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buildupthemaehinerytomaintainpeaee. The
Soviet Union seems to maintain that existing ar-
rangements are adequate and vigorously opposes
the concept of an international force.
~ Fortunately we already have a strong founda-
tion on which to build such peacekeeping ma-
chinery. The United Nations was established for
the purpose of maintaining international peaceand security. ' ' * " "
Our aim, accordingly, is a stronger United Na-
tions. Perhaps the time is approaching when
new eorts should be made toward making this
Organization a more eective instrument for
peace. Let me repeatwe have in the United
Nations the structure on which to build. There is
nothing wrong with the charter that good will
could not cure. i
We must also seek to accelerate the develop-
ment of international law, looking toward the rule
of law in the world. Certainly it would make a
tremendous difference if states showed a fair-
minded and careful regard for generally recog-
nized legal rules. Far more use should be made
of the International Court of Justice. Greater use
should be made of advisory opinions. And further
steps should be taken to extend the compulsory
jm-isdiction of the Court.
In this connection may I say that I regret very
much that it has not yet been possible to take the
steps necessary to permit this Government to em-
brace with complete delity the principle of com-
pulsory jurisdiction.It would be a mistake to assume that, if the
point is reached where national armed forces have
been reduced by mutual agreement to the militia
level, the danger of aggression will have been auto-
matically eliminated. There have been many cases
in the past few years when frontiers were crossed
and distinctly military actions were carried out
by lightly armed forces. We are all too familiar
with the pattern of indirect aggression and know
that men armed with only light weaponsries,
submachine guns, pistols, and hand grenadescanpromote civil disorder and contribute to the over-
throw of the government of a neighboring state.
In the light of these present-day experiences
it is clear that there would be need for an effective
international force to-help keep the peace and
repel aggression in a world where national arma-
ments have been substantially reduced. * As we
824have proposed in Geneva, such a force should
operate within the framework of the United Na-
tions. Without such a force a world fully dis-
armed except for ries, or, for that matter, sticks
and stones, would still not adequately guarantee
peace and security. _
The Soviets do not accept this concept. In an
article published last fallincidentally at about
the same time the Soviet Union was putting forth
its slogan of general and complete disarma-
meiit-Pra'nda warned against the creation of
an international police force armed to the teeth
which would be used for suppressing peoples de-
termined to change the social system in their
countries.
We must consider seriously, even if the Com-
munists choose not to, the anarchy and risks of
aggression to which a disarmed world would be
exposed if there were not at the same time recog-
nized rules of law enforced by strong United Na-
peaeekeeping machinery. . -
Q
Nuclear Tat Talks ,
The dierences in approach which I have briey
described on certain fundamental areas of the dis-
armament problem suggest to you, I am sure, why
our negotiators at Geneva fully realize that they
have a long and diicult road ahead. Thus far,
perhaps not unexpectedly, they have-little reason
to be encouraged by the Soviet attitude.
But our eorts in the disarmament eld cover
a broad front. _ And we do nd some reason for en-
couragement. The atmosphere in an adjoining
conference room at Geneva is cautiously optimis-
tic. I refer to the talks where American, British,
and Soviet delegations have been working for the
past 18 months on an agreement looking toward a
controlled ban on the testing of nuclear weapons.
Here we have proposed that a treaty be con-
cluded which would end all nuclear weapons tests
where adequate controls can be agreed. This.
would exempt small underground explosions.
However, we recently stated a willingness to agree
to a temporary, voluntary moratorium on these
small underground explosions where adequate con-
trol is not now possible. Such a moratorium,
Z-_-_i-nn
Y For text of a joint declaration by President Eisenhower
and British Prime Minister Macmillan, see tbtd., Apr. 18,
1960.p..587. _____V_ if _
Department of State Bulletin
D ' 92
92
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_l;1;eFe§i§ ¬6Yditi'oned'on~progress-being mgthe negotiations on various important isues that
now separate the two-sides and on arrangements
being made for a coordinated research program
aimed at nding more reliable means of identify-
ing small underground disturbances.
However, there are still important political and
technical issues to work out. Agreement must
still be reached on such critical matters as the
basis and frequency of on-site inspections of areas
where unidentied seismic events have occurred
within the territories of the parties. This is a
major obstacle. The Soviets insist that the num-
ber of such inspections should be limited and based
on a purely political decision. We believe that
this is not a political question but that inspections
should be based on detection capabilities and scien-
tic facts.
Still another matter at issue is the composition
of the sta manning the control posts which will be
established within the three countries and through-
out the world: The Soviets wish to have a pre-
dominance of host-country nationals in the controlposts. We cannot accept this since it would
amount to self-inspection. In the light of the
need to insure objectivity, we have proposed that
the control posts be manned by an international
staff made up of one-third host-country nationals,
one-third from the other side, and one-third from
other countries.
Further issues include voting procedures, where
the shadow of the veto is still with us, proceduresto govern explosions for peaceful purposes, andthe composition of the seven-nation control
commission.However, in the 18 months of painstaking andpatient negotiations-a prerequisite for conduct-ing diplomatic talks with the Soviets--we havereached agreement on a preamble and 17 draftarticles and an annex of a treaty, as well as certainimportant technical matters. '
The most signicant point is that the Soviets
have to the establishment of control posts
' QQDIQB or the agreed documents drafts of a preambleam} various articles ot a treaty on the discontinuance ofmega; weapons tests, together with a draft annex on apfgpgjaofy commission! are available upon request tromthe Oiceot ?ubiic Services. Department of State, Wash-
ington 25,110. _ Z
May 23, I960
549841-60-U
QSoviet territory to be manned in part by non-
SoT'iEt"TpeTsormel~to~veri£y~compliance_ with the itreaty. Thus there is some basis for cautious op- A
timism at that conference, and we can only hope
that some of this optimism will pervade the ad-
joining conference room, where the disarmament
negotiators will be meeting when they resumetheir talks in June.
Do the Soviets Want llisarniamantf
~~in view of the frustrations we have experi-
enced over many years in trying to negotiate dis-
armament arrangements with the Soviet Union,
people often ask whether the Soviets really want
disarmament. I do not pretend to know the an-
swer, but I would suggest that there may be
several reasons why the Soviet Union should be
genuinely interested in agreement on disarmament.
First of these is the very human fear of the devas-
tation that would be visited on all peoples alike by
a total nuclear war. The ravages of World War
II in destruction of their manpower and capitalplant and equipment must have left a profoundimpression on the Communist leaders. They areintelligent men, and they must be able to visualize
the incomparably greater ravages which a nu-
clear war would bring.
In the second place, the burden of supportingmilitary establishments in the nuclear age is ex-
tremely costly both in men and materials. The
losses of World War II also resulted in a de-
ciency in Soviet manpower, a particularly critical
problem in light of the intensive Soviet campaign
to increase industrial output and reclaim lands in
Siberia. There are also increasing demands by
Soviet citizens for more of the comforts of life.
It is diicult to know exactly how much of a role
each of these considerations might play in Soviet
policy formulation, but there can be no denying
the increasing competition for the resources and
the productive energies of the state.
There are certainly other considerations as well.
These could involve such matters as Soviet assess-
ment of the balance of military advantage in anydisarmament agreement, their ' estimate of the
political advantages that might be derived from
any such agreement, and their relative view of the
prospects for achieving their objectives by either
military or nonmilitary means. . __ , .
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1 do not proposeltc attempt to"strike1.~balanoe-Cl'0Wl1.ElfllIQ8_&l!rIll1QO$£_g _
oof all these factors. And I am sure there are
others as well. But there are at least some reasons
why the U.S.S.R. could be seriously interested in
making progress toward disarmament. We
strongly hope this is the case. .
Perhaps the most diicult part of the equation
is how much they might be willing to pay for dis-
armament by way of opening up their system to
the inspection that would be required. I have
already spoken of the diiculties we have experi-
enced over a long period in this regard. But we
must not, and will not, give up hope.
Qoneludlng Comment
What, then, are the prospects for progress in
the months ahead?
With the adjournnient of the conference in
Geneva tomorrow, we turn our eyes to the summit."
In just 2 weeks, the Heads of Government of the
United States, France, the United Kingdom, and
the Soviet Union will meet in Paris. Disarma-
ment will assuredly be one of the topics of highestpriority. It is our fervent hope that the Soviets
will join with us in giving the necessary impetus
to the disarmament negotiations so that when the
10-nation conference reconvenes in June it can
come to grips with the concrete measiues which
could eventually relieve man of the tremendous
burden of armaments and free him from the spec-
ter of war.
Until acceptable disarmament arrangementsare negotiated, we must continue to look to our
own defenses. There is no other way if negotia-tions are to succeed. There is no other way if
world peace is to be maintained. We know that
the realization of the ultimate goal of world dis-
armament which we seek lies in the distant future.
But this is no reason for us to be fatalistic and to
concede that nuclear catastrophe is inescapable.
As Thucydides reminds us, Fatalism tends to
produce what it dreads, for men do not oppose
that which they consider inevitable.
I continue to believe that, if mankind is in-
genious enough in the scientic eld to forge the
weapons capable of destroying himself, he has the
innate wisdom and capacity in the political eld
towork out the means of preserving and advanc-
ing civilization.
B26of Japan To Vlslt 0.5. 4
B'tate1nentbyPrceidentEa'aenJwwer_ _ 4_
Wl:lteH_ouoepressreleasedateallay'I
At the time of Prime Minister K1sln' "s visit
last J anuary,* I expressed the hope that the
Crown Prince [Akihito] and Princess [Michiko]
would be able to visit the United States during
the centennial year of Japanese-American rela-
tions. I am now happy to announce that Their
Imperial Highnesses have accepted my invitation
and will be in Washington from September 27 to
September 29. »They will be welcomed in the spirit of cordial
friendship and mutual respect which characterizes
relations between our two great nations.
Messages by President and Secretary
on Japanese Centennial
President Eisenhower
White House press release dated In 8 '
One hundmd years ago Japan sent its rst em-
bassy to Washington to exchange ratications of
the Treaty of Amity and Commerce betweenJapan and the United States. In extending a
warm welcome to this embassy, the President ex-pressed, on behalf of the American people, his
deep gratication at this beginning of closer
relations with Japan.This historic occasion laid the foundation for
our friendship, nd 8 remarkable cultural, eco-
nomic, and political interchange between our two
countries. I am happy to say that the bonds of
friendship between our two peoples are stronger
today than ever before.Japan and the United States are joined in a
partnership based on mutual trust, mutual respect,
and full cooperation. We are both dedicated to
the task of helping build a better world, where
there .will be peace and justice for all. _
Dwmirr Ersmmowns
Buuzmv of Feb. 8. 1960, p. 179.~ For an article by E. Taylor Parks on The First
Japanese Diplomatic Mission to the United Stats-1860,"seeBuz.u.'mv of May 9.1960,p.'l44. i *
Department of Slate Bulletin5
i
see:-etary~llorter%_,_A_ _ _,these ties have been greatly strengthened, and
press release 238 dated May 8
I am happy to join with all Japanese and
Americans who this year are celebrating the hun-
dredth anniversary of the Treaty of Amity and
Commerce between J apan and the United States.
This is a tting time to review the many ways
in which our two countries have proted during
their long relationship.In the early stages of the Meiji era, when Ja-pan opened its doors to the West, we established
rm economic and cultural ties. In recent years
A
United States and Nepal Alrm Mutual Desire To Work for World Order
Based on International Justice
H is Majesty Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva,
King of Nepal, and Her Majesty Ratna Rajya
Lakshmi Shah, Queen of Nepal, made an oeial
visit to the United States from Apr-:7 25 to May
12 at the invitation of President Eisenhower.
Following are the texts of a joint communique re-
leased at Washington April £8 and King 1llahen-
dras address before a joint session of Congress
on that some day, together with an exchange ofgreetings between President Eisenhower and the
King at Washington National Airport on April27, an exchange of toasts at a state dinner at the
White Home that evening, and a list of the mem-
bers of the official party.
JOINT OOMMUNIQUB APRIL 28
White House press release dated APP" 33 "
The President of the United States and His
Majesty Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva, Kingof Nepal, today held a friendly and fruitful dis-
cussion on various matters of mutual interest.King Mahendra, who is visiting the United
Their Malestles were in Washing-ton, D.O., April 27-80. Upon completion of the oicial portion of the visit,they continued their tour at the United States informallyuntil their departure from New York City on June 1. .
May 2:, iaeotday 3lapan~and~theUnitediState6_ ngzqnkinstogether in a close partnership that serves not
only the enlightened self-interest of both coun
triesbutaisothecauseofpeaoe,justice,and
P1'°81'°95-In this centennial year we recall the many
valuable contributions each country has made to
the other. And we look forward to an even
warmer friendship and closer relations as we enter
the second century of our relations.
Cams'rnNAHnn'rnn
States upon the invitation of the President, has
also addressed a joint session of the United States
Congress. At the conclusion of his Washington
stay on April 30, King Mahendra will begin atwelve-day coasteto-coast tour of the United
States, during which he will meet with various
civic, cultiual, and business leaders
The President expressed great admiration for
the steps which have been taken under the leader
ship of King Mahendra to foster the growth of
democracy in Nepal, as exemplied by the pro-mulgation of a constitution by the King and by
the holding of general elections in 1959 under the
provisions of that constitution
In their review of the world situation, the
President and King Mahendra expressed their
mutual concern with the vital problem of achiev
ing lasting peace and establishing a world order
based on international justice. They reairmed
their determination to work toward those goals,
the achievement of which will contribute 1m
mensely to the general progress, prosperity, and
welfare of mankind
The President and King Mahendra agreed that
the American people and the Nepalese people
have in common the virtues of tolerance, charity,
and benevolence, which virtues should serve as
the basis of relations between all nations. The
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w vwrasiassrssa-King Mahen*draagreedfurther
that Nepal and the United States share a pro-
found belief in the sovereignty and independence
of nations and in genuine noninterference in the
affairs of others. _The President and King Ma-
hendra agreed that any attempt by any nation
to impose its own economic system or political
beliefs on any other country should be condemned.
The President and Mahendra expressed
a common belief that social and economic progress
should be achieved by all peoples in the manner
of their own choosing and in government based
on consent of the governed and the dignity of
the human individual. In this spirit, the Presi-
dent assured King Mahendra of the continuing
readiness of the United States to be of assistance
to the Government of Nepal in its high objective
of developing the resources of the country for
the welfare of its people.
The President and King Mahendra expressed
their mutual desire to maintain and further
strengthen the cordiality and genuine friendship
which has always characterized Nepalese-
American relations and which has been so evident
during the Kings visit.
ADDRESS BEFORE THE CONGRESS, APRIL 28
Unoehl translation
Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, and Members of
the Congress: We are very much touched by the
warmth and spontaneity of emotions and feeling
with which we have been received here. With a
deep sense of honor and privilege we avail our-
selves of the opportunity to address this august
assembly. We regard this invitation to us as a
token of your friendship and good will toward
the people of Nepal, who in their turn have noth-
ing but the greatest respect and admiration for
the great people and the leaders of the United
States of America. It is my pleasant duty to
convey to you and through you to all the citizens
of this great Republic the sincere greetings and
salutations of the Government and the people of
Nepal.
