Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

Interpretive Letter 1192: national trust bank (Fidelity Digital Assets, N.A.) need not hold state money-transmitter licenses

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-05-12

OCC. 2026-05-12. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Washington, DC 20019 ,QWHUSUHWLYH/HWWHU  May 12, 2026 -XQH H. Rodgin Cohen Sullivan & Cromwell LLP 125 Broad Street New York, New York 10004-2498 Subject: Applicability of State Money Transmitter Licensing Requirements Dear Mr. Cohen: Your letter dated March 11, 2026 requests that the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) confirm that the National Bank Act preempts state law that would require Fidelity…

Proposed Payment Account Standard Terms

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-05-20

Fed Board. 2026-05-20. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Proposed Payment Account Standard Terms Implementing Topic Term Document Available Only those services for which the Reserve PSR Policy Services Banks can automatically reject transactions that would cause an overdraft would be permitted to settle in a Payment Account (i.e., currently, the…

Proposed Revisions to the Federal Reserve Policy on Payment System Risk and the Guidelines for Account and Services Requests (payment account), 91 FR 30627, FR Doc 2026-10375 (Part 1 of 3)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-05-26

Fed Board. 2026-05-26. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Federal Register / Vol. 91, No. 100 / Tuesday, May 26, 2026 / Notices 30627 Served: May 20, 2026. 1. United Community Banks, Inc., • Hand Delivery/Courier: Same as Jennifer Everling, Greenville, South Carolina; to acquire mailing address. Assistant Secretary. Peach…

Proposed Revisions to the Federal Reserve Policy on Payment System Risk and the Guidelines for Account and Services Requests (payment account), 91 FR 30627, FR Doc 2026-10375 (Part 2 of 3)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-05-26

Fed Board. 2026-05-26. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: and settling payments, which is its holders to act as either OC1 regarding the Payment Account holder’s intended purpose. Correspondents or OC 1 Respondents as BSA/AML or OFAC compliance Payment Account holders would be those terms are defined in OC1. programs.56 responsible for managing their ac…

Proposed Revisions to the Federal Reserve Policy on Payment System Risk and the Guidelines for Account and Services Requests (payment account), 91 FR 30627, FR Doc 2026-10375 (Part 3 of 3)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-05-26

Fed Board. 2026-05-26. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: which are controlling. 13 Reserve Banks may reference the OFAC section institutions) could affect deposit 12 Reserve Banks may reference the FFIEC BSA/ of the FFIEC BSA/AML Manual. These guidelines balances across U.S. financial AML Manual. These Guidelines may be updated to may be updated to reflect any changes to relevant institutions more broadly and whethe…

Corporate Decision 1377: Laser Digital National Trust Bank (Nomura)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-05-29

OCC. 2026-05-29. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1377 May 2026 May 29, 2026 Purvi Maniar Chief Legal Officer Laser Digital Americas 450 Lexington Avenue New York, NY 10017 Re: De Novo Charter Application and Request for Citizenship Waivers (Application) Laser Digital National Trust Bank (LDNTB), New York, New York (Proposed) Charter No.: 25414 OCC Control Number: 2026-Charter-344710 OCC Control Number: 2026-Waive…

Corporate Decision 1378: Morgan Stanley Digital Trust, N.A.

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-06-18

OCC. 2026-06-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1378 June 2026 June 18, 2026 Priya Bindra Managing Director Morgan Stanley 1633 Broadway, 30th Floor New York, New York 10019 Re: De Novo Charter Application and Request for Residency Waivers (Application) Morgan Stanley Digital Trust, Purchase, New York (Proposed) OCC Control Nos. 2026-Charter-344925, 2026-Waiver-345072 Proposed Charter No. 25415 Dear Managing…

Corporate Decision 1380: Connectia Trust, N.A. (Sony Bank)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-07-02

OCC. 2026-07-02. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1380 July 2026 July 2, 2026 David E. Teitelbaum, Esq. Partner Sidley Austin LLP 1501 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 Re: Connectia Trust, National Association, New York, New York (Proposed), and Request to Waive Citizenship and Residency Requirements (collectively, Application) OCC Control Number: 2025-Charter-343503 OCC Control Number: 2025-Waiver-344882…

Corporate Decision 1381: Wise National Trust — denied (AML/CFT)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-07-21

OCC. 2026-07-21. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1381 July 2026 July 21, 2026 Satyan Melwani Wise US Inc. c/o Wise plc Worship Square, Level 1 65 Clifton Street London EC2A 4JE United Kingdom Re: Application to Charter a Subsidiary National Trust Bank Wise National Trust, Austin, Texas (proposed) OCC Control Number 2025-Charter-342106 Dear Mr. Melwani: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) has…

Corporate Decision 1385: World Liberty Trust Company, N.A.

