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REFERRAL RESPONSES
KLAUS FUCHS
ENCLOSURE BEHIND FI LE
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J. Robert 0ppe1_:hei.nr ' _ - j _71+" Dr. George Pleczek . . .
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- 23. Donald I. Kent
"===. 2|». Joeeyh Ichner ' * .
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8. "lute:-den ctlliocietel otjache _ _ § J" '_. '
&uADmemuci@%-,Q;@:;¤, _fIn-1 an-er cone: P - --
' _ ' ' Ricl'm,' Phillip! Pen-I §-}_j_'_a;-".»' 11., _-T" _.
manic-»2-21t<@@+ >§Fv ~ .llcnlou o. Benedict : W " '
~ lone! mm Hoyle mm - x
Evelyn Jones Kline _
Christopher Prank 6 -
'ld.nrd liiclnel Corcoa '
Professor Albert Einstein not intervien!
Dr. Robert Eugene lb:-slut " P
Dr. lichen! Em.-lick .
bl. 0er'l:naI.e Crosby Bonn _
Ronald UiIl.:h-ed Gurney
lletelie Gurney __ ~
Professor Philij Ulece
Ire. Jean Pu-kn Iereaon
BCIIEM'IPICUOiII3EAIDDISOI4BUBH!l'ORIJB8IAB ,.
A. Clearance for Atanic ltnez-31 mloynent in the United Bf-etel
Access to Scientific Intorntion and Dilcloeufel to the
Bus '_ '75 '
2. Record: en! Ltcnic 8c 1
3. Joint Atomic Inez-31 Intelligence Canittee Amlqeie
107 A
NE 107 I
1| 195° - _ - - 1W I37
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Letter dated October 22, 191.7, from L. G. lalte to Ir.
- can-011 L. Hleon, General Manager, U. 8. atomic. Burg
Oamieeion, requeating clearance at Pugh: to'v1'e1t Chicago .
University Argonne National. Laboratory!. 5
,. D. &ib1t A - - ' _
' 1- latter dated Iovenber 7, 1957, from Carroll L. lloon, atunic -
Energ Gomieaion, to Hr. L. G. Ralte, &'1t1ah mwomrealth
Scientic Office, ehington, 13.0., granting clearance for
Pucha to viait Chitago University.
,. 8. Exhibit 5
1. randun dated augnat 6, 19b7, from D. Dean to T. O. Jones, A
approving clearance for ruohe to attend Decllaeaitication '1,P zrenoe at Haehington, D. O. . . ,- -
¢ - t
am January J2, 191.9,! ulth attactnant ooneerning the .
kitdah Mission that participated in the atonio anarg _ Q.
propan under the Manhattan hgineer District tron 191.3
to 191.6, and the degree of acceea had by that laeion.
, G. t 71. ms of mm : meetings attended by mm emu 1+. 1.» nmai
a.1. lhuorandmn from 0. 1. blander, J1-., to mm-11 Gingrich g
rt. t 8 . .. . ... .1 1. Liet9o£ Rm! P1'0PlN¢ by nmjki .. . . ._ t . . .
_. _ - 1- Letter from Francis Hmuck, atomic lmerg Ooniaeion; dated
' - __- Hay 19, 1950, traneaitting portions at a report evaluating it
" intonation paaeed to the Bneeiane by Fneha. .
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1. Lint not acme of the report: prepared bylhache pereohally or in -:collaboration 92d.1:h other scientists while rm.-1d.ng under the 92
Manhattan Engineer District, on which notes have been placed by
Fuchs indicating whether or not the reports were tarnished to * > _
tho Russians. - I _
/x. n=n1mn.1-- .- _
" 1. Signed emmem»; of Fuchs dated my as, 1950, does not include __technical an!. . . .. . I _=,_ I » -
/"L. mum-.112 - '. ;' - -
_ ' 1. Sig1;d statement of mm mu: Hey 26, 1950 includes technical
an . .-
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/H. Exh1b1tl13 - '.
1. Signed statement of Gold dated Jul; 10, 1.950, ooncoming -
activities with Fuchs. - .
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v ' On lay 19, 1950, on. atomic BI-Orgy Commission furnished the nman '
with portions of a report evaluating the effect ct Fuchs disclosures on the I
Atomic Energy Ocsnnission deolassifioation policy. This report indicated that
it was concluded that some ct the information furnished by Fuchs was largely
theoretical and has since been declassified. It was concluded, however, that '_
Fuchs turned over to the Russians very important information concerning weapons, '_
and with regard to the Trinity plutonium implosion! type weapon it was con-J. -5.;
eluded that the essentials of the bomb in adequate detail were tumsd over -/1
either while Fuchs was at Los Alamos or later. It also appeared apparent
that considerable information was given to the Russians regarding gun-type
IOIPUHIQ . I _
The report discussed Fuchs' participation in work on thermonuclear
weapons at Los Alanos,and a list oi meetings attended by Fuchs in thisregard
was set forth. This is believed to refer to the hydrogen bomb.! It is also,
concluded that Fuchs officially had little infomation concerning other phases -
oi the project in the United States-, and that regarding certain developments 'the Russians did not need iniom_ation, either because of their own efforts or 'because they had other sources for information. 9 ._ |- ' ¬
In subsequent interviews with Fuchs by Bu-eau representatives, Fuchs
estimated that the Russian experiments were probably advanced by two years as
a result oi his information.
- Fuchs stated that while in the thited States he mrnished information
to only one person with when he was in contact in ltew York in 1944, _in Boston
in February, 1945, and in Santa Fe in June, 1945 and later in the same year.
He admitted being contacted by this American contact at the residence of his .
sister, Kristel Eeineman, in Boston in February, 1946. The description ct his
American contact furnished by him was very similar to the description given by
Kristel end Robert Beinemsn ct the person who cams to their residence inquiring
for Fuchs, and who later met Fuchs there. -_ g - -
.1 .- . .
. _ Intensive investigation was conducted in this ease, the investigative _.
steps being directed primarily toward the identification of Fuchs American
contact. Various investigative steps were taken, including an effort to identify
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x--~=-":?."-,-r--'5 := "1" - __ - ..-.1- -. . - -92 . - , . . ~ . ...,,_ 92___ __. >7 5 - _ 1 , . - - . . . s -_:5_ I 2*;" O B -~:» 1-=3-._-z -. . .._.... , _ -1% I W1 1». aw Bu». on mm-12¢. .1944. -M-. f A M. 'V inquiry concerning the personnel or the British Mission in the United Pu. ""::44:__ I{Q3-fl working £o1'.'the'Ianhattan'h1gi.neer mm-1o+;.'~. mam.»_ :5I116 nbveqamtlr furnished cc lngust 11,1944, the tact mt Fuchs was
_. being transferred to Ins Alanos. _ In addition, the lhnhattsn Engineer Dist:-iot_ ;1j";;'-.':
" _' advised ends]; 2, 1946, that Fuchs departed on-June 29, l9A6, tron llontx~eaJ.,".;__¢1'."'A;'=
-~ Canada, tor hagland. The Manhattan hzgineecr District never requested inveettl.-="._;_.."_:-<
gation regarding either Fuchs or other mnbsrs or the British llission; Accord-~'.?¬;
- in; to the records n£._the Atauic berg Gcnniesion, Fuchs nae permitted to
employed on the atomic energy project inasmuch as General Groves had been
. assured by the hitish apply Mission in North America that all members oi the -'f.'.'_-.?_E
- British Illssion working with the lhnhattan Engineer District 'had'_ been cleared, .-3-_;£;'L'~'~1' |
I by British Security prior to their,_trip to the £f_;,__ .7= - ' ' ' ', T" tr _". ;i I:-..LI1"~_-=;;_..l.5.=1::;'4%:
. . .mw respect to the second visit ty Fuchs to the mm States!
when he arrived in New lork City on November ll, 1947, the records oi the ., ~_°_'="
Atmic Energy Goumission contained a letter dated October, 22, 1947, rm " j- _'*1
1.. a. mus of the British Camomvealth Scientific Office, Washington, n. .c'.', ' _-
to Carroll L. Iilson, General Manager of the Atmio Ibex-g7 Commission, re-_' A. _ _"4f_:
queeting a clearance tor Fuchs. This clearance was given by letterfto lb,
Ralte from llr. Iilson, dated November 7, 1941- Bureau records tailed}-0;reflect mt the Atomic Emery Ocmnission suhnitted l'_hchs' name for a nus 7. _cheok or investigation in 1947» _. :..,.., __ 1. .1 3 -_-.
