Endnotes 1. World Economic Forum in collaboration with the McKinsey Health Institute. (2024, January). Closing the women’s health gap: A $1 trillion opportunity to improve lives and economies. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Closing_the_ Women’s_Health_Gap_2024.pdf 2. Ibid. 3. Evaluate Pharma. (2025). Kearney analysis. https://www.evaluate.com/ 4. Steinberg, J. R., Turner, B. E., Weeks, B. T., Magnani, C. J., Wong, B. O., Rodriguez, F., Yee, L. M., & Cullen, M. R. (2021). Analysis of female enrollment and participant sex by burden of disease in U.S. clinical trials between 2000 and 2020. JAMA Network Open, 4(6), e2113749. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13749 5. Innovative Medicines Initiative. (n.d.). Background. IMI ConcePTION. Retrieved April 4, 2025, from https://www.imi- conception.eu/background/ 6. World Economic Forum in collaboration with the McKinsey Health Institute. (2025, January). Blueprint to close the women’s health gap: How to improve lives and economies for all. https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Blueprint_to_ Close_the_Women%E2%80%99s_Health_Gap_2025.pdf 7. The Message Project. (2024, November). MESSAGE policy framework. https://www.messageproject.co.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2024/11/MESSAGE-Policy-framework.pdf 8. World Economic Forum in collaboration with the McKinsey Health Institute. (2024, January). Closing the women’s health gap: A $1 trillion opportunity to improve lives and economies. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Closing_the_ Women’s_Health_Gap_2024.pdf 9. Long, M., Frederiksen, B., Ranji, U., Diep, K., & Salganicoff, A. (2023, February 22). Women’s experiences with provider communication and interactions in health care settings: Findings from the 2022 KFF Women’s Health Survey. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/womens-experiences-with-provider- communication-interactions-health-care-settings-findings-from-2022-kff-womens-health-survey 10. Chen, E. H., Shofer, F. S., Dean, A. J., Hollander, J. E., Baxt, W. G., Robey, J. L., Sease, K. L., & Mills, A. M. (2008). Gender disparity in analgesic treatment of emergency department patients with acute abdominal pain. Academic Emergency Medicine, 15(5), 414–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00100.x 11. Onal, E. G., Knier, K., Hunt, A. W., Knudsen, J. M., Nestler, D. M., Campbell, R. L., Thompson, K. M., Sunga, K. L., Walker, L. E., Madsen, B. E., Sadosty, A. T., McGregor, A. J., Mullan, A. F., Jeffery, M. M., & Bellamkonda, V. R. (2022). Comparison of emergency department throughput and process times between male and female patients: A retrospective cohort investigation by the Reducing Disparities Increasing Equity in Emergency Medicine Study Group. JACEP Open, 3(5), e12792. https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12792 12. World Economic Forum in collaboration with the McKinsey Health Institute. (2024, January). Closing the women’s health gap: A $1 trillion opportunity to improve lives and economies. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Closing_the_ Women’s_Health_Gap_2024.pdf 13. Health and Business Alliance. (2025, January). The state of women’s health in the workplace: White paper. https://hbanet.org/sites/default/files/2025-01/ThinkTank_The%20State%20of%20Women%27s%20Health%20In%20 The%20Workplace_White%20Paper.pdf 14. United Nations Women. (2015). Beijing declaration and platform for action: Beijing +5 political declaration and outcome. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/01/beijing-declaration 15. Clark, S. L., Saade, G. A., Tolcher, M. C., Belfort, M. A., Rouse, D. J., Barton, J. R., Silver, R. M., & Sibai, B. M. (2023, May). Gestational hypertension and “severe” disease: Time for a change. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 228(5), 547–552. https://mdanderson.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/gestational-hypertension-and-severe-disease- time-for-a-change 16. World Health Organization. (2023, March 24). Endometriosis. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ endometriosis 17. Evaluate Pharma. (2025). Kearney analysis. https://www.evaluate.com/ 18. Ammerdorffer, A., McDougall, A. R. A., Tuttle, A., et al. (2024, July). The drug drought in maternal health: An ongoing predicament. The Lancet Global Health, 12(7), e1174–e1183. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/ PIIS2214-109X(24)00144-X/fulltext#au20 19. World Economic Forum in collaboration with the McKinsey Health Institute. (2024, January). Closing the women’s health gap: A $1 trillion opportunity to improve lives and economies. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Closing_the_ Women%E2%80%99s_Health_Gap_2024.pdf 20. Impact Global Health. (n.d.). G-FINDER data portal. Retrieved April 4, 2025, from https://gfinderdata.impactglobalhealth.org/ 21. Gabay, M. (2019, August 2). The Orphan Drug Act: An appropriate pathway for treatments for rare diseases. Hospital Pharmacy, 54(5) 283–284. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0018578719867665 22. Biotechnology Innovation Organization. (2020, May 19). The Orphan Drug Act and rare pediatric disease voucher program promote investment in rare diseases. https://archive.bio.org/sites/default/files/docs/toolkit/ODA-Priority-Review.pdf Prescription for Change: Policy Recommendations for Women’s Health Research 25

Prescription for Change 2025