Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

31 CFR 501.601: OFAC recordkeeping (10 years)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml

Treasury / OFAC. same. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: eCFR :: 31 CFR 501.601 -- Records and recordkeeping requirements. Site Feedback You are using an unsupported browser × You are using an unsupported browser. This web site is designed for the current versions of Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. × Site Feedback The Office of the Federal Register publishes documents on behalf of Federal agencies but does not have any authority over their programs. We recommend you directly contact the agency associated with the content in question. If you have comments or suggestions on how to improve the www.ecfr.gov we…

31 CFR 501.603: Blocked-property reports

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml

OFAC. same. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: eCFR :: 31 CFR 501.603 -- Reports of blocked, unblocked, or transferred blocked property. Site Feedback You are using an unsupported browser × You are using an unsupported browser. This web site is designed for the current versions of Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. × Site Feedback The Office of the Federal Register publishes documents on behalf of Federal agencies but does not have any authority over their programs. We recommend you directly contact the agency associated with the content in question.…

31 CFR 501.603: Blocked-property reports

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml

OFAC. same. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: eCFR :: 31 CFR 501.603 -- Reports of blocked, unblocked, or transferred blocked property. Site Feedback You are using an unsupported browser × You are using an unsupported browser. This web site is designed for the current versions of Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. × Site Feedback The Office of the Federal Register publishes documents on behalf of Federal agencies but does not have any authority over their programs. We recommend you directly contact the agency associated with the content in question. If you have comments or suggestions on how to imp…

31 CFR 501.604: Rejected-transaction reports

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml

OFAC. same. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: eCFR :: 31 CFR 501.604 -- Reports of rejected transactions. Site Feedback You are using an unsupported browser × You are using an unsupported browser. This web site is designed for the current versions of Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. × Site Feedback The Office of the Federal Register publishes documents on behalf of Federal agencies but does not have any authority over their programs. We recommend you directly contact the agency associated with the content in question. If you have commen…

31 CFR 501.604: Rejected-transaction reports

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml

OFAC. same. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: eCFR :: 31 CFR 501.604 -- Reports of rejected transactions. Site Feedback You are using an unsupported browser × You are using an unsupported browser. This web site is designed for the current versions of Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. × Site Feedback The Office of the Federal Register publishes documents on behalf of Federal agencies but does not have any authority over their programs. We recommend you directly contact the agency associated with the content in question. If you have comments or suggestions on how to improve the www.ecfr.gov website…

31 CFR Part 1022: Rules for Money Services Businesses (AML program 1022.210, SAR 1022.320, registration 1022.380)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml · snapshot 2026-10-07

Treasury / FinCEN (eCFR). current to 2026-10-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: eCFR :: 31 CFR Part 1022 -- Rules for Money Services Businesses Site Feedback You are using an unsupported browser × You are using an unsupported browser. This web site is designed for the current versions of Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. × Site Feedback The Office of the Federal Register publishes documents on behalf of Federal agencies but does not have any authority over their programs. We recommend you directly contact the agency associated with the content in question. If you have co…

31 CFR Part 1022: Rules for Money Services Businesses (AML program 1022.210, SAR 1022.320, registration 1022.380)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml · snapshot 2026-10-07

Treasury / FinCEN (eCFR). current to 2026-10-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: eCFR :: 31 CFR Part 1022 -- Rules for Money Services Businesses Site Feedback You are using an unsupported browser × You are using an unsupported browser. This web site is designed for the current versions of Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Safari. × Site Feedback The Office of the Federal Register publishes documents on behalf of Federal agencies but does not have any authority over their programs. We recommend you directly contact the agency associated with the content in question. If you have comments or suggestions on how to improve the www.ecfr.gov webs…