" A 35- nth was _intu'vieIed_ ' »,1..m;..¢ Dire! I 3.-n sped ' _
Agent R. J g_'_I__':i
Pb -°" 1Y=?Fs.his Amrican espionage contact. > "_;j
Two signed were obtained Iran Fuchs, one including therein ' .,_;._;
detailed information relating to the technical data furnished to tin Soviets -
. and. the othsrstatensnt eltninating this technical data.-. _.,.. ,.. .__,_.'- ' '- -~ ,- - . . .- ,. A~_ ' _-- - ' ->.~'=<-'-+ --» - ..-- 4..-
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. - ' - . - . A _.-.4 .,. ,', . ' ».x>; t .~a .-_~~-.__._;.-<-M --,1-..4--_ -_--t-.».. .._-- -_-- .._that the United States Enbessy n>e1»'qm_ been apprised _ _ '-:;__g_"__JH _ __ ;'3'.1';_-,__-;_§;';.j_;=-_'_T?§5*i»»§5i;§;:'-555:.! -: <-;-,-;~_;--.=1"--;.%.;/-?._.='-;§.:;?;a-":;:-r-ma. ;-=".-:;__::.,:;__¢;-- ;= - -,-1. - - *.- -.-3 ;»_.- - _ ;-_~ . __~L;_;~r_-Y-;_-_». ---..-_;.;-A-4;;-g-_i.*-=-;-if - - " ~ ~ ---= -'1 - - -1:-,5-;i<_:-;,-.. 1950, there__92na tpruarded td the mrean by._ Attorney Gem:-a1 a_ letter ehicb he had received from Ir, Ilevellyn 8.acting Secretary for European_1t£airs. f 1:110referenced the Attorney Generalie letter of lrc_h»16,GI I *9-T1:-33
set forth in the Attorney Generalhi letter, and had been asked to 1.l1fOl'l'Ti'-;-__':;-22:.the Deparhnent or the met expeditions and appropriate manner or obtaining"an interview with Fuchs. It was set forth that as soon as a reply was .. I --received the _8tate Department would advise of the progress II-die " /_-_f_'._?__:T.»_ f-- .~~ -.1 . '- ~ * - ~- ~-. 1- '--1-----".': =.- :. - .- --=>"='>'-71: 1---:-: .. -- ~ -,- -'5 U - --- - *> - V ' '_ g . - _ . -- g. - _-'-' 92 '- ' " - - -'_~ * --, -1i.
. ' - On Ha:-ch 31, 1950, a menorsndum as directed to the Attorney 1... f"
Gene:-il, advising him that the mreaavs representative in Inndon hadadvised ma Sir Percy annua me recmmemled _u> the mmn Home 3*?Office on lhreh 21., 1950, ma the rm be granted pemieaion to interviewFuchs. However, on March 30, 1950, "information was mde available by the_,;T"*Bureau's Legal Attache that Sir Percy Sillitoe had been intomed by SirPrank Aubrey llewsen, Permanent Under Secretary of Statetqr Home Aairs,that it you!-d be unprecedented to grant euhh an request. Sir Percy :-.-j."":~-i-_,aSillitoe indicated that he felt the matter should be presented _f?':-.3'f~'7the State Department to British foreign Office." 5-58805-935 !"".-:'_' '<._- ,.'i
_ In accord with this, there use attached for the Attorney Gene:-a1'ssignature a letter to the Secretary of State setting forth the foregoing ;-facts and requesting that he enter into negotiations with the British T-1;order to arrange for interrogation of mm by the rm. 5-50005-935! - 3,~-
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. . . _ _- me American Embassy in London was informed in a telegram fmm the j-__-;-Secretary er State, um April 12, 1950, oi the rm.» set forth in the. _-preceding paragraph. me Secretary or State requested the American . -_'.
in London to advise as to developnents in the matter, based on previone __correspondence, and to advise as to uhether the interview night head. F-"-. _. $5-sseos-1038!
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. ' neprtaeat to the Brltilh Goverrmunt tor so intents ot_H" " Y ' United stetee representatives. Lllrenoe stated that the r
V . _ " mm. been omplied nan 1; the aritteh Government and forwarded 2,, ,,_ diplosetic ehs.|:mle._ lnrenoe also dealt in ms article 11fhth_e :. -- - -- itcleerenceot rnchl to can tcthe united States to work on stcutlc res ~ --
' end stated that the British Home suffice knew Db rnohe no e _' - ' - .- - < ' . ' e.- r _."-'=
e _.____ . __.A__... ._. . ._ .. _ .._l..._. . . .__-....._....... .....;.-- -.,,-._-_ -._>:_._..-- - __-2--,.,~-. "_J _ ,__" " ». -, " »' - - ' .~.-' --- ...'-.- Q ' - -. ~ - -._--_--_92,;;--_,:' " . 0|: in 5, 1950, nr. oeorrrey nttegrjem nth:-5 thrnilhed to InLedd the contents of e press release to he issued in London by the British b_ _§j_j1;§j-j-1_' Government on the tolloling day, which stated es follows: >- 1:-_*:'._T"; =l_-'1,-;.;-1;," 5;;P _ _.' r_, < - ' ~ - -- '- ._--- _92_ ~ -- '-~ "';__1-~~-'-.- ~:l'-.-92'_-.--~.-.»-'~_~ ;..._{vi ... ~".92-
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' ~ "there hes been the tallest possible exchange" of dntenntien __:-f_Q-=_-_;- .;;-5_ibetween the United sum end British in the techs me. the -__--' united states 1-cont]; seksd tor tecilities to intends! Plwhs 4 V-
end in vies of the special circumstances of this eese, this hee .been granted. A temel request tor it-cilities to interview Fuchs ' eno earlier received in the last tew deys.I - A A . s '_ - _ > - _ 5-58805-1111! .1
on lay 9, 1950, I. John Cinpennng the Bureau's Leg!-1 Attache _in Ipndnn, telephoueelly edvised that the London papers were setting out!; -
thet the Pack! ease would he discussed in Perldajeent next nmredq, _m' :_._.;.-1, .3-llth, sud thst the Home secrete:-y end the toretgn secretary would he eekedquestions regarding the propoeed Lnterrogetton or rnchs by Bureau egmtuh QB. cilperneh sedd that nebor nenhere would eel: es to the precedent -governing interrogation of prisoners in England by oiciels ct e tea-sign Q; Tgoves.-meat, conditions ct such en interview, end, in addition, to that "
countries such tecilitiee In-e granted. _ - » - -. . V., _ A _ es-seaos-ma! /
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._ _. , in Germany in behalf of the
_ _,_Comn.nistPa'rty_. sconce!-ningthepoeitieu. I.-
otthe8oviet abl.etoreconoil.ethe'-1
bruary_ 1 .
I Soviet position in eepionage sctivitiee
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Howard K. braver, Vie: Division, State Department, requeetihg that the visa or!
hnohe and other British scientists be expedited in view of the tact that they
. eereto ieevengiandtoconstotheunitedstateebyllovanber 22, 191.3. -- -I _ __ - in __ _s-saaos-L3o!£.9_.__N_,,_,_92l";:Ei
According to e letter from tho llortolk Ottice dated December 18, 1.91.3,
' the 8.1.1.. Andes, a British llavai Transport, arrived at Norfolk on December 5, 92
1943, with eighty civilian peossngore aboard, ail. of whom were subjected to the
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mane II-I nppteed to _1eeve tar In: gluon ea August 11, 1944. 5-5_§8;_05-18!
Diet:-int, qy letter "mu A-nguet 11, 1m, mm p1e.me&__t9 leave In York 0111;-on Luau-at 11, 1944 and In eoheduled to arrive £0: duty at I__-oe__AJ.moe 011
é - mm Input 14, $1044.? oo-1ooazs-1osa!/ ~ -- _4_;._V
- ' he records at the ltcnto he:-57 Oaunieeion at Lee nun ' ,
that Pasha 01-rive there an August 14, 1944. At Loe Aimee he I01-bed in the '
Iheoretloll Eunice Division at the laboratory and resided 1:1 Roan 17, . .
1.1020 _ ____ _ ,'____'____ __ H _ '4. _: " _ > '
the reaorde at lee Hence um reect that on tebruery 11, 1845, 1
huh: Iett there for e nation with Krietelleinemn at 114 lekevieu heme,
Omhridge, B-eemhuette. Friar to leaving Ina Lianne Fuchs Advised that he
would be at Cambridge £1-an February 13 to 22, 1945. He returned to he nuns _
an Ieh-nary 25, 194.5 Ind eteted that there hut bee; no devtetiauitrcn the .itiaerlry he had furnished. 5-B8805-18! ~ __ -_ _ ~ '
9 ' - .
the Ina Alena: record: mrther reect that on lumber 21, 1.946,
lhohe depertedlor Iontreel, Canada wt Qzioego tor e tro dew oonterenee with
rapreeentetivee or the British orgmisetion and that thereafter he In to tube
1 nation in lezlee. Under itinerary Ihohe showed that he vmuld be 1h lknrtree-1
Glnedl on Iwunber 22 end 28, 1946, Albuquerque oh Iorazber 24, 1945, and there-
etter would gate Iezloo 01121 and return on Deoenber 8, 1945. There use no -
indication in the reeoz-in that Fuchs reported hie, return to Loejlunoe or he to
whether he stated there had been aw davintlcn trm hie itlfllfe _ -:
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__ _ A _. The Iunigz-sticn'snc Isturslizsticnserrice recorcsmreglect the-t- Io'vunbe'r'11, 1947, Fuchs IBI necdinitted into the United Btstes st lei Iork
T City and departed tram the United Stctes an Iovemhem-~ SO, 194% At theftime
-_ . of this iisit he showed his employment ss being with the British Gover1nnent._';--;;_
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1 5 211$ records at the Atomic zerg cm:-sun} M1516 um mm nu" '_1}
e in this country curing November, 194? tor the purpose ct attending s -5 5-; -¢_
declsssitication conrercnce in'Ila.shingtcn, D. O._ and slso for >p92'1;'po_se
at discussing unclassied and declassified aspects of newtrcn spectroscopy I ..
with Dr. H. L. Anderson st the Lrgmme Iaticnsl Laboratory, Qhicsgo, _I11incis¢ ..-.1
The records of the Inspector of United Ststes Hsvsl Materiel st the
G-enerll Electric Oanpuq, Bcheneotsdy, New York, reflect that on Hc'vsmber' I --
18, 1947, Fuchs visited Dr. Herbert O; Pollock, Research Laboratory, General
Electric Compaq, to discuss eyclotrons, synchrotrons, snd,betstrons_.' ruuoo
' is Research Associate in the Fhysics Division; sssignec tp the Synchrotron Pr5"553°5-537»-573! ' . e . -. __-._.- _ ' ~=;: 1»
According to the Manic Energy Camissicn records Fuchs was scheduled
to attend another declsssificstion conference st the Canadian Atcmic berg
Research Estshlishnent st Chalk River, Ontario, Consds £1-cm September 26 to ;
September 28, 1947. It appears, however, that Fuchs was not chls to attend thia
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analysed. " . ,
1-nation as 1 1 1 Hanover, as all or this into agar and general; '7]--:;»:innatqre,andth'epbe1oa1 ep- persons in the lhited Btates, the identity suited -
is the development of numerous possible suspects shoes phe eere _ _' >_ Wed the Heineesns. The tellolzing steps to identi _
I .-92_,.'_,~. .}_
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I .
