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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
, I P0 = The Director DATE: /_;_ /[47
FROM I N. P. Callahan
SUBJECT? The Congressional Record
;"*----s-.-_ .....,_.____---Q------uy-n.-| - .
Page E173-15. .'o1|gr:m:nu tald-in, II-'3 Mabnma, comment»!
fnm 9 = '_ V II: 5 é.r.:_%=§_=92:92 sad:-aim-roan» Q ;"Q;u-r-|=n{-i hm-n nap-|92.L.-nipV 92~ I_____ 92 II yl92IIv9292-Illj _ -.-II-lib-4WIlU92 I'll!! IlIlw-l Id a ,0!» it u nation! 6:-:¢aa:~ pint. L-tr. aldel lillvzi Once again,
ty 5 . . ~ s » - 1 mam e the 1.! 8 Empress mart has d< mnnstrate-4 1 irtghhalng kilns!
apat with regard to the éangcra you-.-d la wt totality; security llul free. ilatllllil
by newts 0; the <.'e:n.aw.aut Party."
J
=1 275-5? -1- _-II
-ii-_ .___,_,__,__ _______I: 1'2" ' * " '- -
-1»? JAN 1968; 7
'-*- V WW --i_ 4..__,,_|-
ln the original oi a memorandum captioned and dated as above. 1hE_CO11qIB55i011°1Record for ]_;_/é/:a.'_/7 was revtewed and pertmentlztems were
marked {O ' F it ' . This fa h b n ared n rder that r e 1r rm as ee DIED 1 0portion; of memorandum may be clipped, mounted. nd D1<1¢ed
in appropriate Bureau case or subject matter files-
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UNITED STATES cc 92_ RNMENT _'- "1i° »
. AH» pMemorandum ii?- ~'1~~--er? "
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J. H. Gale
/92" '9292
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PROPOSED DISSEMINATION OF
"CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE DIGEST"
TO THE SUPREME COURT U29, 1967
Trol!er....___-
Te] H m G. DO ii
Holman _._---
Gondy __-i-
f . , _ J-L:' - I 92:9292
92 LThe Legal Research Unit of the r ining Division haslasuggested that the attached copies of the3 E;iminal_Intelligence?
Digest," which were prepared by the Spepial Investigative '
Division, might be of some assistance to ranking judicial
figures charged with sitting in judgment over gambling violations
on the state as well as the Federal levels. The "Digests"
referred to contain an exhaustive, two-part analysis of evasive
tactics and devices employed by bookmakers and policy operators
showing the complexity of gambling investigations and the
numerous obstacles both physical and legal! which law
enforcement officers must overcome before prosecution can be
initiated.
The Legal Research Unit is of the opinion that one of
the greatest defects of the judiciary at this time is that thejudges at the top levels apparently have no real comprehension of
the intricate and infinite practical problems confronting these
officers. It is entirely possible that the judiciary would
welcome this technical background to enable them to listen to the
arguments of opposing counsel with a fuller understanding than
they now possess and to assist them in establishing prosecutive
policy based upon cases appearing before them.L B T I; y' TION: * 7 2- - " f;E ~;:7~._J Mars /9 --Email
It is recommended that a Bureau representative determinemo Chief Jmitice Warren of the Supreme Couii wgtee thinkssuc s udiés duld be of assistance to the Supreme Court and
whether he might be interested in receiving TE'attac
as well as future editions of a related nature:;E~5c<;sU1@,.J ml
- Mr . DeL0ach
- Mr. Bishop -
Mr.
4~750 Rev. 4-I185!
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FEDERAL BUHEIAU OF INVESTIIMTIOII
FUIPA DELETED PMiE INFOBIMTIOII SHEET
Pagetsl withheld entirely at this location in the le. One or more of the following statements, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
E
Deleted under exemptiorns! _. J. b 7 with no segregable
material available for release to you.
lnfomiation pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agency ies!. These documents were referred to that
agency ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government ageney ies!. You will be advised by the FBI as
to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agency ies!.
Page sl withheld for the following reason s!:
For your information: _ _ __ _
The following number is to be used for reference regarding these pages: rI 1 ;-. =__ ,... _---.,_ _ , in _ f__ 1
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UNITED STATES GO RNMENT
Memorandum N9'"
TO : The Director DATE: ' Z O ' 6 7
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
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FROM :
SUBJEC1;
92 ,, ., r--1-. _
- .= The Director
The Congressional Record
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4-572 Rev. 7-I6-63!
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UNITED STA'l"ES GOVERNMENT
MemorandumV!
T0 = The Director DATE-= 8
FROM = N. P. Callahan
SUBJECT: The Congressionul Record
Page S100 Senat . . or Thurmond, R! South Ca. 1'to have ' ' -r0 ma, requestedprinted in the Record an editorial from the Columbia south Caro1ina.!92
State f anuary 2 entitled "Co t1 '
0
I
n/Q QT ' ur 'ng Disaster. ' The editorial deals with the4 ., $1/<f:¢er,1T' upreme Cour; ecisxon allowing Communists to work in defense facili es.
92 J1-F nurmond _adv1se_d that the article presents an intelligent argument
- l1192..lC8.t1I3g the mcredibile lack of 'uduch a decision H J gment on the part of the Court in makin
/1 £17 5.25-,-49292_/ V
no-r nsconnzl
12! MAR 13 1968.
_ , - b ,the ConqressionulIn ih onqmul oi céinemcmiyn Captioned und'dme: cfxrsasda rianent items wereRecord for -' - - W-Us revwweb en pre cred i order thatmarked for the Dirééwrls uuenmim. This iorm has bi clizpgd mounted and placedQ y oriqinu memoron um m¢1Y - '&l1 tz3iirla.%se or subject mutter files.is
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4-572 Rev. 7-18-I53!901000-Ml. noun no. 10 ll"-I96nu nu uumonll lll. RI. ND. II
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
va
FROM = N. P. Callahan
one /"a?_';é K '
SUBJECT: The Congressional Record
,, 192 !vufre m e @0u»/1/
.,_ U _....... .__..-s_ _ 'rages rizla rizlo. Congressman Rarick, D! Louisiana, stated
"the parade of untouchables within our Government continues to b_e named
with dates, times, and places by the Herald of Freedom, of New Jersey. "_ _ _¢__~H_:Wl:__i i ___ ___ l ___ 4L _____ _____;_____ 2411 2_, ,_.._..... .__ _~ -.-.. . 4._ .--.
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4-572 R07. 7-I B-63!°"'9"M '4" "O. ll G lllo-I 3 -IAI IQQI IDIHQI "on cm no. sq, IIKi h UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum I
T0 = The Director DATE; Y
FROM = N. P. Callahan
SUBJECT The Conqressional Record
._t92,t§'. t;.ZtZi;i. r';3t; iwtim ciogcrmt In t'=tW4I W" °* "ti "°""'to mm mm»: of m $19"-"" *° "*' It cm or this iota! reaoldattm will ,1, mm - - um r am B1 individual the um»Bi- .-.:?f'.-...§:I..u- -t¥,1§_._L1t:-Ifllf.-are I-st, no too:§:t:Z tLwr'i;§§§':§:§r§a= meet}. n 1| in the cmmm of the uammthat group, in which act: of an bu an vital a stake» W 1 - iatltng abort. " 92
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NOT RECORD
I91 FED K rt;*7 I In-Y 92I
In the original of memo andum captioned and dated as above, the CongressionalRecord for ll was reviewed and pertinent items were
marked for the irector s attention. This form has been prepared in order that
portions of o copy oi the oriqinai memorandum may be clipped, mounted, and placed5gaFpE;iaée Bureau case or subject matter files.>
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Memorandum
T0_ = The Director DATE: J-
|
FROM I N. P. Callahan
SUBJECT The Congressional Record
_ V_ __ __AA__ii__ i __l...___._-__ -_ _-_ ~_~~-_~ _-gm -- ~ ~_ " ' _, I ,_, 4~___,__ ___.. ~ ---1'-' ' " '
7! Pages S1604-S1605. Senator llodd, D! Connecticut, spoke in -
pport of legislation to strengthen the internal security of the United States.tated "'Lhe fact is that the Internal Srity Act now on the books has been
d SCLS 1 1 11I1 1 ere 1n 611 E
cps.-rate in support of the Internal Security Act. " He made reference to several
oi the decisions issued by the Supreme Court and stated "The Communists score
one of their most astounding legal victories, however, when the Supreme Court,
in the socalled Robel case which was decided last December, held unconstitutioan act of Congress designed to bar Communists from employment in our defense
facilities. - - - - In the face of repeated findings by congressional committees,. the Fit and by the Delpartment of Justice thatdthe Communist Part? is a foreig:
,c.on1inate conspiratoria oreanization committe to the subversion 0 ourX iGovernment, the Supreme Ctourt persists in arguing that the mere fact of memberStill? in the Communist Party does not necessarily involve knowing participation[in the Communist conspiracy. " '.. ._._.'._..., ~---- - ~ ----- ---rm --. , ,___,__7_'__A__ __ ____; __ hi? _____ ____ h_ _ 7__ _ __ ____ __ J
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Kb"-F'R'¬io"RpED
-14 MAR 18 1958
___ ._-
In the original of a memorandum captioned and dated as above, the CongressionalRecord for 3. df was reviewed and pertinent items were
marked for the irec or's attention. This form has been prepared in order that
portions of a copy of the original memorandum may be clipped, mounted, and placed___ Opt?/éfjigte Bureau case or subject matter tiles.
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
Tb '- The Director DATE: ":2 7*6':
FROM I N. P. Callahan
SUB]?-CT1 The Congressional Record
MT!-F »' __w_ Mk 92___A___ V V ___ ,
" _ Page E1132. Congressmen f t or er on Pinon: menu e concerning some in the etreeie an tee peeing eeaenpt for tee end '~ Be stated v-we recommended eat!-zrlme tegleleuee reaelvee needed meme;
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4472 Rev. 7-18 92 U _OPIIQIIM OOIIA NU, IQ 515] .4' an llel IOIIIQII Q ion one. seq. ssQ_ 11 .1-
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
= The Director DA-|-5; 5 - Q-/@
FROM = N. P. Callahan _ C3
_ . 4 SUBJECT The Congressional Ftecord 5 1.77/6.54: n 6&4/ I-2! a
, r
_.._.i._ - -__.. t | --7 - ' ' ._ ..i_,._ 4 --vi 1 Pages B2010-B2013. I Gsegteesmss Wiggles, ti! Cstiteri . .gpmmeltstl on sttsoks entrust t Y_p_g_s_s_'|s_i Court pointing out that "V-e Ilse.
peers court eases i:yi|iemoet" settiisueese. mesa at tie etfidstslasntq apes the
eeddest at sit, we sites beer sttoroeys joists; is the sttscks and or-epee.ti|!__
totally teise an emotions! ststsmeis um the tupm-in court ts"tiin§ uni -
izsntis at the poiice or is ooddiisg at-in.insis st the expense oi decent " " ""
weathers or society. Members oi the ts: pet-ticuierty have e positive duty
to detena tee Suparue Court {against these unto:-toasts sttscte. it is possible
to question the wisdom oi s particular decision without cnsiiengin; the integrity
oi the iiourt as so institution. its tnciacieri an scidress eieiivered by iudgeatomic! P. Lay oi the U. 3. Courts! Appeals beiore the International Acsdemk
t Trial iseyers. tar. Vriggiris ststea "It is hoped that sit Members Iiil Ito y
this speech sod will accept the cnetteege oi Judge Lay to renew publicly their
ieittt. " iutigi Lay pointed out inst *5 tee voices in the oer: siisznetuity
sccisim inst crime is ceased or that criminal convictions ere decreased
beast.-se oi the opinions at the ouprsnae Coot-t sf the United itstes. - - - -
I submit that en; such person must disagree with Ramsey Clark, the Attorney
Geaeeet et tee United Stetee see 3. t-lager Hooter, E;-irector ei the fecteeet
Loreen of Iavestigattos. sir. Hoovers statement made in 1955 ess cited by
Shier Justice her-res in Hirsoas ss to the pi-sctice the I-".5. I. toiioes toasy is
criniinai investigations. Br. Hoover ststeo: Lee enforcement, nowerer, tsikdeieatit-:'~, tee eettttt.-"t, no»--'--t nietatete tnetotete the ttietorte tit.-er-t.tee at tt-*. _ ' _ ' indtvttlt-ill. - - - -. "
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In the original oi a memorandum captioned and dated as above, the Congressional
Record for 3 »- / 9, was reviewed and pertinent items were
marked for the Director's attention. This form has been prepared in order that
Ego;-tions of G cop; of the oriqinoi memorandum may be clipped, mounted, and placed
in a pr ate u case or subject matter files. , e;2A°i5i-E41 fitf
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Richardson, Texas 75080
March 23, 1968 -a
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OIb
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
FBI -
Washington, D, C,
Dear Sir:
J?- O
~ T rl92~92 "nu" vvnn-Jm <1;-92'|~Q1nnc|l'nr in flan a'F|"nnl-en 92lIh{nh 1-Inn Quanrnvnn ' 1. GI-Lu vi?-J. l..l.|92A92...Ll Ll-ll-92-l.bClU92-92-vl Lu Iv-nu vaavvvu rvloavll us» I-no I-92-vl-I.-II-4
Court decisions have had on criminal investigation procedures and on
other court cases. Could you give me some statistics telling to what
extent criminals have been set free because of minor technicalities
about search and seizure, unreasonable delay, etc. I know that many
people are being released because of this, but I have not been able to
find out exactly how many. I would appreciate it if you have these
statistics at your command. '
92 =v
Also, have the Supreme Court decisions handicapped the FBI s
work? We are told that the police in general are confused over what
they can and cannot do; however, the people who propagate this idea
fail to tell us what areas they are unsure of. This information would
also be most helpful.
A third question do you feel that uniformity as far as criminal
investigation procedures would be most advantageous - and why? Or do
you feel that the matter should be left up to the states?
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most helpful. Thank you very much.
REC-114 H .
54/ @7¢/
I1 WP? =3 1968
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A §_-;- . Your letter oi March 28rd has been recelved.*."_-_" .. ,_ ,1 . _- n' : . -l, = =
~ With respect to your inquiries, the FBI has not
conducted any statistical studies relating to the eiiects oi
Supreme Court decisions on criminal prosecutions; therefore,I am unable to furnish you any data nlong these lines. "Q:
' Insofar as your question concerning uniiormj _
criminal investigative procedures is concerned, legislative _action would he required to institute such a program andidoriif
not, as a matter of policy, inject the FBI or myself into mat; 7
ters relating to legislation. Within the Department of Justice, '-
it is the function oi the Attorney General to determine the M"-'
desirability of legislation, and you may wish to coniacfhim in '
connection with this
lam sorrylamunable tobeoihelptoyou in
this instance; however, you may be sure I appreciate the interest
which prompted you to contact me. ~ -.
=7-Jr . __ _ pl: J |r?g;_._ 3 KAPR 1_ 1958 ' ,_ E45,? awe .> .. .y coW_,,,@;#i:; aH:_ H.¬H¢r_,- * .
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M4Mr. Callahan
Mr. Conrad
Mr. F'elt._._._
Mr. Ga1s.....-..
Mr. Roaen__
Mr. Sullivan.
Mr. Tsvel-._.
Mr. Trott.er_
Tele. Room...J ,Edgar Hoover,Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington,D,C., 20025
Dear Brother Hoover:
I am sending the enclosed clipping from the local newspaper to you andIviiu Holmes
in addition I have written to both the California Senators ani my local mm candy
Congressman protesting,among other things,these decisions of our _._.__.____
co-called Su reme CourtP ° 05' PEM5 :
As a former Industrial Security 0fficer,these act s of the Court :
are becoming routine and the billboards on California highways
"IMPEACH EARL WARREN" seem to be telling the truth. As a Past Grand
Master in California I also thinks he is going far afield from the
teachings of Fasonry and it is surprising that someone has not preferredcharges,but I sgppost he is bi-aying within out law. 5/ 6
I surely hope you can muster enouga support in Congress to over rule
this type of decision of the Court and get our Country back on the track
and thinking the FREE way and not the RE-D way. /7
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door: the United Stages spreme i
court is prepared to open for Commun-
ists. Nowjhey even can be given accessio mercnam" ' ma.rme.'" ' '
Through__'recent decisions of the court,
it is new possible for Communist: to be
in defense plant's, where f.I1ey mue_t be
permitted to work. They also may be
allowed 'to poison the mind: pf our chil-'
dren because ehey are no longer barred
from -. "".- *3"-;. '-
Now Commnnigte may have free ao-eess to6Q.S.' Wresseli even if the Coist
Guard The decision handed cl
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been received and I appreciate the interest which prompted t
you to write and furnish me your comments on the matter you
- 92..-- ~ -A_.. .. -. _--5-_ , .-
mentioned.. ~ . '
. ., Sincerely yours, ~ " .
