23. Siemens Stiftung. (2020). Social enterprises as job creators in Africa: The potential of social enterprise to provide employment opportunities in 12 African countries 2020–2030 (Part II: Country Profiles). https://www.siemens-stiftung.org/ wp-content/uploads/2020/10/studie-socialenterprisesasjobcreatorsinafrica-part2-siemensstiftung.pdf 24. Economic Development Department, Republic of South Africa. (2019, February 25). National social economy draft green paper. https://base.socioeco.org/docs/draft_green_social_economy-2.pdf 25. World Economic Forum. (2025, May). Collecting data on social enterprises: A playbook for practitioners. https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Collecting_Data_on_Social_Enterprises_2025.pdf 26. The definition as per the playbook is “Revenue: A proportion of income is earned through trading”; however, feedback noted this to be restrictive and it was thus expanded to clarify. 27. Medina, L., Jonelis, A. W., & Cangul, M. (2017, July 10) The informal economy in sub-Saharan Africa: Size and determinants. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2017/07/10/The-Informal- Economy-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-Size-and-Determinants-45017 28. British Council. (2020). Social enterprise and job creation in sub-Saharan Africa. https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/ default/files/social_enterprise_and_job_creation_in_sub-saharan_africa_final_singlepages.pdf 29. International Labour Organization. (2022). Decent work and the social and solidarity economy (Report ILC.110/VI). International Labour Office. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_norm/%40relconf/ documents/meetingdocument/wcms_841023.pdf; United Nations System of Social and Solidarity Economy. (2025). Boosting the contribution of SSE entities to sustainable development. https://unsse.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/ Boosting-the-contribution-of-SSE-entities-to-sustainable-development-1.pdf 30. United Nations General Assembly. (2023). Promoting the social and solidarity economy for sustainable development (Res. A/RES/77/281). United Nations. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4009604; United Nations General Assembly. (2024). Promoting the social and solidarity economy for sustainable development: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 2024 (A/RES/79/213). United Nations. https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/79/213 31. African Union. (2023). The social and solidarity economy (SSE) in the African Union: Ten-year SSE strategy and implementation plan (2023–2033). https://sewfonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/SSE-in-the-African-Union.pdf 32. Legal Social Economy Regime. (Law no. 122 / VIII / 2016, of March 24). Not available online, for more detail see City of Praia, Republic of Cabo Verde. (2018). The reality and perspectives of the social and solidarity economy in the city of Praia. https://gsef-net.org/sites/default/files/Praia%20SSE%20Mapping_EN_0.pdf 33. Republic of Cameroon. (2019). Law No. 2019/004 of 25 April 2019, Framework law governing social economy in Cameroon. http://www.minpmeesa.cm/site/inhoud/uploads/2022/07/ues2019.pdf 34. Republic of Djibouti. (n.d.). Law No. 044/AN/19/8th L on the social and solidarity economy. Retrieved October 8, 2025, from https://base.socioeco.org/docs/loi-ess-djibouti.pdf 35. International Labour Organization. (2017). Law No. 2017-056 of 6 November 2017 establishing the National Center for the Promotion of the Social and Solidarity Economy. https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=106206 36. Azenfar, A. (n.d.). Projet de la loi-cadre de l’économie sociale et solidaire au Maroc [Project for the social and solidarity economy framework law in Morocco]. Retrieved October 8, 2025, from https://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche- legislation-140_en.html 37. Journal Officiel de la République Tunisienne. (2020, July 3). Loi n° 2020-30 du 30 juin 2020, relative à l’économie sociale et solidaire (Law No. 2020-30 of June 30, 2020, on the social and solidarity economy). https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/ wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_emp/%40emp_ent/%40coop/documents/legaldocument/wcms_750308.pdf 38. République du Sénégal. (2021). Loi d’orientation relative à l’économie sociale et solidaire [Orientation law on the social and solidarity economy] (Sénégal, 2021). https://base.socioeco.org/docs/loi-dorientation-ess-promulguee.pdf 39. Economic Development Department, Government of South Africa. (2019, February 25). National Social Economy Draft Green Paper. https://base.socioeco.org/docs/draft_green_social_economy-2.pdf 40. The Presidency, Republic of South Africa. (2020). Building a society that works: Public investment in a mass employment strategy to build a new economy. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202010/presidential-employment- stimulus.pdf 41. Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ghana. (2017, February 1). Ghana social enterprise policy draft. https://seghana.net/wp- content/uploads/2021/08/SE-Ghana-Policy-Draft-1.pdf 42. Poirier, Y., & Jenkins, H. (2023, October). Elements for a social and solidarity economy financing (ESSF) ecosystem (working paper). Intercontinental Network for the Promotion of Social Solidarity Economy (RIPESS). https://base.socioeco.org/docs/working_paper_-_elements_for_sse_financing_ecosystem_poirier_jenkins.pdf 43. République du Sénégal. (2021). Loi d’orientation relative à l’économie sociale et solidaire [Orientation law on the social and solidarity economy] (Sénégal, 2021). https://base.socioeco.org/docs/loi-dorientation-ess-promulguee.pdf 44. British Council. (2020). Social enterprise and job creation in sub-Saharan Africa. https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/ default/files/social_enterprise_and_job_creation_in_sub-saharan_africa_final_singlepages.pdf; Siemens Stiftung. (2020). Social enterprises as job creators in Africa: The potential of social enterprise to provide employment opportunities in 12 African countries 2020–2030 (Part I: Main report). https://www.siemens-stiftung.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ studie-socialenterprisesasjobcreatorsinafrica-part1-siemensstiftung.pdf; World Economic Forum (2024). The state of social enterprise: A review of global data 2013–2023. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_State_of_Social_ Enterprise_2024.pdf The State of Social Enterprise: Unlocking Inclusive Growth, Jobs and Development in Africa 60

State of Social Enterprise Africa 2025