In attempting to locate this paper, tn. Atomic Energ cos-"'92
llisaion was contacted and advised that the theme]. diffusion
researeh on the atone energy development was knees as the 8-50
Project and related to the espsratien ot uranium isotopes by
thermal diffusion. P. 8. Abelson tee conducting research in _
this regard in 191.0, and in sgptillb of that year the Havel '-
Reeearoh Laboratory became interested and eontseted the Carnegie '
Institutioa to have Abelson expand the experiments. In October, V
191.0, the eork was loved to the National. Bureau ot Standards.
_ On June 1, 191.1. Abelson entered the employ of the Ravel Research
. laboratory and in 19M,the Naval Research laboratory transferred92~
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eproposed ii d thermal dittnsion pl.ant- 1l'hs aetuai eonstraotion ~
_' Io elininate the possibility of labor troubles, a subsidiary ' I 1- M
'- oorporation of the Is X4 Ferguson onpany was established. this _
4 was the broleve Gorporstion abiehfwas to handle the aetnal. oper-. _ __ _ _ ,_ _ _ _.- _
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eentraotwas given to the J. is Jones Qoistruotien iioapsny, Inn. "-_ _j1-2:; that am, a pnot plant no been built at ne Philadelphia
~..'.-.5-.'~'," levy Yards About June, 1944," the I. Is Pergneon Gonpszq was _;.-;Z;";f_-'~.r';_ .~:<
1 jaoleotee as the ooutraotor to design, oonstroot and equip a?~- .-__
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-- ation ot the plant. In September, 1945, the order was given to -
1 plaoe the work on this natter in a "standby" status and it was f "_
" " easpletely terminated in February, 1948- Bunnary ot the -- ".
_ ' Background and History ot the 8-BO Project dated February 10, 1950,. prepared by"the itaaie llnerg Gmmissione! _.r_ 1 of
. .*....
In an effort to looate a doewsnont with the title whioh.intended using, the list or documents in the llaval. Heeearoh !- .
oratory tiles was reviewed by the itcnio mergy-Oasniesion < I
- representatives, with negative results. In addition, the atonie
energy reeords in low York City and at Oak Ridge, tonnessee, were
reviednsgstivelys the lee York Public Library and theblbrary < _
or Oongress were oheeked with negative results. Cheeks were nde <
at Columbia University and at the City Gollege of Iew York to " -
aseertain it a thesis was prepared under that title, with negative o
fill!-kl e '
in In York Oity were .
reviewed and it was asoertained that lieenses tor ehenieal labor-
atories are issued by the III York Fire Dopartnsnt and filed by
addresses. it tbs Bureau of Gonbnstibles in lee fork City it was .
ascertained that about 78,000 permits were issued in 1945 and it
was inpossible to looats the permits for ohenieel laboratories .
beoaose the permits were tiled by add:-ess._ It also was determined 2'
tint in 1946 it was necessary tor IIIIWP desiring to open a_ ohasieai
laboratory or to purchase ehemioals to obtain a permit rm the
Bureau of lines, United States Depsrtsent oi Interior, A ,; -____-_"= ff
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his asks statements mi o believe Oorson to be in sympathy with
Russia dnnlng the var. no subversive elements dth izich Corson
vasconnectedasddidnq loys1,althoughhesaidhehada
tendency to be unreliahl to recommend hin for uplqnmtij.. ._. ., -.. - - ._ - _ - _ a' -- . - - ; . . <_'~r> ~'..-:1 ---¥"»'»_-. .._ :-- --_- . ~ -_ '. ~'__;¢;»¢ '_" -," ;. _. _..-..".=..' _"... - 93"»-1
""1"-':- -'.:"}- lt developed the investigation of Carson that on 12/2/U41-1
he directed a letter to one Pierre Routeky, in care of the Russian Students 1' "
Pond, Iue., lav fork City, and enclosed a check tor $100.00. A1-aw Intelligence
reported that Boutslq vas hnovn to be a radical and that the Russian Students e
Fund, luc., use conposed ct various un-American groups, some pro-radical and _
pro-Soviet, others pro-Gernnn and Ihite Russian llonsrchists and proponentsof the Russian lational Patriots of the Kerenslq type.- » _/u_Q;_qy. Hm J
I '_ Dr. .1". c; Hubbard, am-1m Professor at dohns Hopkins University, .
advised during the investigation that at Corsons request he had con-eeponded.
uith the Russian Students Fund, lnc., requesting a loan tor Oorson tor _
tuition. A lean of about $500.00 was receiv'ed by Go:-son. Dr. Hubbard con-
nented that Carson Ins radical in his vievs and he is a very outspoken person
sho says Just shat he thinks. He also declared he feels Oerson is violently
opposed to Cosnmnisn and Socialism and that he believes Corson is loyal to "
the United sue». n6-31.55-1,6,e,13! e - -- 1, _ ~-
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Iith further reference to Co:-son's letter mentioned hereinbetore,
uhich letter consists ot approximately ten and one-third double spaced
typewritten pages, it appears to represent Oorson's analysis of the Fuchs
case. Corson asks hinseli the question why Fuchs betrayed the trust_o£
his friends and oi his adopted country, and first speculated that Fuchs
night be Fa strange complex ot conmsed idealism which somdmv superseded P
an oath... ," but later, after Oorson learned that Fuchs has long been a .
fanatical Oomunist, he attcllpts to examine the reason for such tanaticisn
which vas so strong that he admits to having given detailed technolocal
atomic information to agents of a foreign poser. Oorson then observes that _
Fuchs is clearly a brilliant psychopathic personality, perhaps nads so by
the torture and murder o! members of his fanih by the Iazis. He cements
that it is a small wonder that Fuchs could be deranged, and declares the
fantastic element is that Fuchs was not found out on the basis ct his actiom
when he first sent to England.
The question is then asked by Corson in his letter it security
otticisls are not the basically guilty ones, and it society is not on trial
along Iith Fuchs for having made it possible that Fuchs might, indirectly
and in sons measure, be responsible tor the millions of persons she sill '
die in the onrushing holocaust. After stating the direct issue oi this
case to be not that or the "Psychotic Fuchs versus the State," but rather
one of "llankiud versus God in the torn or truth, beauty, ethics and logie,'.
Corson sakes a fervent plea that all scientists stop new theoretical work .on p0l£ecf.i.7 more terrible weapons oi destruction. Enclosure uith Ilhitsomsletter 2/_25 50 _ .
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" ' December 3, 19I.3.~ Us ark in connection Iith atosio energy development -I?" 7 '
- - in e United States on beclvided into three periods: Iii-st, the period _;--l_-5 »
iron his arrival on December 3, 1943 to August, 1944, during Ihida til ,_'.
henseeployedwithagzoupotritiahsoientisteinleetce-kI>r92d.n4
_ with representatives ct the Manhattan Engineer District and Kalle: Inc. 1 .~'
an the I-25 Project, vhich related to Gaseous mtitsiong secondly, the
period tron input, 1944 to Jnne,'~19l,6, tenhe ens Io:-king st Ics Alene: -f
_ Iith a grasp 0! British scientists in the elds out ihOO1'O$_1GlJ.'lQ - _ .
" experimental physics nd high explosive developuntg and third, his visit
to the United States during 1947' to attend declaseiiicatico conferences
of representatives or the United States, Great Britain and Cnada. During
this latter visit he aJ.so ands a trip to the lg-goons Iational. Lehoratory 3
in Chicago and the dens:-ell. Electric company in Schenect_ed7,Iee Icrk, both
of uhich had been engaged iweorhtor the Atslic berg nnission. -- _ 1"I . - . -
Inquiries by the Bu-can indicate the ID and later the italic
berg Oomission apps:-_entIL7 never Isde any investigation ct Iuchs or other
British scientists eho case to the U. 8. on the atcnic energy program but -
accepted R:-itish clearance ot sud: persons in accordance with a reciprocal
agreement. Bnrean tihs tail to disclose that aw request was made ct the
Bureau £01-aeheckotits tileeagsinst themes at Fuchs dnringlde 3 é
presence here tron 1943 to 191.6 or at the tiae he attended the declsssiticaticn
conference in 1947. they do disclose, as is set out below that in -response
to our request DIED tn:-nished us, beginning in larch 1944, with the names _ . _
ot H-itish Scientists in the U. 8. sorting on the ltolic Energy progrm. ' '
lnd_u'nane Ias included in s list dated larch 28, 191.4. '!he Bu-eanns also
advised by IEO when Fuchs traneterred to Ins Limos in Alnzust 1944.
The inquiries have disclosed "the folloving pertinent iltnnstim
relating to clearance tar luchs tor his earl: in the United States.
according to intomaticn tumisbsd hy the Atomic mm cs-=1u1cn,"92
Iejcr General Qorge V. Strong, 1.0. ct 8., G2, directed a letter dated
Iavcher 20, 1943 to the Ohio! oi the Visa Division, Deparhent st State,
soliciting assistance tor the issuance or visas ibr seven perscne in London
to be la-ought to the United States tor special sort on s matter ct importance
to the Iar Deparhmt. ms of the individuals listed ens II. Fuchs, born _
Oeresn and natsrdlieed British." It ns requested that visas be issued to -tbm in mder that they light leave London so Iovemher 22, 1943. ' /~ ., J4 , " _. S 5-sews-133!