. M _ I
|w92|u=.o. 1 _ -T_.._Edsar l'1°°V°*
APR 2 3 1958 P .
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Z1131? 1IL'.'°.'L. I7u! UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
l I I
9/ Memorandum
T0 = The Director DATE: "%'
FROM = N.P. Callahan -
SUB]?-CTI The Congressional Record
Pu;-no £356: 335% Congrnuaau Mb It am mu e - - brunt! .1»
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In na1 a memor d m captioned and dated as above, the CongressionalRecord for %l.- 3 ., was reviewed and pertinent items were
e i r th Director's attention. This form has been prepared in order thatriqinal memorandum may be clipped, mounted, and placed
in appropriate .ureCI e or subje mlief files-I
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TOMemorandum
/7= The Director DATE; I la
C-
FROM I N. P. Callahan5
92
. . P.SUBJECT The Congressional Record
I in .... Record .i.f;'.1.?i'°"i";f.§1.1 we e =*--==- ~_ _ _ 1 rm I. A mm at Rude:-'0 o-4;»: entitled 92ll TM wnm mm Rum: mam 1*" vi-mu by liege n. mum-. 92zréatzqsoqnd that the article gm: out mm: oi the more 5'.-u-in ueaua ,V . .5 .,:::*:'.:=.::'".~:.*~-** " M M M-= rt Ca-u'tl or-unite rode;-ntintiea or crigritul jaleg 12:: W [ "E
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we u thick poll-:-o'er: coma; reported crimes-~a rm which ma an
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4-s'12 lF920v. 7-I8-53] 0 iOIIIONAL IOII NO. II llOlIlnu not IUIAOIICIA Dill. IIO. IIO. II
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
The Director DATE: 5/V 9-? C <7
FROM 1 N. P. Callahan
SUBJECT! The Congressional Record J 3,/,9;?,c,.-_s_O/04"/Q F
92 / Pages H4306H430'7J Conaressman Gathinas. D! Arkansasskated .-the/American people needél-otectvion_Lt;on;_i. some oi thedecisions_ojjt}1 92 LU. S. Supreme Court which have urned confessed criminals loose on an E
uns1Is'pectin§j'iubii cT These most objectionable decisions in the interest 0
protecting civil liberties of the individual have been mounting in recent
years. " He cited several of the decisions. He also commented on thepassage by tggnate of the Safe Streets and Crime Control Act containing
a provision/ wou d have the effect of changing some of these far reaching
and unconscionable rulings. " Mr. Gathings went on to state "The membership
of the House should have a vote on the changes that the other body made in
the crime bill, regardless of how such a vote may be presentedeither by
resolution or motion to take from the Speaker's table the bill and agree to the
Senate amendments, or by motion to instruct the conferees to accept the
amendments having to do with the Supreme Court decisions. "
Page E4674. Congressman Gathings, D! Arkansas, inserted 92n the Record an article written by David Lawrence entitled "'Good Behavior
of Judges--Who Denes It ?" Mr. Gathings advised that this article offers
plausible suggestions-that members of the Supreme Court be named for a period
of years and that the Senate maintain "continuing jurisdiction" over the members.
Mr. Lawrence stated "It was never intended by the Founding Fathers that the
American people should be governed by five men, sitting as a majority oi the
Supreme Court, who could by judicial orde frustrate the FBI, release contesseI !iStS, - - - -. "
_ - iIn the original of a memorandum captioned and dated as above, the C0r1q!'!'!!'-5'K>I1<11--
Record for S"_ 17 __@f~ was reviewed and pertinentlitems we}i;eErgd for the Director's attention. This form has been prepared in order tdatl d- - ' a W 1106 original memorandum may be clipped mounted. Q" D Cein Clpp[Q_D1'lCl emhte B as or subject matter files. 'RH: 5/,
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QFTIDIILI. IOIM NO. IO llIl0lIO E - _
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UNITED srn rss GO92~----tNMENT . . -°" °""'--
M emomndtzmCcrpel __.-.._-7, To Mr. Bishoa,l%,f_{!:{ BATS: 6-3-68 "J" l
FRO-92/ I/I,Hill
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SENATOR JOHN L. McCLELLAN / D-ARKANSAS! W /Q V -
TELEVISION P am ROG
0PL92TION WA.SHINGTONJUNE 2, 1968 ' 7 _ ax
Captioned individual was the guest on yesterday's Opinion f
Washington which was moderated by Mike Buchanan and the Senator was
questioned by John Goldsmith, UPI reporter. Senator McClellan discussed -
the Safe Streets and Crime Bill which he successfully steered through the
Senate. Goldsmith covered the Crime Bill in the Senate.
I
Senator McClellan feels that the Crime Bill, if passed by 92
the House where it is presently waiting action, will help to restore law
and order in this country. He discussed the main features of the Bill
including the section dealing with wiretapping. In giving the backgroundof the Bill and the situation which brought tibout, he stated that the
Miranda Decision and other cases before Su reme Court have contrib-uted to the increase in crime as_proved by s n cities where
those decisions have been studied. The Senator also produced a chart to
1; which he referred showing the increase in crime during the period 1944;-1967.
The dates of the Mallory, Escobedo, and Miranda Decisions have been
;_ noted on the chart to show how serious=crimes have increased since those. decisions were rendered. This chart was prepared for Sen tr? %cClel1anI by the Bureau, a copy of which is attached.! 21--'._62mED ""
_ _ _ NOT REC
Senator McClellan attacked the l92/Iir2I192¢:!a,;E}£->G;'i5iQn.5and stated
t the Supreme Court by this decision has, in effect changed theConstitution and the upward spiraling of crime has Beén due to the five
justices who ruled in favor of that decision. __ A. , .r92
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M. A. Jones to $5105: Memo -
RE: SENATOR JOHN L. MCCLE LLAN
' With respect to possible criticism of the Bill as not
recognizing some of the alleged problems of crime, Senator McClellan
disclaimed the idea that poverty, unemployment and other social factors
are entirely responsible for the increase in crime. He stated that there
is less poverty in this country now than ever before but poverty does not
justify crime. He stated that the breakdown in moral standards, civildisobedience and permissiveness feeds lawlessness in this country. He
. feels that the recently passed Safe Streets and Crime Bill is a-beginning
in rectifying some of the judicial abuses which have leii to our national
increase in crime. ' '
RECOl92/l:l92/I§NDATION:
For information.
Mr, AMW, ac
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
J Memorandum
ft T0 = The Director DATE; & _ /§-»
FROM = N. P. Callahan
SUB-"5-GT1 The Conqressionai Record
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porti s f qinal memorandum may be clipped, mounted, and placed
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
T0 1 The Director DATE; 7'/{*4
FROM = N. P. Callahan
SUBJECTI The Congressional Record
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Pm-o sins-a-mo. an learn oi Otegou, mu prinpt "smut: awe»: on tan In nominee: In uttgrggue Court Juan Iertu and
Judge Thorn!»-r'r1!. Be he-term! ta the Retard in I-:*»!$ cf a telegram llpad by
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
The Director<1 1
0/we; f*-2 - éf
FROM = N. P. Callahan
5'~'B.lEC'|_1 The Congressional Record
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i Act ts IIaaIllti!a116Il£,.l>t¢~l.all tn par mime; tnpeumu 0! the death penalty _
H11 upon deiudutn who aunt their right to be tried by a jury, it discourages A
risen at, and thereby impala an impermissible harden upon the our-silo :1, I. eenatttatioui right. - - - - Thain penalty prerialeal at the Atomic tang;
new manor; ttarlferl, the Oliact of the Jackie: doeiliea an the bran: IIII-I J; .~ A
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NOT RECORDED
116 AUG 12 1953
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
I The Director DATE:
FRO I N. P. Callahan
392BJECT= The Congressional Record
7 ?
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I Pages E180-E181. Caarroaaaaa Ahbitt, D! Ytrgtata, adrtuil ms a lIlll0dn¢Qd an ameadmaat to the Ceaatttattoa nquru; mt Jaatle =1 ct_ dgpreme Court be confirmed by the Sonata Ivory 10 jean and establishing
a maarhtory retirement of Jaattcca at the age at IO. "I am caavtaced that an.
problem ta America la more avtdnt to the goaeral public today than the and tor
198;! ea thy preaaat pan: at the Sq:-can Coax-L - - - - The wan
or decisions by_ tha Court in the past decade has greatly weakened the power at
law-eater-cement authorities and increased the protlam at crime tlzroughaat tin
United Statea. - - - - we have atvaya lad a criminal element but herrtoforo
the tuactioa ct the Government has been to curb the acttrtttca at crtmtaala and
to protect the lav-abtdtag ctttsea. Ba longer to this true. The Federal Bureaa
at Iaveatiiattoa reports that there Ian tacraaaea ta all cltqncrlea of magm-I crtmea ilnrtagtho put year. - - - - Certainty it ta trreapaaaibtr Ibo! thou
] l>l°i'=¢Ui iii wiiic as I Iheiu, but rathe r aaccumb to the idea that crlralaala
are-:1 to be pampered and protected. "
!'
NOT BEGZREBQ- 31 JAN 1
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who are elected or appointed to pram tho mm tmrm mm to amt which
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- Here is en article tr-om the Kansas City Times whichshows the results -of some of your past decisions. It is _ . , my strong feeling that you are concentrating on the rights , ' oi insignificant criminals hand qeserting the rights and . L!
common sense and less legal dribblmg in your decision; and
get over on the side of your _nation,A__I=-5, L; 5 -..best foliage ot your nation. .51, .ji _ Fl ;-7'1", :_
i qfhogoe thatkiroulwill i~eass'esa_your tlrinkiné, usc_?_q92ore @
Every criminal and every member of the Hafie in t-e '
United States must dance with lee at some of your decisions.I'm sure that they have a eeling that you are on their side._ 2 ' '- - -e .4 _-- UH, ..
_ _ . __
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__ _ *_-____Edger Hoover ' . B MAR13 1969 '
Enos Newspaper article _ __. __. __
- -'92 0- 92- 1- -. "--qr ,- Y, _-,,l .' ,1 1 - ,5 , __r A _ _
"Q12 oz? 1"i?.'- - -: . : K- - -,.,,__ _ _ 1 . ,,;_ _. . . _ _92r" 8: _ -ht. .-___ ~ ' - _ - PHI _ * . Y ;_ ___,& --.. __. '__. J -ow Ir I! . 1. _-_' - H '. _'-I - - - . ,. ~ :11 n - - ' . -.' -.. 1 L. o 92 _ 1- . . ;.-e» - __ J , n_ § 92 1. > ' ..v.A --lp II», if
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#" ,- .- " E __ ' . _ "'9 1~. _-. n -~ -.-'~ ' ' '- ..AIi: .-- - ;i . r L '3 .. g . n 92' ' 9292¢. ' . 92 " > - ' u ' ' ii. I '5': "' ' P, -A _ . ' '7'" "'1'? - ' .:,' 1 ~' 3" L, 1 : -._92 -1* 1 ' ~" F _ . - -_- . "51-» he ~ My /%£/-/6 C0/1. ., ". on .
-J IV;
April 2:, use
:--A nmemornnonmmtor Messrs. Tolnon, Delloaeh, Roeen, Sullivan, '
1",--i-r - l enid the problem oi the drnit is n serious one nnd, or course, '1' ..a..:-
_ the Supreme Court e-aye the poitce cannot arrest n person nncl take his nger-» e
._ o -_ prints because it they do, they are violating the Constitution. I said that '1" t
V _ in an unheard oi thing on many times yon solve a crime through tingerprinto, _ ,-
'--' ' but the decision was .6 to 2 against ngerprinting. I said it is that kind oi o 1;"
I =1? thing we are getting, not only at the local level but at the Federal court level, . - which mares me at times almost be dc-spondcnt whether anything can he done.
- The Presient said it is going to tat-'.e at least iqnr years or more to get the ~ . .
. t courts arranged. I said l thought he was going to have the opportunity to make
. pro_.,-wees on the Supreme Court as there will be tour vacancies. The President
- énled eurprtsed and asked ll there were tour. I said I nnéerstanst the
Iclicu.-' Iron: New York, and the President said Harlan, and I said, yea, that
l_ understand he is dent and can't hear anything and is planning to retire an-zl, - - _
A oi course, warren will be going oil and Black's health is getting worse. The i ._ President commented that Black is 80 and I said he was 83. I said Douglas, '
oi course, is crazy and is not in too good health. I sold that makes Harlan, {J
Douglas, Black, anclwarren. A - A . e , Q9
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29 JUN 19 1969
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*3 . A I am forwarding this to you with the request that you
' examine this document and forward to me confidentially, should you
?** desire to restrict your comments to that relationship, such criticism
or constructive suggestions as you may see fit to make in the strengt
ing of this document. You will observe that this is a petition for C.,-1.| §""J.1 I.-92!
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. . .
IZNATOR -lU'l-ll I. Al-LIIIOQK
FOURTH DISTRICT
llnlll Ashlin:
P. O. lo: IOI
Itoausolu: RAPIDS. N. C.
Mr- J Edgar H _ . . oover
. DirectorI . I
' Earth QIarnlim1 fcrnarul pAssemhl_g'
' . Qalsigl; 2'2/snz ' '¢.a==s'<%"-1* " -
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wad:
an . .__ en. ~ . -' ?" J
Mr. Ca{I.'.!".nn_
I1! 3.m.F@--- ~ . L . G- .0... .. utg
Mr. Sullh -Iaunt: flllpnuhnr . V Mn T='-'@1--' en? . 1 ... an .-_. M I Mr"Trmt£r"
z yngnslanm gnnmuug . ,_ _-_' _rl
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Title. l'{nom_._.
§.{i.<;z Ii-lmcs_.
Mia Gs.niY'_.
in-1
_nay3,i9_69,l92__. gI J I - f-n¢';l *:;|A|
:::*§;::.r;:::: .......... i ' .1OOIIIII
BRUTAL IIIIALIII
Puluc loans
Federal Bureau of Investigation J -
United States Department of Justice '§S92'
_Washington, D. C. 20535 _'.;. Dear Mr. I-Iloover: FIEEMEM aaup i H
; .
You have so kindly furnished me with
in the North Carolina General Assembly in opposition to the attemp
repeal of the death
lintroduce in the State Senate within-the next
that there will be some minimal changes madeIto its introduction but substantially it will
" |purpose and objective as now written.-_
information needs Y92
should like to furnish penalty that I felt that I
you confidentially a copy of a joint resolution wnicn i wiii prooabr;
few days. It may be Q. . . . luin this resolution prior
carry the same thoughE
.a redress of grievances rather than a mere petition fora submission
of Constitutional Amendments so as to request Congress to take such
action as may lie within its power to curb the jurisdictional and oth
powers of the United States Supreme Court. You will note, however;
that this request is in'addition to the further request for the ' '
' L L. -J I I... 8submission of Constitutional Amendments to the Legislatures Ga.
various states which could require a substantial amount of time. Iam familiar also with the rece t a?2pns of the .Iowa General Assembly
".
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Mr. J.
