Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

S.C. Code Title 35, Chapter 11 — South Carolina Uniform Money Services Act (current)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Sc

South Carolina Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Code of Laws - Title 35 - Chapter 11- - SECURITIES Home Senate House Committee Postings and Reports Legislative Council Citizens' Interest Publications Staff Portal Chamber Video Senate (Audio Only) House (Audio Only) Video ScheduleVideo Archives How do I... Quick Search Search for: Full Site Search Bill Number Legislation Budget Code of Laws Code of Regulations Constitution House Journals Senate Journals LSA Bill Summary Find Your Legislators Contact Your Legislator Legislation Track Legislation Multi-Criteria Search Research South C…

Sources: South Dakota (SD)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Sd · snapshot 2026-10-09

Full copies of government documents (statutes, enrolled bills, regulator guidance, regulator press releases) and court records about Bitcoin and virtual-currency law in South Dakota, saved for legislation/us-state-sd.md . All files were retrieved on 2026-10-09 by the N–Z state-law research pass. No copyrighted news articles are stored here — those are summarized with links in the legislation note.

SB 98 (2026) — An Act to prevent virtual currency kiosk fraud, enrolled

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Sd · snapshot 2026

South Dakota Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: 26.357.22 101st Legislative Session 98 2026 South Dakota Legislature Senate Bill 98 ENROLLED AN ACT ENTITLED An Act to prevent virtual currency kiosk fraud. BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA: Section 1. That a NEW SECTION be added to a NEW CHAPTER in title 51A: Terms used in this chapter mean: (1) "Charges,"…

Memorandum 11-002 — Virtual Currency Transmission in South Dakota

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Sd

South Dakota Division of Banking (Director Bret Afdahl). Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: DIVISION OF BANKING 1601 N. Harrison Avenue, Suite 1, Pierre, SD 57501 MEMORANDUM 605-773-3421 NUMBER: 11-002 DATE: May 25, 2019 TO: SOUTH DAKOTA MONEY TRANSMITTERS FROM: BRET AFDAHL, Director RE: VIRTUAL CURRENCY TRANSMISSION IN SOUTH DAKOTA SDCL 51A-17-4 provides the following: “No person, except a person who is exempt pursuant to the provisions of § 51A-17-3, may engage in the business of money transmission in this state without obtaining a license as provided in this chapter and undergoing a crim…

SDCL chapter 51A-17 — Money Transmission (index, current)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Sd

South Dakota Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: SDLRC - Codified Law 51A-17 - MONEY TRANSMISSION CHAPTER 51A-17 MONEY TRANSMISSION 51A-17-1 Repealed. 51A-17-2 Repealed. 51A-17-2.1 Repealed. 51A-17-2.2 Repealed. 51A-17-2.3 Repealed. 51A-17-2.4 Repealed. 51A-17-2.5 Repealed. 51A-17-2.6 Repealed. 51A-17-2.7 Repealed. 51A-17-2.8 Repealed. 51A-17-3 Repealed. 51A-17-4 Repealed. 51A-17-5 Repealed. 51A-17-6 Repealed. 51A-17-7 Repealed. 51A-17-8 Repealed. 51A-17-9 Repealed. 51A-17-10 Repealed. 51A-17-10.1 Repealed. 51A-17-10.2 Repealed. 51A-17-10.3 Repealed. 51A-17-11 Repealed. 51A-…

Sources: Tennessee (TN)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tn · snapshot 2026-10-09

Full copies of government documents (statutes, enrolled bills, regulator guidance, regulator press releases) and court records about Bitcoin and virtual-currency law in Tennessee, saved for legislation/us-state-tn.md . All files were retrieved on 2026-10-09 by the N–Z state-law research pass. No copyrighted news articles are stored here — those are summarized with links in the legislation note.