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Bngineer, Isnhattan District, Oak Ri.dge,_'_lennessee, dated larch 28, 19 it; .,;:
was pointed out that I..Inche arrived in this county on December 3, 193,_';'_If-ff
and nee men British llinistsy er supply ssion! Pass Io. 8795. Tide 1~-.~'"."-1J~:"
nenorandun stated that General Groves had been assured by the E-itish Suppl; I
Council in Inrth hsrica that all thd British 015.0138 in the Ulted States_ ~»:¢- , _
engaged in work st interest to the am had been cleared hy the British - -4 ma, n mu departure far the United sum me the 1111*? "'5 *@+*lT-1 " "t me-.-B.1>.,
' L. L. Baker, Vice h-esident of Keller, Inc., in Iew York, advised
Bu-ean agents on interview as reected in Iew Iork report February 9, 1950!
that Fuchs was a nsaber ct a British delegatim or scientists who cane to '
the United States in December, 1943 at the insitaticn ct the llanhaan j "
Indaeers "Project." Prior in their arrivd, employees or Keller, Ino., ' r ;
grins contractors tor the Manhattan Engineers "Project," were interned by
General Leslie R. Groves or his regn-eeentative, that the Keller oiiicials
could discuss anything with the British delegation regarding the progress on
the atclic ho» izidi was then presently known to both groups. he explained
that prior to tin arrival of the British delegation, Keller hen exchanged
View on Qhasion and related problems with the Bri.ti.sh.- The Keller officials
were speciiically warned not to go beyond the scope ot nattere which had _
been discussed and also were epeoitically told not t discuss anything with
the British regarding long range atuic pm». q ma.-253!/ 1
Bxawination or the tile on the British Supply ssion nai.ntai.ned_1
in the Retired Records Section oi the atomic msrgy Commission tiles at
Oak Ridge disclosed that O. F. Koarton, who was one 02 the Briiieh scientists
working with Keller, Ino., in Iew Iorh, had on two occasions been granted
clearance by IE hr visits with representatives oi Keller, Inc. Beth ti
the clearance snnoranda indicate that British clearance had been recognised .
by ae mutt» mgmm-s nun-1sz.uua.-394! -
Another letter tru I. L. Iehster to General Groves on August 9,
1944 referring to movements of British personnel in ue United States listed
Dr. X. mobs, who was reterred to as having been transferred o:l..ticial1y me"
Iewxorkto '1' hoealaaoe!. Hewaeschednledtr leave Iewlrkcnhgnatll, 194:, and was in report at '1' about Angnst.l4, 1944. x I _.. . .. .. . _ - . 92 . . _,T;- itT The1ettercu:tai.ned1'he£olJ.9'dngltatenents " I
un the otiicare listed above have been anhjeet to the ' --I - usual UJ. Security clearance tor 1.1. I0rk,I& §b1d.~¬36 Ih:hi.hI.t_!}
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Otttoo of Salmon-e edvieed the Du-ean ot novnenb or Britdelg
personnel in
and ahonld en-Ive no new at rm or about]-4 Annie.-. .oo-190625-1053!
Atoiio Energy Oond.eeion,".Ioe llenoe, In le:ioo,advieed Bu-can egen
that neaere ot the Britieh lesion Ibo were etetioned at toe Dance. during -ff.-*1}.
the ear Iere olleered by the Britiehovermuat 1:-ior to em»; to the United ..;--ii:
Staten and that our Government had nede no investigation concerning then. 1" 11;" .;*1?;.'._,- .~,. . ..f.?-f.-1"-;I-ll.f. .' ,. .. . 5-$8805-13, P181 1! i
1 1. we ...... .5. .1." ..... .... .1. *t.....;.... e
an-t cm Ienhettan hneer mm-mt 1» looeyt n-mu oleerenoe ot n-mm ;
ecienttata employed on the Atoado berg! prop-an in the United Staten end . -3.1-;-»:
that no investigation neoonducted tg the 0.8. Government concerning then'.;-=_-.;-d;.-.-'._i-.--..»_
rhie in home out by the reeponee to the an-een'a question by Ilr. Frank 5 *3;~§;;_'f
Ilemack or the no 1-came to»ebove, indicating tut the 1_3.eccepte_ much --
end canedian eleerancea Just. ea they eocept o'|n'l9,:__ .;"= :'Yf.~.';_5»@»-_§§;,;.j.;,5: ._ _ _, "_ l
" The Atomic Baergypouniaeion hen edrined that dating 1947 doneide:-eh].a~|
attention Ill ven to ttn problem rising from diecrepndee in the -
declaaoioetion 01' into:-nationanong the United Stet-ee, the U. K. endtgaede. - _
Al e result, it sea decided to holde declaeeiticaticu conterenoe in .
Iiehington in order in establish mitornity. The conference nae held mi ' -
llovenber 14, 15 end 16, 1947 end I. ruche no one or the five British - V
representatives attending the conference. According to tin Atomic berg , *.
Dominion, the mnterenoe did not involve supplying to the &-itieh tr _ . f '
Cmediane eny restricted deta not ah-cozy known to then."*Io connection with
the oahterence, Ir. Keller, designed in declnoeitication et Oak Ridge, .- -
tenneeeee, requested or the Ltolic berg Comdeeion in Ieehington, e ~-__
eeourlw check or three individuale, including "Hr. I. Fuchs B:-iti.eh!.' _
A uenorendn pupared by en Atomic Energy Oomiaeion employee, reterring _. ~
to a chedr or the Washington Records oi the A80! inetad that Foch: no " _ ' ;__e um: or tb wigiml mm» mm» that up o the mun sum an1943. It no stated, "The nenhere ot thie lineion were never investigated O .by the United States Government. Their epecial inveetigaou as wndnoted
by the Britiah Govennent no accepted by General. 0:-ovee ea ID clearance." '
514 435! .. _,... ,. .. . ._. . -_, __' ___. .. -._._ . - .. - .-. L-' ~ -~- e -. * " ~ ''" . ...._____-.. ._ _:_:_ 1 .2 H Hm _, , ._ . !_ -5 _ .. _ _. .-..._,,..,,,':_-.;".:::__.___ _
A _ . Apperently, the previous cleu-ence no ecoeptedand no thrthen "~" i :=--I "
notion was taken to clear Ihache end other British repreeentativee ibr the iii.
deelueitioetion mute:-once. » - -- ----3 _-'-_~_r;- .;:¢-;* - ' '5-L; ~- '- __ _ ._-.. ... _ . .. . 4. I _ _
*Soe Exhibit I5 attached ~ - _
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'- " ~ ' : . . ._ . _ - _-_ ;jr;;3::;:;'.'_-'_ -.: . -<- - - -- » o.... - . . __-H.-- .- . -._..,_...__.,.,_,_~..- .... __:-_q-- ¢--_.. , _ o _~ _ .14; * . i ,- _ _-,:', ,1-4c%, _ ,, _ _ ___ 8._It 1|-as etated fbr. K. Pooh: bee" bed1:-on low Io:-k Q1. Doe Ahnoe! Be plane to leave In Iork on 11 lugaat
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" " '-Ti "-'"" "'"*"-~ *" """:"L ' Oemisdm tiles aleo retle t that Ihile hahe was 1' "1- - -»»"-.- .. 11. 2=-t-,- 6 ¢ e _ , '
"in tin United States ia'cenmct1m,I1thAthe declaesiiication conference, he;,'I1'~;=_{f _
_ letter dated Octeher 22, 191.7, _£rel_I._. G. Relic, at the Britieh _'-Eff:-"-..::Scientic Oiee, Iaehingbon, D. 0., to llr. Ga:-roll L. Iileen, General
l|ane.ger_.o1 tin LEO, indicated that one or the, British repreaentativee,
University" to discuss theeabject of neutral: spectroscopy with Dr.-M "*6 -~= ~¢7,;=~._-7+,
H. 1.. Anderson. It was stated that he would he accompanied by Dr. I. Iuche
on the visit to "Chicago University. He requested clearance tor these . . "ill
vieitl. By letter dated Hovember 7.19107, Ir. Iilecn advised Ir. Belle in . 5'
. ._ 1-" we have he ehjecticia to the next. and dieco.esio11:e~_"p1'opoeed : .-.
_ tor Dre. Skinner, hche and Dunworth on the hasie that no Oemiseicn
restricted datawill be involved. I_. - » m . -, . ._ _ __ _ - _ _. _.., ~... .. . -- Y .~_~ . ~'. _ . _. .. 1 . . , 0-, . _ _ __ V _ _- _ _ _ _ V . ._ _ - _ _ .- . .. .. » . - ....- ;-- _, _ . __.,__ _. .. . . . .. .