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-08-14

OCC. 2026-08-14. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1385 August 2026 August 14, 2026 Brandi Reynolds SC Financial Technologies, LLC 4400 Biscayne Blvd, Suite 900 Miami, FL 33137 Re: Application to Charter World Liberty Trust Company, National Association, Bay Harbor Islands, Florida (Proposed), OCC Control No. 2026-Charter-344521, Proposed Charter No. 25407 Dear Ms. Reynolds: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) has revie…

De Novo Bank Charters fact sheet (data as of 2026-08-05)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-08-11

OCC. 2026-08-11. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: De Novo Bank Charters A de novo bank is a newly chartered bank De Novo Year Approvals Charter Volume 1990 69 55 Number of Applications…

Corporate Decision 1389: OpenReserve Bank, N.A. (full-service, tokenized deposits)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-09-02

OCC. 2026-09-02. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1389 September 2026 September 2, 2026 Via encrypted email Mark Chorazak Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP One Manhattan West New York, NY 10001 Re: Application to Charter OpenReserve Bank, National Association, Salt Lake City, Utah (Proposed) and Request to Waive Residency Requirements (collectively,…

Master Account and Services Database: access requests (CSV behind the page; page "Last Update" 2026-09-18)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-09-18

Fed Board. 2026-09-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: "Institution Name","Date Submitted","Federal Deposit Insurance","Action","Action Date","Access Request Tier (Initial)","City","State","Reserve Bank District" "ACCELERON BANK","8/5/2022","Not Federally Insured","Pending","","Tier 3","WHITE RIVER JUNCTION","VT","Boston" "ADELPHI BANK","9/7/2022","FDIC","Approved","2/17/2023","Tier 1","COLUMBUS","OH","Cleveland" "ADVANTAGE INTERNATIONAL BANK, CORP.","1/19/2021","Not Federally Insured","Pending","","Tier 3","SAN JUAN","PR","New York" "AFFIRM BANK","5/18/2026","FDIC","Pending","","Tier 1","HENDERSON","NV","San Francisco" "AFRICAN DIASPORA FEDERAL C…

Master Account and Services Database: existing access (CSV) (Part 1 of 4)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-09-18

Fed Board. 2026-09-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: "Institution Name","Date Access Effective","Federal Deposit Insurance","City","State","Reserve Bank District" "1166 FEDERAL CREDIT UNION","12/12/1994","NCUA","SWEDESBORO","NJ","Philadelphia" "1199 SEIU FEDERAL CREDIT UNION","9/16/1988","NCUA","NEW YORK","NY","New York" "167TH T F R FED CU","7/11/1994","NCUA","MARTINSBURG","WV","Richmond" "1NB BANK","6/19/1995","FDIC","CARLYLE","IL","St. Louis" "1ST ADVANTAGE BANK","1/31/2005","FDIC","SAINT PETERS","MO","St. Louis" "1ST ADVANTAGE FEDERAL CREDIT UNION","7/11/1994","NCUA","NEWPORT NEWS","VA","Richmond" "1ST BANK IN HOMINY","8/22/1994","FDIC","HOM…

Master Account and Services Database: existing access (CSV) (Part 2 of 4)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-09-18