Memo: Money Transmission Modernization Act (Public Chapter 115 of 2023), effective 2024-01-01

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tn · snapshot 2023-10

Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: To: Money Transmitter Companies From: Nicole Chamblee Date: October 6, 2023 Subject: Money Transmission Modernization Act Public Chapter 115 of the Acts of 2023 (the Tennessee Money Transmission Modernization Act or MTMA) replaces all of Title 45, Chapter 7 of the Tennessee Code relative to money transmitters regulated by the Department of Financial Institutions. The purpose of this memo is to provide current Tennessee money transmitter licensees and prospective money transmitter applicants with high level information, a link to the MTMA and notice of its eff…

Press release: TDFI aims to arm citizens with information about virtual currency

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tn

Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT: RYAN HUGHES AUGUST 8, 2014 615.741.1805 (OFFICE) TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AIMS TO ARM CITIZENS WITH INFORMATION ABOUT VIRTUAL CURRENCY NASHVILLE, TN- Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions (TDFI) Commissioner Greg Gonzales announced today that the department is offering guidance to Tennesseans for their consideration should they decide to engage in transactions or investments involving virtual currency[1]. “An incr…

Sources: Texas (TX)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tx · snapshot 2026-10-09

Full copies of government documents (statutes, enrolled bills, regulator guidance, regulator press releases) and court records about Bitcoin and virtual-currency law in Texas, saved for legislation/us-state-tx.md . All files were retrieved on 2026-10-09 by the N–Z state-law research pass. No copyrighted news articles are stored here — those are summarized with links in the legislation note.

HB 4474 (87R) — UCC amendments on virtual currency, enrolled

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tx · snapshot 2021

Texas Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: H.B.ANo.A4474 1 AN ACT 2 relating to the control of virtual currency and the rights of 3 purchasers who obtain control of virtual currency for purposes of 4 the Uniform Commercial Code. 5 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS: 6 SECTIONA1.AASection 9.102(b), Business & Commerce Code, is 7 amended to read as follows: 8 A(b)AAThe following definitions in other chapters apply to 9 this chapter: 10 "Applicant" Section…

HB 1666 (88R) — digital asset service providers, Fin. Code ch. 160, enrolled

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tx · snapshot 2023

Texas Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: H.B.ANo.A1666 1 AN ACT 2 relating to the commingling of funds by digital asset service 3 providers; providing an administrative penalty. 4 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS: 5 SECTIONA1.AASubtitle E, Title 3, Finance Code, is amended by 6 adding Chapter 160 to read as follows: 7 CHAPTER 160. DIGITAL ASSET SERVICE PROVIDERS 8 Sec.A160.001.AADEFINITIONS. In this chapter: 9 (1)AA"Commission" m…

SB 1929 (88R) — registration of virtual currency mining large flexible loads in ERCOT, enrolled

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tx · snapshot 2023

Texas Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: S.B.ANo.A1929 1 AN ACT 2 relating to the registration of virtual currency mining facilities 3 in the ERCOT power region that demand a large load of interruptible 4 power. 5 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS: 6 SECTIONA1.AASubchapter H, Chapter 39, Utilities Code, is 7 amended by adding Section 39.360 to read as follows: 8 Sec.A39.360.AALARGE FLEXIBLE LOAD REGISTRATION. (a) In this 9 section: 10 (1)AA"Virtual currency" has…

HB 4488 (89R) — funds and accounts (protects the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve), enrolled

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tx · snapshot 2025

Texas Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: H.B.ANo.A4488 1 AN ACT 2 relating to the creation and re-creation of funds and accounts, the 3 dedication and rededication of revenue and allocation of accrued 4 interest on dedicated revenue, and the exemption of unappropriated 5 money from use for general governmental purposes. 6 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS: 7 SECTIONA1.AADEFINITION. In any provision of this Act that 8 does not amend current law, "state agency" means an office, 9 institution,…

SB 21 (89R) — Texas Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, enrolled

