Securing Minerals for the Energy Transition 2025

Endnotes 1. United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative. (2024). Climate Risks in the Transportation Sector. https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Climate-Risks-in-the-Transportation-Sector-1.pdf. 2. Willige, A. (2025, May 13). What are the critical minerals for the energy transition – and where can they be found? World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/05/critical-minerals-energy-transition-supply-chain-challenges/ . 3. International Energy Agency. (n.d.). Critical Minerals - A new frontier for global energy security. https://www.iea.org/topics/ critical-minerals. 4. African Natural Resources Management and Investment Centre (ANRC). (2022). Approach Paper towards preparation of an African Green Minerals Strategy. https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/approach_paper towards_preparation_of_an_african_green_minerals_strategy.pdf. 5. African Union. (2024). Africa’s Green Minerals Strategy (AGMS). https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/44539-doc-AGMS_ Final_doc.pdf; US Geological Survey. (2025). What is a critical mineral? https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-critical-mineral. 6. International Energy Agency. (n.d.). Critical minerals - A new frontier for global energy security. https://www.iea.org/topics/ critical-minerals. 7. Ritchie, H. & Rosado, P . (2024). Which countries have the critical minerals needed for the energy transition? Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/countries-critical-minerals-needed-energy-transition . 8. UNCTAD. (2024, May 24). Unlocking Africa’s critical mineral wealth: Energy transition can pave path to new prosperity. Retrieved from https://unctad.org/news/unlocking-africas-critical-mineral-wealth-energy-transi - tion-can-pave-path-new-prosperity; National Minerals Information Center, US Geological Survey. (2025, January 31). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 Data Release (version 2.0, April 2025). https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/doi. org/10.5066/P13XCP3R__;!!Im8kQaqBCw!sRJ30v7g2UE12thRoYU7wpun_cOHNErbtv7hg8o3_9yPjjPqQpVL5ic6n- gaCnt9v4uq4ndFv8Ek0xt4JM7dlaWVCYaVB$. 9. S&P Global Market Intelligence. (2024). World Exploration Trends 2024. https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/ news-insights/research/world-exploration-trends-2024. 10. National Minerals Information Center, US Geological Survey. (2025, January 31). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 Data Release (version 2.0, April 2025). https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/doi.org/10.5066/P13XCP3R__;!!Im8kQaqBCw!sR- J30v7g2UE12thRoYU7wpun_cOHNErbtv7hg8o3_9yPjjPqQpVL5ic6ngaCnt9v4uq4ndFv8Ek0xt4JM7dlaWVCYaVB$. 11. Ibid; S&P Global Market Intelligence. (2024). World Exploration Trends 2024. https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelli- gence/en/news-insights/research/world-exploration-trends-2024. 12. Baskaran, G. (2025). Underexplored and undervalued: Addressing Africa’s mineral exploration gap. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/underexplored-and-undervalued-addressing-africas-mineral- exploration-gap; International Energy Agency. (2025). Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025. https://www.iea.org/reports/ global-critical-minerals-outlook-2025. 13. African Union. (2024). Africa’s Green Minerals Strategy (AGMS). https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/44539-doc- AGMS_Final_doc.pdf. 14. Payton, B. (2025, February 14). Miners struggle to raise capital for African critical minerals projects. African Business. https://african.business/2025/02/resources/miners-struggle-to-raise-capital-for-african-critical-minerals-projects. 15. Mbofana, T.R. (2024, November 11). ZESA singlehandedly destroying Zimbabwe: The shocking truth behind the power crisis. Zawya. https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/africa/zesa-singlehandedly-destroying-zimbabwe-the-shocking- truth-behind-the-power-crisis-oi8m25o8. 16. The Zimbabwean. (2024, December 2). Gwanda solar project in Zimbabwe: 10 years later, and $5 mln spent. Zawya. https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/africa/gwanda-solar-project-in-zimbabwe-10-years-later-and-5mln-spent- wk6m531l. 17. The Zimbabwean. (2024, December 2). Gwanda solar project in Zimbabwe: 10 years later, and $5 mln spent. Zawya. https://www.zawya.com/en/economy/africa/gwanda-solar-project-in-zimbabwe-10-years-later-and-5mln-spent- wk6m531l. 18. US Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Public Participation: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in the United States. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-05/documents/us-eia-experience.pdf. 19. Editorial Team. (2025, January 2). Mozambique political unrest disrupts maritime operations. Safety4Sea. https://safety4sea.com/mozambique-political-unrest-disrupts-maritime-operations/. 20. Covenant Logistics. (2024). The growing challenge of port congestion in South African ports and how to deal with it. https://covenantlogistics.co.za/south-african-ports-congestion/. 21. Editorial Team. (2025, January 2). Mozambique political unrest disrupts maritime operations. Safety4Sea. https://safety4sea.com/mozambique-political-unrest-disrupts-maritime-operations/. 22. Freight News. (2025, January 6). Rail freight network crippled by theft and vandalism. https://www.freightnews.co.za/ article/rail-freight-network-crippled-theft-and-vandalism. 23. SCN Africa. (2023, April 12). Five biggest risk factors to the freight transportation industry in South Africa. https://scnafrica.com/2023/04/12/five-biggest-risk-factors-to-the-freight-transportation-industry-in-south-africa/. 24. Sternberg, H. (2023). Lack of juniors and exploration companies on the JSE a threat to the longevity of SA mining. The Assay. https://www.theassay.com/articles/investor-insight/lack-of-juniors-and-exploration-companies-on-the-jse-a- Securing Minerals for the Energy Transition: Finance for Southern Africa 30