Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

US state Bitcoin law — Nebraska through Wyoming, plus DC (summary)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Legislation · snapshot 2026-10-09

- Scope: 24 states (Nebraska → Wyoming, alphabetical N–Z) and the District of Columbia - Date checked: 2026-10-09 - Per-state notes: legislation/us-state-<code .md (links below). Each cites its sources; government documents and court records are saved in sources/states/<code / with an INDEX.md . - Method: official legislature, statute and regulator sites first (bill pages, enrolled texts, regulator guidance), then NCSL's 2024–2026 crypto-legislation trackers and the Conference of State Bank…

Banking for Bitcoin businesses: who serves crypto firms, and on what terms

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Market · snapshot 2026-10-09

Researched 2026-10-09. This is research, not legal or financial advice, and not a recommendation of any bank. It records what public sources said on the dates given; terms change, and any bank decides each account case by case. Saved government and court documents are in sources/banking/ (see sources/banking/INDEX.md ). Company pages and news are summarized here with links, not saved. Anything unverified is marked "(unverified)", and contested claims are labelled as contested.

Link map: what the researched sites link to, and who mentions them

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Market · snapshot 2026-10-09

Checked 2026-10-09 . Research notes, not advice. The data is in data/2026-10-09-link-map.csv (2,985 rows; columns domain, direction, other domain, url, date ). direction is outbound when domain 's own page links to other domain , and mentioned by when a page on other domain names domain . Every row's url is the evidence for that row.

Bitcoin payment processors for businesses

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Market · snapshot 2026-10-09

How a business can take bitcoin as payment in October 2026, who runs each service, what it costs, who has to show ID, and what licences each one says it holds. Everything here was checked on 2026-10-09 unless a different date is given. Fees and terms change; each figure is tied to the page it came from.

Walk-in Bitcoin shops, teller windows and retail-counter sales (US), 2026-10-09

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Market · snapshot 2026-10-09

Research, not legal or financial advice. This file describes businesses and court cases from public sources. It is not an endorsement of any business, and it does not say that any business named here is or is not licensed unless a cited regulator says so.

Bitcoin wallets compared: Ballet, Ledger, Trezor, Coinbase and Kraken

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Market · snapshot 2026-10-09

This note covers who holds the keys in each case, what has gone wrong at each company, what each one costs, what insurance there is (usually none), and how each is regulated in the US. Everything was checked on 2026-10-09 unless another date is given. Prices and terms change, so each figure is tied to the page it came from. Saved government and court documents are in ../sources/wallets/ .

Market

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Market · snapshot 2026-10-09

One file per topic or report, named YYYY-MM-DD-topic.md . Every figure has a date and a source.

Books on Bitcoin's history, origins and people

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Notes · snapshot 2026-10-09

Compiled 2026-10-09. Every source below was read on 2026-10-09 unless it is marked "not read". Study notes, not investment advice. All summaries are written in my own words; nothing is copied from the books or the reviews.

Bitcoin hacks, thefts and losses: what caused them and what would have stopped them

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Notes · snapshot 2026-10-09

Study note, 2026-10-09. This is defensive research only. It covers causes, outcomes and defences, with no exploit code, attack procedures or tooling. Amounts are given at the value reported at the time unless stated. Anything not confirmed against a source fetched for this note is marked (unverified) . Contested or fringe claims are kept and labelled.

Bitcoin's origins, 2007–2011: a dated timeline

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Notes · snapshot 2026-10-09

From the ideas Bitcoin drew on, through the bitcoin.org registration, the whitepaper, the genesis block, the first transaction and the first prices, to Satoshi Nakamoto's last known messages in April 2011. Early contributors Hal Finney, Martti Malmi, Gavin Andresen and Mike Hearn have their own section (§ 7). Compiled 2026-10-09 . These are research notes, not investment advice.

Patents touching Bitcoin and blockchain

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Notes · snapshot 2026-10-09

Researched 2026-10-09. The note covers Bitcoin's building-block patents, the patent suits over Bitcoin technology, the large corporate portfolios (nChain/Craig Wright, Coinbase, Ledger, Bank of America, IBM and now Circle, Visa, Mastercard, Square/Block), and how the industry defends itself (COPA and other pledges).

How Bitcoin works: the technology

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Notes · snapshot 2026-10-09

Date: 2026-10-09. Type: study notes, research not advice. Nothing here suggests buying, selling or holding anything. No keys, seed phrases or wallet data appear here; the BIP 39 word list saved under sources/bips/ is the public dictionary only.

Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Notes · snapshot 2026-10-09

Every candidate who has been seriously or publicly proposed, with who proposed each one and when, the evidence for and against, and where each claim stands as of 2026-10-09 . Contested and fringe claims are included too, each labelled with who makes it. These are research notes, not investment advice.

Notes

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Notes · snapshot 2026-10-09

One file per topic, named YYYY-MM-DD-topic.md .

Sources

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Sources · snapshot 2026-10-09

Each saved source records its title, author, URL and the date it was read.

FIL-32-2005 Interpretive Guidance on Providing Banking Services to Money Services Businesses (cover letter and guidance text)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2005-04-26

FDIC, Fed, OCC, OTS, NCUA, FinCEN. 2005-04-26. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Anti-Money Laundering Guidance Interpretive Guidance on Providing Banking Services to Money Services Businesses Operating in the United States | FDIC.gov Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensit…

FIL-32-2005 Interpretive Guidance on Providing Banking Services to Money Services Businesses (cover letter and guidance text)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2005-04-26

FDIC, Fed, OCC, OTS, NCUA, FinCEN. 2005-04-26. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FIL-32-2005 Attachment | FDIC.gov Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Cambiar a español Search FDIC.gov…

Interpretive Letter 1179: crypto activities need written supervisory non-objection; OCC can charter national trust banks

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2021-11-18

OCC. 2021-11-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Interpretive Letter #1179 November 2021 Chief Counsel’s Interpretation Clarifying: (1) Authority of a Bank to Engage in Certain Cryptocurrency Activities; and (2) Authority of the OCC to Charter a National Trust Bank November 18, 2021 I. Introduction The Chief Counsel issued three interpretive letters in 2020 and early 2021 addressing whether it is permissible for national banks and Federal savin…