls, V., Yogaraj, K., Zhuk, S. (2025). Mitigating exponential concentration in covariant quantum kernels for subspace and real-world data. npj Quantum Information, 12, Article 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-025-01154-2Endnotes Quantum for Energy and Utilities: Key Opportunities for Energy Transition 43

Quantum for Energy and Utilities 2026