Sources and methodology This section highlights two important features of the 41 indicators included in the barometer: their sources and the methodology used to construct global trend lines (if a transformation was applied), organized by pillar. Trade and capital Developing countries share of foreign direct investment (FDI) Source: UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Methodological notes: FDI is defined as inward stock. Calculation uses the categorization of developing and developed countries as defined by the UN Statistics Division. Developing countries share of manufacturing exports Source: World Bank Methodological notes: Calculation uses categorization of developing and developed countries as defined by the UN Statistics Division. FDI stock (as a percentage of GDP – gross domestic product) Source: UNCTAD Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) (as a percentage of GDP) Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF) Methodological notes: End-December holdings used for 2012; end-June holdings used for 2013– 24 (due to data availability). Goods trade (as a percentage of GDP) Source: World Bank Labour migration (as a percentage of the population) Source: International Labour Organization (ILO) Methodological notes: For countries where 2024 data were unavailable, international migrant data were extrapolated using a 5-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR). Official development assistance (ODA) (as a percentage of national income) Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Methodological notes: According to OECD, prior to 2018, the ODA flows basis methodology covered loans expressed on a “cash basis”, meaning their full face value was included; then repayments were subtracted as they came in. From 2018, the ODA grant-equivalent methodology is used, whereby only the “grant portion” of the loan – that is, the amount “given” by lending below market rates – counts as ODA. Remittances (as a percentage of GDP) Source: World Bank Services trade (as a percentage of GDP) Source: UNCTAD Trade concentration Source: UN Comtrade Methodological notes: Concentration is defined in this instance as the total value of concentrated imports as a share of total imports. First, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is computed for imports across all products for all countries. Then each country’s imported product is categorized as “high concentration” (HHI greater than 3,000) or “low concentration” (HHI less than 3,000). Finally, the total value of trade for both concentration categories is aggregated over time to calculate the value share of high- and low-concentration products globally. The 2024 figure was extrapolated by applying the rate of change found from the partially reported 2024 data to the corresponding 2023 data and applying that to the balance of the 2023 data. Innovation and technology Average price of a lithium-ion battery Source: BloombergNEF Methodological notes: Two published series were used to construct the decade trend line: one presenting data from 2010–18 and one presenting data from 2013–24. Data from the former series were used for years 2012–18, and 2019–24 data were extrapolated using the year-on-year growth rates from the latter chart. Cross-border data flows (as a percentage of total internet traffic) Source: International Telecommunication Union (international bandwidth usage); Cisco (IP traffic), TeleGeography Methodological notes: The 2023-2024 figure was extrapolated using the growth rate from the TeleGeography report. Cross-border patent applications (as a percentage of total patent applications) Source: European Patent Office, PATSTAT Cross-border R&D (as a percentage of GDP) Source: OECD Methodological notes: GERD (gross domestic expenditure on R&D) financed by the rest Appendix The Global Cooperation Barometer 2026 28