18 U.S.C. 1960: Prohibition of unlicensed money transmitting businesses

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml

GPO / GovInfo. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: U.S.C. Title 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 18 U.S.C. United States Code, 2023 Edition Title 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE PART I - CRIMES CHAPTER 95 - RACKETEERING Sec. 1960 - Prohibition of unlicensed money transmitting businesses From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov §1960. Prohibition of unlicensed money transmitting businesses (a) Whoever knowingly conducts, controls, manages, supervises, directs, or owns all or part of an unlicensed money transmitting business, shall be fined in accordance with this title or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both. (…

31 U.S.C. 5324: Structuring

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml

GPO / GovInfo. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: U.S.C. Title 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE 31 U.S.C. United States Code, 2023 Edition Title 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE SUBTITLE IV - MONEY CHAPTER 53 - MONETARY TRANSACTIONS SUBCHAPTER II - RECORDS AND REPORTS ON MONETARY INSTRUMENTS TRANSACTIONS Sec. 5324 - Structuring transactions to evade reporting requirement prohibited From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov §5324. Structuring transactions to evade reporting requirement prohibited (a) Domestic Coin and Currency Transactions Involving Financial Institutions.—No person shall, for the purpose of evading the reporting requiremen…

31 U.S.C. 5330: Registration of money transmitting businesses

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Kyc Aml

GPO / GovInfo. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: U.S.C. Title 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE 31 U.S.C. United States Code, 2023 Edition Title 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE SUBTITLE IV - MONEY CHAPTER 53 - MONETARY TRANSACTIONS SUBCHAPTER II - RECORDS AND REPORTS ON MONETARY INSTRUMENTS TRANSACTIONS Sec. 5330 - Registration of money transmitting businesses From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov §5330. Registration of money transmitting businesses (a) Registration With Secretary of the Treasury Required.— (1) In general.—Any person who owns or controls a money transmitting business shall register the business (whether or not the bu…

IETF IPR disclosure 858: "The United States of America as represented by the National Security Agency's general license statement" (US 6,829,355, the SHA-2 patent, made available royalty-free). Text extract of the disclosure; page navigation removed

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2007-06-20

National Security Agency (via IETF Datatracker). submitted 2007-06-20. Citation only: the text is not republished here (rights not cleared for republication (host datatracker.ietf.org)). Original: https://datatracker.ietf.org/ipr/858/

In re Core Scientific, Inc., No. 2026-140, order denying mandamus (Malikie Innovations and Key Patent Innovations v. Core Scientific, E.D. Tex. No. 2:25-cv-00519-JRG-RSP; Bitcoin-mining patent case stays in the Eastern District of Texas)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2026-06-29

US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Prost, Mayer, Cunningham; order by Cunningham). 2026-06-29. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Case: 26-140 Document: 22 Page: 1 Filed: 06/29/2026 NOTE: This order is nonprecedential. United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ In Re CORE SCIENTIFIC, INC., Petitioner ______________________ 2026-140 ______________________ On Petition for Writ of Mandamus to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas in No. 2:25- cv-00519-JRG-RSP, Judge J. Rodney Gilstrap. ______…

BearBox LLC and Austin Storms v. Lancium LLC et al., C.A. No. 21-534-MN-CJB, report and recommendation on the motion for judgment on the pleadings (inventorship dispute over US 10,608,433)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2022-01-18

US District Court for the District of Delaware (Magistrate Judge Christopher J. Burke). 2022-01-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE BEAR BOX LLC and AUSTIN STORMS, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 21-534-MN-CJB ) LANCIUM LLC, MICHAEL T. ) MCNAMARA and RAYMOND E. ) CLINE, JR., ) ) Defendants. ) REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION Pending before the C…

sources/patents — index

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2026-10-09

Full copies of public-domain documents used by notes/2026-10-09-patents.md : US patents and published US applications (US government works, not subject to copyright), US federal court documents, and one US Government licensing statement. Everything else the note relies on (news articles, company pages, analyst blogs) is summarised there with a link only.