Page Z ' -
May 3, l969
. . _ -. . ,- y. ..
but understand that its action nor that taken by
deal exclusively with
I wculd also
having you furnish me
Laboratory to the LawI . . ' _ - 92_ _
. - 1 J , -_. ___ _ L. .
other states would
Resolution. I.; ,__..
the subject enclosed in my
1- _
the extent of h
with the services furnished by your Crime'
Enforcement Agencbs of the various states oflike 1:9 in-|92_nncn nnnn unn 1|-n
the nation. I.am also on the Comittee on Correctional Institutions
end Lew Enforcement and there
Session to immediately enlargehave been seme prepeeele mede at this
our Laboratory facilities to some
extent at this time with the ultimate objective being to expand to
an exceedingly large degree these facilities within the State Bureau
_ or Investigation= In
such excellent services to
services of that type
which I have obtained
is now employed by us, I have
be the proper one to be takenview of the fact that yeur department rurnished
us in the Navy during World War II when
needed and coupled also with information
one of your former long-time agents who
serious doubts that such action would
at this time. Of course, I realizewere
from
the need of having personal. and equiment available to_our state
agencies for the immediate collection of evidence which might be
5destroyed or deteriorate, Yet the ultimate study and evaluation of
F ' , -.-.Z_ 4. _ _ T __.. . t.S " .
» i. . ".1 *~-'.'-- :~ .~_ D . - .. 1-'~e~i':.=:';;~
A ; 1023 Senator Allsbrc. S1 §- :.x or- . =:.ic: R0801!-I-lint. _on use}?-§1ti -1i ;i;>L.?bwers~ .. *._ U by the Supremg {_.a....;t u_- '1;-jeiinited- - -- '¢ - r ea. *'"'~' - :f._ -»" _ U. " ' _ _ . i|;,..__'_;g_. ' I. :1; -U;-§~,-e 'i',. ~. - , . '-.-.- -_ .._ --W . .'-. . -1-
-~o;5:'~_- 1¢E5E.1i.'c-iiufi MEMORIALIZING Tris concnnss or "Fee Ouxerso .'
=1 '...A'I'L".92I'iJ THE MEMBERS OF TI-TE CONGRESS FROM THE 5'1?-T is OF '
.R'1h CAROLINA THE FORM OF A PET1'IION' FOR '1!-IE 'EL1thSS OF
Z LEEVANCES AND URGING THE CQNQRESS TO PROPOSE SUITABLE ' t"'. i
A.,IEN1l92IENTS TO THE CONSITIUTION OF THE UNITED SIATES AND TO
" ENACK PROPER LEGISLATION TO CURB THE USURPATIONB OF POWER '
BY THE SUPREME COURT OF. THE UNITED STATES. - I " 51 .
~ " Your. ngeinorielist, the Geasr:-.2~'As_semb1y of North Carol!-ne,in its
"1 sf =;:~=..==.Ȥ':'; .- U ~ - ~ S
:._a1.11¢.1 Session ior theOYea.r"0£ 1969,- hereby petitions the Congress of the ". . _ _ ., 4 _ _ -' ' 1 _. . - . ,,'- . .{, . .. "
§'..ited States and the members of the Congress train the State of North Caro- -one in the forniot 4 'petition for the redress of grievances because of the ll
a .-..aa.*.-ranted and unauthorized usurpations of power on the part of the Supra _
Y - 92 .'
Court of the United States, and to that end states its grievances, es follows: '*
! The Supreme Court of the United States has destroyed the iioe of
;-. na; cation which separates the sovereign powers which heretofore CXLST-ed _
-.--;we~...t the States and the Federal Government and has etterlysestroycii the
.1 s,s1em of government envisioned by those who formulates; zhe Constitution
.. the United States and the Amendments n'aereto;' the States have now become
::.-ore agencies of administration for the Federal Government, end there is
I - ' .
w no longer any sovereign power ie to_ the States nor does there exist any
;o:.ger anj area 01' governmental processes in which the States are _~r,v-ereign. _
.. , . _ z
" ! The ssprome Court oi the United States by its un we ran; _- c...-.-ision;
';.;..s v. stly <.r,1a.r.:.1eo .:.c power oz the ednnnistrstive agencie.-. e. the "F -3
is:-1;.-.;;-:1: ..c .l*=;.". every facet of the jwivst.-, i.ves oi the ,c.:i'_'-E. _s -.~ -nos.
tel is suggest 1.. 1.-to control of these Federal bureaucratic agenc-. ~, .1...o. their
--_.-._W,-£q_ _ A _ muittgiyw. .*%;<'"f.4»,P%i+ai::i*%%=-_ <5?-6 #= "~~."*=B and reeeios We my mpiw [/1 - __¥___ _ ; e .";'_,_,1té_r 1?? OH . - - . '7" -- err . , " °'i!d" °9"! I393. ll ' - ,--1-:'_.:?ft ~§Q~;,-.,q.;..-rs.-..*1 -"1 _ gs. i. I" ¢ Q ..e:.dmentsutte-1'7.'5"" " ';' E111 I U' » --92 --_sI'- E ' . A flre-,1
+ ii. I id 1;-_ '1" '.' -~ q|-- "N I. .- _ I u ,' I ' _ ire i. ' " Yea -no it :1 H11 ~921*.°* Sm? ?° ._ ° E? _ .~_ u 9292 ' - " ' _, . _ - _-
__j 2., _ f_._ ,.,_ ~:_ . i _-_ ;_ 0 ed to itselft s._ A36 of iudtcuh '.l tor s. as arr get R _ J J' O Ob ' I tter s;s;»~ -L: the division and seiw-m1° ~='P°-
11.. zrtioh H U =' " .
.- _ . - ' ' the Cc O .- re sscd these concepts of division in _no signed by those Wh° ex?
' ' ' I I V "92.. -4- '
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I
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ifL; "3"-vi-,~4 .75-,=~ . .t. -" _Ȣ|,:,_ yg. ' -:."-1|. _'- i U .1 ' ' ii, -,.-1 Rf 7; -' 2 " ' .. '..-'~..+--T14; "-*iE?':.=:~ '
JI the United States. The Supreme Co of the United Qatec ,
J _ "
itself into e. dictatorial, ruling oligarchy and for years embarked upon
n program of judicial legislationiby its overbearing, fictitiousyand intperlous
'i'iat_s ssheestty ssaiy-=10»? in thitori of ';h1;121'i;;1;i;t;'h¢ has "
_ __-'-_ .,-_ _~__ ._ _" _:, _t; ._ 1 . _.' 92 -. . _,_!.-.1. II .
perverted-anddistorted t.he_Constitutiontofitthe United States by substituting
therefor its otvn ideologies dogmas".',The'Supreme of the '
. . t -.-tr-.. - ~w. -~--K I. -.: _ ~ _ * -_ -I _ I .. ;4,I .
United States boldly amends the Constitution of the United States without any_. _ __ ._ . V v . .- 4. ., , t .- 92. . .- 1' =1-1
resort to the design or plan tor such amendment as stated in that instrument, '
l __ ! _Thc Supreme fourt of the United sum bins decisions has Alf."~ ~.-:. ' er: vi t_:w;: ijgitrd 8= :3 Aw =' = 1: 4 = * _
turned loose upon the people of this Nation thousands oi vicious and depraved
1___ -,,_ , ,;,-_; . $2 ._v._ .. '.1'.- .i:»i;..i -.. .1; ' .1*=-...-. 1, ;;. '. .. -'__murderers, rapists, -convicts, recidivists and felons who kill our citizens, 92u 2 _;.,.".»..,_,, . ',"»"-92:,~'. i. t 5' .~ i.:'='..: -..-i - £1"-A I _
rape our women, molestour children with complete impunity and freedom and
__ __ 92__ .., ._ -....| -. _- I-- -
who repeat these terrible acts over and over again. This Court has made a_ . , ._ H. . < .. _ 92 I _ t. ..92 92.._._..92. .--.t_-. [92~e' ~71 -~ » -
mockery of the decisions of the highest appellate courts of the States, and '
even its District Federal Judges overturn the decisions of the highest appellate
courts of the States, nullify decisions of State courts on their own constitutions
. .5 _ -1 > ' ' '
and statutes so that a decision of the highest appellate court of B. State is
, . __, A _ I .
ilu!.'lll'lg but the result of a preliminary hearing. The Supreme Court of the United
Suites, under the guise of the exercise oi free speech, _has protected and
sheltered by its decisions vicious and barbaric Communists who are working
to overthrow the Government oi_ the';United States; it has protected Communist
teachers in the public schools and given them an opportunity to indoctrinate
school children with their vicious Marxist propaganda; it has protected and
caused Communists to have free entry into defense plants where they can e
1 or t --~> -¢~7 1.=_=!I"'I-I""92'-r-"!'92- T" '_ -I_I-|m~III!-1 -I1-<~s_-'-"~' --"-
.'.lL_ain for the Soviet Governrnctzi our d_~..ie.-sive secrets and we plans oi our -
-.£ .: -4;,-__j£. -h 1 .n-;.m..;_;__.V_;92_ _;_,'_ -it __,_ __ _ ,_ . .
;.-ventionsandweapons.- . * ' V x ' J U -
F _ -_ ,_ .... , .-er-. 7 "- ' - 0 '..., . E p _ .. h _
! In its protection oi criminals it has conjured 91> ti~9211{-;Y¢ie<=! 1
labyrinth of rules so that the police are manacled, tied and handcuffed in a
mass of artificial rules, poorly conceived, and impossible oi ..ppl_it:.;ionJso that
< issue of guilt or innocencebecomes utterly irrelevant in :1} criminal trial,. - °._ . - - - '' --{J1 .. . - t .' - - - -- ' I, _'._ . . ..and the police can scarcely protect the citizens of the Nation. - .i_..- __ _- '
, ._-. _ - _ '. t '._ -_ _ t, ' .92.'. . ' .- ' "' t _" :_ _ '.9~ . . l _ '_-='_ -- :_ 192» . . _ 1" ' . L<
P . "G? ' A.- -4 w 92 - ' -ih _; - r ____ I
_r92m$=-_ I. I I ~ '_'.
. .1 - - . , I p _ .t- .4- .1 - *- .. 92 . L " -K -92
' D 0 '92 -.-' . ':§;i~
.. |..» - _ 1- . . . . ¢ _i'-, ,~;t'"=-..-.- A£J?~r-4£:¬.I??.%' ' ""' -it "2:?-are -"~*:-.*.-Z;-~ , _ _; 4» -r.e.e-:=~ "J»-be-. -1 _
~-at sf .>.-:_=,%'-$n- »'*::§r -l_ it :.._,._a~ " .. :r t _ .. . ';_,_ '- *~ __ c 2.-Hg -. 2.-. _-1 _ _,,' ¥- to -- -- - 5 i- ...TI."""- '. , =. -,-»;,¢,..*. .-. '_ .' '.--"'=+'.- ., ' - 3 - K r. 2- '- - -' 1' > -"rt; .- y .', -- 1 . . , i " -1, --vi --1 ~>??*,92»..4;";",-'* I_, . , ,_._. ~- ,'-1-_ _.._'__._- ., .. ., . _, , t ..'._ _ ,_. . l. . , _ _ _. -. ,_ __,._ 1:; .__.¢ , - . t I . -4 . I I ,, . _
'_ _ ! Thehiiiireme oi the United oontr§|§ry 'to.
vnanrln I41 Int."-9292f nf i-ha Pndnr Qllliirli Y. KIT QYWITQ I WYK i1
S - -,._ -_ . .:. _-_'_;,,;~.;l_a' _'~,=, f."1 1-
Q AF H-in- YQ III_ 9 - .
judiciary so that underithe guise of the whit of federal hiiheas corpus the federal
t ._ , _'92_ .:_l_ H _ Jfe - vi: l 'judiciary now reviews-every stage and step of a trial in the courts; th:
Supreme Court of the United States has authorized the federal judiciary to _
interfere with the enioi-cement of State laws the legislative e_:nactnients' oi
niisriiie oi die oppressive andarhitra.i'y' or injunctions issued by Federals:as 2: ' 1*: ~~*;»s ~- - -.:;e, -.g._- »_92= H.» ?92.-». ' _,,,-.... - <.'.K.,.,...,'¢:»=w§ 1; 05- :t3,;A:- . ,,.f_,-',,'r.,,;.,..,'-__..' _
Judges; the Supreme Court of the -United States has authorized yerious Federal:-.~.
aiencies, arbitrarily and capriciously, to oppress, harass and control normalfate functions and the lives of the people of the States; the Supreme Court OI-I
United States, contrary to former decisions of that Court, has expanded the
powers of the Federal Government under the Interstate Commerce Clause oi the
Federal Constituti.onuntil the Federal Government and its agencies utterly Y
control in minute detail the economic system and the private businesses oi the _
.92,- In Ik Q-kn brnonn -e--I Ln--A -n-ti-"Qua-:-A,-I .---I-n4U92JJlG us i.- G an-aux-in any uavw l|A92H|n'id- u.Lalu=u' nuuv
D - 4 _ N O m .-Ll ' ti - %
aguiiis of the Nation and the police from using wiretapping to discover 1 ii -V _ .92 - . 1-. .4 -Wu - --
apprchend spies andcriminais, and, in addition, ha.s___ invented a series ol_ -.
impediments against searches and seizure so thatllaw eniorcement ottieerse
cannot control narcotics and illegaidrugs. The Gourt ' Y- - -a - n -- ..-
c:;iita.l punishment and has rendered it almost impossible to obtain 1 C811 AM. -
- 1 - _ .. . _ -_ IQLJJQCZLVE jury in capital cases, ' V 3 _ _ . _ __ 'j .. - _ 92 ...
a; The Supreme COI-I-It of the United States has sheltered and protected
Communists, Revolutionaries and subverusivels in that it allovfs then: to tenr down
the American Flag and hoist the of oucenehiies in u it allows these:persons to disgrace, spit upon and burn the American Flag, all under l
_ I rd fictitious pretext of exercising the right of tree speech. This Court
destroyed rules oi evidence in force tor many generations by making it almosti
impossible to introduce into evidence the voluntary confession made by it
Czrirniniil. _ p
9! The Supreme Court of the United States has wrested trom and utterly
destroyed the power of the people acting through their State agencies to control
their public school system and their institutions of higher learning; they permit
Federal bureaucrats to cut oii Federal funds for the public schools for failure _. ' . ' '
to conform to impossible guidelines and control the assignment and racial
composition oi students and teachers; they control the iacilitiesand buildings
of the Ipubli school system, by ordering their location oi buildings and the size
mandatory fashion; they have allowed federal bureaucrats to reach into every
inset sari detail of public school hdrninistration have stripped local boards 04
_ . - V - --iii," _' -t '
'c.:iuczition'oi nil their powers and authority; the Supreme Court oi the United Sta
/*u'h.-.-"i1:=te1'y.:=.llow¬,"3. approv , p ' .= i.-,' ttfls' ' I . . -~ ' .. -_.- ,-1 --» .- ' |' 3 l " ' .A..,',,p _--_ ~_J, ,5, _..,., .__.'- ,-_»_ » 3 _' r:__ ____- ., _92,-; 1.1-.-_ - A!
by _7'S_ll_ltLdel;1;B'_!!§i£hFt§DC; to disrupt the discipline oi the student bod;
_ f_ ir.<.:y;!1aue'approved so-called "participatory democ'racy'j" whereby students con
the curricula of colleges and schools and many other disorderly things under. ..:~...--V - -1 - i__4,__92 __ ;_,,,", __,1 ,_._».H -:-._-~ '3-.' -o---|-.-w :"_ -___ : " ' I-. I _'> _- " _l L
,_.:'etcnse and guise of constitutional rights. Now, there£ore,_ be it resolved b. _ _,-|,;-92,vr92~ V - u, = »._ _. ¢-- -_r__1.'.l_. _.; _ ,
rlcnatc, the House oi Representatives concurring: _ ; _. s. Q .-- ; -r *1-'.,|-1
" H' L I 'I.hatyo.ur inemorialist, the tleneral Assentibly oi North
' Carolina, inzits ltegular Session or 1969, presents the above as a petition tor
W if? re _~ ~~ T fa e r _ ____7 _*___ _ 4 ,_ *4' l . " 0-. .' - t
_ s - + "_. ,: '
a
i
i
'1-92- 1
. . _ _5_ ___ _
redress of grievances to the Congress of the United States, the North Carolina
Congressional Delegation, and in behalfoi all other States of the Union. "
I -s _'._ n, - ~
Sec. 2. That petition is hereby made to the Congress of the United Stat__e
- I _ .. - . - I ' .V_ '- .{'_~-
pursuant to Article V of the Constitution of the United States, _to submit amend-_
<_. 92 I '-
ments to the Constitution of the United States_to the Legislatures of the States,
which said Amendments shall afford redress for these grievances and shall
clearly and concretely dene the separation of powers between the Federal
Government and the States in all phases and aspects of government and which
clearly define and limit the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United State
_ I' Sec. 3, That the Congress of the United States is hereby petitioned I-
to enact suitable legislation which will define and limit the jurisdiction and .