Different nations have acquired inuence and
leadership in the world in dierent periods of
history. But noother nation at its height of
power and prosperity, glory and greatness, had
in thegpastthogught in the same benevolent terms.about the poverty andlhardships of theiless f&- V "Co'nstitution6fNepal;i Asisapparent to you,*tbe{j
828v"tunate~people~in~other~eountrieeof-
you have been doing in your own time. Your
pioneering spirit in this eld and dedication to
the great and noble task of helping to alleviate
the conditions of poverty andsuering wherever
they may exist have served to focus universal at,-
tention on this question of serving humanity as a
matter of international responsibility. _ _
We had till 12 years ago very little toio with
each other, even in the way of trade and diplo-
matic relations. Till then few Americans had
visited Nepal and the Nepalese who had visited
America could actually be counted on the nger-
tips. With the advent of democracy in Nepal
thingsbegantochange,andsincetheopeningof
the U.S. Operations Mission our contacts have
increased rapidly and hundreds of Nepalese have
come to this country for training and studies in
various elds. Quite a few American technicians
and experts have been to Nepal to help the Nepa-
lese people out on their problems of transport,
economy, and agriculture, on those of health and
education. We are glad to be able to tell you
that the Nepalese have foimd the American ex-
perts friendly and helpful and always willing and
eager to help the Nepalese out on their various
problems. In recent years an increasingly large
number of American tourists have been
Nepal, and they are always among the most
welcomed visitors.
Common Faith In Democratic Ideals it
Apart from the recent contacts we have re-
ferred to above, our common faith in democratic
ideals and procedures provides, in our opinion, the
lasting basis for greater understanding and co-
operation between our two peoples and countries.
You are all familiar with the strains and diicul-
ties under which all newly established democra-
cies have to work. The concurrent resolution
passed by the U.S, Congress last year on the suc-
cessful holding of the rst-ever elections in Nepal
has served as a source of great inspiration and en-
couragement to the newly elected members of our
Parliament in carrying out their duties and re-
sponsibilities. Provision for fully representative
institutions of govermnent and legislature, respect
for fundamental rights and due rocess of law re- i . Pspect for freedom and dignity of the individual,
are some of the basic principles that underlie the_
_ A Doponmonl of Slate Bulletin:
l ¢ ' s '--w.i;":».*.-
your own country. Though we are separatedgwh otberby vast expanses of land and M, though our diplomatic relations even do~ ,5 we far back, there exists between us a last- _mg moral and spiritual bond that transcends allwe material and mundane considerations--a realV ' gmtity of outlook and views on vital problems ofum and society that is derived from common
._.a .
= 3:hliefs.As a nation we have always prized freedom more mm anything else in our history. We believe inm independent foreign policy of judging everyinternational issue on its merits without consider-glion of anybodys fear or favor and in a policy ofmalinement and nonentanglement. Our recordin the United Nations will bear testimony to theabove fact. This may sound a little idealistic ande little teo impractical, but as a small nation wefeel that this is the only way in which we can bestcontribute to the discussions and deliberations inthellnited Nations and to the interests of world
peace and friendly relations among nations.Our policy of nonalinement does not arise fromour desire to sit on the fence or to evade responsi-bility in any way. It is merely a manifestationcf our reluctance and unwillingness to compromiseour freedom of judgment and action beforehandby committing ourselves to support one side or theother even before the emergence of such an eventu-ality. We believe in retaining as long as possibleour freedom of judgment for determining theright course of action in any situation. We donot see anything immoral, or selsh, or passiveabout it. We do not believe in shirking action,once we feel satised and convinced about theright course. We shall certainly not be neutralwhen we are confronted with the choice between
good and evil, or right and wrong.
Ending Tensions Between Nations -
' Unfortunately the world we live in is passingthrough a state of uneasy peace and tension be-tween nations. The sooner this state of fear anduncertainty is ended, the better prospects willemerge for mankind as a whole. This is some-thing which is realized by all, but still it appearsas though it will be some time before this realiza-tion can be translated into practice to the actual
May 23, I960 '
~'A» him in common political P1'i11¢iP1°B» idwlt and ..
lieietof allaconcernedr However,_men ofu . . l
of Nepal~is~based.on_th;e_co_nceptspf and good will in every country must work andhberty, and rights prevalent for a long tinfe work ceaselessly-.and._921Dtl_11lL1SlY._f_91' peace and forthe removal of the threat of waf Fesfwarunder the premnt circumstances will mean nothingshort of total destruction of human life andcivilization. _ ' 'Rightly have the great leaders of the world de-scribed disarmament-both conventional andnuclearas the greatest and most pressing prob-lem of our time. All the peoples of the world areeagerly awaiting the succemful outcome of theGeneva negotiations on disarmament and nuclear
testsban. Will itbeteomuchtohopethatthenegotiations in Geneva will result at least in some agreement in this eld which could beformally registered at the impending summitmeeting and announced to trembling humanity asa prelude te better times and broader agreementsamong nations in the near future? We hope andbelieve that the impending summit conference andthe ones that are proposed thereafter will have theeect of easing tension in the world and register-ing real progres toward peace, disarmament, andsettlement of the outstanding political disputes
between nations.We have not the slightest doubt about the peace-ful intentions of the American people. Now itis for her to prove her initiative and skill in eon-vincing other great and small countries about theneed for the gradual evolution of a new inter-
national order besed on freedom, justice, and pewsfor all and fully l.'BSp0llSlV6 to the needs and chal-lenge of the time. The way in which the greatpowers can meet the greatest challenge of ourtime and perhaps of history is by turning thepresent-day situation, fraught with the risks ofnuclear war, into the pooling of the resources ofthe nations of the world for the eradication ofpoverty and needs from everywhere. We cannothelp feeling that, if even a small fraction of onehundred billion dollars that is being presentlyspent on defense and war expenditure in theworld is devoted to the development of the under-developed countries, the world would for every-body be an innitely better and happier place to
live in. -
We all know that in the history of mankindwar has caused serious setbacks to progress andcivilization and has always taken a heavy toll of
human life. We have faced the devastating eectsand grim consequences of the two world warswhich took place during the lifetime of many in
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our own generation. The nest ower of youth
and manhood in every country were decimated in
the two world wars, and we can very well imagine
the sense of horror haunting the minds of the
people heavily loaded with the very bitter mem-
ory of the loss of their sons, brothers, and hus-
bands. We hardly need emphasize that no nation
in the world, big or small, will remain unaected
in the event of another global war. It is the
sincere desire for peace and freedom in the hearts
of the 9 million of our countrymen that has
prompted us to conclude this address with the fol-
lowing exhortation in the immortal words of your
great leader and a great son of America, Abraham
Lincoln, which to our mind literally applies to the
present-day global context as well if we only
replace the word nation by international
community : _
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before usthat trom these honored dead we
take increased devotion to that cause for which they
gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in
vainthat thisnatlon...shal1 have anew birthot
freedomend that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Thank you once again for giving us a patienthearing. '
EXCHANGE OF GREETINGS, APRIL 27
White House press release dated April 27
The President
Your Majesties, it is indeed a great honor to
welcome you here to the United States. The
American people are delighted that you have
found it possible to lay down your own responsi-
bilities long enough to come and make this visit
to our country.
It is truly an historic occasion. This is the rst
time that a reigning monarch of Nepal has set
foot on this continent, and we are indeed proud
that you have found it possible to do so.
The friendly relations between your country
and ours are a matter of common knowledge.
They have long existed. They have been strong
and cordial, and we are condent that your visit
here will do much to strengthen them and sustain
them. ' .
,_So,rsir, audio y_oa,,1Iour Majesty,
ple, the Government, and Ijoin in saying wel-
830come, and we hdpe that you nd our
interesting and that every minute of your stay
here willbeenjoyable. 4 -
Illa Majesty King Mehen|lre_ I - - - g
Uaoilciel translation '
Your Excellency, and ladies and gentlemen:
We are all very happy to be here on your very
kind invitation. We heartily welcome this op-
portunity for the exchange of views withsuch a
great leader as you, who have distinguished your-
self in the service of your nation in both war and
peace and have always stood for the cause of peace
and freedom in the world.
We hope and trust that our visit will further
strengthen the existing bonds of friendship and
cordiality between our two countries. i
We bring to you, Mr. President, the greetings
and salutations of the people of Nepal and also
through you, sir, convey their best wishes to the
people of the United States. ~ ~
During our visit in the United States in the next
few days we will be looking forward to meeting
the people in the dierent parts of the country
and acquiring a rsthand knowledge of the great
achievements the American people have made in
different spheres of national endeavor.
Your Excellency, we thank you from the bot-
tom of our hearts for the kind and generous
words of welcome you have just addressed to us
and take this opportunity to express our good
wishes for the happiness and prosperity of this
great land. . -
Thank you, Mr. President.
EXCHANGE OF TOASTS, APRIL 17
White House press release dated April 27
The President 4
Your Majesties and my friends: It is indeed an
honor for us to gather this evening to welcome to
this Capital and to this house the King and Queen
of Nepal. We are especially honored because it
is the rst time that a ruling monarch of Nepal
has set foot on this land.
The times are gone when we feel that geography
means much to the relations between countries. _
We have become neighbors through the miracle of
modern inventions, communications, and trans- _
portatioarand we have come to know more or each
other. Up until now we have known about such Y
Department of Slate Bulletin
e 1
' . 0
-eo1mtries~as-Nepal _oy_wgp_<lw_hom a few
adventurous traveler-sa few of whom, Y6uFMiijT
esty, are here present this evening-but they have
told us about a people that is sturdy, proud of its
independence and its liberty, and determined to
sustain it. Those are the qualities that Americans
admire and _1;espect, and try themselves to show.
It is certain, therefore, that as you go about this
country you will be greeted with the utmost friend-
liness, respect, and admiration, and indeed our
great hope of knowing-through the members of
your party and yourself and your graciousQueenyour people. I think that your visit here
cannot fail to stimulate greater travel between our
two peoples. This is all to the good because this
means a greater understanding among the peoples,
and international understanding is the only foun-
dation upon which true peace can be built.
And so, sir, as you come here as the representa-
tive and the ruler of your people, as through you
we try to send to them greetings and our best wishes
for their success and their continued progress, I
know that this company will want to join me in
raising our glasses to your health and happiness.
Ladies and gentlemen, the Kingl
Ills Malesty King Mahendrl
Unoilclal translation
Your Excellency, ladies and gentlemen: Withyour permission I would like to offer on behalf
of the Queen, ourselves, and all those who have
accompanied us, heartfelt thanks to the President
for his most generous expression of good will to us
and our people.During this brief period of history of diplo-
matic and friendly association between our twocountries, it is for the rst time that a personalmeeting between the two heads of state has taken
place. In the long history of our nation it is also
the -rst time that an occupant of the throne ofNepal has set foot on American soil. We wel-
come this opportunity of having a free and frank
exchange of views on subjects of mutual interest,
and especially on the means and possibility of
further strengthening the friendly relations be-
tween our two countries, both of which share a
common belief in the democratic way of life.
Mr. President, my Government and people have
always welcomed and appreciated the initiativeand eorts on your part for the furtherance of
the cause of peace in» the worlds .W,e,,W9!111 liketo take this opportunity to oer our best wishes
forthesuccess<of~t.he summit_con.ferencg due to beTr
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held next month and venture to expreu the hhpe
that the .whole world will benet by its outcome.
We are happy to receive this opportunity to
meet the American people and their leaders in
various spheres of their national life and activity.
Ladies and gentlemen, may we now request you
all to join us in toasting the health and happiness
of the President and Mrs. Eisenhower.
MEMBERS OF OFFICIAL PARTY __
The Department of State announced on April W
press release 207! that the following personswould accompany King Mahendra Bir Bikram
Shah Deva and Queen Ratna Rajya Lakshmi
Shah during the oicial portion of Their Majesties
visit:
Subarna 8. J. B. Rana, Deputy Prime Minister and Min-
ister oi Finance, Planning, and Development
Mrs. Bahama 8. J. B. Bane
Bishikesh Shaka, Ambassador of Nepal
Mrs. Shaka -
Brig. Gen. Sher Bahadur Malia, Military Secretary to
the KingKaji Pnshpa Raj, Principal Personal Secretary to the
KinsMir Snbba Iswari Man, Secretary to the King
Maj. Gen. Bovag Jung Thapa, Cabinet and Defense
Beer ta9 TY
Sushi} Chandra Haldar, Personal Physician
Jagdish S. Rana, Second Secretary, Embassy of Nepal
0.5. Helps Afghan Alrllne "
Acquire Plane for Fleet
Press release 284 dated Ila; I
A DO6B passenger plane, which Afghani~
stans airline-Ar-ianais acquiring with nancial
assistance from the U.S. International Coopera-
tion Administration, was dedicated on May 2 a.t
Washington National Airport by Abdul Karim
Hakimi, president of the Afghan Air Authority.The plane, which will be the largest ever to be
plamd in service by Ariana, will be own May 3
from Newark Airport to Afghanistan, where it
will be immediately placed in operation trans-
Mrs. Shaha accompanied Their Majestiea in Wash-
ington and New York and on the unoiiicial portion of
the visit.
May 23, I960A i
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§Iporting Afghan Muslims on the annual pilgrim-
ageHad;'to Mecca. .
Attending the dedication at which Mr. I-Iakimi
cut the ribbon were Mohammed Hashim Mai-
wandwal, Afghan Ambassador to the United
States; Stellan Wollmar, Director of the ICA
Mission in Afghanistan, who is now on consulta-
tion in this country; and representatives of Pan
American World Airways, which is assisting
Afghanistan in civil aviation development under
an ICA contract.
The plane is the fth to be acquired by Ariana
with the assistance of a $5 million loan from ICA
"to the Government of Afghanistan to help Ariana
obtain equipment. The other planes were three
DC-3s and a DO-4. _
The loan was part of a $14,560,000 U.S. pro-
gram of development assistance begun in 1956 to
help landlocked Afghanistan to develop civil
aviation. In addition to assisting Ariana to ao-
quire equipment, the program has aided Afghan-
istan in constructing an international airport at
Kandahar and three local airports in other parts
of Afghanistan, and in establishing air routes.
Views on Freedom-of-Navigation
Amendment to Mutual Security Act
Following the adoption by the Senate on A7111
28 of an amendment to section 2 of the Mutual
Security Act of 1.954, as amended, proposed by
Senator Paul Douglas and 17 other Senators,
Acting Secretary Dillon sent the followi-n"g btter
to Senator J. W. Fulbright, chairman of the
Senate Foreign Rehtione Com/mittee.
Mar 2, 1960
DnanMn. C'BAIB1lAN2Il1 response to your re-
quest for the views of the Department of State
with respect to the implications of the Douglas
Amendment to the Mutual Security bill, I take
this opportunity to set forth the following per-
tinent observations.
As we understand the intent of its 18 sponsors,
the Douglas Amendment is designedto support
eorts toward eliminating trade restrictions in
the Middle East, particularly with respect to
thosepracticcd~agairnst the-State of Israel. _.I_am
sure you are aware that this purpose is fully
consistent with long-standing objectives of the
I32United States Government. It is our conviction
however, that the inclusion of this Amendment in
current Mutual Security legislation will in fan be
counter-productive and will not achieve its in-
tended purpose. In addition, mch inclusion will
in our view have harmful repercussions on United
States interests in a wide area of the Middle East.
As you know, a remlution similar to the Douglas
- Amendment was passed in the House of Repre-
sentatives at an earlier date. Fully sympathetic
with the objective intended, the Department made
the text available to our Embassies and Consu-
lates in countries whichwould be aected by
the amendment. In a unanimous expression of
opinion our eld posts from Morocco to Iraq
reported that the adoption of an amendment of
this type would clearly not be in the interest of
the United States, nor for that matter of Israel.
