Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026)

A research archive on Bitcoin compiled in October 2026: US federal and state law (FinCEN's virtual-currency record from 1999, the 2020 unhosted-wallet rule and its 2026 withdrawal, notes on all 50 states and DC), KYC/AML for buying and selling, banking, exchanges, wallets, payment processors, hacks and their causes, patents, the 2007–2011 origins, and the evidence on who Satoshi Nakamoto is. Every note dates and cites its claims and labels anything unverified, contested or fringe. Government, court and patent records are kept here in full; other sources are cited with a link to the original. Filter by case to pick a topic, such as fincen, states or notes. Download it all as a dataset. Research, not advice. These notes explain what happened and why; they are not recommendations to buy or sell. Statuses of bills and rules are as checked on the date each note gives.

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1030 documents

Additional information for banking organizations engaging in crypto-asset-related activities (SR 22-6)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2022-08-16

Federal Reserve Board. 2022-08-16. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board provides additional information for banking organizations engaging or seeking to engage in crypto-asset-related activities Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors o…

Joint statement on crypto-asset risks to banking organizations

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-01-03

Federal Reserve Board. 2023-01-03. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Agencies issue joint statement on crypto-asset risks to banking organizations Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Stay Connected…

Joint statement on liquidity risks from crypto-asset market vulnerabilities

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-02-23

Federal Reserve Board. 2023-02-23. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Agencies issue joint statement on liquidity risks resulting from crypto-asset market vulnerabilities Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System…

Novel activities supervision program; dollar-token nonobjection process (SR 23-7, SR 23-8)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-08-08

Federal Reserve Board. 2023-08-08. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board provides additional information on its program to supervise novel activities in the banks it oversees Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve…

Withdrawal of crypto-asset and dollar-token guidance

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-04-24

Federal Reserve Board. 2025-04-24. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board announces the withdrawal of guidance for banks related to their crypto-asset and dollar token activities and related changes to its expectations for these activities Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.…

Reputational risk no longer a component of examination programs

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-06-23

Federal Reserve Board. 2025-06-23. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board announces that reputational risk will no longer be a component of examination programs in its supervision of banks Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors of the Fe…

Sunset of novel activities supervision program

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-08-15

Federal Reserve Board. 2025-08-15. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board announces it will sunset its novel activities supervision program and return to monitoring banks' novel activities through the normal supervisory process Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Ho…

Withdrawal of 2023 section 9(13) policy statement; new policy statement

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-17

Federal Reserve Board. 2025-12-17. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board withdraws 2023 policy statement and issues new policy statement regarding the treatment of certain Board-supervised banks that facilitates responsible innovation Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Ba…

Request for public input on "payment account"

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-12-19

Federal Reserve Board. 2025-12-19. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board requests public input on “payment account,” which eligible financial institutions could use for the limited purpose of clearing and settling their payments Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to…

Proposal to codify removal of reputation risk

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-02-23

Federal Reserve Board. 2026-02-23. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Following earlier actions to remove reputation risk from its supervision of banks, Federal Reserve Board requests comment on proposal to codify that removal Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of…

Consent order against Silvergate to facilitate voluntary self-liquidation

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-06-01

Federal Reserve Board. 2023-06-01. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board announces consent order against Silvergate Capital Corporation and Silvergate Bank to facilitate the voluntary self-liquidation that Silvergate announced on March 8, 2023 Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.…

Silvergate fined $43 million (AML transaction monitoring)

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2024-07-01

Federal Reserve Board. 2024-07-01. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board fines Silvergate Capital Corporation and Silvergate Bank $43 million for deficiencies in Silvergate’s monitoring of transactions in compliance with anti-money laundering law Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.…

Termination of the Silvergate enforcement action

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2024-07-26

Federal Reserve Board. 2024-07-26. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board announces termination of enforcement action with Silvergate Bank and its holding company, Silvergate Capital Corporation Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors of…

Enforcement action with Customers Bancorp and Customers Bank

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2024-08-08

Federal Reserve Board. 2024-08-08. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board issues enforcement action with Customers Bancorp, Inc. and Customers Bank Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Sta…

Denial of Custodia Bank's application to become a member of the Federal Reserve System

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-01-27

Federal Reserve Board. 2023-01-27. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board announces denial of application by Custodia Bank, Inc. to become a member of the Federal Reserve System Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors of the Federal Reser…

Publication of the Custodia denial order

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2023-03-24

Federal Reserve Board. 2023-03-24. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board publishes its order denying the application by Custodia Bank, Inc., to be supervised by the Federal Reserve Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Back to Home Board of Governors of the Federal R…

Proposed "payment account"; Reserve Banks asked to pause Tier 3 access decisions

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2026-05-20

Federal Reserve Board. 2026-05-20. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt:  Federal Reserve Board - Federal Reserve Board requests public comment on a proposal to establish a "payment account," which legally eligible financial institutions could use for the specific purpose of clearing and settling their payments Skip to main content An official website of the United States GovernmentHere's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock () or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on officia…

NR 2025-68 Agencies Issue Joint Statement on Risk-Management Considerations for Crypto-Asset Safekeeping

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-07-14

OCC, FDIC, Fed. 2025-07-14. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Agencies Issue Joint Statement on Risk-Management Considerations For Crypto-Asset Safekeeping | OCC Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Careers Quick Access Most Requested Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) Contact Us Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Comptroller's Handbook Corporate Applications Search Enforcement Action Search Financial Institution Lists Newsroom Third-Party Relationships: Interagency Guidance on Risk Management More OCC Websites BankNet.gov Find resources for bankers. HelpWithMyBank.gov Get answers to banking questions. Search Mo…

NR 2025-98 Agencies Issue Proposal to Prohibit Use of Reputation Risk by Regulators

Bitcoin Research — Law, Regulation, Markets & Origins (2026) · Banking · snapshot 2025-10-07

OCC, FDIC. 2025-10-07. Full text. Licence: US government or court record / US patent (public domain). Excerpt: Agencies Issue Proposal to Prohibit Use of Reputation Risk by Regulators | OCC Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Careers Quick Access Most Requested Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) Contact Us Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Comptroller's Handbook Corporate Applications Search Enforcement Action Search Financial Institution Lists Newsroom Third-Party Relationships: Interagency Guidance on Risk Management More OCC Websites BankNet.gov Find resources for bankers. HelpWithMyBank.gov Get answers to banking questions. Search More Search Tools Fina…