Q1 Ic92remher.l8, 19l+'!, Iileon by letter advised Relic that there A
was no objection to Dre. Skinner and Fuchs seeing the "chystal epectruneter '
and mechanical. velocity selector d their forthcoming vieit with . -..-:».cf;..:;::." :Proteeeor Andersen at Argmned .-B5! 2" -~ ' ._ _; ¬1"/7' _ <- - _- _ =._- ._--_ ._..-..~ _ .- -_ _, _<-- -I - '_ '- - ; ~~ - - - - . ;_ I _'., .-I__--- ,- .- _ _ -_ __ _» , . ._ . .. . -. . »-_. _ . _ - 92.-- .v- - . . . .-. ...-_. _ . Q. ,_ . . . . . _
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. he Atomic Energy Gcmieeion advised an 1'ehrua.ry 6, 195°. to _ 1;
the eitect that on November 18, 19.7, 1uche was authorized to vieit the. . ~
General Electric caepm, semecaqv, New York, by Captain w. A. Brook, United
State: Naval Inepector of llachinee at the Gemrel Electric Plant. the - .
object ot hie visit was to see the machine described ae '70-ED $ync'hrot-on." I 1 _ _
It was etated that at that time the General Electric Company nae doing-no -. _..'.-.work tor the Atomic mezlg Commission, but wee apparently engaged on mat -Z -.:_ ..l J
for bl! 3&11.92.92 IlIid.- _ >'_ __ _ _ _ ___. 'j-,_- 4 .-_. , ' ' ...,-.»-.. ~,. . ..-' - -~- - -
" ' . It should he noted that according to the atomic Energ Camieeion
there were actually three declaesiticatim conferences held in connection -- "
with the atomic energy program. the first wae held in Iaahington tron '
November ll. through November 16, 191.7. Fuchs wee in attendance at thie -1 *-*
unterence. me second tee held in Ha:-Iell, England, on Septenber 6 through
8, 191.8. Fuche also attended this conienence. The third was held at Chalk _--_~_j
Mver, Gamda, on September 26 thl-Nah 28 1910.. Fuchs did not participatein thie conference because oi illness. $4-:§d.d.-l55 and 156! ;
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Illinois, _and_the General Electric Compaq in Schenectady, Hewlork.
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1n of the Atumiomwg made for s group of W
British scientists to cons to the United States snd work with representatives of
Kallsz, Inc of New York, prime contractors for the Manhattan Engineer District,his work
n- and 1% rsprssontativss on the scientic devslopmsnt of the gaseous dmsg
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*7project which was also known as K-Zfygis project r §'e .2ed tcthe gaseous _diffusion process for separating th uranium isctcpewohe was one oi the 7
members of the British teen assigned to work with Ks ex. The British scientistshad offices in room 2401-2 at as kchange Place, New York cs.1=y._% - ._
Id . ~_ ' »'- "___ _"_ f _~'f' '*"'
' ' _!I'he British scientists undertook analysis oi the following theoretical
problsnsa L ,3;
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Casoaie ct cascades flow sheets . .
Exact calculation of equlibrium time ~'
Loss or separation due to surges
Control of main cascade e.g., frequency of use of automaticcontrol valves!. V - _
_ ! Ocntrol or purge casoadea _ _ _ '
Reports of these theoretical studies were summarized in a series ct
reports. referred to as the MSH Series, which were describedas having been
helpful in anticipating problem of plant desiga. The USN Series were prepared =
by the scientists belonging to the Br sh Mission. The "H" referred to the NYork Office of the Manhattan Dietrictq Ibid, 8 and 156!. _ - _ 91/
.
In evaluating the importance oi this series of reports, itshould be
noted that Dr. Paul 1£cDaniels, a physicist assigned to-the Atomic Energy
Commission Building. Washington, D. 0., according to reports £1-cm the Atomic
Berg Commission, has stated that the one report prepared by Dr. Fuchs, entitled
Fluctuations and Efficiency of a Diffusion Plant, Part III, The Effect or
Fluctuation in the Flow of H ," is a skilled, technical, theoretical discussion
covering refinement of plant zqaerations. He stated that Ede dccummt, along
with others such as barrier production, operating characteristics, seal develop-
ment, and pumps, would be helpful in determining over-all plant operatingtechniques. 156!, _-
' It should be noted that the report referred to by lloheniels in H811-12,
referred to by the original infonnant in this case as having been furnished to
the Russians whens; W ,3: ;_ . ;; __ Jo ""=%l
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Records or the Atomic Energy commission reect that as ct January -
12, 1949, there was mde a compilation of the Canadian Staff, scientific and . _
technical, and'United Kingdom Staff, scientific end technical, who participated
in the stasis emery program under the former Manhattan Emginsering District ,
frat l948 to l94S. This compilation included, in eohr as possible, a statement -
as to the installations visited and degree of access afforded to these groups. _
It is stated that records available in the security files of the Atomic Energ
Commission give a general picture as to the fields oi activity in which the '
British Mission participated, but that the available records do not provide
detailed intonation as to their particular specialties, nor do the records
clearly indicate what familiarization the British group may have had with other
programs in which they did not actually participate, but undoubtedly became _
acquainted with by reading technical reports available to thm. The following
statement appears in the records of Atomic mergr Commission concerningthe British group at Los alamos: ' at AA _
Inasmuch as it was the policy of the laboratory to.' make all informa-
tion available to this group at Les Llamas, and as the British personnel had
general access to the Document Rom, various local sites, and the organized ,
meetings of the local project, it is belie ved that the goup had substantially J
complete knowledge of the gun assembly and implosion assembly of fissile material,
the actual desiga of the aerial bombs employing these principles, the possiblefuture developments, including the 'Super or Theme Nuclear Reactions, -the r
axudliary equipment at the various local sites including the Water Boiler. The
British Group probably did not obtain detailed information concerning the final ,
chemical work at Les Alamos, however, the general aspects were known to them becaus
they would be discussed in colloquium or staff meetings. The exact extent of the
technical lmowledge about sites .other than the Les Llamos project by British - -
personnel at Los Alsnos cannot readily be determined since work directly relat-
ing to Los Llamos activities such as basic physics as well as pile design which
members of the Mission would use in their daily work is undoubtedly known to them.
Such items as Hanford chanistry would have reached the group by inference only
since the laboratory as such did not have detailed access to such information.
During their stay at Les Alamos, they also had access to the general physics
and chemistry principles involved in the operation oi the Chicago and Hsnford
piles, the physical construction of these piles, but only a minin'1u|n_o£ the
engineering details. They had, however, complete access to all general theoretical
work on pile desigz. It is assumed that they had rather complete knowledge oi the
mass spectrometer application used in th Galutron and gaseous ¢'ii.t£usion processfor separating uranium isotopes. -I» - - - - _'e See. i oatteched ! D ' I W -H
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hydrogen bomb, end, therefore, Fuchs had knowledge oi that development as p __
indicated in the statements above. lbid, 256 Biol! p _ ~ _'_-e_a__ 3;" "
" Inquiry of the Atomic berg Commission at Ice Limos" disclosed that _
Fuchs had attended numerous technical meetings while at Los Alemos. The dates
oi the meetings end the subject mtters discussed and s. hrief summary or the
discussion were furnished to the Bureau and this material is attached is ,
Ebchibit # 7 . It should be noted that Fuchs attended several conferences,
beginning April 18, 1946, relating to the "Super." Mam of the other meetingsobviously referred to highly important scientific _natters.gIbid. 183! __ . ': In commenting upon the work of the British Hisegon at Ios Alamos, Dr. -
J. R. Oppenheimer, in a memorandum dated July 15, 1949, prepared for the Atomic
Energr Commission, stated that Dr. Fuchs Ias associated nith Professor Peierls
in the Theoretical Division at Lcs Llamas; that Dr. l>eier1s'.-use head ct a group
in the Theoretical Division assuming responsibility for the Toalculation and
design of the caplosion components of the implosion weapon. He played e. large
part in the determination to use lenses for the explosive. system and in the
theoretical "guidance oi their experimental development. He I8-8 fully informed
about the m-dzallurgical peculiarities oi plutonium and participated in the
decision to use the metal in its delta phase. He stated also that the A"UK
lfission had complete access to all information and reports. .
Dr. ltorris E. Bradbury advised the Atomic Energ Commission on July
18, 1949, concerning the participation of the British 1-ssion personnel, as
follows: They contributed tc.the success of the Les ilemce war effort
primarily in the field of theoretical and experimental physics and secondarily
in the field of high explosive development. It should be noted that the British
Mission supplied the 1;is.jOl' portion of experience in the i'ield oi theoretical
[email protected] which was of iundamentel importance to the develcgmqmt oi the
atomic weapcn...." He also stated "All developments underway at the time were
known to the British personnel, as well as the probable course of future lines
Q1. lOt1we. . _ . p
. Dr. Hans Bethe advised the Atomic Energy Ocmission on July 18, 1949,
with regard to Fuchs, in part as rollers: "Contributed directly to the success
of Peierls' group, especially in the theoryci the jets, which in the earlytimes constituted a rhajor difficulw with implosion practice, and to the theory!
of the initiator. _
. 103
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Y . - an-. _s. c. Smith, referred to above, advised the Atanic zergf -o '
commission on July 18 1949 that 1921chs made efricien estimates on various '"" ~= M icorresponding rather o ose , -ray o a we . e s ated that Fuchs "and Peierls provided two-thirds of the team which handled the lwdrcdynmlcs .
in T-Division, which made the implosion development possible. They both Q1"
contributed heavily to all phases of the weapon development, including implosionand Super. Ibid. .124! ' De- q!_u,g¢ zcl
Dr. rein llcDaniels, referred 1:. above, advised the Atanio Energ'- J84
Commission that some of the reports prepared by Fuchs dealt with detonation .
and assembly or the atomic bomb. He stated that Dr. Fuchs participated consider-
ably in the desigz and development of the atcnio weapon. Ibid, _l56! '
_ _ 4 ' . .
Dr. Hans Bethe. under whom Fuchs was employed at Les Alamosand ' '
presently attached to the Huclear Laboratory, Cornell Univ-eriity, advised Bureau
Agents on February 14, l950, that he was in charge oi the Theoretical Division
at Los Alanos. This Division performed the calculations ahead of time as to how
the bomb was to_'_be made and assembled and how it would work. As a result or the
Quebec Agreement, England furnished several top scientists to work in this
Division. They were about twelve in number and it was Bethe: belief that the
bomb would not have been completed as soon as it was without their assistance.