Our posts abroad emphasized their concurrence
with the objective sought by this amendment
They also stressed, however, that regardles of
the eifect which the amendment might have on
the actual level of our assistance to the Middle
Eastern states, the amendment would be widely
interpreted as: a! demonstrating favoritism for
the State of Israel-to the extent that it would
render more diicult our eorts to bring about
a relaxation of tensions between Israel and the
Arab states; and b! an attempt to tie strings to
our economic aid, and, by implication, to threaten
the use of aid as an instrument of political
The Douglas amendment, adopted by a vote of 45
to %. reads as follows: '
f! It is the sense of the Congress that lnaslnch
§-
! the United States favors freedom of navigation
in international waterways and economic cooperation
between nations; and .
"! the purposes of this Act are negated and the
peace of the world is endangered when nations which
receive assistance under this Act wage economic warfare
against other nations assisted under this Act, including
such procedures as ho!¢Qi-$8, blockades, and the xe-
atrlction of the use of international waterways: .
assistance under this Act and the'Azrlcult-nral Trade
Development and Assistance Act of 1954. as amenlle.
shall be administered to give elect to these prlnciple.
and, in all negotiations between the United States and
anytoreignstatearislngasaresultottundsappro-
priated under this Act or arising under the Agricultural
Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, as
amended;these»prlnctples-shallbeappltethaasthe Prsllatlmay determine, and he shall report on measures taken by
the administration to insure their application." ~ »
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coercion. 0.uposu15JnK<1eat:aua-the~nepare_ment of State fully concurs, that incorporation ofthis amendment would without doubt havethe8500*» Of making the task of eliminating the Arabboycott of Israel more diicult and would play rinto the hands of the Soviet bloc which seeks toexacerbate Middle East tensions to further itspenetration of the area.
Our Government has repeatedly made clear,publicly and through diplomatic channels, itssupport for freedom of transit through the SuezCanal, as well as our opposition to the Arab boy-cott against Israel. These undesirable restric-tions, as you are aware, are an outgrowth of the
Palestine problem, which continues to causetensions between Israel and the Arab states andto perpetuate unfortunate circumstances such asthose whereby nearly one million Arab refugeesare not able to return to their homes. It is ourGovernments rm conviction that an Arab-Israelsettlement will one day come, not by coercion butby a spirit of accommodation on both sides. Asprogress is made in that direction, such problemsas boycotts, restrictions and homeless refugees
will disappear.Incidentally, there appears to be considerableinaccurate information surrounding the SuezCanal transit question. For example, it is saidthat American ships are being barred from theCanal for having called at Israeli ports. As amatter of fact, not a single American ship hasthus far been denied passage through the Canal.Out of a total United States maritime eet of498, only 23 ships have been placed on the so-calledArab black-list, because of prior calls at Israeliports. These 23 are denied entry at Arab portsbut there has been no instance of denial of their
transit of the Canal.In this connection you may have read in thepress that American labor unions in New Yorkhave set up picketing against the United ArabRepublic ship Oleopatra. The purpose of thepicketing is to impel the United Arab Republicto abandon its restrictions against Israel shipping.Unfortunately, this objective is not being served.Asserting their determination to resist such pres-sures, the Arab countries are establishing co1mter-picketing against American, shipping. This reac-tion against coercion, which is not unnatural in" young"emerging states, eect that atleast 20 American ships with 1,000 seamen aboard "
MUY 23, _; _'-_wi1Lbe_a_ected within the next month. It also
means that {T-ev¬ryArab*sh1p~Americans maygboycott some 80 American ships may be subjectedto Arab boycott. _ , '
As can be seen, outside attempts, no matter ~how well intentioned, to compel one or more ofthe Middle Eastern countries to follow a certainbehavior have wide repercimsions. I might addthat while resentments against such pressure inArab-Israel matters have direct repercussions onour interests in 10 Arab countries from Moroccoto the Persian Gulf, the sympathy for these 10
nations is inevitably widespread throughoutAfrica and Asia. This is a critical juncture inthe history of those two continents. Just whenthe young Afro-Asian nations and particularlythe Arab nations appear for the rst time to bebecoming aware of the fact that the Communistshave been falsely posing as patriotic nationalists,it ill behooves us, through an appearance of plwing strings on our aid, to incur the deep resent-ment or hostility not only of the 10 Arab nationsbut of their natural friends, the states of Africaand Asia. In fact, we do not believe it is inIsraels long-range interest that such enmity bearoused and choosing of sides precipitated
throughout the Afro-Asian region.In our view, avoidance of coercive tactics againstIsraels neighbors is in Israels interest. In justover a decade, Israel has quadrupled its exports.Its unfavorable trade balance has steadily beenreduced. Israels Gross National -Product percapita is now more than twice that of any of itsneighbors and even exceeds that of Netherlandsand Italy. While foreign funds from varioussources at an average rate of nearly $1,000,000 perday have been partly responsible, primary re-sponsibility for this progress lies with the Israelipeople themselves, their ingenuity, industrious-ness, and devotion to purpose. Parenthetically,I should note that our government has been con-sistent in its support to Israel. We have extendedto Israel with its population of under 2,000,000a sizeable total of various types of assistance, in-cluding PL 480. Such amistance, as you know, iscontinuing. Conditions have thus far been sui-ciently favorable to allow Israel to make greatstrides. In our view it would be a grave mistaketo have that progress disturbed by actions which can only stir up area tensions to Israels detriment.As you know, it is the view of our Government
1 -that the tensions of the Middle East can more
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veectively be treated by concerted international
action than by unilateral action on the part of
the United States. That was the esence of Presi-
dent Eisenhowers address before the United Na-
tions General Assembly during the fateful Middle
East crisis in the Summer of 1958. Such progress
ashasbeenrecordedsincethattimehasbeenin
large measure due to such international agencies
as the United Nations Emergency Force and the
United Nations Truce Supervisory Organization.
"With specic reference to the restrictions on Israel
shipping in the Suez Canal, the United Nations
Secretary General has actively sought a solution.
Although his efforts have not succeeded and have
in fact met with a number of setbm the Secre-
tary General as recently as April 8 reported his
continued interest in the problem and his un-
extinguished hope that a solution may yet be
found. Our Government is giving these endeavors
its fullest support.
Although this letter is somewhat lengthy, I hope
it will prove helpful to you in facilitating under-
standing of these important questions. In par-
ticular I hope it will make clear the reasons why
those of us who deal with these problems on a
day-to-day basis feel strongly that no actions
should be taken which will exacerbate tensions in
the Middle East which are clearly harmful to the
long-range interests of the United States, Israel
and the entire Free World.
Sincerely yours,
Donates Dnmox
The Acting Secretary
U.S. Restates Principles Affecting
Policy Toward Merchant Marine
The Department of State released on Mag 6
press release 251! the following exchange of
letters between Acting Secretary Dillon and
President George Heang of the AFL-010.
MR. DILLON T0 MR. MEANY
. _ Mar 6, 1960
Dmn Mn. Mann: I have just received your let-
ter . of ,.May 5 enclosing the statement recently
adopted by the AFIrCIIlEi:ec1itive with
respect to boycott measures of the Arab League.
With reference to the last paragraph of your
834 ~letter regarding appropriate action which the De-
partment of State might take under the circum-
stances, I enclose a statement of basic principles
which actuate United States foreign policy aect-
ing the American Merchant Marine.
Sincerely,
Doucms Dmwn
» _ Acting Secretary
Mr. Geoacx Mnamr, '
President, AFL-010,
815 16th Street, NW.,
Washington 6, D.0.
Sra-raumrr or Pomcr
May 6, 1960
1. As a matter of settled policy, the United
States supports the principle of freedom of the
seas and free access to foreign ports and facilities.
The Department has constantly sought to facili-
tate the normal pursuit of international com-
merce by vessels of United States registry. .
2. The United States Government has long and
unequivocally maintained the principle that there
should be freedom of transit through the Suez
Canal for all nations. This policy has been pub-
licly emphasized on numerous occasions, and was
specically reiterated by the Secretary of State
during his address before the United Nations Gen-
eral Assembly on September 17, 1959.
3. The United States Government protests as
a matter of policy discriminatory actions or prac-
tices with rspect to international trade which
adversely aect United States rms, vemels and
citizens. The Department will continue to pur-
sue, by all appropriate and eective means, every
avenue whereby private American interests in in-
ternational trade may be fully safeguarded, and
restored.
4. With respect to Arab trade restrictions aris-
ing out of the Ara-bIsrael conict, the Department
of State reemphasizes that our Government
neither recognizes nor condones the Arab boycott,
which includes the black-listing of United States
ag vessels in part because of prior calls at Israeli
ports. Every appropriate opportunity will be
utilized, on a continuing basis, to reemphasize this
fundamental position to the Governments con-
cerned. At the same time, every. suitable occasion
I be employed _hoth within and outside theUnited Nations, to facilitate U S tovtrdsiia
Bun:-rnwot0ct.5,1959,p.487. v '
Department of Slate Bulletin1-.
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which the Arab boycott arises. S
5. The United States Navy in February 1960discontinued the use of a clause formerly em-ployed in contracting procedures for the deliveryof oil to U.S. naval installations abroad, lest thisclause, which-was designed to assure the eiiicientoperation of the Fleet, be misconstrued as acqui-
escence in the Arab boycott. Regarding trans-portation of PL 480 cargoes, restrictive clauseshave in certain instances been included in ship
charters by foreign countries which purchasethe surpluses in this country and make theirown shipping arrangements directly with privatecarriers. No United States Government agency isa party to these contracts. Consistent with thepolicy that no United States agency condone theArab boycott, the Department will continue itsefforts to do what it can to end the application ofthese restrictive clauses with respect to U.S. ag
vessels under charter to foreign countries.6. Regarding treatment of United States cit-izens abroad, including American seamen, it is ofcourse mandatory on this Department to do every-thing possible to assure equal treatment and free-dom from harassment for all our citizens inforeign countries. - United States diplomatic andconsular ocers have standing instructions to ex-tend every appropriate assistance to our citizenswho may encounter diiculties. In several recentinstances American seamen experienced diicultiesat ports in the United Arab Republic. Our con-sular oicers made every eort to assist the crewsof these vessels, and were in fact able to be ofmaterial help. The Department has renewed itsstanding instructions to its consular oiiicers to beon the alert to assist in settling grievances regard-ing treatment abroad of American seamen or otherAmerican citizens which are brought to their
attention.7. As a matter of basic procedure, the Depart-ment gives full consideration to all communica-tions from private American groups with respectto problems aecting the conduct of United Statesforeign relations. In accordance with this pro-cedure, it has been and will continue to be, theintention of the Department of State to give fullconsideration to all communications from the Sea-farers International Union, other aected mari-time unions and other interested groups. " TheDepartment will consult with the AFLCIO and
May 23, I960ct from
its maritime ailiateson ~future_devtal_<>pments af-we 92 92
' A 5:
fecting American vemelsandeeamenintheareas concerned.-__-A_H_
and in conformity with the fundamental nationalinterest, the Department gives assurances that it
will undertake to investigate fully the grievancesof the Seafarers International Union and, throughappropriate diplomatic action with 't.he foreigncountries involved, to renew its eorts to assure
freedom of the seas and to protect the interestsof our shipping and seamen now being discrim-inated against by the Arab boycott and black-
liting P°1i<=7~ _
MR. MEANY T0 MR. IIILLO
lb! 6, 1960
Honorable Douaus Dru-on, Acting secretory of State
U.8. Department of State
Washington, D.0.Mr Dun Mn. Sncrnmr: I have the honor to transmitto you the resolution adopted by the Executive Councilof the AF]:-C10 on Wednesday. May 4, pledging fullsupport to the maritime ailiates of the AFL-C10 intheir protest against the black-listing of American ag-ships and the boycott policy being pursued by the Arab
boycott organization of the Arab league.You will note that the resolution further expresses the"P9011 by the Executive Council of the AFL-C10 of
the direct actions taken by the Seafarers International
Union, supported by the International Longshoremeifl
Association in the New York port.I have taken the liberty of forwarding the resolutionto you for the information of the Department of State
and for such action as may be appropriate under ma
circumstances.
Sincerely, 4
Gnome: HIAIY
President
ICA Study Group Visits
Belgian Congo
Prcslrelcueldatedlnyi
An International Cooperation Administrationstudy group consisting of Margaret Joy Tibbetts,Glenn and Joseph St. Lawrence hasarrived m Iéopoldville at the invitation of the
General Executive Council of the Belgian Congo
in Léopoldville and the Belgian Government.The study group wishes to acquaint itself withthe future problems and needs of an independent
' Not printed here. '
S ' * or-ass_In the light of the foregoing basic principles~~-%_iL}j 3
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Congo with a viewto studying possible future
means, within the limits of available resources, by
which U.S. technical assistance could be of value
to the Government of the Congo. -
At present the U.S. Government, through ICA
in agreement with governments concerned, is con-
ducting programs of technical assistance in 13
countries and territories in Africa. Miss Tibbetts,
Mr. Lehmann, and Mr. St. Lawrence are serving
in Washington with the International Coopera-
tion Administration, the agency of the U.S. Gov-
ernment charged with administering programs of
technical assistance.
Iranian Archeological Congress
Concludes Meeting
Following are remarks made by Loy W. Hen-
derson, Deputy Under Secretary for Adminis-
tration, at the closing aeaeion of the Fourth
Oongreas of Irandzn Art and Archeology at Wash-
ington, D.C'., on May 8. Mr. Henderson repre-
sented President E1'8_6Il-h0t061 at the Congress.
Press release 242 dated Ila! 4
On behalf of the United States Government it
is my privilege to congratulate the organizers and
participants of the Fourth Congress of Iranian
Art and Archeology as that eventful and memo-
rable Congress comes to a close. Special tribute
is due Dr. Pope [Arthur Upham Pope, director
of the Fourth Congress], Dr. Kuhnel [Ernst
Kuhnel, chairman of the Fourth Congress], and
others who have contributed so much to its success.
Delegates from far and near have given gen-
erously of their time in preparing for and attend-
ing this Congress and in participating in its
discussions and deliberations. We are delighted
For background, see Bvnumx or May 2, 1960, p. 718.
836
nthat so many of our friends from abroad have
been present, and regret that circumstances have
prevented many of the outstanding scholars of
Iranian culture from coming. We know that
theyarewithusinepirit. . "- - »
The American people are honored that the
United States was selected as the site for the
Fourth Congress. We are proud of our'col1eo-
tions of Iranian artistic and archeological treas-
ures and are happy that scholars and artists from
various parts of the world have been able to enjoy
them withus. .
Persian culture with its great richness has for
many generations broadened and deepened con-
cepts of beauty throughout the world. Apprecia-
tion of mans handiwork like that of nature can-
not be conned by national boundaries. The love
and understanding of beauty brings pleasure to
the hearts and minds of all peoples and serves as
a common bond to unite them. This has been
amply demonstrated in your warm associations
and stimulating exchanges during the past days.