US10123463B2 — Liquid submerged, horizontal computer server rack and systems and method of cooling such a server rack (Part 1 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2009-08-10

Christiaan Scott Best, Mark Garnett; orig. GREEN REVOLUTION COOLING Inc. filed 2009-08-10; granted 2018-11-06. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010123463B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 10 ,123,463 B2 Best et al. (45) Date of Patent: Nov. 6 , 2018 (54 ) LIQUID SUBMERGED , HORIZONTAL 2) U . S . CI. COMPUTER SERVER RACK AND SYSTEMS CPC ......... HO5K 7 /20772 (2013 .01 ); F28D 15 /00 AND METHOD OF COOLING SUCH A ( 2013 .01 ); G06F 1/20 (2013.01); SERVER RACK…

US10123463B2 — Liquid submerged, horizontal computer server rack and systems and method of cooling such a server rack (Part 2 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2009-08-10

Christiaan Scott Best, Mark Garnett; orig. GREEN REVOLUTION COOLING Inc. filed 2009-08-10; granted 2018-11-06. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: the at least one pump is operated to move the at least one tank ; and dielectric liquid coolant vertically across the heat pro a multi-circuit fluid cooling apparatus, ducing components on the vertically oriented mother wherein , when the vertically oriented rack -mountable boards, a circuit is formed in which a first portion of 10 dielectric liquid coolant is moved vertically upward servers are mountably received in at least one row in across the heat producing components on the vertically the at l…

US10255600B2 — Cryptocurrency offline vault storage system (Part 1 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2014-06-16

James G. Ronca, Joseph B. Castinado, Heather Dolan, Thomas E. Durbin; orig. Bank of America Corp. filed 2014-06-16; granted 2019-04-09. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010255600B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 10 ,255 ,600 B2 Ronca et al. (45) Date of Patent: Apr . 9 , 2019 (54) CRYPTOCURRENCY OFFLINE VAULT (2013 .01); H04L 41/0816 (2013.01); H04L STORAGE SYSTEM 63 /0428 (2013 .01 ); H04L 67/ 12 (2013.01) ;…

US10255600B2 — Cryptocurrency offline vault storage system (Part 2 of 2)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2014-06-16

James G. Ronca, Joseph B. Castinado, Heather Dolan, Thomas E. Durbin; orig. Bank of America Corp. filed 2014-06-16; granted 2019-04-09. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: the customer to factor score for the age of the third party public key may engage in higher risk transactions with a larger risk score . increase as the age increases and decrease as the age If it is determined that the transaction is approved , enter decreases . For example , a new third party public key may 40 prise cryptocurrency server 130 may communicate to the indicate a risk of fraudulent activity because a third party customer and the third party that the transaction is approved . may have created it only to engage a fraudulent transaction . To…

US10275772B2 — Cryptocurrency risk detection system (Part 1 of 3)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2014-06-16

James G. Ronca, Joseph B. Castinado, Heather Dolan, Thomas E. Durbin et al.; orig. Bank of America Corp. filed 2014-06-16; granted 2019-04-30. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: US010275772B2 (12) United States Patent ( 10) Patent No.: US 10 ,275 ,772 B2 Ronca et al. (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 30 , 2019 (54 ) CRYPTOCURRENCY RISK DETECTION (56 ) References Cited SYSTEM U .S . PATENT DOCUMENTS (71 ) Applicant: Bank of America Corporation ,…

US10275772B2 — Cryptocurrency risk detection system (Part 2 of 3)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Patents · snapshot 2014-06-16

James G. Ronca, Joseph B. Castinado, Heather Dolan, Thomas E. Durbin et al.; orig. Bank of America Corp. filed 2014-06-16; granted 2019-04-30. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: chain cryptoidentifier and the stored cryptoidentifier asso which may include both fiat and cryptocurrency transac - ciated with one of the plurality of user profiles match , then tions . According to some embodiments , such transactions alert engine 230 may determine whether one of the plurality may be stored in transactions 208 . In some embodiments , 60 of user profiles is associated with the user or the third party not every possible user or third party has a stored user based on the retrieved block information and stored cryp profile .…