*1 92 . .
powers of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Sec. 4, That this petition for redress of grievances is submitted
pursuant to the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States," which
provides that a petition can be addressed to the Government for redress of '
grievance s. - ' ' '
Sec. 5, The Secretary of State is hereby directed to transmit certified
copies oi this Resolution to the presiding officers of the Senate and Horse oi
r 92 '
Representatives ofthe Congress. ' ' ' , . - .1
Sec. 6. This Resolution shall become effective upon its adoption. I
" 0- - ' ' - ' -, _ _ .
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__. COMM-FBI e i ;_ l
1J_92.
*1 92}~ .-,_- I == '"~ '~__ {vi 1IIr¢-'*- no" ' ~ -~r * T"_" 17 1': _
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92_ I
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DQLoach i
92-luhr
Bishop _-....
Clpql ii
Callahan ---.._
Conrad __i_
Fell i__,.____
Cele .._..._....__..___
BIIIII1 iii;
Sullivan -_-.-
Tlvul --_-..__
Trom-r ii
Tole Room _-..1 J 1 _ - 4:
Honorable Julian R. Allsbrool: p_ it _ K _ I -
I-iclm-u_i_.. < !<===~e_i_.. mun noqu _ 'rr:!..e'r'n>r-:upux1'E| / , » - .- ,_4- V - _ n.- i - 0 .
.+_, _ J_ . _ I . .
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' '_ .
.1, ~ '!92 I I
e » to May8,1969 _1!-by -.. ?-;HIl1é.-r__-__-,-a,--.i J 1*,»-.92 Ff, __ ,;. . .,.¢';,. 11;: .1 92 e. _ ,3.. ' -1 ' _ 4' f¢§' Q " ' , .» _,, 1. < _ -_-. wg. -i -.. ,~:
- . - 1. at -»~';-1.; . ~ i -= ~ ~ .<-;' ' *5 - ~- -.. ~ 1.-7» .. .- _
_ i92 F;
. S N JV. lNorth Carolina General Assembly A _' .'
Raleigh, North Carolina 27602 '
. . . I rt
Mydearsenator: _ ' . _ _ pt . __
A Y I have received your letter or May 3rd and the copy - ,oi the Resolution. - _- _" .
While I appreciate the interest which prompted you to
furnish this to me, it would not be proper for me as the head oi a
strictly investigative agency of the Federal Government to comment
on or endorse this Resolution. Within the Department oi Justice it
is the function oi the Attorney General to determine the desirability
of proposed legislation. ' e .
.. With respect to. your request to furnish you with data
regarding the services oi our Laboratory, enclosed is a publicationwhich I hope will be helpful to you. : _ ~ , e 3 .
- _ ' Sincerely yours, '
muse 1o J. Edgar Hoover " .
Enclosure _ ' ' .- , - The FBI Laboratory A W t
1 -Charlotte -Enclosures ! , _ A . _
NOTE: Buiiles disclose ,a previous inquiry from Senator Allsbrook regarding
death penalty and "capital punishment -and we acknowledged his letter on -i
4-3 -69 furnishing him statistical data and a copy of our 196'? Uniform Crime
Reports bulletin as well as oth.¢--- material. The Resciution h'e encloses is
extremely critical of the Supreme Court and petitions the U. S. Congress to
~ enact suitable legislation which will define a nmn the-jurisdiction'an192i .-owers of the Court - paw _
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CoatedInf HI I -' 'olq Inn. ult. nO_ N ' 4 1
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more =m{Q@es_K_"., _ ,, B '
4.. _, ,_ - . _ P .e - - ' Gmdy_..A_-.-L_ I .- _--
DREW rnanson BROADCAST -~ _i » ~ ' . i
NEWSNIGHT, WTOP-TV,.CHANNEL 9 ' -
5-25-69, 6:30P. M. i c 1 " gt -'4
- I... . _ _ . . L. _ .
The above-captioned television program was monitored
for any comments of interest to the Bureau. There was no mention of
the FBI or the Director, and the following remarks of Pearson on general
subjects are set forth for information purposes:
The Navy has had a succession of unfortunate happenings
and serious accidents, including theloss of the Pueblo as well as fires
causing the sinking of vessels. The charge has been made that faulty
steel plates may have been used in the construction of ill-fated vessels;
however, as yet no official inquiry has been made because Congressman
Mendel L. Rivers, Democrat frjom South Carolina, was a good friend to
92 the Navy. Pearson predicted that Rivers would not be able to protect C -
1 the Navy from an inquiry by the Government Operations Committee.
. _ _ _ 92
Pearson raised the question whether decisions of the Warren _]i Court would stand now that President Niyqn has nominated Judge Warren E. kQ Burger to be the new Chief Justice of the!-311 reme Court. In particular,
Pearson speculated about the landmark decision on school desegregation1
yandthe ruling on reapportionment which gave larger cities greater represf
F; entation- in Congress. Pearson predicted there would be no change in these _
jdecisions. However, he did say the Warren Courts practice oi giving I
protection to criminals would change in favor ofprotecting the rights of ' ENi collective members of our society. " é
| |_ _ n 4
l ' -1, 1 u i u 1 nut: n -r ,1r,_ 1-r, u 1-u-ra,_,__,i _ Jun '
_ -NO 0118 SBOIDS E0 KHOW WIIHI umex JUSHCB 1_J8.I'l W3.II¬Il W11].
do after stepping down from the high bench. Pearson predicted Warren j _.
;would travel extensively and afterwards accept a positionas Chairman of
ithe Harry Truman Peace Center. ,2-"Z ']_§J.S'- ___'_1_ _f___Z_ -
RECOMMENDATION} Fd'R5°°", 8/ =5 5, 2 ¢<1.-so MA ' 7 "°9 -
None. For information, _ - _- I -
gig/-Mr. DeLoach 1 - Mr. Bishop _ 1 - Mr. Rosen
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Dateoi Mail VAX a e_
Has been removed and placed in the Special File Room of Records Branch.
See File S6-2554-7530 for authority.
Subiet JUNE MAIL -S92,. of QNQ
1/Removed By W,
FileINumber ~_ B I J
Permanent Serial Charge Out
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TO
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..v nu to non p-'f."'§,' 9292¢.;n_c|.n. no. >6. it ":_-_Z_ .7 V I Tel:-an _.-....___..92UNITED srxrss GOVERNMENT ' ?§i;Zf§ _ L. P
IJam randum.
_ . . .Zon|¢d..i..
M G C JUNE r new December 19, 1969
H . : ~ - L 1-Mr DeLoach T§§-'___-
" ' 1 Mr Rosen -mu
MrGm" '
, _.-».1 -Mro I __ J! WIRETAPPING AND ' 5 V
-Mr. Gale 'ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCES
To recommend that Departmental requests for pre-trial electronic
surveillance checks conceming defendants be handled by the Division
recommending and supervising these installations throughout the period
covered by the Department's request.
Recentégupreme Court decisions have held that a defendant issecure against m surveillances which monitor his conversations in
as well as illegal electronic surveillances installed on his premises home,
oifice and so forth! regardless of whether he was present or whether he was
monitored avoids monitoring other persons on his premises and use of such
information in building a case against the defendant!. Current Bureau
instructions require written authority from the Attorney General prior to
installation of all such surveillances in accordance with detailed instructions
from the Attorney General. In compliance with court holdings, the Departmen I
routinely requests details of monitoring concerning defendants conversations
prior to the time of trial. These requests require all surveillance logs of
conversations in which the defendant has participated, logs of all conversations on
premises in which the defendant has a proprietary interest as well as complete
details concerning dissemination of information received from these sources.-
-n
Handling by the installing Division retains these highly sensitive
"need-to-know basis" documents to review by a minimum number of personnel.
Close, continuing supervision is required by the Bureau to insure that
instructions issued by the Attorney General are being fully complied with by
the field. This supervision is aorded by the Division requestingthe installation; '
_§.scoM1yrsNDqaTI0N= ' , . .- n _
- That these requests be handled by the installing and supervising
Division rather than the Division responsible for prosecution in order to injureprompt, efficient handling and a greater degree of security in the hi hly .sensitive matters. ' _ . 7
sen ADDENDUM PAGE AN-D-E1-IBEE iREC°R?FD_'
.16APR676/92
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Re: Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillances _r
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F S ECIAL INVESTIGATIVE DIVISION 12/23/69 JHG mt d ~-_ , 1 a ' -_~_-.»__,-*I . .-I >- Q ',_ I ..I not in agreement with the above proposals for the
TGESOHSZ J
Under the pr oedures, when me vis
a oi our electronic indices, this request is made by searchhlq Investigative Division where it is checked by Special[/who notiiies the appropriate division whether the resultsD7 negative. If the results are positive, the interested division then writes to
. the field, obtains all appropriate documents and handles all correspondence
with the Department. _
T-F Flam onn-na4:'l-dn-r92 1»-n-v I-ha f'1.n1-92n1M:|'| Tn1vQc+-inni--31:1: T'92-in-i a-inn xvsnma InaJ-l H : §LL5EGiJU¢|n92-Ill II, nllc UGIIQLQL J..|.l-92'UDI».l.5Gl~l-VG .lJ.l.VLDl.U|.1 W686 An
be adopted, it would mean that the defense attorneys would be able to
subpoena an extra supervisor for testimony from the Bureau in addition to the
supervisor handling the case. This, of course, is extra travel expense and
gives the defense two shots at us instead of one. The Agent handling the
prosecutive case is the logical man toobtain the logs and other pertinent
airtel documents from _the iield as well as review the June file so that he
can testiiy that the case he has supervised was not predicated upon any tainted
information. The division who handled and supervised the installation is not
_ in a position to determine whether the case is tainted because they have not
supervised the case itself and are not aware of the ramifications contained
therein. '
The argument that the handling by the installing division retains
"these highly sensitive need to lcnow basis documents" to review by a....»ar
J.
ADDENDUM 0 P ' ' - I
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Re: Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillances ' I .
going to be p cuted and an electronic hearing demanded by the 'defense, - ore submitting the final electronic data to the DepartmentIr-v
.---I
..-*'__
92-..,, 2 Jthat the in is case supervisor of the case being prosecuted himselis ifcheck the ele - c indices so that he can testify that all information _ ,which he has received from the field and which is available at the Burea1:*~?"-is turned over to the Department. The substantive case supervisor W0l.11d,"'-=t. ' -'
of course, continue to review the pertinent June les as is done at the- present time. This would make it more likely that all testimony from theSeat of Government could be conned to one supervisor instead of giving thedefense a number of shots at the Bureau in connection with these matters.
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.1 - ' ' - _, ;" .-~!<92'1 $
. ism in agreement with the observations and n
proposalrn 1 the Special Investigative Division that the eDivision responsible for prosecutive action also handle all 3
phases of work pertaining to electronic surveillances.
In the Domestic Intelligence Division,_nn§eg9gs
§5pe§ggs9rs7have had or have electronic surveillnnces in
cases assigned to them. Since cinumbsr of the electronic
surveillnnces may be involved in one prosecutive case, it
qQglg_§eanmhaving_nwnumber ofnnpervisorsireviewingnfiles
=£;¢ :=_P-avnnishiesnn i11..Sn'¢='.11<=1=.i.<>11+='-. t.<2.v. field ¢>ff1.<n-"..es.-1n.1.1._ ens
pggsecutivepcnse if the electronic snrveillance phase was
to Be"hand1ed by the Division having been responsible for
the recommendation and installation of an electronic .
surveillance. This alone'wopldmcan§g~les§_p;omptMpr
eiicient handling of the prosecutive cZse without in any
manner assisting in its final ndjudication.
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Ȣ- It I have tailed to address you properly I otter nv apology, '
l%Y5§%;§§§3§ * A tabloid newspaper- 4?
Mr. 'r<-laid
Mr. IklnleiMr aimego '
M . ..._.
Mr. Callahan.
Hr. Conrad.-
Mr. Feit.._.
Hr. Gale
Mr. SnHr. R
Kr 'l'lve|_.-
Mr. S'>Ym"-!--
Tole. B.ocm__..which is being circulated here in Beltimor Mia, H011-ne|__
strike in the plants or The News-American es Gwdv--
Sun carried quite an article concerning a --921/¥ Baltimore, Md., Febr<¢ry 1§,l970
x
The Honorable J. Edger Hoover,
Director ct the Bureau oi Investigation,
Washington, D.G.
- , , , . . 1W S11: ii--1-v_"_1;/7__:"_7"___ _VVV 7-' _v_uP' f '
during the existing
mlorning and Evening
_ I - _;_..;; _ book written by Justice William Douglass, oi the Supreme Court or
the United States. I, personally did not read the article but one.- I-r-. '3 _ '. ..; - @.:.,-_- - i-:~:_--F ;.__ 1;. we . __ t ,1
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5" P.-:3.OI my sisters read it to me by telephone last evening, c
This book, according to the article, bears the title "Points or
Rebellion", and urther, according to the article referred to, itis to be published very shortly by Random House. I
In this book, according to the article, there are many statements
bearing on conditions existing presently in so many parts oi The
United States, and the language in which the book is couched seems ~
to border on Unamericaniem, if not subversivenese. 1
I em not sure about the name or the tabloid but I think it is 1celled Baltimore Daily. I believe the article referred to as ex- U
pressing Justice Douglass viewpoint is of such nature it should be u,
censored and not be allowed to go to publication by Random House. L
If I am out of order in bringing this matter to your attention
I am sorry. Frankly I love my Country and it hurts me to have
said about it what the Justice has written in his book. UU
Ii you think it worth your while to investigate this matter I shall
appreciate hearing from you if this is permissible.
II
I Very
76/
The Baltimore Daily was of date February 5 O1 4n
4:» 1'; '-"1 "
92 /qdf/~"'~=-" Q " FEB 1970 csan/1., O ALLINFORMATION cowr/-we *iEREIN|SU¬t3-LASSIFIED e 'Ft 1§B1gI;¬H@4 ~/ nnrsmnava °°
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_ ..- . ,__ gs,-. 71"» --.1 -,.¢- ..-,_, e. . ,.92 .. '_.,..,. ,...92 __ -._._,.
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am: b7Q"
J 1 remind your letter oi February um ma--- I .
clan the inherent which prompted you to write. mu; 1-Qgpeegjg;
' 5.?
Federal investigative agency, to comment on the ltatementl de
by I. member oi me United States Supreme Court.
Blneerely yours,
NOTE: Our files contain no record ocf correapondnt. Ip .-Pb -'.. . . _ .- . _ .!~ , __ 92 " r.'»?.L' - e/- __ ..,.*.<.- 92q§Tulson 1 1 D w -~ Tl J 92" DeLooch _i t '*' ' K 2'? Y1: . ..I!l 4- .2! 'Walters ____,_ C ' , _ " _-1
llohr _...._i_ 1 F ~ f'- ' > __ ' _ 4Bishop _..__i_ H ,_ " K M? I _. _ I ,_Casper _.i___ '- - __- ®Callahan ._i 92 - I 92' -
Conrad __ii__ .i'
Fell ii -_'
Gale iii
Flosen _5.~" '"°" 1-s-I av ' 2% /¥/ A ave] - l 92 o _ VSo rs . Tet. Room i,_ L, F E _ 1 ' ' Q 92 /MHnlmel J - ' 0 ' '
Gandv ___i 5 __ _ __wm_ noouj TECE!Tt;PE un:Tl:l . 'I
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iyour remarks, it Imld not be propor tor mo, u u head Fla 31? Yél
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'§h£u:u-h ,_292I1cn Hanna; - '"lllmnbnrs of 92' ' .. '--'1 " - FM?-
filniich gm» are-mu Iota 1 I March '20, 19,70 i - .- u |
.. _ _-_ .. - . .. . _ A _ -.92 .'3' _ isirini Olnlumlu Qlixruiiu. 1"" ' _ » Mn
Mr.