The recent revelation by outstanding scholars,
a number of whom have attended this Congres,
of some of the secrets hitherto hidden in ancient
Persian art formsin rugs, paintings, and archi-
tecture-is giving us a wider comprehension of
the grandeur of this ancient civilization and a
deeper appreciation of the richness of its heritage
to us. 4
We are all debtors to the scholars in the eld
of Iranian art and archeology. Through the
sharing of concepts of beauty and culture they
are making a signicant contribution to the pro-
motion of values of brotherhood-to an under-
standing and tolerance so essential to the preserva-
tion of world peace. S _
I know that I am reecting the views not only
of our Government but also of the American
people when I express appreciation in particular
of the achievements of the members of this Con-
gress. We wish all of you an agreeable return
journey to you homes. _ i
Department of Slate Bulletin3..:
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-92
President Urges Congress To Act
on Mutual Security Legislation
On May 8 President Eisenhower sent to theUongresa a message in which he urged action oncertain pending legislation . Following is the por-tion of the message dealing with the Mutual Se-
curity Program.
During most of our Nations history, our growthwas strongly inuenced by two unique conditions.First, for more than a century and a half two greatoceans protected us from the violent struggles ofthe Old World. Although in recent years we be-came engaged in two global wars, our relativeisolation gave us months in which to asemble,train, and equip our forces deliberately and un-molested. Second, from the very beginning, ourNations rapid expansion was encouraged by com-mercial and nancial assistance from the nationsof Europe. These countries provided us withvaluable skills and the capital needed to acceleratethe development of our resources, industries, and
commerce.These conditions have radically changed.America emerged from World War II as themightiest nation in a free world that, in the main,was exhausted and crippled. Soon thereafter we
came to realize that new weapons of great power,speed and range has markedly reduced the valueof our ocean shield. Our homeland, in any futuremajor war, would be a prime target, and our warn-ing time against surprise attack would be minutes,not months Our security cannot now be achievedby methods and a level of eort believed adequate
only a few years ago.In a world, moreover, in which an aggressiveideology drives ceaselessly to destroy human free-dom, it is now the United States to which aspir-ing free peoples, particularly in underdevelopedareas, must look, as America once did to others,for the technical knowledge and nancial assist-
-'_52¢n--"__ W i'H.Doc.885.86th0onz.,deessf
May 2:, 1960ance needed to help them strengthen their econo-
mies and protect their independence.Such changes as these gave rise to our mutualsecurity program, one of the most necessary andsuccessful enterprises America has undertakenthroughout her history. Started more than adecade ago, the program helped te save Greece,fonestalled economic collapse in Turkey and West-em Europe, supported the countries of theSEATO Alliance, sustained the strength and in-dependence of South Korea and the Republic ofChina, and made real progress, in underdevelopednations on ve continents, in combating disease,poverty, and suering, and thus has strengthenedthe resistance of those areas to Communist pene-tration, propaganda, and subversion. Clear it isthat the mutual security program provides thesurest path by which America can lead to and
sustain a durable peace with justice.Such a program serves the Nation at largerather than any particular locality, section orgroup. Only with diiiiculty, therefore, can itsgreat rewards be measured by individual com-munities and citizens. It inevitably follows thatin the annual contests over the public use of taxrevenues, there is a tendency to bypass the needsof this vital security program in favor of domesticprojects that, urged by special groups, achieve -ameasure of support far greater than their overallvalue to the Nation warrants. Understandablethis tendency is, but I deem it a great disservice toAmerica to indulge it. The security of our coun-try obviously demands that our mutual securityprogram be carried forward at an adequate level.I have asked new appropriations of $4.175 bil-lions for this program for the 1961 scal year.Nearly half of this-9. sum one-twentieth of ourown defense budgetis to -assist the militaryforces of the free world, comprising 5 million sol-diers, 2,200 wmbatant ships, and 80,000 aircraft.I need not remind the Congress of the low costat which this force for freedom is sustained ascompared to the cost of an aircraft carrier, asquadron of iet bombers, or an Army or MarineCorps division in our own defense structure. I
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Of the other parts of the program, one-third
is for. economic assistance required to help sustain
these large forces abroad. The remainder con-
sists of loans, technical assistance, and grants to
help underdeveloped nations. These are the funds
that spell the diiference between hopeless stagna-
tion and progress for hundreds o_f millions of peo-ple who, withus,believein freedom. I I F WW
Congressional approval of these funds for mu-
tual security will profoundly benet our people.
To our allies and to others with whom we discuss
the great issues of our times, it will signify that
a"united America has not wearied in the discharge
of its responsibilities, and that we are unshakable
in our determination to attain a world order in
which men are free to pursue their goals in
peace. And I emphasize once again that, as we
strive to build the kind of world in which Amer-
ica believes, our adversaries are not all included
in the single word communism. They are dis-
tress and privation as well, and also the despera-
tion of peoples when they realize that, lacking out-
side help, they struggle in vain to better their lives.
Widespread chaos and misery cannot provide a
world climate in which our free Republic can
prosper and remain secure. There is for America
no higher purpose or greater need than to meas-
ure up to her world leadership responsibilities.
I am keenly aware of the contention that, be-
cause of an adverse balance of payments and be-
cause of certain failures in administration, Amer-
ica should curtail these mutual security e'or-ts.
We must, and do, strive for greater eiciency.
Likewise, we do have a problem with balance of
payments, but the way to meet this is by positive
actions which expand exports, Neither diiculty
can be met by withdrawing from our responsibili-
ties for world leadership and from partnership in
the protection of freedom. We needin our own
interestsgreater human progress and economic
growth throughout the world. We cannot achieve
those by an assault either on mutual security or
on liberal trade policies.
I congratulate the Congress for its actions thus
far on the funds for mutual security in the author-
izing legislation, and I reairm the imperative
necessity of providing the appropriations that the
-authorization would allow. _ _,_ g g
Dwrorrr D. Ersmmownn
Tm: Warm Hovsn, May 8, 1960
838 u
.4Congressional Documents
Relating to Foreign Policy
86th Congress, Id Session '
Great Lakes Pllotage. Hearings before the Merchant Ma-
rine and Fisheries Subcommittee of the Senate Inter-
state and Foreign Commerce Committee on S. 8019, o.
bill to provide for certain piiotage requirements in thenavigation of U.S. waters 0! the Great Lakes and tor
other purposes. February 23, 1960. 95 pp. -
International Development Association. Hearings before
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on S. 8074, to
provide tor U.S. participation in the IDA. March 18-21,
1960. 122 pp.Mutual Security Act of 1960. Hearings before the SenateForeign Relations Committee on S. 8068, to amend
further the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended.
March Q-April 5, 1960. 672 pp.Annual Report of the Saint Lawrence Seaway Develop-ment Corporation. Message from the President, to-
gether with the report covering the Corporation's
activities for the year ended December 31, 1959. H. Doc.
876. April 11,1960. 106 pp.Immigration and Naturalization. Report of the SenateJudiciary Committee made by its Subcommittee onImmigration and Naturalization pursuant to S. Ree. 55,
as amended and extended, 86th Congress, 1st session,together with supplemental views. S. Bept. 1272.
April 14, 1960. 8 pp.Providing for Promotion of Economic and Social Develop-
ment in the Ryukyu Islands. Report to accompany
H.R. 1157. H. Bept. 1517. April 14, 1960. 22 pp.Promoting Foreign Trade of United States in Grapes
and Plums. Report to accompany S. 1857. S. Bept.
1274. April 19, 1960. 7 pp.Requiring Rebuilding Work on Domestic Vessels To Be
Done Entirely in U.S. Shipyards. Report to accompany
S. 8189. S. Rept. 1279. April 19, 1960. 9 pp.
Operations of the Development Loan Fund. Fourteenth
report by the House Government Operations Committee.
B. Rept, 1526. April 19, 1960. 35 pp.
Pilotage Requirements for Vessels Navigating U.S. Waters
or the Great Lakes. Report to accompany S. 8019.
S. Rept. 1284. April 21,1960. 14 pp.
The Mutual Security Act of 1960. Report of the SenateForeign Relations Committee on S. 3&8. S. Bept. 1286.
April 22, 1960. 65 pp.Foreign Commerce Study. Interim report to the Senate
Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee by special
stat! on the study of U.S. foreign commence. April 25,
1960. 71 PP- [Committee print]Extension of Export Control Act of 1949. Report toailccompany EB. 10550. S. Bept. 1287. April 25, 1960-
DP-Law of the Sea Conventions. Report to accompany Ex.
J to N, inclusive, 86th Congress, 1st session. S. Ex.
Rept. 6. April 27, 1960. 11pp. 'Authorizing the Loan of One Submarine to Canada and
the Extension ot a Loan oi a Naval Vessel to the Gov-
ernment oi the Republic of China. Report to accompany
H.R. 9465. S. Rept. 1298. April 28, 1960. 4 pp.
Restoration of Freedom to Captive Nations. Report to
accompany H. Con. Res. 838. H. Rept. 1562. May 2,
- .1960. opp.Suspension of Duties on Metal Scrap. Report to ac-
company H.R. 11748. H. Bept. 1565. May 2, 1960. 4 pp.-
Report to Congress on the Mutual Security Program tor
the First Halt of Fiscal Year 1960. H. Doc. 873. May
-2.1960-6491» . -
Temporary Suspension of Duty on Cei-thin AmorphousGraphite. Report to accompany EB. 1217. S. Rept-
1332. May8,1960. 8pp.Temporary Tariit Treatment of Chicory. Report to ac
company H.B. 9608. S. Rept. 1883. May 9, 1960. 4 pp.
Department of Stole Bulletin
i
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92
3Q .2
i INTERNATIONAL DNGRNIZATNINS ANDIQONFERENGES.-_-% ..___k_____ AA_
North Atlantic Council Holds Ministerial
The North Atlantic Uouncil held its springMinisterial Meeting at Istanbul May £-.6. Fol-lowing are texts of a message from PresidentEisenhower which was read by Secretary Herterat the opening session on May 2, a nal communi-que issued on May 4, and statements made bySecretary Herter upon his arrival at Istanbulon April 30, at the conclusion of the meetingon May 4, and upon his return to Washingtonon May 6, together with a list of the members of
the l7.S. delegation.
MESSAGE FROM PRESIDENT EISENIIOWER
As the NATO Ministerial Council convenesfor its twenty-fth session since NATOs found-ing, I should like to recall its original purpose,to emphasize once more its continuing necessity,
and to dene anew its challenging tasks.Eleven years ago our nations joined in a solemnpact of interdependence. We recognized thatonly by cooperating as free peoples, subjectingour individual preference to the common interest,could we ward o threatening danger. For the
threat was real and immediate.For my own country, the decision to join sucha pact was epochal. We overcame our historicaversion to permanent alliances and, in importantfacets, agreed to merge our destiny with that ofother free and like~minded nations of the Atlanticarea. This decision has been ratied by the over-whelming approval of the American people ofwhatever party or political faith. It has growninto the strongest peace-time coalition in all his-tory. It has come to have a meaning for itsmembers far transcending the initial crisis which
gave it birth.In two weeks, I shall meet at Paris, togetherwith other Western leaders, with the Premier of
*"theiUSSR;. _. _ _ _ ,__ W
May 23, I960Meeting at Istanbul
We approach these Paris talks with a sincere
desire to do all possible to reduce the tensions anddangers that now exist. Yet we cannot reason-ably anticipate any quick or spectacular results.This meeting will beone more in what may provealong succession of diplomatic exchanges dealingwith some of the most ditcult problems of ourera. These are not susceptible to early solution.We can, at best, hope to make some modestprogress towards our goals. '
In this period of prolonged negotiation, I hopethat all the NATO governments and their peopleswill redouble eorts toward maintaining our
strength, unity, and rmness of purpose.We can negotiate succesfully only if we areresolute and united, and if that resolution andunity are manifest to the Soviets. Any evidenceof weakness or division among ourselves can onlyundermine our diplomacy and its
effectiveness. AIf our negotiations with the Soviets do not pros~per, we will have even more reason to look to our
combined NATO forces as our greatest insurance
against aggression.If these negotiations do create some hope of re-ducing the risk of hostility, our eorts to enhanceNATOs material and moral strength and cohe-
sion will be the more needed-in order to meetthe challenge of intensifying competition with the
Communists throughout the world.
It is thus apparent today, even more than whenour NATO treaty was signed, that our alliance is
' responsive to vital and enduringneeds-a perma-
nent community of free peoples, menacing no one,concerting its eorts only to advance the commongood, evolving to deal ever more eectively withthe problems and opportunities of the new decade.
i To meet these problems and opportunities, Sewrotary Herter proposed at your Ministerial meet-
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ing last December that NATO engage in long-range planning for the 1960s. We are making in-tensive preparations for eective United Statesparticipation in this planning, as I trust that all__of you are doing. ' Toimove toward our commongoals will demand the concerted planning and
consecrated eort of all our nations.
As one who has been closely associated with
NATO since its beginning, I realize fully the dif-
ferences of approach that are inevitable in any
alliance of free nations. Yet our potentialstrength is the greater because we are free. To
realize this fact, we have only to contrast our es-sentially trivial differences with the common stakeand opportunities that we have in freedom No
dictatorship can hope to generate the power, both
material and moral, which free peoples acting in
unison can wield. .
To mobilize this power, we must dedicate our-
selves anew to the task of uniting and strengthen-ing our NATO community so that it can effectively
meet the challenges not only of the months but
of the decades which lie ahead.
' Dwmrrr D. Ersmmowm
TEXT OF COMMUNIQUE
Press release 248 dated May 4
The North Atlantic Council held its spring min-
isterial meeting in Istanbul from May 2nd-4th.
The Council took stock of the situation on the
eve of the Summit Meeting. The results of its
exchange of views may be summarized as follows:
A! The Council welcomes the prospect of ne-gotiations with the Soviet Union, and hopes that
they will lead to improved international relations.The unity of the Alliance is a condition of prog-
' ress towards this end. B! All members of the Alliance share the aim
of general and complete disarmament, to be
achieved by stages under eective international
control, and support the proposals of the Western
negotiators at Geneva to this end. These pro-posals in their view provide the best means ofcarrying out the United Nations Resolution of
20th November, 1959; ' they regret the unwilling-
For Secretary Hertei-s arrival -statement and com-
munlqnes issued on Dec. 17 am! Dec. 22, 1959. see Buns-
rm of Jan.4;1960, p.'8,-and Jan.~11, 1960, p. 44. __ " __ _
' U.N~ doc. A/RES/1738 XIV! A/G. 1/L234! ;tor text,
see ¢bid., Nov. 23, 1959, p. 768.
840
gness which the Soviet side has so far 'shownto-dis-
cuss specic practical measures of disarmament
C! While desiring a true international detente,the Atlantic Alliance cannot be satised with a
formula of peaceful coexistence under cover
of which attacks continue to be made on individual
members of the Alliance. Detente, like peace, is
indivisible. Thus, the eorts of Soviet propa-ganda to discredit the Federal Republic of Ger-
many and the governments of certain other NATO
countries are to the Alliance as a whole
and inconsistent with a real improvement of inter-
national relations. D! The Council reairms the view that the
solution of the problem of Germany can only be
found in reunication on the basis of self-
determination. It recalls its Declaration of 16th
December, 1958, and once again expresses its de-
termination to protect the freedom of the people
of West Berlin.
The Council heard reports on the topics likely
to be discussed at the Summit Meeting. After a
full discussion, it expressed its entire agreement
with the common positions of the United States,
France and the United Kingdom as worked out
in consultation with their Allies. It expressed
its satisfaction with the system of continuous
consultation between all members of the Alliance
which has been developed.