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tx · snapshot 2025

Texas Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: S.B.ANo.A21 1 AN ACT 2 relating to the establishment and administration of the Texas 3 Strategic Bitcoin Reserve for the purpose of investing in 4 cryptocurrency and the investment authority of the comptroller of 5 public accounts over the reserve and certain other state funds. 6 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS: 7 SECTIONA1.AAThis Act may be cited as the Texas Strategic 8 Bitcoin Reserve and Investment Act. 9…

Supervisory Memorandum 1037 — Regulatory Treatment of Virtual Currencies Under the Texas Money Services Act (rev., superseded)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tx · snapshot 2019-04-01

Texas Department of Banking. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF BANKING  Dedicated to Excellence in Texas Banking SUPERVISORY MEMORANDUM – 1037 April 1, 2019 (rev.) TO: All Virtual Currency Companies Operating or Desiring to Operate in Texas FROM: Charles G. Cooper, Banking Commissioner SUBJECT: Regulatory Treatment of Virtual Currencies Under the Texas Money Services Act 1 PURPOSE Virtual currencies have proliferated in recent years and, particularly with the advent of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, have raised novel questions i…

Supervisory Memorandum 1037 — Regulatory Treatment of Virtual Currencies Under the Money Services Modernization Act (rev.)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Tx · snapshot 2025-01-28

Texas Department of Banking (Commissioner Charles G. Cooper). Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF BANKING Dedicated to Excellence in Texas Banking SUPERVISORY MEMORANDUM – 1037 January 28, 2025 (rev.) TO: All Virtual Currency Companies Operating or Desiring to Operate in Texas FROM: Charles G. Cooper, Banking Commissioner SUBJECT: Regulatory Treatment of Virtual Currencies Under the Money Services Modernization Act1 PURPOSE This supervisory memorandum outlines the policy of the Texas Department of Banking (Department) with regard to virtual currencies. This poli…

Sources: Utah (UT)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Ut · snapshot 2026-10-09

Full copies of government documents (statutes, enrolled bills, regulator guidance, regulator press releases) and court records about Bitcoin and virtual-currency law in Utah, saved for legislation/us-state-ut.md . All files were retrieved on 2026-10-09 by the N–Z state-law research pass. No copyrighted news articles are stored here — those are summarized with links in the legislation note.

HB 230 (2025) — Blockchain and Digital Innovation Amendments, enrolled

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Ut · snapshot 2025

Utah Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Enrolled Copy H.B. 230 1 Blockchain and Digital Innovation Amendments 2025 GENERAL SESSION STATE OF UTAH Chief Sponsor: Jordan D. Teuscher Senate Sponsor: Kirk A. Cullimore Cosponsor: Ken Ivory David Shallenberger Kay J. Christofferson T…

HB 72 (2026) — Criminal Use of Cryptocurrency Amendments (Virtual Currency Kiosk Regulation, Utah Code 13-82), enrolled

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Ut · snapshot 2026

Utah Legislature. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Enrolled Copy H.B. 72 1 Criminal Use of Cryptocurrency Amendments 2026 GENERAL SESSION STATE OF UTAH Chief Sponsor: Ryan D. Wilcox Senate Sponsor: Brady Brammer 2 3 LONG TITLE 4 General Description: 5 This bill creates cryptocurrency training requirements for law enforcement and consumer 6 pro…

"Virtual Currency Kiosks" implementation page

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · States / Ut

Utah Department of Commerce, Division of Consumer Protection. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Virtual Currency Kiosks - commerce.utah.gov Skip to content Utah Virtual Currency Kiosk Regulation The Utah Legislature passed HB 72 during the 2026 legislative session. This requires each virtual currency kiosk operator to submit an annual report listing all virtual currency kiosk locations operated by the operator in this state. Implementation Status HB 72 will be enacted on May 6, 2026. After May 6, 2026, the Division will begin drafting administrative rules associated with HB 72. Once the administrative rules drafting process is complete, the Division will publish instructions and…