Targeted Action and Financing the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia 2025

Endnotes 1. Gavi. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance now causes more deaths than HIV/AIDS and malaria worldwide – new study. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/antimicrobial-resistance-now-causes-more-deaths-hivaids-and-malaria-worldwide-new . 2. World Bank Group. (2016, 20 September). By 2050, drug-resistant infections could cause global economic damage on par with 2008 financial crisis [Press release]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/09/18/by-2050-drug- resistant-infections-could-cause-global-economic-damage-on-par-with-2008-financial-crisis. 3. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2024, 26 September). World leaders commit to decisive action on antimicrobial resistance [Press release]. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/world-leaders-commit- decisive-action-antimicrobial-resistance. 4. Ho, C. et al. (2025). Antimicrobial resistance: a concise update. The Lancet Microbe, Volume 6, Issue 1, 100947. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(24)00200-3/fulltext. 5. Naghavi, M., Vollset, S. E., Ikuta, K. S. et al. (2024). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. The Lancet, Volume 404, Issue 10459, 1199-1226. https://www.thelancet. com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01867-1/fulltext. 6. “Deaths associated” are deaths in which a drug-resistant infection is implicated, but resistance may or may not have been a direct contributing factor. Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) & University of Oxford. (2024). MICROBE: Measuring Infectious Causes and Resistance Outcomes for Burden Estimation. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/ microbe/. 7. Naghavi, M., Vollset, S. E., Ikuta, K. S. et al. (2024). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. The Lancet, Volume 404, Issue 10459, 1199-1226. https://www.thelancet. com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01867-1/fulltext. 8. Gavi. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance now causes more deaths than HIV/AIDS and malaria worldwide – new study. https:// www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/antimicrobial-resistance-now-causes-more-deaths-hivaids-and-malaria-worldwide-new . 9. The Oxford Scientist. (2020). How the Discovery of Penicillin Has Influenced Modern Medicine. https://oxsci.org/how- penicillin-has-influenced-modern-medicine/. 10. Boluarte, T., & Schulze, U. (2022). The Case for a Subscription Model to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance. BCG Global. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2022/model-for-tackling-antimicrobial-resistance. 11. Ho, C. et al. (2025). Antimicrobial resistance: a concise update. The Lancet Microbe, Volume 6, Issue 1, 100947. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(24)00200-3/fulltext. 12. World Economic Forum. (2017). Three-quarters of antibiotics are used on animals. Here’s why that’s a major problem. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/three-quarters-of-antibiotics-are-used-on-animals-heres-why-thats-a-major- problem/.  13. World Health Organization. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ antimicrobial-resistance.  14. Sepsis is when the body responds improperly to an infection. For more details refer to: https://www.mayoclinic. org/diseases-conditions/sepsis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351214#:~:text=Sepsis%20is%20a%20serious%20 condition,kidneys%2C%20liver%20and%20other%20organs. 15. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) & University of Oxford. (2024). MICROBE: Measuring Infectious Causes and Resistance Outcomes for Burden Estimation. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/microbe/. 16. Sugianli, A. K., Ginting, F., Parwati, I., De Jong, M. D., Van Leth, F., & Schultsz, C. (2021). Antimicrobial Resistance among Uropathogens in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Systematic Review. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 3(1), dlab003. https://doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlab003. 17. World Bank. (2016). By 2050, drug-resistant infections could cause global economic damage on par with 2008 financial crisis. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/09/18/by-2050-drug-resistant-infections-could-cause- global-economic-damage-on-par-with-2008-financial-crisis. 18. Adamie, B. A., Akwar, H. T., Arroyo, M., Bayko, H., Hafner, M., Harrison, S., Jeannin, M., King, D., Kweon, S., Kyeong, N. D., Olumogba, F., Rigby, I., Song, S. J., Yerushalmi, E., Yugueros-Marcos, J., & Zakaria, S. (2024). Forecasting the Fallout from AMR: Economic Impacts of Antimicrobial Resistance in Food-Producing Animals – A report from the EcoAMR series (p. 170). World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) and World Bank. https://doi.org/10.20506/ecoAMR.3541. 19. Siri, Y., Precha, N., Sirikanchana, K., Haramoto, E., & Makkaew, P . (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance in Southeast Asian Water Environments: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence and Future Research Directions. Science of The Total Environment, 896, 165229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165229. 20. Mohamad, Z. A., Bakon, S. K., Jamilan, M. A. J., Daud, N., Ciric, L., Ahmad, N., & Muhamad, N. A. (2022). Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes and the Quantification of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants of Malaysia: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 11(11), e37663. https://doi.org/10.2196/37663. Targeted Action and Financing the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia 43