The Council also examined the Secretary Gen-
erals report on the working of the Alliance. It
welcomed the progress accomplished in various
elds and reairmed its determination to continue
its efforts in the eld of political and economic
cooperation and solidarity which is so necessary
for the maintenance of peace and defense offreedom. A
All members of the Council reairmed their
faith in NATO and welcomed the emphasis given
in President Eisenhowers message to the long-
term planning of the Alliance. _
STATEMENTS BY SECRETARY HERTER
Arrival Statement, Istanbul, April 80
Press release 281 dated April so
I am -glad to be in Turkey. The people of this
great republic play a valiant role in the defense
of the rich traditions which have shaped our civi-
'Fortext.see¢b¢d.,Ian.6,1959,p.*4. T if A "
' Department of Stale Bulletin
' 0
vi
mesa Wain America"are~proud-to-be-associ- as
and with you in this common cause.
Within the councils of NATO we seek the
frank and honest advice of one another on the
issues we face together in the defense of our free-
dom and in the quest for a just, lasting, and hon-
orable peace. Here in Istanbul next week, we will
seek the benet of that advice, particularly with
regard to the summit meeting in Paris on May 16.
We, for our part, look ahead to the Paris meet-
ing with a sense of realism born of experience.
We hope for progress but hold no illusions. For
our ultimate objective goes beyond the mere main-
tenance of the long-familiar uneasy state of con-
ict recently disguised under slogans of peaceful
coexistence. What we seek is a positive state of
well-being in which men can pursue their rightful
aspirations in freedom and in peace.
Atbestthe road tothisgoalwillbelong and
diicult. Today, the sense of crisis appears less
imminent than a year ago. But for us to con-
fuse now or in the future the appearance of
relaxation in tension with real progress toward
solutions of international issues would be a dis-
service to the cause of peace. ~
We in NATO must, therefore, continue to
strengthen the ties that bind us. We must con-
tinue to build the collective strength of our de-
fenses. This is the only sound course for us to
follow. We have done so in the past. I am con-
dent we shall do so in the future.
Statement at Conclusion ol Meeting, May 4
Preserelcasel detedlsyl 92
I wish to express my deep gratitude for the
hospitality extended by the Government of Tur-
key and the courtesy shown us by the people of
Istanbul.
Ours has been a signicant meeting. It has
shown once again the extraordinary unity existing
among the 15 free and independent members of
NATO. I am heartened and encouraged by thisfact. ' '
I have beneted immeasurably from the advice
freely and honestly given by our friends, particu-
larly in regard to the summit meeting on May 16.
The United States will go to that meeting fully
aware that the process of resolving the many out-
standingeprpblems Jvill _be_ It
require much patience. It maywell take many
Moy 23, I960
. O. Ii
»_forms.__It._-is_thereforegparticularlyg important
that we in NATO not only maintain bdt inIproveI _
our unity and the collective strength of our
defenses - i . _ - '
Both patience and determination on our part
are not all that is required. ~ The Soviet Govern-
ment has to come to the realization that the deter-
mination of free men to safeguard their freedom
cannot be subdued. It must also understand that
the people of the world want and deserve more
than a struggle for domination under the guise
of what they have chosen to call peaceful coexist-
ence. If the forthcoming meeting demonstrates
that the Soviet Union now understands these basic
facts, we should be able to make a start toward the
solution of some of our major problems
Arrival Statement, Washington, May 6
Pres: release 252 dated M01 0
I return from the Foreign Ministers Confer-
ences of the Central Treaty Organization
CENTO! held in Tehran and the, North
Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO! held in
Istanbul. On the return route 1 day was spent
in Athens for fruitful discussions with Greek
oicials and a pleasant visit with Their Gracious
Majesties the King and Queen of Greece.
Both the NATO and CENTO conferences were
eminently successful. They aorded opportuni-
ties for thorough exchanges of views on specic
problems and tasks relating to the alliances them-
selves and on the international situation generally,
with particular reference to the forthcoming sum-
mit meeting in Paris.
Marked 92mity was demonstrated at both con-
ferences. All participants were determined to
maintain strong defenses until the hoped-for day
when general and complete disarmament and in-
ternational arrangements for keeping the peace
can be achieved.
The CENTO and NATO conferences gave
their approval to the Western approaches to the
summit. While welcoming the_ constructive na-
ture of the Western positions, the Ministers agreed
that exaggerated hopes_ for agreement should
not be entertained.
A signicant outcome of the discussions was
the unanimous agreement that a détente, though
welcome, cannot be a true détente while the. Soviet
* Iiua.;i1my1e;e1oao, p."801- -~ ~
041
' o
.A_.ii___i
Union continues its attacks on some members of
the alliance and seeks to sow dissension between
them. To echo the words of the NATO communi-
que, détente, like peace, is indivisible.
U3. DELEGATION
The Department of State announced on April
25 press release 212! that the following are the
principal members of the U.S. delegation to the
ministerial meeting of the North Atlantic Council
held at Istanbul from May 2 to 4, 1960.
17.8. Representative
Secretary oi State Christian A. Herter
U.S. Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic
Council md European Regional Organisation
Ambassador W. Randolph Burgess
8em'orAdvieen
Livingston T. Merchant, Under Secretary of State for
Political Aiiairs
Theodore 0. Achilles, Counselor or the Department or
State
Andrew H. Berding, Assistant Secretary of State for
Public Ailairs
Philip J. Farley, Special Assistant to the Secretary of
State tor Disarmament and Atomic Energy
John N. Irwin ll, Assistant Secretary ot Defense tor In-
ternational Security Aairs
G. Lewis Jones, Assistant Secretary of State for Near
Eastern and South Asian Aairs
Foy D. Kohler, Assistant Secretary of State for European
Aliairs -
Frederick E. Nolting, Jr., Alternate U.S. Permanent Repre-
sentative to the North Atlantic Council '
Gerard C. Smith, Assistant Secretary ot State tor Policy
Planning
Fletcher Warren, Ambassador to Turkey
President Names U.S. Members
oi Shrimp Commission
The White House Augusta, Ga.! announced on
April 20 that the President had on that date ap-
pointed the following te be members of the U.S.
section of the Commission for the Conservation of
Shrimp in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico: '
John C. Ferguson ' »
Robert M. Ingle e
Donald L. McKernan, Director, Bureau of Commercial
' ' i Fisheries, *I!epartmentot the Interior. e A A e _,
' Established pursuant to a convention with Ouha
signed on Aug. 15, 1958; for text. see Bunrrm oi Apr. 20,
1959, p. 566.
842I , '
A A~~~ -~.--e ~_--_e____;_§
United States Delegations
to International Conferences ~
llth World Health Aoumbli
The Department of State announced on April
29 press release 229! that the President has des-
ignated Arthur S. Flemming, Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare, as chairman of the U.S.
delegation to the 13th World Health Assembly,
which is scheduled to convene at Geneva on
my 8. .
The Preddent also designated Dr. Leroy E.
Barney, Surgeon General, Public Health Service,
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
and Horace E. Henderson, Deputy Assistant Sec-
retary of State for International Organization
Ah airs, as delegates and the following as alternate
delegates:
Frank B. Berry, M.D., Assistant Secretary of Defense
Health and Medical! '
Lowell T. Ooggeshall, M.D., Dean, Division of Biological
Sciences, University of Chlmgo
H. van Zile Hyde, M.D., Assistant to the Surgeon Gen-
eral for International Health, Public Health Service,
Department or Health, Education, and Welfare
Richard K. C. Lee, M.D., President, Board ot Health,
State oi Hawaii
Other members of the delegation include:
Advisers , f
Guillermo Arbona,~M.D., Secretary of Health or the Oom-
monweaith of Puerto Rico
Eugene P. Oampbell, M.D., Chief, Public Health Divi-
sion, Internatibnal Oooperation Administration
Geolirey Edsall, M.D., Director of Immunology Division,
Army Medical Service, Graduate School, Walter Reed
Army Medical Center, Washington, D.G.
E. Ross Jenney, M.D., Assistant Chief, Division of Inter-
national Health, Public Health Service, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare
Berwyn Mattison, M.D., Executive Secretary, American
Public Health Association
Oleon A. Nate, M.D., Associate Professor of Surgery, In-
diana University Medical School
Christopher Parnall, Jr., hi.D., Administrator, Rochester
General Hospital, Rochester, NI.
M. Allen Pond, Olce oi! the Special Assistant for Health
and Medical Aiiairs, Department of Health. Education,and Welfare ' ' .
Edward I.Rowe1l, American Oonsulate General, Geneva,
Switzerland -
William Thomas Sowder, !l.D., Florida State Health
Oiilcer -
Imwrence R. Wyatt, Olce of International Economic and
So'cialA!airs,DepartlnentofSOlt6--~ - A . . _.
Secretary of Delegation ,
David B. Ortman, Omce of International Conferences,
Department of State
Department of Slate Bulletin2
7
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'~<~
Yii a
» or
TREATY INFORMATION
Temporary Waiver of Some Provisions
in U.S.-Iran Trade Agreement
PresIreienss218dstedAnrlil7 __________
DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
On April 12, 1960, the U.S. Government,
through the American Embassy at Tehran, ex-
changed notes with the Government of Iran in
which the Government of the United States agreed
not to invoke article VI of the United States-Iran
Reciprocal Trade Agreement of 1943 * with respect
to the temporary imposition by Iran of commer-
cial prots taxes on certain products on which Iran
bad given tariff concessions to the United States in
the agreement. The Government of Iran had re-
quested U.S. agreement to these taxes because of
Irans balance~of-payments problem. The ex-
change of notes covers a period not to exceed 6
months immediately following the date of the ex-
change. The original agreement was signed on
April 8, 1943.
Under the terms of the notes, the taxes in ques-
tion shall not be imposed on products of the
United States at rates higher than those at which
they are imposed on products of any third coun-
try. In no case shall the combined duty and com-
mercial prots taxes exceed the ad valorem rate
specied for the respective products in the notes.
The text of the U.S. note is attached. The
Iranian reply is identical in substance.
TEXT OF 0.5. NOTE
Dans Ma. Mnusrn: I refer to recent discussions with
respect to the serious balance of payments situation con-
fronting Iran. It is my understanding that these discus-
sions have resulted in the following agreement:
1. The Government of Iran considers it necessary dur-
ing the next six months temporarily to impose its
commercial prots taxes on the importation of the
following products of the United States provided
forin Schedule I to the Trade Agreement between the
United States and Iran, signed April 8, 1943, but in
no_g1se the combined duty and commercial
'58 Stat. 1822-
May 23, I960pr6tTtaxes, or"the1dvalorem--equivs.lent_o¢_l
combined duty and taxes in cases in which a specic
rate is involved, exceed the ad vaiorein rate specied
for the respective products : V
868B Radio receiving sets, including E
phonogrnphs
1. Up to 5,000 rials $65!
5,000-10,000 rials 65-5180!
More than 10,000 rials $130!25 percent
50 percent
75 percent
8681! ' Television receivers
25 percent
50 percentUp to 20,000 rials $261!
20,000 rish or more
890 A Passenger cars including sport
models
Up to 200,000 rials $2614!
200,000-300,000 rials $2614-
$3921!35 percent
50 percent
300,000 $3921! or more 75 percent
2. Such commercial prots taxes shall not be imposed
on products of the United States at rates hisher than
those at which these taxes are imposed on products
of any third country.
8. In view ot the serious balance of payments situation
of Iran the Government of the United States, during
the period of six months immediately following the
date of this note, will not invoke the provisions of
Article VI of the Trade Agreement in respect of the
commercial prot taxes specied above.
The Government of the United States 0! America will
consider that this note, together with your note in reply,
indicating concurrence of the Government of Iran in re-
spect to the matter set forth above, constitute an agree-
ment between the Government of the United States of
America and the Government of Iran to enter into force
on the date of your reply note. .
Sincerely yours. _
liinwnn '1. Warns
His Excellency
Basses Au Manson,
Minister of Uommerce,
Ministry of Commerce,
Tehran.
Current Actions
mun-uarsmu.
Cultural Relations
Agreement on the importation of educational, scientic,
and cultural materials, and protocol. Done at LakeSuciess November 22, 1950. Entered into torce May 21,
196Acceptance deposited: Denmark, April 5, 1980.
Shipping » -
70onvention on the Intergovernmental Maritime 0onsu1ta-
Not in torce for the United States.
843
tive Organisation. Signed at Geneva March 6, 1918.
Entered into force March 17,1958. 'TIAS4044.
Acceptance deposited: Bulgaria, April 6, 1900. >- .
Telecommunications g
Telegraph regulations Geneva revision, 1968! annexed to
the international telecommunication convention of De-
" cember 22, 1952 TIAS 3266!, with appendixes and nal
protocol. Done at Geneva November 29,1958. Entered
into force January 1, 1960. TIAS L390.
Notication of approval: Laos, March 21, 1960.
Radio regulations, with appendixes, annexed to the inter-
national telecommunication convention, 1959. Done at
Geneva December 21, 1959.
Notication of approval: Iran, March 14, 1960.
Bl LATERAL
Agricultural commodities agreement under title I of the
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act -of
1954, as amended 8 Stat. 455; 7 U.S.C. 1701-1709!.
with exchange oi notes. Signed at Washington May 4,
1960. Entered into force May 4, 1960.
Agreement providing that the United States will not in-
voke article VI of reciprocal trade agreement of 1948
8 Stat. 1822! with respect to temporary imposition by
Iran of commercial prots taxes on certain products.
Eilected by exchange of notes at Tehran April 12, 1960.
Entered into force April 12, 1960. .
Japan
Agreement relating to a program for the assembly and
manufacture in Japan of F-104 type aircraft by Jap-
anese industry. Eilected by exdiange of notes at Tokyo
April 15, 1960. Entered into force April 15, 1960.
Turkey
Agreement amending the agreement of December 27, 1949,
as amended TIAS 2111 and 8737!, for the establish-
ment of the U.S. Educational Commission in Turkey.
Eifected by exchange of notes at Ankara February 1,
1960. Entered into force February 1, 1960.
DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN SERVICE
qrganlzatlon oi Bureau oi Educational
and Cultural Affairs
Department circular 865 dated April 26 ,
1. Purpose '
The purposes of this circular are ! to announce the
reorganization of the Bureau of International Cultural
Relations and its redesignation as the Bureau of,Educa-
tional and Cultural Aiiairs, and ! to establish com-
ponents of the new organization. _ ,
'l92'otinforce. T 6 9 "
Department circular 829 dated June 16, 1959, is
canceled.
844I _ .
3, Background "" "'" '" 'T"""'," "Y _,
The Bureau of International Cultural Relations was
established, effective June 1. 1959, in recognition at the
need for greater emphasis an the international cultural
relations or the United States. The Special Assistant to
the Secretary for the Coordination of Internat1onalEdu-
cational and Cultural Relations heads the Bureau. He
is responsible for the coordination oi the wide variety at
international cultural activities which are conducted by
the several Government agencies and for the direction of
the cultural programs of the Department. Experience
since the establishment of the Bureau has revealed the
advisability of modifying the organizational structure to:
! give greater importance to the function ot planning
and developing the educational exchange and cultural
programs of the Dsparunent; ! make more manageable
the heavy burden of operational responsibilities; and 8!
provide the Special Assistant with a means to accomplish
the two related but separate responsibilities oi coordina-
tion and direction of operations.