Bethe had personally requested that Dr. Rudolph Peierls, oi the University of
Birmingham, be assigned to the project. Peierls accepted with the stipulation
that he bring with him two of his best collaborators, Drs. Fuchs and Bltyrme.
They, with American scientists, were assigned to the particular task of determin-
ing the best way of bringing together parts of materials so that after assembly
there would be more than the critical mass. The work of this group is still
restricted information and was about the most highly confidential work done. as
a member of this group, Fuchs was in as vital a position as anyone on the entire
project and had access at all times to all parts of the Laboratory and all
documents, except perhaps some top secret documents. Dr. Bethe pointed out that
this did not mean that he could not examine the top secret documents, 1d1ich were
necessary to his work, upon the proper clearance and permission. Ibid, 326!
Bethe further stated that in June or July 1946, Fuchs visited him at
the General Electric Compazw in Schenectady, New York. Fuchs was on his Iyy
back to England. He did not question Dr. Bethe concerning his work and it was
Be_the's recollection that Fuchs sister from Boston came to Schenectaw to meet é_§ - him. Since that meeting, Bethe has seen 192.1chs on two occasions. One was in
104
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Fuchs talked with Bethe and "showed him around." Kc also told him something of
the theoretical work being done there. Bethe was under orders from the Atomic _
Emery Commission not to talk of restricted matters, so the conversation was ' ,
one-sided. In tn. Spring or either 1940 or 1949 this probably actually refers
to 194?!, Fuchs visited Dr. Bethe at Ithaca, New York. He had come trcm England
to attend Declassifieation meetings which were held in Washington. His visit
Ias at Bethe's invitation. He stayed one day. Their main topic of conversation
"see nuclear reactors and declassification. Again, Dr. Bethe was under crders
not to speak of restricted information, so the conversation nae one-sided.
Ibid, sac! . I _ . _ _ ' _ -
The Atomic Energ Comnission has advised that Roland L. Anderson,-I J
G-hiet or the Patent Branch, advised that the records at Loe Alanos indicated -
that in a manorandumiof March 7,1945, it was stated, Under the present setup
the British personnel have been /given full access to all docunents and data atthis en... Ibid, sec! » a - _ . h
~ In connection with 1921chs' trip to the United States in 1947 to attend
the Declessifieation Conference, which was held in Washington rm November 14
through 16, 1947, the Atomic Energy Commission has advised that the Conference
did not involve supplying to the British or Canadians any restricted data which
was not already known to them. Ibid, 285! ' - _ _ -
It is noted above that while in this country Fuchs made a visit to
the Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago on November 28, 1947. Records of
the Security Force at the Laboratory indicate that he was there from 2:50 PM
to 4:00 PM on that date and at all t:Lmm'm>s' escorted by a masher of the
laboratory staff. In aooordmce with the clearance issued that he was to
discuss unclassified and declassified matters, necessary steps were taken to
guarantee that he was only concerned with unclassified mttere while there.
He was shown the crystal spectrometer and the mechanical velocity selector.
These instruments, according to the Atomic Emery Canmission, were described
in Volumes ll and I2 of the Physical Review, dated June 1 and October 1, 1947.ma see _ _ J c ! /92.a9- "_? 'aoE
Investigation has disclosed that the records or the Inspector d
United States Naval Material at the General Electric Ganpany, Bchenectacw,
New York, reflect that on November 17, 1947, Fuchs, as a member or the British
Atcnicjinerg Research Establishment, visited Dr. Herbert 0. Pollock, Research
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J cyclotrons, synchrctmns, and betatrons for a two day period. Pollock wasI described as Research Associate in the Plwsics nivision of General E1sctric;";___;
assigned to the Synchrotron Project. As noted above, the Atomic merg ~ ..._ -.
Commission has advised that the pin-pose of m=n=- trip to the General Electric
- company Ias to see arachine described as "'70-IEO 5711chrotron." Also, accord- .1.
ing to the Atomic me:-gy Commission, the General Electric Company in »
Schenectady was not doing work for the Atomic Energy Commission at the time of
menu mat. inns, /.26 and 5'78! . . . '.
office
vision of the
Spring of 1948,
who are with made
a trip to England for
that Fuchs Pllrticipa . United
States, he and his associates prepared a top secret report on the conferences. p
1-1e related that the contents or the report are known to lve persons inthe United States and are oi a highly technical nature indicated
that the discussions in England related to the British ' p e program-I
_ Ims
on March 6, 1950, the Bureau liaison Agent delivered a letter to
Commissioner Pike, Acting Chairman, Atomic Enery Commission which reported
inioz-nation obtained from Fuchs by Dr. Perrin. Hr. Pike was nequestedto
furnish to the Bureau any evaluation the comission migzt make. V .
Mr. Pike advised he intended to immediately instruct the scientific
personnel of the Commission to make a detailed study and evaluation of this
information and he would furnish the Bureau the results.
Clemo Keay to Belmcmt 3/8/50! Serial 730!
Lttached as Exhibit I 8 is a list of reports prepared by Fuchs as
reflected in the records oi the Atomic merg Oommission.
Investigation by the Albuquerque Office in February, 1950, reflected
that patent disclosure papers on file in D Division, Ins Llamas ScientiBELOW: L08 Alsace, New xexico, reflected that Fuchs with John Vonxeumn as 'coinve§_tor,I had a disclosure entitled {method and Apparaimg
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By letter dated llay 19, l95O, llr. Francis Hammack, Acting Director,
Division of Security of the Atomic Energ Commission, forwarded to the Bureau
portions of a report prepared by a committee of Senior Responsible Reviewers T
who had cons ered the effect of Ehche disclosures on the Am declassification
V This report indicates that it was concluded that the information
turned over by che concerning the diffusion plant was largely theoretical '
and that probably the bulk of it has since been declassified. The information
disclosed by Fuchs conceming barriers also appeared to have dealt essentially
with theoretical aspects and did not contain significant information concerning
fabrication and performance of barriers. It was indicated that only one
document of the KS8 series reports of the British Mission »_- New York! namely
USN-18, contained production figures for the K-25 plant Oak Ridge!. It was
further indicated that there is some uncertainty, however, as to whether USN-l8was included in the documents passed to the_Russians by Fhchs.
In evaluating the lee Alamoe aspects, the report indicates that Fuchs
turned over to the Russians very important information concerning weapons. '
With respect to the 1ri.nity plutonium implosion! type weapon, it was stated
that it was clear that the essentials of the bomb, in adequate detail, were
turned over either while Fuchs was at hos Alamoa or later. J-t also appeared
apparent that considerable information was turned over regarding gun-typeweapons. - ' p
The report discussed participation of Fuchs in the work on i
themonucleer weapons at Les Llamas and a list of the meetings on this subject
which were attended by Fuchs was set forth. It is believed that this refers tohydrogen bomb. ' _ -
It was indicated also that officially, 1-Niche had little information
concerning other phases of the United States project; for example, the lianford
project, and it appears that the information in this category which he turned
over was relatively "minor." It was further indicated that Fuchs did not
pass e great deal of intonation to the Russians conceming "pile technolog'including the British work on this point. xwx _ JI
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It was also noted that Fuchs did not adsait the transmission of 7
intonation relative to the "fission process" itself, except torspecifie -_=-= -- -
inroxmation such as the spontaneous tission problem. ,It was stated that _ e ..
this might possibly be interpreted to mean that fundamental nuclear data. F -were not needed by the Russians because of their own efforts in this field '
or because the intonation was being furnished to them from other sources. "
A copy oi this report tarnished b the Atomic Emery Gommisaion
is attached as an exhibit. See exhibit #9
< Letter from Francis Hamma
_ _ Acting Director, Division
8eourity, LEO, dated liq l9,
1.950!' . . _
hiring the interview of Fuchs in London, in the period llay 20 through .
June 2, 1950, by representatives ct the Bureau, Fuchs furnished a sumary of the 5
information which was furnished by him to the Russians. He stated that generally
information of a technical type was given to "Rqnnond" in writing and that
"Raymond" would have been unable to understand technical information furnished '
orally. He did give some information to "Raymond" orally dealing with personalities
the identities oi scientists, plans for the test explosion at Alamogordo and other
things that were within the scope of comprehension by "Raymond." He advised that
"Raymond" never took notes at any meeting. ./ -
He stated that his best estimate is that the information furnished by
him speeded up the production oi an A-Bomb by Russia by several years because it
permitted them to start on the development of the explosion and have this ready
by the time the fissionable material was ready. He concluded that the lhzssien
scientists are as good as scientists in England and the United States but there
are fewer good scientists in Russia that the other two countries. He stated that
he gave the Russians nothing that would speed up the production ot plutonium and
estimated that if he had given the same data which he gave the Russians to the
United States as of the date of his arrival in the United States, he would have
spesded the U.5'. production of the A-Bomb only slightly. He did pass on to
his Russian espionage contact whet he learned concerning the production of plutonium
during the final period of his work at Les Llamos. He stated that the information
furnished by him alone could have speeded up the production of and-Bomb by Russia
by one year It least. He indicated that if the Russians had information on the
plutonium process from any other source, the data mrniehed by him could have been
of material assistance on this plutonium phase. ./ " '
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_ The Parieaddress mentioned above Ias again furnished to che -_ -
in 19h9. as an address he night consider using in the immdi.ate inture,
Fuchs contends he never used that address, although he admittedly 1i_sited__*__-_'__ _Periethereaitsa-. -- - - --- - > . . _ . - * '_.- _.. =_; _ ._ _ ..__ __~ -.' 1 - - , ~ - , -- . _ .4'._ A- _ ,. ... ¢'._.i : _-P-~_ -.__ _ .-s - -< . .-'. _~ _2 U»
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Records ct the Imigration and Naturalization Service reflect -
that Vassili Soukhomlins entered the United States on September l2, 19l|,l,
at New York City, at which time he indicated his last permanent address as
Paris, France, and departed from the United States August 21, 19145, via
- the 3.8. "Argentine! iron Net York City destined for Paris, France. ich l
records reflect no other arrivals in or departures from the United States on -
the part or this individual, and mrther that he resided in,Nes York City
this . ' ' -during his stay in _Q91-.m1_'-1'1 IFO letter aatea_3/10/5o!,/ _ _
Boukhomline executed an Alien Registration form lay 1, 191:1. 14;
reflecting his proposed United States address as 115 East 86th Street, .