- -- ' Mr.
Mr.Cal 1. :an"_
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Gale _._,._i
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v/RE"; 0 ~ ,1 up @'~ '
" p-J. Edgar Hoover, Director iwi JT??i¥?' l l"
.- Federal Bureau of Investigation?" f,
Department of Justice l - L
Washington, D. C; -- - u
My dear Edgar: - _ i - _..
_ In the course of our discussion yesterday re-
- lating to the security of federal court houses, we had
occasion to comment on the use of contempt 'power by a
trial judge and I mentioned to you an opinion of Mr.
Justice Frankfurter in which you expressed an interest.
%§$a, lThe case in which Justice Frankfurter wrote for the court- ..._i-1¢$=*_.-<;e
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72 __.
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:1} _'_,. :-Iin this area is entitled Offutt v. United States and the
opinion appears at page 11 a£ volume 358 of the United
States Reports. The significant requirement of the opinion
. jis that in reversing Judge Holtzoff's conviction of Offutt
for contempt of court committed in the court's presence, the
u Supreme Court ruled that "the determination of petitioner's
guilt and the punishment to be properly meted "out on a
finding of guilt should have been made in the first instance
" by a judge not involved, as was this trial judge, in the
§ petitioner's misconduct." - "Q -
If the contempt convictions in Chicago and Washington
of trial counsel are to be affirmed by the Supreme Court,
that court will have to apparently overrule the Offutt case.
You will, I am sure, have.someone review the Offutt'
case opinion and furnish you with the full details. Other
aspects of the Offutt case appear in the following volumes
of the second series of the Federal Reporter:§ 208 F.2d 842;210 F.2d 693; 232 F.2d 69 andI_2i!g7 F_.2d- 88,-.,_ .é __ . on _' Sincerely, l u HUT RFT..TORY;i§§_ I4 V ms an
,'-- . ' . ..-7*/;.{,; ' _ _.7'1 j /' T: -. ' - I 591- J "1-_ "1"" _ _~» _..._'. i . -t _-/_;.e-/-/_-. ;-.,"5'_1.'-- . _.,,. --, -_'"..'92 .. A éf_,92¢:.i'J-5 u H ,9 --use
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March 25, 1970 "I _-
. - _ - . -- PERSONAL '
i 4;.-275$/.5-e
IIe;:ora'".»1e lciward A. Tamm '
tziteci {:';;";';es Circuit Judge -» . .-
;=":'.;:-ici: of Columbia Circuit _
;:i£:ccE States Court of. Appeals ___ _
Ziingion, I!. C. 29001 K
I3;-.12.: Ed: -
Tiiank you for your kindness in writing me on
march 20 to advise me oi the Qf.fu'=c'92. case. I have read an
analysis cf. that decisionand related decisions and find themI most iiztcrcstirig in connection with contempt problems now
_ facing the courts. ' i ~ M
92 . -I I A Sincerely,cv-
!~..-- .. ---- E-'~:='s:: '
3 -3
._ _1 - Mr. DeLoach ;»;"t ' 92/{1h - Mr. Bishop '
.'9292___ - -l _: NOTE: Based on memo Casper to Mohr, 3/24/70, re "Contempt of, . . he '7K Cont-
The name of the case, 'o££utt, is underlined in this letter because i this is standard legal practice in referring to a case by name
rather than by citation. " . . , : 1
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92
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UNITED STAT ES GOVE:92.92£MENT. - _ D:-Lunch
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ConradZwanonandha
.-.-..-. 192 .|r., 92 I -1. ..IU . I LVLJ. I AVAUIII
- DATE: _
u - ~92_92FROl92d = J. - b itSnyou
Tilt. Boom ..__. -
Hull" i__ A.-n ,
SUBJECT: y CONTEMPT OF COURT-
The Director requested an analysis of the decision entitled Dorsey K.
Offutt, an Attorney, Petitioner v. United States ofliiinerica, 348 U. S. 11 H954},
_ mentioned to hjifnzin Jdge*'Iamm's lefter of Marchf, T970.
4-unn IL 1 ll 0 Q 1- - n -1- 1 -1 -S
umnt was cietense attorney tor one Peclmam, charged with abortion in
w 9 the District of Columbia. Peckham was convicted in a 14-day trial. The trial was
marked by hostility between Offuttand Judge Holtzoff. Holtzoff accused Offuttof
1 "insolent, insulting and offensive remarks to the court. . . questions. . . obviously
_ intended to besmirch a witness. . . boisterous, belligerent, discourteous and offensivi
tone of voice. . . he constantly tried to create an episode that might lead the court to
direct a mistrial." Offuttv. U. S. , 208 F2d 842 953!. Offuttobjected to Holtzoff .
"yelling at me and raising your voice like that." Holtzoff said, "If you say another -
I will have the Marshal stick a gag in your mouth. " Holtzoff told the jury at th|
end that "You have been compelled to sit through a disgraceful and disreputable per-
formance on the part of a lawyer who is unworthy of being a member of the professic
and I, as a member of the legal profession, blush that we should have such a specim
in our midst. Oifuv. U. S. , 348 U. S. 11 954!.. i _
, 9 Peckham appealed and his conviction was reversed by the Court of
'3 Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit, on the ground that Holtzoff excessively inject
Fhimself into the examination of witnesses "and judge's numerous comments to defens
5 counsel, indicating at time hostility, though under provocation, demonstrated a bias
i and lack of impartiality which may well have inuenced the jury. " .Pec1~:ham v. U. S.
i 210 F201 693 953!. In a new trial he was convicted again and the Supreme Court
A . . . ,_ ,.__- oemeo certiorarn. am v. U. S. , 226 F2d 34 955!, cert. den. 350 U. S
-
' Offuttwas sentenced by Judge Holtzoff tor ten days for contempt of comHe appealed and the Court of Appeals found that H01tzoff's judgment of contempt was
- -,.<|- 7.1- ' u 'g amply suppo..ed. But, the oou.. continued, . . .we think the record does not suppoi
Zthe penalty imposed. Appellant's conduct cannot fairly be considered apart from thag of the trial judge. Eachresponded to great provocation from the other." The convi-
, tion for contempt was upheldybutthe sentence was reduoed»to.A8=honrs. Offuti-jv. U.1203 F2d 9.42 953!. ~' '--~- -'1;---"H--= so 9 -"92 ' / 15 _ - oa+a/eas-.alm, em";"
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- Offutt went to the Supreme Court, where in a 6-3 opinion delivered by! §Mr. Justice Frankfurter conviction/i'§'92?e3rsed. The court said this was the type
; §of case which district judges:should handle !by not sitting themselves in judgmenti iupon misconduct of counsel where the contempt charged is entangled with the judge's
, gpersonal feeling against the lawyer. " The Court stated that when the case is remanc
H to district court a different judge should hear it.' Offutt v. U. S. , 348 U. S. 11 954!
Offutt was brought before Judge Charles F. McLaughlin, Jr. , and ag:
found guilty- of contempt. Heappealed and the Court of Appeals again reversed,
holding that Judge McLaughlin should have allowed Offutt to introduce evidence on ho
he was treated by the judge and the prosecutor, and evidence to prove that his questi
at the Peckham trial were relevant and proper rather than prejudicial. Offutt v. U.
232 F 6!, cert. den. 76 Sup. Ct." 1049. Again the case went ba
before Judge R. N. Wilkin, and again there was a finding of contempt, with sentence
of 48 hours. Offutt appealed again. The Court of Appeals found that the evidence Si
tained the conviction for discour_tesy~to J uage Holtzoff but did not sustain the charge
baseless and prejudicial questions asked of witnesses in the Peckham trial. S81'ltE.Il was modified to commitment to the custody of the U. S. Marshal for 3 hours. Offutt
v U S 247 F2d 88 957! cert. den. 355 U. S. 856.7_ _'_"'' --1 2
The first_inclini::a_tion on reading Offutt is to find in it the formula fo:
handling contempt problems now plaguing the courts. The conclusion may prove
1 correct, but the confusion in the law prevents it..from being more than an "educated
lg-uess" at this time. Rule 42 a!, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, oni "Criminal Contempt, " provides that when the judge certifies that he saw or heard ti
j contempt, and that it was committed in the actual presence of the court, he may
1'. punish "summarily, " - right now. The fact that the contempt was directed toward t
judge himself is immaterial. Rule 42 b! provides, however, that except for those
contempts covered by Rule 42 a! all contempts shall be prosecuted on notice and
before a different judge unless the accused consents to the same judge. This is in I
92with Offutt, indicating that if the judge allows the contempt to go unpunished until on
'of max the matter must be heard by a different judge. But there is a decision, not
expressly overruled, to the contrary. In Sacher v. U. S. , 343 U. S. 1 @952!, reheai
ing denied 343 U. S. 941, attorneys for Communist Party leaders were -contemptuou;
of the trial judge. That same judge Medina! reserved judgment until th
finished and then himself sentenced them for contempt. The attorneys appealed to
the supreme Court. The only question before the Court was whether Judge Medina
could do this as Judge Hoffman did in Chicago recently! under Rule 42 a!, discusse
.- above. In a 5-3 decision by Mr. Justice Jackson Frankfurter, Black and Douglas
dissenting; Clark not participating! the Court upheld Judge Medina. _A
T_- 2 1!"
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Offuit was decided after Sacher, and thus may be thought to overrule e-
92Sacher, but a reputable source says "The majority opinion in the OffuttCase did not
- ~ ' overrule the Sacher Case. . . citations only!; it expressly stated that the Court would
not retrace the ground so recently covered in the Sacher Case._ M This indicates that
the two cases may be distinguishable upon the facts involved in that in the 0f£uttCase
é the contempt was entangled with the judge's personal feeling against the lawyer to a
.much greater extent than in the Sacher Case, where the contempt was merel person:to the judge." plgnnotation: Contempt-Suinmary_PowerL 3 Lawyers EditionZ3855.I
92 92
RECOMMENDATION: . t ; .;'
' ' ' ' None. For the Director's information. --Q
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NOTE: A suggested letter to Judge Tamm is attached should the Director wish to
use it. '. . . .
92
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Q V ,E ®UBjECT: WILLIAM;/ALLEN I
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Por1'u|~u' mm nu. In
MI damn-Ian _,_ 1 .-ou n-my ll um! an-um
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
= Attentigni legal Research '
I
1iISCELLAbtEOIJ$_.IHEORMAIIQLL_CONCER!!IM.~;+suPREME_ A£>C1sIQ.N REGARDING. ¢.> _ -.3-count PROCEDURE £1; ,@,~,~ .- ,',92 is I_.-_.-
I i Enclosed for the Bureau is one copy of a decision
rendered by the United States Supreme Court on March 31, 1970,
in the case of the State of Illinois Versus WILLIAM ALLEN
nuber 606 appellate. Also e clpsed for the Bureau is onecopy each of the concurringsf Justices DOUGLAS and BRENNEN.
ALLEN was convicted of armed robbery. He later
filed a petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Federal
f Court, alleging that he had been wrongfully deprived by the
State of Illinois trial judge of his constitutional right to
remain in the court room throughout his trial. ALLEN became
abusive in the court room. After proper warning, the trial
judge had him removed and proceeded with the trial, at the
conclusion of which he was convicted.
The Court of Appeals reversed his conviction. In J
reversing the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Ccurt, in an ,
eight-to-nothing decision stated, "We think there are at
least three constitutionally permissible ways for a trial
judge to handle an obstreperous defendant like ALLEN:
! Bind and gag him, thereby keeping him present;
! cite him for contempt; ! take him out of the court room
until he promises to conduct himself properly."
92, H1 éi"92'/%- Bureau Enc 3!
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ROTICE ; This opinion In subject to formal revision before ubllcntlon
In the relimlnary ],I'll1l. of the United Stun--1 Reports. In-a er: are re-uest to nullfv the ltr-porter of D0-clnluns, Supreme Court of the'nm-d Slnlrs, 9292 u. Illllgtnn. lI.C. "0-H3, of any lfpsfl ihlcal or otherlormnl errors. In order tlmt curreetlunn may he mu c lore the pre-
liminary print goes to pttlu.
SUPBEME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
No. 606.Oc'rom;n Tenn, 1969
iii
State of Illinois, Petitioner, on Writ, Certiomri to
the United States Court
of Appeals for the
J Seventh Circuit.U.
1- --1 4-.
[ll/larch 31, 1970]
Mn. JUSTICE BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment
to the United States Constitution provides that In all
criminal prosecutions. the accused shall enjoy the
right . . . to be confronted with the n'itnes%s against
him. . . . We have held that the Fourteenth Amend-
ment makes the guarantees of this clause obligatory
upon the States. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U. S. 400 965!.
One of the most basic of the rights guaranteed by the
Confrontation Clause is the accuscds right to be present
in the courtroom at every stage of his-S trial. Lewis v.
United Status, 146 U. S. 370 892!. The question pre-
sented in this case is whether an accused can claim the
benet of this constitutional right to remain in the court-
room while at the same time he engages in speech and
conduct which is so noisy, disorderly, and disruptive that
it is exceedingly difficult or wholly impossible to carry
on the trial.
The issue arose in the following way. The respondent,
Allen, was convicted by an Illinois jury of armed robbery
and was sentenced to serve 10 to 30 years in the Illinois
State Penitentiary. The evidence against him showed
that on August 12, 1956, he entered a tavern in Illinois
and,afterordering a drink,took$200fromthebartender
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606-»-OPINION
ILLINOIS v. ALLEN
at gunpoint. The Supreme Court of Illinois afrmed his
conviction, People 92'. Allen, 37 Ill. 2d 167, 226 X. 2d 1
967!, and this Court denied certiorari. 389 U. S. 907
967!. Later Alien led a petition for a nrit of habeas
corpus in federal court alleging that he had been wrong-
fully deprived by the Illinois trial judge of his consti-
tutional right to remain present throughout his trial.
Finding no constitutional vioiation, the District Court
declined to issue the writ. The Court of Appeals re-
versed, 413 F. 2d 232 969!, Judge Hastings dissenting.
The facts surrounding Allen's expulsion from the court-
room are set out in the Court of Appeals opinion sus-
taining Alleus contention:
- "After his indictment and during the pretrial
- stage, the petitioner [Allen] refused court-appointed
counsel and indicated to the trial court. on several
occasions that he wished to conduct his own de-
fense. After considerable argument. by the peti-
tioner, the trial judge told him, Ill let you be your
own laxryer, but I'll ask Mr. Kelly [court-appointed
counsel] [to] sit in and protect the record for you,
insofar as possible. 3
"The trial began on September 9, 1956. After
the State's Attorney had accepted the rst four
jurors following their voir dire examination, the
petitioner began examining the rst juror and con-
tinued at great length. Finall_v, the trial judge in-
terrupted the petitioner. requesting him to conne
his questions solely to matters relating to the pros-
pective jur0r's qualications. At that point, the
petitioner started to argue with the judge in a most
abusive and disrespectful manner. At last. and
seemingly in desperation. the judge asked appointed
counsel to proceed with the examination of the
jurors. The petitioner continued to talk, proclaim-
ing that the appointed attorney was not going to
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6064-OPINION
ILLINOIS v. ALLEN 3
act as his lawyer. He terminated his remarks by
sayiiig, When I go out for lunchtime, yotfre [the
judge] going to be a corpse here." At that point
he tore the le which his attorney had and threw
the papers on the oor. The trial judge thereupon
stated to the petitioner, One more outbreak oi that
sort and I'll remove you from the courtroom. This
tra-rning had no eect on the petitioner. He con-
tinued to talk back to the judge, saying, Theres
not going to be no trial, either. Pin going to sit
here and youre going to talk and you can bring
your shackles out and straight jacket and put them
on me and tape my mouth, but it will do no good
B , . . ,oeeause theres not going to be no trial. After
more abusive remarks by the petitioner, the trial
judge ordered the trial to proceed in the petitioners
absence. The petitioner was removed from the
courtroom. The heir titre exaniination then eon-
tinued and the jury was selected in the absence of
the petitioner.