8. Organizational Changes
8.1 Effective with the pay period beginning April 17,
1960, the Bureau of International Cultural Relations CU !
is reorganized and renamed the Bureau oi Educational
and Cultural Aitairs CU!.
9.2 Within the Bureau ot Educational and Cultural
Aairs, the following changes are made:
a. The Policy and Coordination Stair", the Plans and
Development Stair, 0ce of Cultural Exchange and
the Olce of Educational Exchange" are established.
b. The Executive and Reports Stat" replaces the
Executive Stall! and the Program Reporting Stall.
c. The UNESCO [United Nations Educational, Scien-
tic and Cultural Organization] Relations Stat! is redee-
ignated Secretariat-United States National Commission
for UNESCO".
d. The Cultural Policy and Development Stair, the
Cultural Presentations Sta! and the International Edu-
cational Exchange Service are abolished.
8.8 The East-West Contacts Program and Stat! will
be transferred to the Bureau of European Aairs. CU
will retain responsibility for approval of the performances
of American groups touring under the President's Special
International Program and for programming and selec-
tion of American and Soviet students exchanged with
the Soviet Union under terms of the U.S.-USSR Ex-
change Agreement as well as student eldlianggs with the
other Eastern European nations. »
4. Designation . '
Mr. Robert H. Thayer continues as head of the Bureau
of Educational and Cultural Aifairs. Mr. Sartou Brad-
ford will continne to serve as Deputy and will direct
the operating programs or the Bureau under the super-
vision of the Special Assistant.
5. Functions _
5.1 Oloe of the Special Assistant to the Secretary
for the Ooordination olelntenuztional Eduoationaljlnll
Cultural Relations
a. Develops United States Government policy on, and
Department of State Bulletin
{ii-A
a
3
ioordihstesfallvinternational-cultural,c educati_QIL1il!!_
exchange of persons activities and the cultural aspects
of training programs for foreign nationals. =
b. Directs the Department's cultural and educational
exchange programs.
5.11 Policy and Coordination Staff -
Serves as the body which assists the Special Assistant
in the coordination aspects of the Bureau's functions:
maintains liaison and consults with other Government
agencies and with private foundations and other non-
Governmeut groups; provides advice and guidance in
the establishment of priorities and other program con-
siderations and information on plans and program
activities both Governmental and private in the educa-
tional and cultural eld.
5.12 Secretariat of the U.S. Advisory Commission on
Educational Eschanoe and the Advisory Committee on
the Arts
Provides such stat functions as are necessary to enable
the Advisory Commission and the Advisory Committee
to fulll their respective responsibilities as provided by
law.
5.13 Secretariat-United States National Commission
for UNESCO -
a. In consultation with the Plans and Development
Staff, the National Commission and the Bureau of Inter-
national Organization Affairs, develops policies governing
substantive U.S. participation in the UNESCO program.
b. Coordinates activities incident to the participation of
the United States in UNESCO.
c. Provides stair functions for the National Commission
including services for its meetings, conference and travel
arrangements.
5.14 Eirecutive and Reports Stan
Provides executive leadership and direction, and ad-
ministers the organisation, budget and scal, security,
personnel and administrative activities of the Bureau
Issues all reports of the Bureau, including those re-
quired by legislation. Provides a clearing house of in-
formation involving the collection of information and
preparation of reports about all Government and private
activities in the international educational and cultural
elds.
a. Financial Management Branch
b. Beports Branch
c. Organization and Procedures Branch
d. Administrative and Personnel Branch
5.2 Plans and Development Sta
a. Plans are prepared by geographic area planning
oicers for the Department's educational and cultural ac-
tivities, including exchange of persons, cultural presenta-
tions, multilateral cultural activities, cultural agreements
and conventions, etc., and for the Department's assistance
to private activities in this eld. Develops a total educa-
tional and cultural program for each country and for
regional cultural programs including those for OAS
[Organization of American States], NATO [North Atlan-
tic Treaty Organir-tionj, SEATO [Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization], CENTO [Centi-al"lréaty Organisation],
May 23, I960etc., taking into consideration the recommendations of
N .
geographic bureaus and program information from other
elements of CU as a basis for planning. *
b. Advisers inthe Oice of the Director ! assemble
information on the extent of educational and cultural
resources within the United States and advise on the
mannerinwhich thoseresourcesaretobeinkenintoae
count in planning the Department's educational and cul-
tural activities, and ! ensure an appropriate relation-
ship between over-all U.S. cultural interests and programs
and U.S. participation in UNESCO and other multilateral
cultural programs in collaboration with the Secretariat-
U.S. National Commission for UNESCO.
c. The Evaluation Branch" acquires, interprets and
evaluates information on educational and cultural pro-
grams on a country-by-country basis for the purpose of
appraising progress and eitectiveness and giving guidance
in formulating policies and plans.
6.3 Oloe of Educational Evchonge
Conducts, directly and by agreement or contract with
public or private agencies, activities in the educational
and cultural iield which are academic in nature and in-
volve programs for bringing selected persons from other
countries to the United States for study, teaching, and
research and for sending selected Americans abroad for
similar purposes; administers a program to provide maili-
tative assistance to interchanges of privately nanced
individuals and groups.
6.81 Operations Stop of the Board of Foreign
Scholarships
Provides such sta functions as are necessary to enable
the Board of Foreign Scholarships to fulll its responsi-
bilities under Public law 584, 79th Congress.
6.82 Student Division
Directs the exchange of persons programs which bring
foreign nationals to the United States for study in Ameri-
can educational institutions and which send-Americans
abroad for study in foreign educational institutions.
a. American Branch
b. Foreign Branch
5.33 Professional Division
Directs ! the exchange of persons programs which
bring foreign professional educators and scholars at the
university level to lecture or to undertake research in
the United States and instructors at the elementary and
secondary school level to teach, and ! programs which
send the same type of American professional people
abroad for these purposes; directs the establishment of
Chairs in American Studies in foreign institutions as
well as Seminars in American Studies overseas.
a. Lecturers and Research Scholars Branch
b. Teachers Branch
5.4 ,O!!lce of Cultitral Ecchange -
Conducts, directly and by agreement or contract with
public or private agencies, activities in the educational
and cultural eld other than those of an academic na-
~ture;.conducts_ prelim??? for bringing hey persons from
845Eiiéii lissions.* Obtains -politicaleguidancecfroni _tl9__ _i
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other countries to the United Stews tor trsvd, observa-tion and 5D8¢i-aiiaed practical experimce, and tor send-ing carefully selected Americans abroad tor similarpurposes; sends American pertorming artists and athleticgroups overseas under terms or the International Cul-tnral Exchangeand Trade Fair Participation Act 0!1956, Public Law 860; administers a programtor grantsand professional services to Americamsponsored schoolsin Imtin America and assists American-sponsored schoolsin other areas of the world; and aids non-United StatesGovernment organizations, institutions and individualshere and abroad in undertaking exchange projects oftheir own which can further the national interest.
5.41 Presentation Divhion
Admlnisters the program which sends abroad on tourAmerican artists, athletes, lecturers, instructors anddemonstrators of American cultural achievement, as indi-viduals or groups.
a. Performing Artists Branch
h. American Specialists Branch
5.Q _Leader0 and Specialists Division
Directs exchange oi persons programs tor bringingforeign leaders of thought and opinion to the UnitedStates for programs of travel and observation and con-sultation and for bringing to the United States foreignspecialists to participate under planned programs oi prac-tical experience; facilitates selected privately iinancedand sponsored exchange projects tor eminent individualsor groups from other countries and similar projectsabroad tor Americans; supervises the operation oi theDepartments Reception Centers.
a. Leaders Branch
b. Foreign Specialists Branch
c. Voluntary Leaders Branch
6.43 Special Projects Division
Conducts activities in the areas of grantee orientation,tollow-up programs, English language testing and teach-ing, and assistance on special program matters; admin-isters programs to provide nancial assistance, in partor in whole, to students and youth leaders onvshort-termeducational travel interchanges; and administers theprogram oi aid to American-sponsored schools abroad.
a. American-Sponsored Schools Branch b. Facilitative Services Branch
c. Education Travel Branch
d. Special Activities Branch
846Z 0 A
6. Amendment: to the organisation Regulationsand Delegation: ol Authority
' The Organization Manual, regulations and delegationsct authority in the Department of State are . beins
amendedtoreectthechangesincidenttotherwrganisr* tion herein above provided.
'2a2
233 5/2
224 5/2
235 5/2
2-36 5/2
-231 5/2
2ss 5/s
-2:-so 5/3
1210 s/4
241 5/4
242 5/4
243 5/4.-
1244 5/5
-245 5/5
me 5/5
247 5/5
1248 5/6
249 5/6
Z50
2515/6
5/6
252 5/6
L' Check List of Department of S%tc
Press Releases: May 2-8
Press releases may be obtained from the Omce ofNews, Department ot State, Washington 25, D.C.Releases issued prior to May 2 which appear inthis issue or the Buun-ns are Nos. 207 or April 22,212 or April 25, 218 or April 27, 226 or April 28, %oi April 29, and 231 ot April 80.
Ne. Data Blbiotl
5/2Cultural exchange France!. _Disarmament conference documents andtranscri Pts.Aid to Alghanistan in acquiring DC-6.MSP report published.ICA study group visits Belgian Congo.Revisions in program for visit of Kingof Nepal.
Herter: Mesage on Japanese centen-nial.
Cultural exchange Intln America!.Herter: P.L. 480 agreement with India.Herter: NATO Ministerial meeting.Henderson: Iranian Archeologlcal Con-gress.NATO Ministerial meeting communique.Mann: Sino-Soviet Bloc Trade and ItsImplications for the United States. Bennett appointed ICA regional directortor Near East and South Asia bio-
graphic details!.Peneld: ;92Atrica: A New Situation Be-quiring ew Responses. Meeting of the National Advisory Com-mittee on Inter-American Aitairs
rewrite!.Bubottomz The Growing Importance ofEducational Exchange in the Ameri-can Republics."ES. note on plane shot down in Sovietn on.
Cultural exchange Chile!.Dillon-Meany letters on ship boycott.Berter: return trom CENTO and NATOmeetings and visit to Greeceii
° Not printed.
1* Held tor a later issue or the Bvnmrnu.
Depsrimeni of Stale Bulletini
2
E
i
92 .
. W I .
l{=y_23.19_60 __ ,_ , ,__
Afllauistnn. U.5.BelpsAighanAirline uireI§lanei'orIl'leet . . . . . ., .Africa. ICA Study Group Visit: Belgian Congo .Am neon Re bli Inter-Ameri AdvisoryCfunmittee I|;¢l>1ds .Iom'th Meeting ? . . . .Atomic Energy - -Diavrmament: The Problem and the Prospectsicox!...............Research Program To Detect, Identity UndergroundNuclear-TestsExpanded . . . . . . . . .Aviation. U.S. Helps Afghan Airline Acquire Plane
torFieet...............Congress, The
Colngriessional Documents Relating to Foreignolcy................President Urges Congress To Act on MutualSecurityLegislation...........United States and Nepal Ailirm Mutual Desire Toyork tor World Order Based on International
Views on Freedom-of-Navigation Amendment toMutual Security Act Dillon! . . . . . . .Cuba. President Names U.S. Members of Shrimp
Commission........-......Educational and Cultural MfairsIranian Archeological Congress Concludes Meeting
Henderson!..............Organization or Bureau of Educational and Cultural
AiIairs................De rtment and Foreign Service. Organization ctgigreau of Educational and Cultural Aairs . .
DisarmamentDisarmament: The Problem and the Prospects Wilcox!...............Documents on Disarmament Talks Made Available
i'orRetereuce.............Economic AairsPresident Names U.S. Members of Shrimp Commis-
sion................Temporary Waiver of Some Provisions in U.S.-Iran
'1radeAgreement............U.S. Bestates Principles Aitecting Policy TowardMerchant Marine Dillon, Meany! . . . .Views on Freedom-of~Navigation Amendment to Mu-tuaiSecurityAct Dillon! . . . . . . . . .
Health, Education, and Welfare. 18th WorldHealthAssembly delegation! . . . . . . .
International Organizations and ConferencesDocuments on Disarmament Talks Made Availablef Rel . . . . . ' or erence . . . . . . . .13th World Health Assembly delegation! . . .
IranIranian Archeological Congress Oonciudes Meeting Henderson!. . . .8. . . . . . .8.Temporary Waiver of ome visions in U. .-IranTradeAgreemeut_..........
JapanGrown Prince and Princess ot Japan To Visit
U.S. Eisenhower!...........Messages by President and Secretary on JapaneseCentennial Eisenhower, Herter! . . . . . .
Q 4.% :'"af.:" 1...... AR .-vlliercizant Marineews on Freedom-on a on Amendment toMutua1SecurityAct' Di1ionl . . . . . . .? 'JI.limSdd Gm, Vial Belgianongo tu ru ts . . .. . .Mutual Secugitg, Its Principle and Programs Eisenhower-!.............Mutual Security Report Emphasizes ProhlemsatEconomic Development . . . . . . . . .Prloident Urgtes Congress To Act on Mutual Secu-yLeglslaon.....-........3&8. Helps Afghan A-1&1.l1I;B$i§%|:I'°C Phage tor Fleet ; ews on Freedom - a n endmentMutualSecurii;yAct Dilion! . . . . . . .Nepal. United States and Nepal Aiiirm MutualDesire To Work tor World Order Based on Inter-national Justice Eisenhower, King Mahendra,textotjointeommunique! . . . . . . . .N -Self-Goe ' T rito' ICAS Glist. Belgiav ' ' =<>..§§ . '.'°T . . 9*? . '? fNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization North At-lantic Council Holds Ministerial Meeting _atIstanbul Eisenhower, Herter, text of communi-que.................Presidential Documents .Organ Prince and Princess or Japan To Visit
Messages lay ':>=L.ihe;=¢ and oh minis;CentennialMutual Security, Its Principle and Pl'0g'l'iI,m5 . . .Mutual Security Report Emphasizes Problems ofEconomi De elc vopmeni;..........North Atlantic Council Holds Ministerial Meet-i.ngatI8tanbul.._....... . .President Urges Congress To Act on Mutual Secu-
1-ltyLegislation.............United States and NepalAlrmMutualDesi.re¬lloWork tor World Order Based on International
Justice.........."......Protection of Nationals. U.S. Restates PrinciplesAecting Policy Toward Merchant Marine Dil-ion,Meany!..............P bli ti M tual Security Report Em hasires"l>rol:e1:sot Ecyonomlc Development . .p . . .Science. Research Program To Detect, IdentityUnderground Nuclmr Tests Expanded . . . .
Treaty Information
Gui-rentActions.............Temporary Waiver ct Some Provisions in U.S.-IranTradeAgreement............U-S.S.R. United States Plane Downed in SovietUnio!n Herter, texts or U.S. statements andnote...
Name Indes
:c!iill<$],Douglasse ow r, Presid t . 811,814, 827,830g6:ge¬l'Sg:, Loywett 828'e r, ecretary
KingMahendra . . .'-Meany,George. . . . .Wi1cox,Francis0 . . . . .
__ _ e ___ ' 7 7 7v7 7
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DIVISION OI PUII-I6 DOCUMENT - -
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OFFICIAL IUIINIII "
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A new release in the Background series . . .