Fed Board. 2026-09-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: FCU","1/17/1996","NCUA","LOS ANGELES","CA","San Francisco" "EQUITABLE BANK","8/22/1994","FDIC","GRAND ISLAND","NE","Kansas City" "EQUITABLE GAS EMP FED CREDIT UNION","1/23/1995","NCUA","PITTSBURGH","PA","Cleveland" "EQUITABLE S&L ASN","8/22/1994","FDIC","STERLING","CO","Kansas City" "EQUITY BANK","8/22/1994","FDIC","ANDOVER","KS","Kansas City" "EREBOR BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION","2/9/2026","FDIC","COLUMBUS","OH","Cleveland" "ERGO BANK","1/14/1986","FDIC","MARKESAN","WI","Chicago" "ERIE COMMUNITY FEDERAL CREDIT UNION","1/23/1995","NCUA","SANDUSKY","OH","Cleveland" "ERIE COUNTY EMPLOYEES C.U.","…

Master Account and Services Database: existing access (CSV) (Part 3 of 4)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-09-18

Fed Board. 2026-09-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: CREDIT UNION","11/13/1986","NCUA","MICHIGAN CITY","IN","Chicago" "MEMBERS CHOICE CREDIT UNION","1/23/1995","NCUA","ASHLAND","KY","Cleveland" "MEMBERS CHOICE CREDIT UNION","5/22/1995","NCUA","HOUSTON","TX","Dallas" "MEMBERS CHOICE CREDIT UNION, INC.","1/23/1995","Not Federally Insured","GREENVILLE","OH","Cleveland" "MEMBERS CHOICE OF CENTRAL TX FCU","5/22/1995","NCUA","WACO","TX","Dallas" "MEMBERS CHOICE WV FCU","6/19/1985","NCUA","CHARLESTON","WV","Richmond" "MEMBERS COMMUNITY CU","11/13/1986","NCUA","MUSCATINE","IA","Chicago" "MEMBERS CONNECT FEDERAL CREDIT UNION","8/5/1988","NCUA","MADISON",…

Master Account and Services Database: existing access (CSV) (Part 4 of 4)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-09-18

Fed Board. 2026-09-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: STATE BANK","1/23/1995","FDIC","FORT JENNINGS","OH","Cleveland" "THE FOUNTAIN TRUST COMPANY","4/24/1995","FDIC","COVINGTON","IN","Chicago" "THE FOUR COUNTY BANK","3/6/1995","FDIC","ALLENTOWN","GA","Atlanta" "THE FREDERICK COMMUNITY BANK","1/14/1986","FDIC","PAXTON","IL","Chicago" "THE FREEDOM BANK OF VIRGINIA","6/28/2001","FDIC","FAIRFAX","VA","Richmond" "THE GENOA BANKING COMPANY","1/23/1995","FDIC","GENOA","OH","Cleveland" "THE GEO. D. WARTHEN BANK","3/6/1995","FDIC","SANDERSVILLE","GA","Atlanta" "THE GERBER STATE BANK","4/24/1995","FDIC","ARGENTA","IL","Chicago" "THE GOLDEN 1 CREDIT UNION",…

Corporate Decision 1391: Bastion Platforms Trust Company converts to national bank

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-09-18

OCC. 2026-09-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1391 September 2026 September 18, 2026 Michael Nonaka Via encrypted email Covington & Burling LLP 850 10th Street NW Washington, DC 20001 Re: Application by Bastion Platforms Trust Company, LLC, New York, New York (Bank or BPTC) to Convert to an Uninsured National Trust Bank. OCC Control N…

Corporate Decision 1392: Catena Trust Bank, N.A. (Catena Labs)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-09-18

OCC. 2026-09-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1392 September 2026 September 18, 2026 Lawrence Kaplan Paul Hastings LLP 2050 M Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 Re: De Novo Charter Application Catena Trust Bank, N.A, New York, New York (Proposed) OCC Control Nos. [2026-Charter-346003] Application for Residency Waivers, [OCC Control No. 2026-Waiver-347456] Proposed Charter No. [27214] Dea…

Corporate Decision 1393: Agora National Trust Bank

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-09-18

OCC. 2026-09-18. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Chartering, Organization and Structure Corporate Decision #1393 September 2026 September 18, 2026 Nicholas van Eck Chief Executive Officer 525 Washing Blvd, Suite 300 Jersey City, NJ 07310 Re: Application to Charter Agora National Trust Bank, New York, New York (Proposed), OCC Control No. 2026-Charter-345708, Proposed Charter No. 27207 Dear Mr. van Eck: The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) has reviewed your application to es…