After a noon recess and before the jury was
brought into the eourtrooni, the petitioner, appear-
ing before the judge, complained about the fairness
of the trial and his appointed attorney. He also
said he wanted to be present in the court during
his trial. In reply, the judge said that the peti-
tioner would be permitted to remain in the court-
room if he behaved [himself] and [did] not inter-
fere with the introduction of the case. The jury
was brought in and seated. Counsel for the peti-
tioner then moved to exclude the witnesses from
the courtroom. The defendant protested this effort
on the part of his attorney, saying: There is going
to be no proceeding. Im going to start talking and
I'1n going to keep on tallzing all through the trial.
There's not going to be no_ trial like this. I want
92
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4 ILLINOIS v. ALLEN -
my sister and my_friends here in court to testify
for me. The trial judge thereupon ordered the
petitioner removed from the courtroom." 413 F.
2a, at 23s-234.
After this second removal, Allen remained out of the
courtroom during the presentation of the States ease-in-
chief, except that he was brought in on several occasions
for purposes of identication. During one of these latter
appearances, Allen responded to one of the judge's ques-
tions with vile and abusive language. After the prose-
cutio11s case had been presented, the trial judge reiter-
ated his promise to Allen that he could return to the
courtroom whenever he agreed to conduct himself prop-
erly. Allen gave some assurances of proper conduct
and was permitted to be present through the remainder
of the trial, principally his defense, which was conducted
by his appointed counsel. '
The Court of Appeals went on to hold that the
Supreme Court of Illinois was wrong in ruling that
Allen had by his conduct relinquished his constitutional
right to be present, declaring that:
No conditions may be imposed on the absolute
right of a criminal defendant to be present at all
stages of the proceedings. The insistence of a.
defendant that he exercise this right under unrea-
sonable conditions does not amount to a waiver.
Such conditions, if insisted upon, should and must
be dealt with in a manner that does not compel the
relinquishment of his right.
"In light of the decision in Hoyt v. Utah, 110
U. S. 574 884! and Shields v. United States, 273
U. S. 583 927! as well as the constitutional man-
date of the Sixth Amendment, we are of the view
that the defendant should not have been excluded
from the courtroom during his trial despite his dis-
ruptive_ and disrespectful conduct. The proper
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606--OPI.92IO;92'
ILLINOIS v. ALLEN 5
course for the trial judge was to have restrained
the defendant by whatever means necessary, even
if those means included his being shackled and
gagged. 413 F. 2d, at 235. -
The Court of Appeals felt that the defendant's Sixth
Amendment right to be present at his own trial was so
absolute that, no matter how unruly or disruptive the
defendant's conduct might be, he could never be held to
have lost that right so long as he continued to insist
upon it, as Allen clearly did. Therefore the Court of
Appeals concluded that a trial judge could never expel
a defendant from his own trial and that the judge's ulti-
mate remcdy when faced with an obstreperous defendant
like Allen who determines to make his trial impossible
is to bind and gag him, We cannot agree that the
Sixth Amendment, the cases upon which the Court of
Appeals relied, or any other cases of this Court so handi-
cap a trial judge in conducting a criminal trial. The
broad dicta in Hoyt v. Utah, supra, and Lewis v. United
States, 146 U. S. 3?0 1892!, that a trial can never con-
tinue in the defendant's absence has been expressly
rejected. Diaz v. United Sta-tes, 223 U. S. 442 912!.
We accept instead the statement of Mr. Justice Cardozo
who, speaking for the Court in Snyder v. Massachusetts,
291 U. S. 97, 106 938!, said: No doubt the privilege
[of personally confronting witnesses] may be lost by
consent or at times even by misconduct? Although
mindful that courts must indulge every rcasn-table pre-
--.-i-_.i,
In a footnote the Court of Appeals also referred to the trial
jndges contempt power. This subject is discussed in Part II of
this opinion. Infra, at 7-8.
'Rule 4.3 oi the Federal Rules oi ¬.r'nninal Procedure provides
that [i]n prosecutions for ollcnscs not p1|ni:>'|92:1ble by death,
the defcndantfs voluntary absence after the trial has been com-
menced in his presence shall not prevent continuing the trial w-
and including the return of the verdict.
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606OPIN1OI92*
6 ILLINOIS v. ALLEN
surnption against the loss of constitutional rights, John-
son V. Zerbst, 304 U. S. 458, 464 I038!, we explicitly
hold today that a defendant can lose his right to be
present at trial if, after he has been warned by the judge
that he wili be removed if he continues his disruptive
behavior, he nevertheless insists on conducting himself
in a manner so disorderiy, disruptive, and disrespectful
of the court that his trial cannot be carried on with him
in the courtroom. Once lost, the right to be present
can, of course, be reclaimed as soon as the defendant is
willing to conduct himself consistently with the decorum
and respect inherent in the concept of courts and judicial
proceedings;
It is essential to the proper administration of crim-
inal justice that dignity, order, and decorum be the hall-
marks of all court proceedings in our country. The
agrant disregard in the courtroom of elementary stand-
ards of proper conduct should not and cannot be toler-
ated. We believe trial judges confronted with disruptive,
contumacions, stubbornly deant defendants must he
given sufficient discretion to meet the circumstances of
each ease. No one formula for maintaining the appro-
priate courtroom atmosphere will be best in all situa-
tions. We think there are at least three constitutionally
permissible ways for a trial judge to handle an obstrep-
crous defendant like Allen: ! bind and gag him, thereby
keeping him present-: ! cite him for contempt; !
take him out of the courtroom until he promises to
conduct himself properly. _
I
Trying a defendant for a crime while he sits bound
and gagged before the judge andjury would to an extent
Soc .92'Iurra_92', The Power to Expo] a .'riminn] D0rt'l]{i:92lli- Frnln
llis Own Trial: A Co|np:92r:|1i92'e Yiew, 315 l.'. iolu. L. ]te92'_ IT],
171-175 964!; Goldin, 1rr;-euro of the 1!cfeml:mt at llemlil-inn
of the Verdict in Felony Ca.-cs, lli Col. L. Tl:-92'. IS, lS3l ltlllil.
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6O iOPI.92'I !.92'
ILLINOIS v. ALLEN 7
comply with that part. of the Sixth Ainendmcntis pur-
poses that accords the defendant an opportunity to con-
front the witnesses at the trial. l.lu_t even to contem-
plate such a technique, much less see it, arouses a feeling
that no person should be tried while shackled and gagged
except as :1 last resort. Not only is it possible that the
eight of shackles and gags might have a. signicant effect
on the jurys feelings about the defendant, but the use of
this technique is itself something of an a'ront to the very
dignity and decorum of judicial proceedings that the
judge is seeking to uphold. Moreover, one of the de-
fendants primary advantages of being present at the
trial, his ability to communicate with his counsel, is
greatly reduced when the defendant is in a condition of
total physical restraint. It is in part because of these in-
herent disadvantages and limitations in this method of
dealing with disorderly defendants that we decline to
hold with the Court of Appeals that a defendant cannot
tinder any possible circumstances he deprived of his
right to be present at trial. However, in some situa-
tions whieh we need not attempt to foresee. binding and
gagging might possibly be the fairest and most reason-
able wa-y to handle a defendant who acts as Allen did
here. _
I I
In a footnote the Court of Appeals suggested the pos-
sihle availability of contempt of court as a remedy to
make Allen behave in his robbery trial. and it is true
that citing or threatening to cite a cuntlmmcious de-
fendant for criminal contempt might in itself be sul-
cient to make a defendant stop interrupting a. trial. If
so, the prohlein would be solved easily, and the defendant
could remain in the courtroom. Of course. if the de-
fendant is determined to prevent any trial. then a. court
in at-tempting to try the defendant for contempt is
still confronted with the identical dilemma that the
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Illinois court faced in this case. And criminal contempt
has obvious limitations as a sanction when the defendant
is charged with a. crime so serious that a very severe
sentence such as death or life imp:-iso-nmeut is likely
to be imposed. In such a case the defendant might not
be aected by a. mere contempt sentence when he ulti-
mately feces a far more serious sanction: i92'evertheless,
the contempt remedy should be borne in mind by a.
judge in the circumstances of this case.
Another aspect of the contempt remedy is the judges
power, when exercised consistently with state and fed-
eral law, to imprison an unruly defendant such as Allen
for civil contempt and discontinue the trial until such
time as the defendant promises to behave himself. This
procedure is eonsistelii; with the defenda.nts right to
be present at trial, and yet it avoids the serious short-
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606OPINION
ILLINOIS v. ALLEN 9
that he would be removed from the courtroom if he
persisted in his unruly conduct, and, as Judge Hastings
observed in his dissenting opinion,, the record demon-
strates that Allen would not have been at all dissuaded
by the trial judge's use of his criminal contempt powers.
Allen was constantly informed that he could return to
the trial when he would agree to conduct himself in
a-niorderly manner. Under these circumstances we hold
that Allen lost his right guaranteed by the Sixth and
Fourteenth Amendments to be present throughout his
trial.
. TV
It is not pleasant to hold that the respondent Allen
was properly banished from the court for a part of his
own trial. But our courts, palladiums of liberty as they
are, cannot be treated disrespectfully with impunity.
Nor can the accused be permitted by his disruptive con-
duct indenitely to avoid being tried on the charges.
brought against him. It would degrade our country
and our judicial system to permit our courts to be-
bullied, insulted, and humiliated and their orderly
progress thwarted and obstructed by defendants brought
before them charged with crimes. As guardians of the
public welfare, our state and federal judicial systems,
strive to administer equal justice to the rich and the
poor, the good and the bad, the native and foreign born
of every race, nationality and religion. Being manned
by humans, the courts are not perfect and arc bound to
make some errors. But, if our courts are to remain what
the Founders intended, the citadels of justice, their pro-
ceedings cannot and must not be infected with the sort
of scurrilous, abusive language and conduct paraded
before the Illinois trial judge in this case. The record
shows that the Illinois judge at all times conducted
himself with that dignity, decorum, and patience that
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10 ILLINOIS v. ALLEN -
bets a judge. Even in holding that the trial judge had
erred, the Court of Appeals praised his commendable
patience under severe provocation."
We do not hold that removing this defendant from
his own trial was the only way the Illinois judge could
have eonstitutiona-liy solved the problem he had. We
do hold, however, that there is nothing whatever in this
record to show that the judge did not act completely
within his discretion. Deplorable as it is to remove a
man from his own trial, even for a. short time, we hold
that the judge did not commit legal error in doing what
he did.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is
Reversed-
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SUPREME l'i0U'RT UF THE UNITED STATFE
No. 606.-Oc'ron1;n Tartar, 1969
ii...--i.1
t . . .. On Writ of Ccrtiorari tob f Ill , P.tt ,. _ tam 0 wins P I loner the United States Court
P, of Appeals for the92921lha.m Allen. ' Sewnth Circuit
. [March 31, I970]
Mn. JUSTICE BRENNAN, concurring.
The safeguards that the Constitution accords to crim-
inal defendants presuppose that government has a sov-
ereign prerogative to put on trial those accused in good
faith of violating valid laws. Constitutional power to
bring an accused to trial is fundamental to a scheme
of ordered liberty and prerequisite to social justice and
peace. History has known t-he breakdown of lamrful
penal authority the feud. the vendetta, and the terror
of penalties meted out by mobs or roving bands of vigi-
lantes. It has known. too. the perversion of that au-
thority. In some societies the penalarm of the state
has reached individual men through secret denunciation
followed by summary punishment. In others the solemn
power of condemnation has been conded to the caprice
of tyrants. Down the corridors of history have echoed
the cries oi innocent men convicted by other irrational
or arbitrary procedures. These are some of the alterna-
tives history offers to the procedure adopted by our
Constitution. The right of a defendant to trialto
trial by jury--has long been cherished by our people
as a vital restraint on the penal authority of govern-
ment. And it has never been doubted that under our
constitutional traditions trial in accordance with the
Constitution is the proper mode by which government
exercises that authority. ' -
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2 A ILLINOIS v. ALLEN
Lincoln said this Nation was "conceived in liberty
and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
equal." The F cunders' dream of a society where all men
are free and equal has not been easy to realize. The
degree of liberty and equality that exists today has been
the product of uncensing struggle and sacrice. Much
remains to be denese much that the very institutions of
our society have come under challenge. Hence, today.
as in Lincoln's time, a man may ask whether [this]
nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can
long endure. It cannot endure if the Xation falls short
on the guarantees of liberty, justice, and equality em-
bodied in our founding documents. But it also cannot
endure if we allow our precious heritage of ordered
liberty to be ripped apart amid the sound and fury of
our time. It cannot endure if in individual cases the
claims of social peace and order on the one side and of
personal liberty on the other cannot be mutually resolved
in the forum designated by the. Constitution. If that
resolution cannot be reached by judicial trial in a court
of law, it will be reached elsewhere and by other means.
and there will be grave danger that liberty, equality,
and the order essential to both will be lost.
-The constitutional right of an accused to be present
at his trial must be considered in this context. Thus
there can be no doubt whatever that the governmental
prerogative to proceed with a trial may not be defeated
by conduct of the accused that prevents the trial from
going forward. Almost a half century ago this Court
in D2112 v. United States, 2'23 l.'. S. 442. 457-458 912!.
approved what I believe is the governing principle. We
there quoted from Folk Y. United States, L5 App. D. C.
446 899!, the case of an accused who appeared at his
trial but fled the jurisdiction before it was completed.
The court proceeded in his absence. and a verdict of
guilty was returned. In airn_1ingthe convict-io|1 over
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ILLINOIS v. ALLEN 3
the accuseds obiection that he could not be convicted
in his absence, the Court of Appeals 'for the District of
Columbia said:
It does not seem to us to be consonant with the
dictates of common sense that an accused person . . .
should be at liberty, whenever he pleases, . . . to
break up a trial already commenced. The practical
result of such a proposition, if allowed to be law,
would be to prevent any trial whatever until the
accused person himself shouldbe pleased to permit
it. . . . This would be a travesty of justice which
could not be tolerated . . . . [W]e do not think
that any rule of law or constitutional principle leads
us to any conclusion that would be so disastrous
as well to the administration of justice as to the
true interests of civil liberty. . . .
The question is one of broad public policy,
whether an accused person, placed upon trial for
crime and protected by all the safeguards with
which the humanity of our present criminal law
scdulously surrounds him, can with impunity defy
the processes of that law, paralyze the proceedings
of courts and juries and turn them into a solemn
farce, and ultimately compel society, for its own
safety, to restrict the operation of the principle of
personal liberty. Neither in criminal nor in civil
cases will the law allow a person to take advantage
of his own wrong."
III I1 L 92' 1' . _ 1' 1' . .I _ I P I A. 1'1to aiiow the oisruptive activities or a cieiciiuaiit iiire
resp'ondent to prevent his trial is to allow him to
prot from his own wrong. The Constitution would
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4 ILLINOIS v. ALLEN
Of course. no action against an unruly defendant is
permissible except after he has been fully and fairly
informed that his conduct is wrong and intolerable, and
warned of the possible consequences of continued mis-
behavior. The record makes clear that respondent was
so informed and warned in this case. Thus there can
be no doubt that respondent, by persisting in his repre-
hensible conduct, surrendered his right to be present at
the trial.
As the Court points out, several remedies are avail-
able to the judge faced with a defendant bent on dis-
rupting his trial. He can have him bound, shackled,
and gagged; he can hold him in civil or criminal con-
tempt; he can exclude him from the trial and early on
in his absence. No doubt other methods can be devised.
I join the C0urts opinion and agree that the Constitu-
tion does not require or prohibit the adopt-ion of any
of these courses. The constitutional right to be present
can be surrendered if it is abused for the purpose of
frustrating the trial. Due process does not require the
presence of the defendant if his presence means that there
will be no orderly process at all. However, I also agree
with the Court that these three methods are not equally
acceptable. In particular, shacl-cling and gagging a de-
fendant is surely the least of them. It offends not only
judicial dignity and decorum, but also that respect for
the individual which is the lifeblood of the law.
I would add only that when a defendant is excluded
from his trial, the court should make reasonable eorts
to enable him to communicate with his attorney and,
if possible, to keep apprised of the progress of his trial.