Republic of the P/zilzfpines n
The challenges and achievements of the Republic of the
Philippines since its independence in 1946 are discussed in the
framework of its economic, social, and political history in a new
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The 19-page pamphlet, illustrated with maps and photo-
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economy of the Philippines, and briey outlines United States-
Philippines ties in such areas as mutual defense, trade, and cul-
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Pnbllceon 6940 20 cents
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V01. XLII, No. 1092 - Pueucs-non 7002
May 30, 1960
-_----
The Department of State BULLETIN,
a weekly publication issued by the
Oice of Public Services, Bureau of
Public Aairs, provides the public
and interested agencies of the
Government with information on
developments in the eld of foreign
relations and on the work of the
Department of State and the Foreign
Service. The BULLETIN includes se-
lected press releases on foreign policy,
issued by the White House and the
Department, and statements and ad-
dresses made by the President and by
the Secretary of State and other
oicers of the Department, as well as
special articles on carious phases of
international aairs and the func-
tions of the Department. Informa-
tion is included concerning treaties
and international agreements to
which United States is or may
become a party and treaties of gen-
eral international interest.
Publications qf the Department,
United Notions documents, and legis-
lative material in the eld of inter-
national relations are listed currently.i
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U.S. States.Position on U2 Incident .
Following is a statement read by President
Eisenhower at his press conference on Hay I1,
together with the texts of US. notes of Mag/_ 10
cndI2 and a8o'v:'et note of May 10.
STATEMENT BY PRESIDENT EISENHOWER
White House press release dated Hay 11
I have made some notes from which I want to
talk to you about this U2 incident.
A full statement about this matter has been made
by the State Department, and there have been
several statesmanlike remarks by leaders of both
parties. "
For my part, I supplement what the Secretary
of State has had to say with the following four
main points. After that, I shall have nothing fur-
ther to sayfor the simple reason I can think of
nothing to add that might be useful at this time.
First point is this: the need for intelligence-
gathering activities.
No one wants another Pearl Harbor. This
means that we must have knowledge of military
forces and preparations around the world, espe-
cially those capable of massive surprise attack.
Secrecy in the Soviet Union makes this esen-
tial. In most of the world no large-scale attack
could be prepared in secret. But in the Soviet
Union there is a fetish of secrecy and concealment.
This is a major cause of international tension and
uneasiness today. Our deterrent must never be
placed in jeopardy. The safety of the whole free
world demands this.
As the Secretary of State pointed out in his re-
cent statement, ever since the beginning of my ad-
ministration I have issued directives to gather, in
every feasible way, the _i'nformatio1_1 required to
Bvaurrm ot May 23, 1960. p. 818.
Mc|y30,I960@ i i Tprotect the United States and the free world
against surprise attack and to enable them to make
effective preparations for defense. -
My second point: the nature of intelligence-
gathering activities. _
These have a special and secret character. They
are, so to speak, below the surface activities.
They are secret because they must circumvent
measures designed by other countries to protect
secrecy of military preparations.
They are divorced from the regular, visible
agencies of government, which stay clear of opera-
tional involvement in specic detailed activities.
These elements operate under broad directives
to seek and gather intelligence short of the use of
force, with operations supervised by responsible
oicials within this area of secret activities. »
We do not use our Army, Navy, or Air Force
for this purpose, rst, to avoid any possibility of
the use of force in connection with these activities
and, second, because our military forces, for ob-
vious reasons, cannot be given latitude under
broad directives but must be kept under strict con-
trol in every detail.
These activities have their own rules and meth-
ods of concealment, which seek to mislead and
obscure-just as in the Soviet allegations there
are many discrepancies. For example, there is
some reason to believe that the plane in question
was not shot down at high altitude. The normal
agencies of our Government are unaware of these
specic activities or of the special eorts to con-
ceal them. .
Third point: How should we view all of this
activity l -
It is a distasteful but vital necessity.
We prefer and work for a ditferent kind of
world-and a dierent way of obtaining the in-
formation essential to condence and eifective de-
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weapons, are the only answerfgl i * "**"
This was the reason for my open-skies proposal
in 1955, which I was ready instantly to put into
eiiect, to permit aerial observation over the United
States and the Soviet Union which would assure
that no surprise attack was being prepared againa
anyone. I shall bring up thepopen-skies proposal
again at Paris, since it is a means of ending con-
cealment and suspicion.
My nal point is that we must not be distracted
from the lea] issues of the day by what is an in-
cident or a symptom of the world situation today.
This incident has been given great propaganda
exploitation. The emphasis given to a ight of an
unarmed, nonmilitary plane can only reect a
fetish of secrecy. .
_The zeal issues are the ones we will be working
on at the summitdisarmament, search for solu-
tions affecting Germany and Berlin, and the whole
range of East-West relations, including the reduc-
tion of secrecy and suspicion.
Frankly, I am hopeful that we may make prog-
ressonthesegreatissues. Thisiswhatwemean
when we speak of working for peace.
And, as I remind you, I will have nothing
further to say about this matter.
TEXTS OF NOTES
0.5. Note of May 10'
The Embassy of the United States of America
presents its compliments to the Ministry of For-
eign Aairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics and has the honor to refer to public
statements of the Soviet Government indicating
that an American civilian, Francis Gary Powers,
is under detention in Moscow. The Embassy re-
quests that an oicer of the Embassy be permitted
to interview Mr. Powers.
U.S. Note of May 12
Press release 202 emu May 12
The Embassy of the United States of America
refers in the Soviet Governments note of May 10
' I bid., Aug. 1, 1955, 1!. 178.
' Delivered to the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Aifairs on
May 10 by the American Embassy at Moscow. I
Delivered to the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Afairs on
May -12 by the A;merican.Embassy at _ '
852 uQp§g§Qc_ietle8_,_ the day of present..=_.~__.n_i;.._, .,..g,_ __,_,__ _,._ __,, ,i____..._.._..._-,_.., . _ _ ....__ ,___ __ ...-
re -'
concerning the shooting down of an Ameridazf un-.~.
-armed-ci-vilian__aireraft_on May_ l,gap<_l_ under in-
struction from its Government, has the_honoY*
statethe following. A
The United States Government, in the state-
ment issued .by the Department of State on May-
9, has fully stated its position with respect to thisincident. '
In its note the Soviet Government has stated
that the collection of intelligence about the Soviet
Union by American aircraft is a calculated pol-
icy of the United States. The United States
Government does not deny that it has pursued
such a policy for purely defensive purposes.
What it emphatically does deny is that this policy
has any aggressive intent, or that the unarmed
U2 ight of May 1 was undertaken in an eort
to prejudice the success of the forthcoming meet-
ing of the Heads of Government in Paris or to
return the mate of American-Soviet relations to
the worst times of the cold war . Indeed, it is the
Soviet Governments treatment of this case which,
if anything, may raise questions about its inten-
tions in respect to these matters. '
For its part, the United States Government
will participate in the Paris meeting on May 16
prepared to cooperate to the fullest extent in seek-
ing agreements designed to reduce tensions, in-
cluding eective safeguards against surprise attack
which would make unnecessary issues of this kind.
Soviet Note of May 10'
Unoiiiciai translation
89/OSA
The Government oi! the Union or Soviet Socialist Re
publics considers it necessary to state the Ioliowing to
the Government of the United States of America:
OnMay1otthisyearat5hours86minutes,Moscow
time, a military aircraft violated the boundary ct the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and intruded across
the borders of the Soviet Union tor a distance ct more
than 2,000 kilometers. The Government of the Union
oi Soviet ociaiist Republics naturally could not leave
unpunished such a agrant violation ot Soviet state
boundaries. When the intentions of the violating aircraft
became apparent. it was shot down by Soviet rocket
troops in the area ot Sverdlovsk.
Upon examination by experts of all data at the disposal
oi! the Soviet side, it was incontrovertibiy established that
the intruder aircraft belonged to the United States of
America, was permanently based in Turkey and was
11-¬_i . -
' Delivered to the American Embassy at Moscow on May
10 by the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Aairs.
7 7 S ilepalrillnentoi l$icie Bulletin
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As Chairman of the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers N. S.
Khrushchev made public on May 7 at the nal session of
the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet, exact data from the inves-
tigation leave no doubts with respect to the purpose
of the ight of airu-aft which violated
_the U.S.S.R. border on May 1. This aircraft was ape
cially equipped for reconnaissance and diversionary ight
over the territory of the Soviet Union. It had on hoard
apparatus for aerial photography for detecting the Soviet
radar network and other special radiotechnical equip-
ment which form part of U.S.S.B. anti-aircraft defenses.
At the disposal of the Soviet expert commission which
carried out the investigation, there is indisputable proof
of the espionage-reconnaissance mission of the American
aircraft: iilms of Soviet defense and industrial establish-
ments, a tape recording of signals of Soviet radar stations
and other data.
Pilot Powers, about whose fate the Embassy of the
United States of America inquired in its note of May 6,
is alive and, as indicated in the aforementioned speech
of Chairman of the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers N. S.
Khrushchev, will be brought to accoimt under the laws
of the Soviet state. The pilot has indicated that he
did everything in full accordance with the assignment
given him. On the ight map taken from him there was
clearly and accurately marked the entire route he was
assigned after takeoif from the city of Adana Turkey! :
Peshawar Pakistan!-the Ural SeaSverdlovsk-Arch-
angel-Murmansk, followed by a landing at the Norwegian
aireld at Bade. The pilot has also stated that he served
in subunit number 10-10 which under cover of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration is en-
gaged in high altitude military reconnaissance.
This and other information revealed in speeches of
the head of the Soviet Government completely refuted the
U.S. State Department's concocted and hurriedly fabri-
cated version, released May 5 in the olcial announcement
for the press, to the effect that the aircraft was allegedly
carrying out meteorological observations in the upper
strata of the atmosphere along the Turkish-Soviet border.
After the complete absurdity of the aforemenoned ver-
sion had been shown and it had been incontrovertibly
pi-oven that the American aircraft intruded across the
borders of the Soviet Union for aggressive reconnaissance
purposes, a new announcement was made by the U.S.
State Department on May 7 which contained the forced
admission that the aircraft was sent into the Soviet
Union for military reconnaissance purposes and, by that
very fact, it was admitted that the ight was pursuing
aggressive purposes.
In this way, after two days, the State Department al-
ready had to deny the version which obviously had been
intended to mislead. world public opinion as well as
American public opinion itself.
The State Department considered it appropriate to refer
in its announcement to the open skies" proposal made by
the Government of.the United States of America in 1955
and to the refusal of the Soviet Government to accept this
mi 15.; 'text, see*Bui.tirrmof:May 2-1, moo, 5. 818: ~ --
Muy 30, I960. *"k¢I*édt '¢h:roughPakistan-into-the-Soviet-Union.withjiosiilagMplopgal. Yes, the Soviet Government. like the govern-
ments ofinan§bth?r stit1Tfefusedto*a¢¢ePtthis-proposal
which was intended to throw open the doors of other na-
tions to American reconnaissance. The activities of
American aviation only conilrm the correctness of the
evaluation given to this proposal at the time by the Soviet
Government. _ -
Doesthisnotmeanthat, withtherefusalofanumber
of states to accept this proposal for open skies , the
United States of America is attempting arbitrarily to take
upon itself the right to open" a foreign sky! lit is enough
to put the question this way, for the complete groundless-
ness of the aforementioned reference to the United States
of America open skies proposal to become clear,
It follows from the aforementioned May 7 announce
ment of the U.S.A. State Department that the hostile acts
of American aviation, which have taken place numerous
times in relation to the Soviet Union, are not simply the
result of activity of military commands of the United
States of America in various areas but are the expression
of a calculated U.S.A. policy. That which the Soviet Gov-
ernment has repeatedly declared in its representations to
the Government of the United States of America in con-
nection with violations of U.S.S.R. national boundaries by
American airplanes has been confirmed, namely, that these
violations are premeditated. All this teses that the
Government of the United States of America, instead of
taking measures to stop such actions by American avia-
tion, the danger of which has more than once been pointed
out by the Soviet Government, ocially announces such
actions as its national policy,
Thus, the Government of the United States of America,
in the rst place, testiiies to the fact that its answers to
representations of the Soviet Government were only for
the sake of form, behind which was concealed an eifort
to avoid the substance of the issue, and that all violations
by American aircraft of the national boundaries of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics represented actions
conforming to U.S.A. policy.
In the second place, and this is the main point, by sanc-
tioning such actions of American aviation, the Govern-
ment of the United States of America aggravates the sit-
nation even more. .
One must ask, how is it possible to reconcile this with
declarations on the part of leading gures of the United
States of America, that the Government of the United
States of America, like the Soviet Government, also strives
for improvement of relations between the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and the United States of America, for
relaxation of international tension, and strengthening of
trust between states. Military intelligence activities of
one nation by means of intrusion of its aircraft into the
area of another country can hardly be called a method for
improving relations and strengthening trust.
It is self-evident that the Soviet Government is com-
pelled, under such circumstances, to give strict orders to
its armed forces to take all necessary measures against
violation of Soviet boundaries by foreign aviation. The
Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics re-
gretfully states that, while it undertakes everything pos-
slble tor normalization and improvement of the interna-. Q O '
if .
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~';tioual-aituai:ion,..the. .Q!}Eh!i_'Q.E1_tE!_§'*t °!
America follows a dierent path. It is impossibleti E37
clude the thought that, apparently, the two Governments
view differently the necessity for improving relations be-
tween our countries and for creation of a favorable ground
for the success of the forthcoming summit meeting.
The Soviet Government, as well as all of the Soviet peo-
ple, considered that the personal meetings and discussions
with the President of the United States of America and
other American oiiicial gures which the Chairman of the
Oouncil of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Be-
publics had during his visit in the United States of Amer-
ica, made a good beginning in the cause of normalizing
Soviet-American relations and therefore the improvement
of the entire international situation as well. However,
the latest actions of American authorities apparently seek
to return the state of American-Soviet relations to the
worst times of the cold war" and to poison the interna-
tional situation before the summit meeting.
The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
puhlim cannot avoid pointing out that the State Depart-
ment's statement, which is unprecedented in its cyni-
cism, not only justiiies provocative ights of aircraft of
the armed forces of the United States of America but also
acknowledges that such actions are a normal phenome-
non and thus in fact states that in the future the United
States intends to continue provocative invasions into the
connes of the airspace of the Soviet Union for the pur-
pose of inwllisece.
Thus the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics concludes that the announcement of the State
Department that the night was carried out without the
knowledge and permission of the Government of the
United States of America does not correspond to reality,
since in the very same announcement the necessity for
carrying on intelligence activities against the Soviet Union
is justiiled. This means that espionage activities of
American aircraft are carried on with the sanction of the
Government of the United States of Amerim.
The Government of the Soviet Union makes an em-
phatic protest to the Government of the United States of
America in connection with aggressive acts of American
aviation and warns that, if similar provocations are re-
peated, it will be obliged to take retaliatory measures,
responsibility for the consequences of which will rest on
the governments of states committing aggression against
other countries.
The Soviet Government would sincerely like to hope
that the Government of the United States of America
recognises in the nal analysis that the interests of pre-
serving and strengthening peace among peoples including
the interests of the American people itself, whose striving
for peace was well demonstrated during the visit of the
head of the Soviet Government. N. S. Khrushchev, to the
United States of America, would be served by cessation
of the aforementioned dangerous provocative activities
A1.. _,< .. =' " ..,_*- __- . ;.>-tr-_=~;__.."._._ ' s" '
9 - .