New Iork City, and his birthdate as April 26, 1885, Inning:-ad, USSR. B .
described himself as a journalist, and the purpose of his visit to the
United States as "visiting relatives." Under the section "Relatives in
the U. 8.,l however, he listed "none." Under organizations last5 years
prior to lay 1, 191.1, Soukhemline listed the mssian Social and Revolutionary
Party. 4/ -
In an application to extend the time ot his temporary stay in
the United States, dated March 10, 19142, Soukhomline stated II an a political
remgee am! have no country in Europe to which I could return." Be further
stated he res not employed in the United States and was not engaged in
business. His source of income was set forth as "tree Lance writer and
lived on proceeds ct w articles." He claimed to be s political remgee
living in exile sinoe 1913, and declared he was anxious to becom an Amricsn
citizen. v _ A
114identical lil Vaseili V. Soukhomline, n I011 knwn hissian Sociala ts. £1
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appears to be in the handwriting and handprinting oi-hssili V. Soukhcmliza, '
Boukhcmlim listed him-eel! as a journalist employed by the 'Osecbosldval|:Ian_ - . ,
Information Service and Amriqne Ieekly liagasine, New Iork City, and that - - 'U. 8. entry as Bepteaber 1,2, l9tJ.. It is noted that tor the period 191.1-diwp.
1» no use been known by tha__nam_Yic_tcr letter dated 3/10/so! r P. ~-~:;_~.:-§'=- .¢.f;':i==~";~ ' ~.: s =25 »...z/a-.-:~.-,.=;:-»'.;.-i: _._-
In a report prepared by -the Security and Intelligence Division,*"..'. .
Headquarters, Second Berviceomand, dated Jamary 23, 191,5, Boukhcmlins -
hassia, and as having been arrested and sent to Siberia in l907 for revo1n- ' -
tionary activities. Liter escaping iron Siberia that same year he resided
successively in Finland, Stockholm, London, Paris and Rome. liter the '
he resided principal]? in Paris. He became a proninent masher of the mssian _- A
Social Revolutionary arty and was described as a leader ed the section which __ '
thought the new Bclshevik regime would develop in the sense acceptable to all» -.-»mssian progressive tom-ces. M9. _ .., . . _ .__ ._ ,. ;
In this report it is stateithat a confidential sodme advised " -
that at the tin: the report was prepared, Smkhomline was Assistant Editor
of "Franceinerique" and was contributing definitely pro-Soviet articles _
to "Hovosselye' and.tc "Soviet Russia Today," pro-Soviet periodicals .
published in New York City. Bnukhcnline was said to be definitely pro-Sovietbut not a 0onmmist.u%r3lJ.66-1!- - I.
A report from e Security and Intelligence Division, HeadquartersBecond Service Command, dated Kay 2.1, 1916, described Soukhomline as allegedly
a GPU Agent and stated that he was writing articles under the name "Victor '
8a.mret." This report states that Souldzcmline "made his presence felt" in - '
Paris during the negotations for the Russo-Germanic treaty otynon-aggression
and relayed reports and confidential information to lloscow where it was "said
to have been quite helpful. Soukhomline was said to have remained in Paris
until 191.1 and to have received many courtesies Ire.-n the Geraans and Russians,
leaving the country only when Russia was attacked by Germany. lie was notedto be in we United sum at the tim um report was nadc.iC§31J,86-2!/;;
his aam_ source advised by report dated July 19, 19!, , that
8ould:u:m|.line had accepted a position as Paris correspondent tor Bnssky Boles, -"ceases 7m Street, New York City, e mzzkifamxa-§;;;:f¢e1;,, 9,
In ausnoramia prepared by the !'oreign Nationalities Board of ' I '93
£83 on September l3, 19M, and June 16, l9L5, mention is made of stronglypro-iaviet articles written by Soukhomlins in 19% and 191,5, published in 0,/V1
Novosselye, concerning Russian territorial demands and the position takenby Russia at the uuczo. 00-7826-31; 62-ma?-_:.o16! /
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was described as having been hem in April or Bay, 1885, in 8t. Petersburg, .1 T
Ihassian Revolution he returned to hassia openly and from l9l8_until l9L1, _ ~ - A
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_ Inquiry by the Sec Ionic Division in October, 19215, on the basis!
_' or intonation supplied by the Boresu which had been iumiehed byirw In-
" telltgenoe developed that Soukhomline bed resided st M3 Iest em Street, _ _
Hes York City, end hed reportedly returnedto Erlnoe short]; before Inch" "
- inquiry res Ids. It use ascertained that he had been enplwed Iv en Ilcrain-_
in newspaper. Io evidence oi euhyrsive activities on the soukhcn- ., J-inc he developed. rén-311486-I4! ,,,1- 1* '_, , p. _ 1. -I . - . 1
A further report tron kw Intelligence dated April 25, 19116, ireflects tint Soukhonline had been in close contact in Isl Iork Citiseith
the Slsvectionotthe llvendonhis returntoh:-is inlugust,19 ,hs
had been received by the Soviet Ambassador with than he reportedly hnd nlong visit. Be assumed his duties es Paris cwreepondentpgr D13? Boles, "
_ end in addition contributed articles to other pro-Soviet lice ns. _ 5 - _ . ~ - eh-sums-6! t
This saw source advised by report dated August 27, 19146, that ._
according to intonation tron Paris, soukhonline sad one Odinets, both of .
when were described as active pro-Soviet pzropagendists in Paris, were leaving '
shortly tor the Ikrdine, USSR. this trip ras reported tcheqprelininary to '
the eppoint-nent o! both individuals to otticisl posts represonting the Ukraine,
probably in France. Sonkhonline, in addition to his journalistic ectivities,
Ian said tobe Iilieon I-gent mm USSBEnbassyIit.h tin English-speaking"correspondents covering the Paris Peace Gonterence. & -3lh86-7! -/ WBy Disptch !1§9am'<1 February 23, 1910, enéxmue sue" 92-1Embassy in Paris Mvieed the State Department that Soukhunline, characterised '1 _so s Soviet Agent who operated previously in the United states end who was J
1then in Paris, intended in the near future to proceed to Stockholn to establish
contact with llett ting" Socialists, telloe travelers, and ninilsr elements 1tor tin purpose oi accelerating Scandinavian opposition to the Atlantic Pact. 92 -
Soukhunline was said to he the motivating spirit behind the ms "Socialist" 92
_ group nest of Ihon ere Oomanniste! tho edit OI-hiers Internstionaux Bonk-
honline, under tin nun Victor Benn-et contributed en article to the first
issue o! this ihich!'as reported to he tinenced hy the Soviet
Fnbeesy in ! 1-. "..- . . .
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regular congreee of the meeim Goumanlet Party in Ioeoow on I0; 28, 1924, 1 _; -one Sukhnnlin I'll elected to the Oentrel Control Geuuleelom 1-16-687! " .' "
ID e llet of nmbere of the Presidium of the Alll-Uzreiaien Oeutrel .
Bleontlve Bennittee, ee o! July l, H26, one Bukhnllin Ill listed ee en _ "
alternate, and the name Bukhcnlin eppeu-e oa e liet of the oonplete nenber- ___ _
-ehip of the Federel Soviet eleoterl on By 20, 198. 1-16-862, page 2998!
Ilth. reference to Boukhmlineh above mentioned eeeooietion with KQSMC-EA
of I:-enoe Anori no ee of emary, 1945, 1 ll Bure end uailtent ed
highly probable thatQ- It to not hmlm whether Veeeili V. 3oukh@1!.ne 'le11dentleel Ilth le
ukhonlin mentioned in the preceding two pu-agrephe. 5 '
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fiumtel beoher of Torres paper, France-bner1qne." In addition to being e
oonteet or Bore, Bouthoallne le also known/to have been - eonteot ot Io:-reel
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office or the Deputy Clerk, U. S. District Court or Philadelphia
advised that Sam Gold had apparently changed his name himself and it '
had not been recorded in the court records as allegal change although
it had apparently been accepted as such when his naturalization certi- " .
ficate was issued. - . ~- 1 - -~ ' - - " " -__ =. ,_ 5-5'"-I1-t_9-1_3S_,.jp.S_;_-_n.Z31 It
b! Imnediate'FamiJy - I -- - ' H " 4
Sam Gold, aka, Samson Goldnitzki, Sam Golodnitslq and Samuel _
Gold, was employed by the R.G.A. Victor, Camden, New Jersey from ' '
December 211, 1916 to January 31, 191.6 with periodical short-term layoffs
as a head sander and a stock handler. R.G.A. records show other employment
for Sam Gold by George Weiss, Girard Avenue and Berks Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania from March to September 1929, and by the Philco Radio
Corporation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania £1-cm January to April 1930. Nothing
oi a derogatory nature as to work, conduct, attitude, 5-.ha.z-actor or loyalw
was indicated during his entire periods of employment.