Once the court has removed the contumacious defendant,
it is not weakness to mitigate the disadvantages of his
expulsion as far as technologically possible in the
circumstances.
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2 ILLINOIS 1!. ALLEN
room disturbance. What a judge should do with a
defendant whose courtroom antics may not be volitional
is a. perplexing problem which we should not reach ex-
cept on a clear record. This defendant had no lawyer
and refused one, though the trial judge properly insisted
that a member of the bar be present to representliiin.
He tried to be his own lawyer and what transpired was
pathetic, as well as disgusting and disgraceful.
We should not reach the merits but should reverse the
case for staleness of the record and airm the denial of
relief by the District Court. After all, behind the is-
suance of a writ of habeas corpus is the exercise of an
informed discretion. The question, how to proceed in a
criminal case against a defendant who is a mental ease,
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Our real problems of this type lie not with this case
but with other kinds of trials. First are the political
trials. They frequently recur in our history " and insofar
.i.----_-_- ,
From Spies 92'. People, 1522 lll. 1, in92'0l92'ing the Haymnrket Riots,
In re Debs, 158 IF, S. 563, in92'oI92'ing the lul||n:||1 strike, Jfooiiey
V. Hofohon, 29-1 U. S. 103. inmlvilig the copper strikes of 1917;
Sacco dc Vanzetti v. State, 255 Mass. 369, 250 .92Ia.=.a. 1'28, 261 Mass.
12, im'el92.'ing the Red st-are of the 20's: to Dennis 92.'. Liritcd States,
341 U. S. 494, involving an agreement to teach Marxism.
As to the H}'l1Ik¬l riot resulting in the Spies ease, see Com-
mons, History of Labor in the United States, pp. 386 et seq. 918!;
Swindler, Court & Constitution in the 20th Century, cc. 3 an-1 4
969!. ' '
As to the lullm.'92n strike and the Debs case, see Pfeer, This
Honorable Court, pp. 215-216 I¬JG|'i!; Linrlsey, The Pnllmrni Strike,
cc. XII and XIII 942!; Commons, History of Labor in the
United States, pp. 502--"108 tlfll-S].
.-is to the Mooney c-.1.-re. see the January 151. i3I'T, i-"sue of The
New Repnblir-,' Frost. The Mooney Case 963!.
As to the Seer.-0-Vaiizctti rnse see Frsenkel, The Sacco-Yunzetti
Case: Frankfurter. The Case of Sacco-92':|.nzetti.
As to the repression of te:u-hing lIl92"0l92Ltl in the Dennis ease, see
Kirehheimer, Political Justice, pp. 132-158 061!.
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606SEPAIiATE
ILLINOIS v. ALLEN 3
as they take place in federal courts we have broad super-
visory powers over them. That is one setting where the
question arises whether the accused has rights of eon-
frontation that the law invades at its peril.
In Anglo-American law, great injustices have at times
been done to unpopular minorities by judges, as well as
by prosecutors. I refer to London in 1670 when William
Penn, the,gentle Quaker, was tried for causing a riot
when all that he did was to preach a sermon on Grace
Church Street, his church having been closed under the
Convent-icle Act:
"Penn. I affirm I have broken no law, now am
I Guilty of t-he indictment that is laid to my charge;
and to the end the bench, the jury, and myself, with
these that hear us, may have a more direct under-
standing of this procedure, I desire you would let
me know by what law it is_you prosecute me, and
upon what law you ground my indictment.
Recorder. Upon the common-law.
Penn. Where is that common-law?
Recorder. You must not think that I am able
to run up so many years, and over so many adjudged
eases, which we call common-law, to answer your
curiosity.
Penn. This answer I am sure is very short of
my question, for if it be common, it should not be
so hard to produce.
"Recorder. Sir, will you plead to your indictment?
Penn. Shall I plead to an Indictment that hath
no foundation in law? If it contain that law you
say I have broken, why should you decline to pro-
duce that law, since it- will be impossible for the
jury to determine. or agree to bring in their verdict,
who have not the law produced, by which they
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606SEPAR ATE
ILLINOIS v. ALLEN
should measure the truth of this indictment, and
the guilt, or contrary of my fact?
Recorder. You are a saucy fellow, speak to the
Indictment.
"Penn. I say, it is my place to speak to matter
of law; I am arraigned a. prisoner; my liberty, which
is next to life itself, is now concerned: you are many
mouths and ea-rs against me, and if I must not be
allowed to make the best of my case, it is hard, I say
again, unless you show me, and t-he people, the
law you ground your indictment upon, I shall take
it for granted your proceedings are merely arbitrary.
Recorder. The question is, whether you are
Guilty of this Indictment?
Penn. The question is not, whether I am Guilty
of this Indict-ment, but whether this Indictment
be legal. It is too general and imperfect an answer,
to say it is the common-law, unless we knew both
where and what it is. For where there is no law,
there is no transgression; and that law which is not
in being, is so far from being connnon, that it is no
law at all.
Recorder. You are an impertinent fellow, will
you teach the court what law is? _ It is Lex non
scripts, that which many have studied 30 or 40
years to know, and would you have me to tell you
in a. moment?
Penn. Certainly, if the common law be so hard
to be understood, it is for from being very common;
but if the lord Coke in his Institutes be of any
consideration, he tells us, ,'1ha,t Connnon-Law is
common right, and that Common Right is the Great
Charter-Privileges. . . .
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606SEPAR ATE
ILLINOIS v. ALLEN 5
Recorder. Sir, you are a troublesome fellow, and
it is not for the honour of the court to suffer you
to go on.
Penn. I have asked but one question, and you
have not answered me; though the rights and priv-
ileges of every Englishman be concerned in it.
Recorder. If I should suer you to ask questions
tili to-morrow morning, you would be never the
wiser.
Penn. That is according as the answers are.
Recorder. Sir, we must not stand to hear youI: " talk all night.
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be heard in my just plea: and I must plainly tell
you, that if you will deny me Oyer of that law,
which you suggest I have broken, you do at once
deny me an ackno9292'ler.iged right-. and evidence to
the whole world your resolution to sacrice the
privileges of Englishmen to your sinister and arbi-
trary designs.
Recorder. Take him away. My lord, if you take
not some course with this pestilent fellow, to stop
his mouth, we shall not be able to do any thing to
night.
"Mayor. Take him away, take him away, turn
him into the bale-doek. The Trial of William
Penn, 6 How. St. Tr. 951, 958-959.
The panel of judges who tried William Penn were sin-
cere, law-and-order men of their day. Though Penn
was acquitted by t-he jury, he was jailed by the court
for his contemptuous conduct. Would we tolerate re-
..i.-i-._-
At Old Il:|ile_92', where the William Pt1921I trial was held the
baletlork or lmilrioek! was a small room taken from one of the
corners of the court. and left open at the top: in 9292'hieh. during
the trials. are prlt some of the n1.-def.-u-tors." Oxford Eng. Diet.
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606-SI'1PARA'lE
6 ILLINOIS v. ALLEN
moral of a defendant from the courtroom during a. trial
because he was insisting on his constitutional rights,
albeit vociferously, no matter how obnoxious his philos-
ophy might have been to the bench that tried him?
Would we uphold contempt in that situation?
Problems of political indictments and of political
judges raise profound questions going to the heart of
the social compact. For that compact is two-sided:
majorities uiidcrtake to press their grievances within
limits of the Constitution and in accord with its proce-
dures; minorities agree to abide by constitutional pro-
cedures in resisting those claims.
Does the answer to that problem involve dening the
procedure for conducting political trials or does it involve
the designing of constitutional methods for putting an
end to them? This record is singularly inadequate to
answer t-hose questions. it wit} be time enough to re-
solve those weighty problems when a political trial
reaches this Court for review.
Second are trials used by minorities to destroy the
existing constitutional system and bring on repressive
measures. Radicals on the left historically have used
those tactics to incite the extreme right with the calcu-
lated design of fostering a regime of repression from
wiiicli the radicals on the left hope to emerge as the
ultimate victor. The left in that role is the provocateur.
The Constitution was not designed as an instrument for
that form of rough-and-tumble contest. The social
compact has room for tolerance, patience, and restraint,
but not for sabotage and violence. Trials involving that
spectacle strike at the very heart of constitutional
government.
As respects the strategy of German Communists via-ti-via the
Nazis in the 1930's, sec Heidcn, Der Fuclircr, pp. 461, 462, 5'25,
551-552 944!.
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ILLINOIS v. ALLEN 7
I would not try to provide in this case the guidelines
for those two strikingly diereiit types of cases. The
case presented here is the classical criminal case without
any political or subversive overtones. It involves a
defendant who was a sick person and who may or may
not have been insane in the classical sense but who
apparently had a diseased mind. And, as I have said,
the record is so stale that it is now much too late to nd
out what the true facts really were.
In n 1956 pretrial mnity hearing, Allen was found to be
incompetent to stand trial. Approximately a year later, however,
on October 19, 1957, in a. second eotnpctency hearing, he was
declared sane and competent to stand trial.
Allen's sister and brother testied in Allen's behalf at the trials
They recited instances of Allen's unusual past behavior anti szated
that he was conned to a mental institution in 1953, although no»
reason for this latter connement was given. A doctor called by the-
prosecution testified t-ha-t he had examined Allen shortl_92' after the
commission of the crime which took place on August 12, 1956, and
on other subsequent occasions, and t-hat, in his opinion, Allen was
sane at the time of each examination. This e92"-idcncc was admit-ted
on the question of Allens sanity at the time of the o'ense. The
jury found him sane at that time and the Illinois Supreme Court
airmed t-hat nding. Scc People r. Allen, 37 Ill. 2d 167.
At the time oi Allen's trial in 1957, the tests in Illinois for t-he
defends-nts sanity at the time of the criminal act were the
192I'Naghten Rults supplemented by the so-called irresistible impulse
test. People v. Carpenter, ll Ill. 2d 60, 142 E. 2d 11. The-
tests for determining a. defendanfs sanity at t-he time of trial were
that [h]e should be capable of understanding the nature and object-
of t-he proceedings against him, his own condition in reference
to such proceedings, and have sufficient mind to conduct his defense
in a rational and reasonable manner," and, further, that he should
he caps.-hie of co-operating with his counsel to the end that any
available defenses may be interposed." People v. Burson, 11 I].l..
2d 360, 369, N. E. 2d -, --.
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ui ing and ustices. /-40
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_.§/ J v';: r'; '3" reviewed the security which his force provides for the
building and the Justices while they are in the building. After this, a complete tour
of the building was afforded explaining the security coverage. I sat down with these
officers and outlined the necessity for their having a definite written plan of action
and of notification in the case of a bomb threat. It was pointed out to them the
necessity of their having a complete plan of action from the time a bomb threat is
received through the discovery of such a device and thereafter the securing of the
area until the bomb experts arrive to handle the disposal. 92
P I I? Q!lr_!e."< 4 :9 1 <1 Q stated um 1;. had such =1, plan; whereupon, 1 told mm that
- that it is workable and he should test it, evalua e it, and make
eitective. suggestions were given to
action should a threat be received.
H, agreed it was a good ideaaction.
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1 - Mr. Rosen 1 - Mr. Callahan
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FEDERAL BUREAU DF INVESTIGATION
FDIPA DELETED PAGE INFORMATION SHEET
Pagelsl withheld entirely at this location in the le. One or more of the following statements, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
Deleted under exemptionisl 6 bél 5 C l D with no segregable
material available for release to you.
lnforrnation pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
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to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agency ies!.
Page s! withheld for the following reason s!:
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For your infonnation: _ __H W _o____o___ _o__ _
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Memo J. J. Casper to Mr. Mohr
Re: Security of Supreme Court Building
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I em enclosing herewith two Xerox copies oi sf? ' itmemorandum which 1 have gm received from umumt m 56,,
J. J. Casper, who, today, conlerred witho! the Supreme Court Building. -You may 7&-oi the two enclosed copies to the Chie! Justice for his interma-tion, asitis obviousthatthere isnotasoomplete security.for this Supreme Court Building and the Justices es there __shou be. ' M . " i ; o
'1 expect to have ready tor youby next Monday mug-gestions in regard to improving security in sii Federll Court
Buildiuga throughout the courdry. 5 OT: O " FJ! 1 can be oi any ml-um ammo, do ma mi§m=_-1'; -W;. _ ...- 9'; =..
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Memorandum _
-to = Mr. Mohr em, 4/13/'70- ' sui1::e:_d__'_.__...-
I _ , , Towel __......_.._..
FROM , J. J. C35 81' "I ,
1 Nolan __.__...._
mSUBJECT: KILLING A FEDER2L OFFICER -
JUSTICES OF T UPREME COURT., W01 on i_
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The General Investigative Division raised a question on Title 18, U. S.
Code, section 1114, entitled "Protection of Officers and Employees of the United
States" and which reads in pertinent part as follows: "Whoever kills any judge of the
United States. . . shall be punished as provided, . . ." The section does not mention the
Chief Justice of the United States or the position of Justice of the Supreme Court.
Question: Would the murder of the Chief Justice or of any associate justice be
punishable under this section? We have concluded that it would, for the reasons show:
below . g
The term "judge," which the section uses, is generic; it includes ajustice. According to Bouviers Law Dictionary, a judge is a "public officer lawiullg
appointed to decide litigated questions according to law" and "the judges of thefederal and state supreme courts are properly styled justices. ' " According to q
B1ack's_l_.aw Dicti0nary_,_ Revised Fourth Edition, the term "justice" is "the title giver
in England towtlfe judges of the king's bench and the common pleas, and in America §
to the judges of the supreme court of the United States and of the appellate courts oi ,
many of the states." _ Q
Q
i It has been held in New York and in Georgia, where the question of the
meaning of the words has been raised, that "justice" and."judge" are interchangeable-
See Words and Phrases on judge and on justice. 1
EThe United States Code provides for the Chief Justice and the associati
justices of the Supreme Court to be assigned t0 Federal CiIC11itS. In each Of th
Federal circuits "the circuit justice and justices or judges designated or assignedshall alsobe competent to sit as judges of E15 cogrtzg, Eitli 28, U.S. Code, sections42, 43. _r__.REc9mm
It was while Justice Field w39 {i%¥iL¥uiii% his duty as a circuit judge
that there arose one of the landmark cases on power of__tl_i_e__Federal government to
protect judges. Justice Field journeyed__£ro'fFte Supreme Court in Washington to
1 - Mr. DeLoach -' 7.1- senb Attention: C-D1,;-It ED...-QVER! Ff?g/ll I b! V ' . it -JKAPR ism
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Memorandum J. J. Casper to Mr. Mohr
Re: Killing a Federal Officer -
Justices of the Supreme Court' I
California where he was to sit as a circuit judge. Having heard of a plot to kill
Justice Field, the Attorney General assigned Deputy United States Marshal Neagle
to accompany him. While in a hotel shortly after arrival in California, Justice Field
was attacked by a man whom Deputy Marshal Neagle then shot and killed. Neagle
was jailed by California authorities, to be tried for murder. He brought habeas
corpus and it was contended by California - andcorrectly so - that there was no
Federal statute whatsoever which authorized Neagle to protect Justice Field. The :
Supreme Court of the United States allowed the writ, however, and freed Neagle.
By a decision which held, in effect, that even without any statutory authority whatso-
ever the government of the United States is invested with power to protect itself and
that the protection of Justice Field was such a matter. The court Opinion uses some
language bearing on the present question, as follows: "Mr. Justice Field was a
member of the Supreme Court of the United States. . .But the justices of this court
have imposed upon them other duties, the most important of which arise out of the fac
that they are also judges of the Circuit Courts of the United States. . .The justices of
the Supreme Court have been members of the Circuit Courts of the United States
ever since the organization of the government. . .It is not 8.lpp0S8d that any special
Act of Congress exists which authorizes the marshals or deputy marshals of the Unite
States in express terms to accompany the judges of the Supreme Court through their
circuits and act as a body-guard to them to defend them against malicious assaults
against their persons. . . If a person in the situation of Justice Field could have no
other guarantee of his personal safety, while engaged in the conscientious discharge
of a disagreeable duty, than the fact that if he was murdered his murderer would be
subject to the laws of a State and by those laws could be punished, the security would
be very insufficient. . .We do not believe that the government of the United States is
this inefficient, or that its Constitution and laws have left the high officers of the
government so defenseless and unprotected." Cunn_ingham_v_. Neaglgza 135 U.S. 1
890!. Note how the opinion of the Supreme Court uses the terms "judge" and
"justice" interchangeably, and bases that use on the fact that since the beginning of
this government the justices of the Supreme Court have been members of the circuit
courts of the United States.