AA_!l§bregardtotheUnionof SovietSoclalistRepnblI:s,1I|-
émsiftloniifl thTa "eold*war,""and"by~a ~search~t.hrongh~___ _
joint eiforta with the Soviet Union and with other inter-
ested states for solution of unsettled international prob-
lems, on a mutuallyaczseptnhie basis, which is awaited
by all Peoples
U.S. Rejects Cuban Charges
Department Statement
Press release 201 amc May 14 '
Dr. Enrique Patterson, Cuban Chargé dAf-
faires, was called to the -Department of State this
afternoon [May 14] and informed of the Depart-
ments astonishment at the claim made by Prime
Minister Castro that a Cuban patrol boat red
on a U.S. submarine on the high seas and chased
it for 30 miles. The United States Government,
in accordance with its desire not to add to the
tensions in the Caribbean area, has previously
made no reference to an incident which the
Commander of the submarine U.S.S. Sea Poacher
reported that while running on the surface on the
high seas, and in a recognized and well-traveled
sea lane, a Cuban patrol craft had apparently
tried to signal him with red ares but that the
mesage was unreadable. Neither the submarine
commander nor this Government could take seri-
ously what appeared to be a question of identica-
tion at sea and a failure of communications.
The Department vigorously rejected the further
repetition by Prime Minister Castro of charges
and implications that the United States coun- 4
tenances plans for aggresion against the Govern-
ment of Cuba and once again expressed regret
that he should seek this course in viewof the
United States Grover-nments oft-repeated desire to .
achieve a fair understanding between our two Gov-
ernments through normal diplomatic negotiations,
a desire also publicly voiced on various occasions
by high oicials of the Government of Cuba.
The Department requested that an explanation
be provided as to the reasons why an armed vessel
of the Cuban Navy red, without provocation, on
the U.S.S. Sea Poacher while the latter was pur-
suing a peaceful passage on the high seas.
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: 1955 eiu 19:6;" wrote le ere 0 sang re 0 8; 8- Senate," ta parleae' newspapers in all part; ef the mite! Jtatee, ant to a amber= , -_ of private attleena, demanding nae ranging betueea #3,}00_0,,0_99. .~.-and 155,000,000, . He Ind iaated that mien eoneene ill Mn the aaount asked, he wuuld be for-ae¢_h¢e turn ever e .1 - the PS8 an then-tee en eubnarlne warfare. He attenled the u. s. mm: Academy fret June 21, 1940, mt!! October 10, 1942,-m_
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1non H: IR. A. J. DE . A" . ,... ccTo ' : URI A. H.
SUBJECT; RUDOLF JVANOVICH ABEL, was
ESPIONAGE -_ B . A
Night Supervisor, New York Office, advisedat l:l5 AM today t1 had called and
related thathad read a news release on 6-16-60 which A _.
stated, in effect, that Abel had "suggested" to James B. Donovan; 92. 0 C
/[,92 , !/1/C/_§ ?o w 5,9 SJune 17, 1960 6'
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Ir.Parsons
Belmont
DeLoach
D. E. Moore
Branigan
Litrento
who served as a defense counsel for Abel that Donovan meet in
Switzerland with an East German lawyer to discuss an alleged
proposal by Oliver Powers, father of U-2 pilot Francis Gary
Powers, that Abel be exchanged for Powers. The press release,
referred to is undoubtedly UPI-231 dated 6-16-60 which is at-
tached.
stated that he desired to interview Abel at" -
the Federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia concerning this ex- . i
change and perhaps obtain a "scoop" forllie desired the
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10/ Bureau's assistance in arranging this interview. Supervisor > "~4-
_infOrmedithat the FBI is not in a position to astst '~= J
him in this matter and that he would have to make any arrange-ments thru the appropriate officials of the Federal Bureau of -..-Roaen .____,
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"lR.ANSLATlON mom sPA§Is_1_£_1_ w
THE DEMOLISHED SPY PLANE .
Published by the Press Office oi the Embassy of the USSR
t
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'lhe North American Reconnaissance Plane Destroyed by a Soviet
Rocket.
The provocative incursion of the North American military
reconnaissance plane "Lockheed U- 2" on the territory of the Soviet Union
on May 1, 1960, has attracted the attention of the entire world opinion.
-The chief of the Soviet Government, N. S. KHRUSHCHEV, in
his report to the recent session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR92
and in other f addresses. has unmasked in a convincing form this
act of aggression perpetrated by the United States of America.
The pamphlet which we offer to the readers contains the text
of the conversation of N. S. KHRUSHCHEV with the Soviet and foreign
journalists on May 11 , 1960, in Moscow, as well as the photographic
documents pertaining to the North American reconnaissance plane
"Lockheed U-2" demolished by a Soviet rocket in the region oi
Sverdlovsk Ural Mountains!.
Picture on page 2:
The airplane Lockheed U-2 after having been "hit" in the
air by a Soviet rocket according to _N. S. KHRUSHCHEV. This
occurred at a height oi 20, 700 meters in the region of Sverdlovsk »
Ural Mountains!, inside Soviet territory, at 8:55 on May 1. The
"unreachabl pirate was demolished by the rst Soviet rocket. Theimpact was/gowerful that the remainders of the airplane were spread
over a territory having a radius of 15 kilometers. In the picture: the
accumulated remainders of the plane. _ _
* 1- #4, _
- All INFORMAHDN cormmsv. ' --
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On May 11, after the press conference convoked by
A. GROMYKO, Minister of Foreign Relations of the USSR, the Soviet
and foreign journalists were invited to view the exhibit of the remainders
of the North American plane. .. 92.
The journalists met at the exhibition N. :'S.-KHRUSHCHEV, who,
after having examined them and conversed with the experts, was about
to leave. The newspapermen surrounded N. S. KHRUSHCHEV and '
engaged him in a conversation. ' ' -
They showed satisfaction that an opportunity had been given them
' to see the remainders of the plane and the equipment and special apparatu
A which it contained.
N. S. KHRUSHCHEV stated: "I see that the press conference has
left you satisfied. I am sure that you have received an answer to all the
questions which were of interest to you. I have already told you that
we have the intention of placing before the Security Council the problem
of the aggressive penetration of a North American plane in our land.
' If the Security Council, upon which the United States of America will
certainly exert pressure, will not adopt a just decision, we shall
place the problem before the General Assembly of the UN. Such
acts of aggression on the part of the United States of America are
a sufficiently dangerous "; phenomenon."898
" The danger is increased by the fact that the Secretary of State,
of the United States, Mr. HERTER, in his declaration of May 10,
. even _; justified the perpetrated aggression, without manifesting
further that the Government of the United States would give up its
intention of effecting subsequent flights of this nature. This is a
direct threat to peace. We shall destroy these airplanes and deliver
blows at the bases from which they come to, our country. Can you Vunderstand that if such acts of aggression continue, it will lead us to ~
war? "1 4 .-
asked N. S. KHRUSHCHEV. - N
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Pictures on pages 4 and 5: A _ " p
We present to you the North American pilot -- spy FRANCIS HARRY
POWERS; full sized picture, taken in Moscow. He is 30 years old .
and married. Until 1956, in the period in which he served in the
military Air Force of the United States of America as a First Lieutenant,
he received $700 per month. When he transferred to the Central
Intelligence Agency of the Secret Service of the United States in 1956,
F. H. POWERS began to earn 2,400 dollars per month.
Picture: F. H. POWERS with his special equipment oxygen,mask
and hermetic clothing! destined for long ights in the stratosphere over
foreign territory for the purpose of exploration.
Question: "You undoubtedly saw among the remainders oi the
airplane a sign which calls for aid to the pilot. What did the authors
of this sign mean in your ppinion ?" <
N. S. KHRUSHCHEV: "We render aid to the pilot when he comes
in his plane to our country and we assure him of due reception. But
ii other guests like this one come,whom we have not invited, we shall
acknowledge them with the same hospitality. We shall judge them
and with severity as spies."
Question: '_'And what inuence will all this have upon the Summit
Conference ?" -
N. S. KHRUSHCHEV: " .Let A those think about it who sent
the reconnaissance plane; They should have thought about the -
consequences before. Well, an aggression against our country has
been committed. We shall destroy all aggressors who raise their
hands against us. You have seen the care with which the specialists
of our rockets had demolished the plane; they shot it down without
igniting it! The pilot remained alive and the apparatuses intact; in
one word,-the material evidence remained. This was a master
performance of ourpspeialists. Therefore, we owe them _special gratitude." An1mauon,_"app1ause! as _
Question: "Will this plane incident inuence Soviet public
opinion when Mr. EISENHOWER visits Moscow?"
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N. 8. KHRUSHCHEV: "I would not like to be in the situation which
_ has produced itself for Mr. EISENHOWER. I would not want to receive
the questions which he might be asked when he arrives in the Soviet Union.
I can tell you one thing: Soviet-peopleand our society are very, "
courteous; therefore, there not be any excesses, but there will
be plenty questions asked of the President. Aniination , laughter!
=1. . _
"I would say that the President was aided in this respect particularly
by one man: Mr. HERTER. Q ' . .
"During his press conference, HERTER made a bandits G
declaration. He not only considered himself not culpable and ashamed
of these acts of aggression, but he even justified them and stated
that they would be continued in the future. Countries in a state of were
cannot operate better; we are not at war: with North America. These
acts of aggression and the declaration of HERTER are an insolence,
an insolencel - .
"HERTER' s declaration has made us doubt the correctness of
_ our previous conclusions that the President and the North American
Government had not been informed of these ights. The declaration
made by HERTER precisely demonstrates that the reconnaissance
plan had been ratied by the Government. Obviously, the North
Americans had to make that kind of a statement because otherwise
they would have had to place the responsibilities on ALLEN DULLES
and DULLES, on his part, would have revealed the Government,
saying that he had fulfilled a plan which was ratied by the Government
and, consequently, sanctioned by the chief of the Government. I rest
upon the declaration made by HERTER. " .
"At other times, as I remember from my youth, many delinquents
were roaming about who were not registered by the police and elements
suspected of anything. Among the brigands it was the custom to proceed
as follows: _An.hono"rabIe »; man walks on a path and crosses a small
bridge; Underethegbridge. wasra bandit with a small child. Sent by
the highwayman, the little child approaches the passer-by and says. s .
to him: "Sir, give me the watch!" He answers: "What's that ? Get
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".The United States of America wants ive in accordance with
that law. But. we are no defenseless tramps. Our country is
a strong and powerful state and can cope with them. .;We1l,5_' the--.
United States has not experienced real war on its territory and has
not become acquainted with bombs, but if they desire to unleash war,
we shall be forced to send them rockets and they will hit the land of
the aggressor within the rst minutes. Applause!
"I am saying this because I have read HERTER' s declaration.
Be declared: We shall be obliged to y; the Soviet Union is to
blame for our ights because it does not permit us access to its
secrets, secrets, which we must absolutely know. For this very
reason we y; the President has already stated that it was necessary
to open the skies; we shall y and continue ying, opening the skies.
"How can the official representative of a state . speak in
such a way with respect to another country! However, we do not
live by the laws of the United States of America. We keep our own
laws and, therefore, on our own territory we force all to respect
our laws; t hose who violate them, we shall strike down. -Applause!
"I have enjoyed an article published in the Daily Worker in
English the sense of which can be reduced to the following: To accept
the philosophy which some people in North America want to implant
into the conscience of society, would somewhat reault in the following:
Arobber was caught who had violated the lock of building's oor; f
however, it became apparent that the guilty one was not the robber.
but the occupant of the oor who had it locked so that the robber
should exert himself to break the lock and enter the oor. .
" But this is the philosophy of the robber, a bandit philosophy!
V "I think that if in the socialist spheres of the world the whole
seriousness of the situation would be correctly comprehended and
a responsible attitude shown toward these acts of aggression, manifested
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Picture on page 7: Scheme of the ight route of the North
American exploration pEHe "Lockheed U,-2" over the territory of
the Soviet Union. On the left of the scheme the military American-
Turkish aviation base of Adana Turkey! is marked from which F. H.
POWERS, according to his statements, flew on April 27, 1960,
toward the airport of Peshawar Pakistan, lower part of the scheme!.
Departing from her at dawn on May 1 and ying illegally over the
territory of Afghanistan, the "Lockheed U-2" invaded the Soviet
aerial space in the region of Stalinabad capital of the Turkmen
SSR, lower part of the scheme!. Then the plane followed its route
over Soviet territory through the regions located in the east of
Tashkent capital of the Uzbek SSR! Kzil-Orda regional center of
the Kazakh SSR!, Chelyabinsk industrial center south of the Ural
Mountains! and approached Sverdlovsk the most important industrial
center in the central part of the Ural Mountains!. Here, more than
2, 000 kilometers from the point where it crossed the frontier of the
USSR, the pirate was demolished by a Soviet rocket see center of
scheme!. , _
' Picture on page 8: Section of the flight map which F. H. POWERS "
carried: According to the marked route, he was to fly over the
territory of the USSR, from Stalinabad to Murmansk and then land
at the airport of Buda in northern Norway!. _
Picture on page 9: Of the pirate plane many things remain
which are documentary evidence and definitely prove the character
of espionage and exploration of the plane. This photograph shows
the rear end of the demolished plane which normally shows the sign '
of the nationality. However, on the "Lockheed U- 2'_' brought down in the
region of Sverdlovsk, no emblem of any kind could be found n the
rudder or stabilizers or on any pther part of the plane.
Picture on page 10: Ordinarily, in the "Lockheed U-2" plane
turboreactory motors, mel J - 57 PRATT and WHITNEY Company!
are installed with a maximum traction power of 5, 000 kilograms.
The plane demolished in the Ural Mountains carried :1 more powerfulmotor model J-75-R-13, with a maximum traction power of 8,000 A if *
kilograms which permitted the pilot to reach great altitudes up to20,000 meter9. In the picture: the motor of the plane which was '
shot down.
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Pictures on page 11: No, the "Lockheed U-2" was not an
inoffensive plane destined, as it was alleged, for meteorological
explorations. Here we see a part of the panel of control with the
characteristic inscription: electric alimentation for war purposes.
The "Lockheed U-2" carried a patent radio apparatus.
Picture on page 12: A table pertaining to the distribution
of the channels of the rhdlo stations of various countries including
Turkey, Italy, the Federal German Republic!, attached to the radio. 1
apparatus oi the plane. The spy plane needed a big net of radio
communications.
.Picture on page 13: The "Lockheed U-2" carried a secret
apparatus for aehihl photography for exploration, model '13-B, and
a large quantity of lm.
KIHRUSHCHEV continues!: "When I read the North American
press, I noticed that, with the exception of the impudent bandits oi the
pen who justify this act, the great majority oi those who write in the
North American press, and among them persons long recognized for
their scanty objectivity, are indignant. about that fact and consider it
treacherous with respect to the Soviet Union. This is a good symptom.
Ii you, as journalists, inform society correctly about this incident
as any other one, it will be "digested" in the long run. Above all, we
must live in peace, but not only in peace, but also in friendship,gentlemen." Applause!. '
Question: "Can we be optimistic with respect to the policy
of the United States?" - .
N. S. KHRUSHCIIEV: "I include myself among the incorrigible
optimists. I do not consider the provocative ight of the North American
reconnaissance plane over our land a preparation of war, but .
a calculation. They have sounded us out and we have delivered a blow
on the noses of the peoples who -sounded us out. 1Some,personalieB,,. , _