The justices of the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice, still
are members of the circuit courts as stated earlier-_ herein by authority of Title 28,
U.S. Code, sections 42, 43. There must be a later designation but the latest we
have is in the law books dated October 9, 1967, and shows, for example, that then
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Memorandum J. J. Casper to Mr. Mohr
Re: Killing a Federal Officer '
Justices of the Supreme Court
Chief Justice Earl Warren was "allotted" to theiDistrict of Columbia Circuit,Justice Abe Fortas was allotted to the First Circuit, and so on. Because thereare more circuits than justices two of them were allotted to two different circuits
each. . - _
RECOMMENDA '?"'ff' _ ' i - . =
That ";.;.s memorandum be referred to the General Investigative
Division. "
I
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15Il Rev. 4-11-85!
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FUIFA DELETED PAGE IIIFOHMTION SHEET
Pagetsl withheld entirely at this location in the le. One or more of the following statements, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
Deleted under exemptiontsl E 1 _ _ W __ _ with no segregable
material available for release to you.
Information pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agencyes!. These documents were referred to that
agency ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government 'agency ies!. You will be advised by the FBI as
to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agency ies!.
Page s! withheld for the following :eason s!:
_ I 7 7 ~ I ' 7 '
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UNITED STA rss cue. RNMENT 3,3335
Mohr .....-.-_-._Memorandum
Ir. Gill DATE 6- 1- 70 We
Sui Ivan .._.._.._
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SUBJECT: /was-r ron mum x mos
cam! JUSTICE IARREN 1: amass,
Osuvnnus count
s /e
Division, di
states we have offered to check applicants for employment at
the Supreme Court There appears to he some misunderstanding
in this connection. Ie did
for Associate Justice
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gree to investiga e an other applicants tor the Supreue
Court
our
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6 0J,UN 121970
--4; -. e__e_ _W_e:=_ :_ -I-» 7 _ t _ _ VHolmes .._.___
Gundy .__..__.__.
By letter dated 5
Justice Inrren E Burger
name check concerning one
D. 0., who is under consi
messenger tor Judge Blacknun, whose
Justice or the Supreme Court has been confirmed by the Senate
%_ 92ndvised he was hoKQGKLI search of the0 rece 28 70!, Chiet
requested n
oi Washington,
on as an Associate
to investi
There is 1 possibility that the present nisunder
standing on the part of the Chief Justice could result in
receiving a ilood oi requests tron the Court.
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Re: I 57¢
ACTION:
1! Attached for approval is n letter to the
Chiet Justice advising that our tiles contain no intornntionidentifiaiaie with "Q: __, ,5?
2! Should the misunderstanding or the Chiet
Justice result in our getting a flood of requests, it is
felt we should see the Chief Justice and explain to him
that there is no provision in the Bureau's budget to
handle invésiiaiioi of Supreie Gourt itiii employees.
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V V Bus ines s telephoneO /2 7-Dear Mr. Del.-oach: 5 Q/75""? ° '
Judge Blackmun contemplates engaging an applicant
for the position of messenger. As you well know the ecurity
aspects of the Court are such that we wish again to take advan-
tage of Mr. Hoover's kind offer to check our applicants. Subject
to your recoirendations it would seem to'us that A name check
would be adequate at the outset but we will leave that to your
judgment. 92 _ '
me the applicant is:
Li
Home te le phone :Q7 Presently employed in Washiniton
Q has been advised that some form of personalcheclt will be in proces. B2 _ 2 75 I
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for your courtesy and assistance.
5 JUN L5.I97U
Sincerely yours,I /0.7"?/'2i.1,-c/U 19-»! </
Mr. C. D. DeLoach
Assistant to the Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D. C. 20530
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Dear Mr. Hoover:
We have in hand the Bureau's7 @411 D7
report covering its obviously very
Jthorough investigation of
_ My colleagues and ID extend our thanks to you and your
;organization. 1--.
-1-Qpépr Sincerely yours,_
1,41,!la ~// ' W t
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Honorable J. Edgar Hoover _
Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washin ton D. C 20 s , - 5 _ of>m-.., 53 .4: £25 9*
5 JUN 111970 1
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- .~ ' 1J. fol gay ete met _ 7lupreme Cour! Building r ._ Il11'_l1iG1l§'Ob18ll'lI cl EA equll-0 eecurity the Supreme Court Building;-.di _ occupenl_l- v..- < Atte-ohedie every mm-mmam malor ' l " ideredduring -e conversation between Helen. Celperend e haveranged to afford an eight-hour tr coulfe _ eubjeoter to each member of I Iorcefhl e_._J4:nutunl1y mgrH/, lice
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-'2aw» states Maribel. Ioiier thie'|uggeet1o:':eince!notetheeuthor-ity for the Supreme Cfourt Building police im-ce e_e eet iorth in Title _40, Section 181 through ection 189; limit: their police power! to the iSupreme Court puildinz and grmmde and ediecent etreetl; There ieample precedent tor my euggeetion; going ell the 'vnI.1 to the -£5!? decieioninnded downby the Supreme Courtin 180 inlhe cue entity in 'c_w;_mgg mmv. my le,_,135 u.s. 1 xaéoyj, 4,2f.:§1g7ef;?p+- Q] oU92..;.*_..__; i N ? .51-W . -=Y;. T
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rearms and bombings, as val! an reported threats to ktdmp government
' oiclall, comidention lhould be given to am-ding the Justice! protective
service at their residence: and mu-lng their travail.._..¢-.u.I- .
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BPGl._1__i¢==-1'-=1 -- NOTE: Based on memo Casper to Mohr, 9/4/'70, re: "Securi of Supreme1.
Mr. Sullivan" ' B ' #10 ' .Mr. C. D. Brennan ! '/ ' e 7' M? U.:* -,... ' ¢. . .., .
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Q:= J. J. Caspe
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In accordance with the
August 24, 1970,
September 2
Court Building to
A meeti was ar
ansuB1r:c"r= 792§ECua1'rY 0 supnsmncouar BUILDING A_lfTQ_ -/_ JUSTICES or THE swarms cover
Justices with me. -
Supreme Qourt Building ébl £7 Q _ - _ f
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that his police force was now
several of the I had-_-
*'92-@
12 Q . 92_re 1: ! J J , /QUNITED STATES ....A/ERNMENTw - "i:?.;:._"..*""Memorandum______._.
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Director's telephonic instructions to me I
matter, I received a telephone call on
inviting me to come to the Supreme
building and the Justices with him.
r ed at 1 . m. on the same dat r ce was held with
d tated he had
e wi e Chie us ice who ha referred to his conversation with Mr. Hoover! /and he desired to review the security afforded the Supreme Court Building a.nd the
at authorized
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FEDERAL BUREAU DF INVESTIGATION
FDIPA DELETED PIIDE IIIFDIIIMITIDII SHEET
Page s! withheld entirely at this location in the le. One or more of the following statements, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
Deleted under exemption s! I 5 é/ e with H0 Segfegble
material available for release to you.
Information pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
Documents originated with another Government agencyes!. These documents were referred to that
agency ies! for review and direct response to you.
Pages contain information furnished by another Government agencyes!. You wil} be advised by the FBI as
to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agencyes!.
Page s! withheld forithe following reason s!:
~
For your infonnation: __ ___ ._.__ ___ _ _ __
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Memorandum J. J. Casper to Mr. Mohr
Re: Security of Supreme Court Building and
Justices of the Supreme Court
that the entire force was greatly concerned
about the court since the Justices will be considering matters
pertaining to the draft and the school cussing issues. They feel that these cases will
draw a large number of hippie types or revolutionists to the courtroom who will be
192dangerous and may even try to disrupt the court processes. In view of this concern
I asked if they had ever consid ess code for people coming into the courtro_on
Hlwhile it was in session. pointed out that under Chief Justice Vinson"
they had a dress code but was subsequently dropped. It would seem, in view
of the police forces concern, that the Chief Justice might desire to consider'.the
lreinstitutlon of a dress code While the court is in session for the courtroom in order
}to elimnate the hippie or revoluntionist crying to enter the eourtrooui in their
§upre_1n_e Court Building _Garag§
"-$1197 ¢ D
The Outside of the Supreme Cgurt Building
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Memorandum J. J. Casper to Mr. Mohr
Re: Security of Supreme Court Building and
Justices of the Supreme Court
Security ofisupremeg Court Justices , [9 Fig l D _ : e
I
P'92
92
92
1
asbroadHag, M c. advised me that he was concerned over the authority
of is man assigne o pro ect the Chief Justice and travel with him. since, as he
understood it, the authority of his men was limited to the Supreme Court Building and
grounds and adjacent streets. As a matter of interest, this matter was researched
by the Legal Research Unit in the Training Division and Title 40, United States Code,
Section 13f through Section 13p provide for the special police of the Supreme Court
Building and limit their policing powers to the Supreme Court Building and grounds
U and adjacent streets. Nowhere in the statutes does it suggest that this force has
general police powers beyond these areas. It is inherent in the Constitution that the
President the authority to see that the laws are faithfully executed and is
provided with means of fulfilling this obligation through officers of the United States
Government. In further researching the matter the Supreme Court in the case of
Cunningham v. Neagle, 135 U. S. 1 890! examined the problem of judicial protectio"
and concluded that the court system was not able to provide for its own self-protectiz
and the matter of protecting jiidicial officers was one for the President. Specifically
- this job could be properly fulfilled by a Deputy United States Marshal whose enforce-
ment powers are similar to a local sheriff and whose territorial jurisdiction could be
'" the nation it would appear appropriate that we Suggest tactfully to the
Chief Justice that he arrange with the Attorney General to have his guard
{commissioned as a Deputy United States Marshal.
'T"E'iliI5 bl/1!¢7C,
as informed that the FBI has the capability of furnishix a course of insh-uctilon B !is force on bomb threats and bombing matters and we
were prepared to offer this training te all of his on such matters a_s the handlingdot bomb threats, recognition of bombs, isolation of the areas where bombs are
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Memorandum J. J. Casper to Mr. Mohr
Re: Security of Supreme Court Building and
Justices of the Supreme Court
,/"92
ocated and searching and evacuating buildingsgwas very enthusiastic
about this course and arrangementshave been ma e o prov e on_ three different
days an eight-hour course to his entire police force of the Supreme Court Buildingthis course of training. ' ' i
, 1 - a, . 1< u ndicated that years ago the Supreme Court PoliceY | Department 0 come the FBI Ranges at Quantico, Virginia, and be given fire-
arms and aerensive tactics training but that due to a shortage of personnel they has
not requested such training in recent years. He said that he hoped they would be
able in the near future to request such training from the FBI and we would assist
him in this regard. He was assured that we would afford the training at a mutually
agreeable time and that all he had to do was advise me when his men would be
available 0 r te arrangements would be worked out for this training. Ialso gave a copy of the book entitled "Explosives and Bomb Disposal
Guide" by Rober . enz for his reading since it contains the latest information as
it reiates tossorne of the problems we discussed and it was one of the teiswwa usedin our course.
General Observations ' I
With the attacks both physical and bombing types on judges it would
appear appropriate that the Chief Justice request funds to afford protection and guar:
service as well as transportation to all members of the Supreme Court. Certainly,
E can afford guard serv-ice to embassies of foreign nations we should be able to
afford guard service to the members of the Supreme Court in the United States. In
addition, in view of the repeated information that we have received indicating that
attempts will be made to kidnap governmental officials, these Justices should be
provided with government vehicles and guards who will not only chauffeur but travel
with them when they are in travel status. '
NDAIIONS:
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Memorandum J. J. Casper to Mr. Mohr
Re: Security of Supreme Court Building and
Justices of the Supreme Court
RECQ_MlvlENDA_'_IIQNS: Continued! . . .- _ ,. _. _" _ .
! That the attached letter be sent to the Chief Justice of the
United States Supreme Court enclosing a. blind memorandum setting forth matters
to be considered by the Chief Justice in evaluating the security needed for the
Supreme Court Building and members of the Supreme Court.
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UNITED STATES OUVERNMENT
Memorandum
,6 Mr. Cjmrad
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in the e/4/vo memorandum J. J. Casper to Mr, Iviohr,_b ¢: L;
above, mention was made of a police baton, capable of detecting the presence of
metal, which was demonstrated to security officers at the Supreme Court Building
by a representative of the Motorola Company. The Director inquired, "What does
our Laboratory know about ?"
manufacturer claims that with little training the user of
by observation of the movement of a meter hand in the
whether the mass of iron detected is smaii, as a knife
a gun. Price of this night stick is $99.50. A similar/4-7'The police baton demonstrated was thé?RlSKEM, night stick manufacture:|b§!{I.nfinetics, Inc. , 1601 Jessup Street, Wilmington, Delaware. It is one of severallnietal detecting devices adaptable to police and security work being manufactured
and marketed by Innetics, Inc. e ,.
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The FRISKEM night stick has the appearance of a conventional night sticl
but is equipped with a self-contained nietai detector "which ndil, when held near a
person, indicate the presence of iron or steel objects on that person. The
sells for $124. 50.
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Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
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Sullivan
C. D. Brennan
r. Callahan
Mr. CasperREGa FRISKEM night stick cal
night stick hanslle, deter-mil
or belt buckle, or large, a
unit with builtin flashlight,,Z
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»IvIemoran'dum to Ivir. Conrad
Re: SECURITY OF SUPREME COURT BUILDING AND
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT
The FRISKEM night stick can be adjusted by means of a sensitivity
control to detect metal on a person when held at a distance of two to three
eet from the person. It must be noted that this device is a metal detegtg; and
ot a ggpon g'g;§' gtor per se. The user must determine by other means the
ct nature of the object causing the FRISKEM detector to indicate the presence
f iron or steel.
Attached is a photograph of the FRTSKEM night stick held by an airline
terminal guard. Also shown in the photograph is a p_ortab1e_wall5¢thrQuglah'agnetic
I1§t£§1Ii011-..St.ati0n which, according to Infinetics, Inc. , has been used and evaluated
by Pan American Airlines at Kennedy International Airport. The walk-through
detection station functions in a manner similar to the FRI5_1<EIvI night stick.
ACTION:
For information.
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SyurlMr Sullwa
MrB Ilnnn
Calla-h
Casper
Coma
Mr. Felt.
Mr. Gale t
Mr. _Mr.
Mr.
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Tale. RooIn.__
Hill H01"1" 9-1373:?!
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover
Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington. D. C. 20535
Dear Mr. Hoover:
A rereading of your book "On Communism" emboldened
me to send this letter. As a sort of self-
introduction I attach an autographed copyhof my
little book on Magna Carta with its foreward
by the truly lamented Everett Dirksen.
The annexed sheets are a brief excerpt re-
garding the F.B.I. from Chapter Six of an un-
published manuscript on the product of the
Supreme Court or recent years, beiore Burger=
Chapter Six runs about 70 pages on the Court
and Communism touching on about 20 of its cases.
[The book is critical of decisions generally during .~
the recent decade, largely based on dissenting
opinion cases, but is wholly impersonal, notblaming or even naming a single justice involved. C£LLAiJ
;Any suggestion on the excerpt and generally on|pub1ishing such a book would be deeply appreciated.
Respectfully,
, /_=Q/
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California Companions
Twain Harte, a village in the glorious mountains of
California, was, perhaps, named after Mark Twain and Bret
Harte, two tellers of tall tales of the glorious West.
They were real Americans, the bold, honest breed that made
America great. Their shades may have observed with disquiet
the secluded cabin there, with Shirley Kremen, Samuel
Coleman, Sidney Steinberg and one "Thompson" in occupancy.
Thompson and Steinberg were named as fugitives from
justice, indicted for allegedly advocating destruction of
government by force and violence. Rremen v US 353 US 346
and
…[truncated]