- Report of SA Iouie G§.'Turn6r;-dated
- 1 Kay 31, 1950 at Newark, entitled
"Harry Gold, was, et al, Espionage - B"!
Sam Gold has been employed by the Zeyher Manufacturing, Co.,
Incorporated, Philadelphia, kennsylvania since June 21;, 19146, and was
still so employed as of Hay 26, 1950. A comparw official has advised
that Sam Gold was completely beyond suspicion insofar as his loyalty was
concerned. ' '
Joseph Gold, 6823 Kindred Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]
according to records of the Naval aviation mpply Depot, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, was born February 20, 1917 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
He applied for the position of Clerk with the Civil Service Commission
on May 9, 19116. He was previously employed, ircm August 19142 to March
19143, by the Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot, U. S. Arnw, as a junior
tallynan. He left this position to enter the armed forces. He was
also employed, from February 1936 to April 19142, by the Merchants Parcel
Delivery, Philadelphia, Pennwlvania as a router and clerk. He left
this position for an operation. Joseph Gold enlisted in the U. S.
A1-aw August 18, 19b2, and received an honorable discharge on January 1?,
19146. In service he received several decorations. On August 2, 19b6,
Joseph Gold entered on duty as av clerk in the Veterans Administration.
m November 214, 191.17, he was transferred to the Naval Aviation Supply
Depot, Hziladelphia, Pennsylvania, as a purchase clerk." On the sam day92_:_ 1 . - - _|-1 Mgr?
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hstookanoaththatheissnotame1nberofa11y%<:li.itice1pa1't7'cn'__'. organization advocating the overthrow of the Uni States. B _ ' -
received permnent Civil Service status on August 10, 1949; His ' _
' _ duties during the entire period at the lhvsl Aviation Supply Depot
have been in the purchasing department and ho bu not had access
to classified mtenlal. , . '- : > ' "' ' 5-57449-185, p. 9, ii! - o! Relatives é
Harry Gold has advised that he has the following relatives:
lather: Brother , Sham llnin -
Cousins Albert than eon or Sham!
Bronx, New Iork
R. Richard Und.n»_ eon of Sham! .
New York city 3 -
Frank Umin son of Sham! _
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Jack Ihzin son of Shtlm!
~ Phi].a.de1phia, PHDBF1vam.e
He has also advised that there are no living relatives of
nu famly in E-rope. 5-57449-185, p. a! -
Llbert mm and a. meme Uhdn were interviewed on Bay 29,
1950 and they could mrnish no pertinent information. Prank mun was -
interviewed with like result on Hayjl, 1950. Rept SA John R. liurplw,
_nr, 6-3-so and 65-57449-520!
Other relatives of Gold have been determined to hes
Ether Toner - Cousin
3904 Camden Avenue, Pennsauken Township, New Jersey
Era. Samuel Ominalq - rife of Samzl 0mina1q' - Gold: uncle
1.723 North Came Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jacob and Celia Ominslq - definite relationship not indicated
4723 North Game Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kate Ondnslq - denite relationship not indicated
4723 North Game Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvardh
Harry Geller - denite relationship not indicated
6653 Forth {her Street, Philsdelplna, Pennsylvania.I
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' Records of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reflect
Semen Earck Semionov enrolled in that institution on September 19, 1938,
and was graduated in June, 1940. His application reflects that he ~ '
was born on March 1, 1911, in Odessa, Russia, was a citizen of the
USSR, and was then employed by the Amtorg Trading Corporation,
New York City. His application reflected further that he was
graduated from the Moscow Textile Institute in 1936 with a degree
in engineering and also had graduate studies there in 1936 and
1937. _ Boston telstype 6-7-50! .'
Investigation of the activities of Semenov was ;instituted1 ' -
by this Bureau in 1941 after he arrived in the United States as an .
offioialrrepresentative of the Amtorg Trading Corporation. He was
notified to the United States Department of State as a foreign
date was shown as March 1, 1911, in Odessa, Russia, and it was 'reflected that he had previously entered the United States on ' QMII
official on February 24, 1941- Ch the notification fem, his b1I'925h[J9,!p$/
January 19, 1938, under an American visa, issued by the American 'Enbassy in Hoscow. He listed his home address as B05 St. Brit: /, Avenue, Brooklyn, New York; 1-5381-331, part 3; 100-1,7083-1! J
An anmymoue letter addressed to this Bureau under date of
August '7, 1943, advised that Semen Senenov was one of the close
associates of Vassili ll, Zubilin, former Second Secretary or thesoviet Enbassy in Washington, D, 6., and reportedly the head £31» _mm: in the mma States. l0047083-53/100-203581-532!.
It was reported in 191.1 that Semenov had replaced B. u. _
Ghuhin as a Vice President or Amterg in July, 191,1.
. - _ 1-5331-.L'l.6- page 104! /
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for his employer, Pridonoff related that he receiwd a telephcne can ' '"
from Semenov, who said he understood Pridmoff was an engineer and that e
he was of Russian descent. Pridonoff professed to he unable to explain
howsemenovlmewhewasinNewYorkorhowSemenovevenkne1|hie I
identity. H-idonoff met with Semenov and after a discussion of _' " '
engineering matters, Semenov asked Pridonoff several days later to _
act as a "consulting engineer" for him and asked him to do some research,
work an the type of fuel to be used in jet propulsion engines. According
to Pridonoff, he was offered $5,000 by Semenov to undertake this L R,
assignment. According to Pridonoff, this proposition was obviously T
an attempt to secure information from him since no research work 3
would be involved and he told Semenov he could not undertake the task' - ..
because the informtion was secret. On his suggestion to semenov
that the latter might secure the desired infomation throng: the usual
liaiscn channels with the Ann and Navy, Semenov replied that there Dwas too much red tape involved. zoo-moss-24! " -» 1-1 A
Records of the Immigation and Naturalization Service reflect
that Semenov departed from the United States an September 26, 1944, at"
Kalama, Washington There is no indication that he has re-entered this
country since that tine. - New York teletype 6-2-50! / -
mr beletype e-e-sci
The State Department advised that in July, 1948, semen M,
A stop notice an Semenov has been placed with the Central.
Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service in order that the
Bureau my be advised of any re-entry of Semnov into the United States.
_ A . l0O-4'7033-69!/
247.,,s>»»~Semenov was attached to the_USSR Diplomatic lssion, Paris, France, ' D Q1 The State Department had no further recent informaticn. 00-47083-36! y
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50, the Atolie herqdenlieeic _ __
edvi 'Q" eleereace en Pebury 16, _ _'
1950. but ozwetien in the Bureau letter -
et July Z9, 1950 went &:il¢'e "Q" clear-nee wee nepeuded .-
Jnly 24, 1950, pending cleriti inn 0! the intereatiea. mo Ltuuie e
mergy Ganieeien letter n-ther eteted that epprogriete nilitery . - __
enthuritiee Iere being contacted with the request that $.13 not be
permitted to have my in-ther eeceee to restricted dete er other
cleeeitied in.tom-nation pertaining to the eteuie energ papa untilthieaatteriereeelved. , _. MQ_,_°_u,?,_fv°E , J I
By Rn-en letter dated July 31, 1950, e thll field loyalty
inveetigeticn of Benjamin Bil; In instituted. -, . -
. 0: August 2.4, 1950, Ben-7 Qold wee interviewed terther concern-
ing hie dealings with Benjamin $113. Gold eteted that hie tiret eeeting
with mil; wee ea he bed yrevionely described. He edded, halever, that
en thie eeeeeien he geve Sail; e leather wallet. He rechlled that &iJ.g'e
It-her Ireieed the quality et the leather in this wallet. A eeeond
meeting with S1113 wee ettelgted in en-1; Ielrruny 1939, but $.11; wee
not heme. Geld eeid he telephened the Sldlg residence while in Dq-ten
endweeed1ieedthatBen3en.in&ilgw'eenothme.!hethirdneetin¢ '
happenedinllu-ehl939. endoldbelieveeonthieoceuionheaete
"body," Jewish male, who wee en eneteur ham redie operator. thin '
eecm-red et the Ml; hone. He eteted that he, ail; end thie other
individuel attended e lecturer given by Ludwig Lerieohn, e 5:-eminent
Ziuniet. Liter thie lecturer they went to the outekirte at Degtcn, G110,
end had henhurgere and 'mltede.' - ' _ , _
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mm is identical with mm am; Bruin, no.! Joseph Brotelq,
Joseph Brod-svky, Security lhtter - 0, Bureau tile 100-177881.. -
lbs records of the Bureau of Vital Statistics, Department ct - I.
Health, Detroit, lllchigan, reect that Bruin nae born as Joseph Brodslq
at Detroit, Michigan, on my 12, 1912. -' _
Hie tether, Nathan Brodelq, and his mother Anne Aarumski, eere_both born in Russia, according to these records. _ /, ._ " _
as of September, 1949, Bruin was residing at 5313 Gtford Street,
Philadelphia, and was eel!-employed ae a venetianblind distributor, having
a business association with the Craydoo Venetian Blind Compaq, 1313 Vine
Street, Philadelphia. ' ,
Bruin was inducted into the United States Army larch 31, 191.2, I
and given e medical discharge on September 15, 1943. according to Selective
Service records. A Military Intelligence report dated December 5, 1942,
reflects that Bruin who at that time was a private first class, O1 Oompaw, He
Barracks, San Juan, Bzertc Rico, was made the subject of investigation
because he had been observed taking pictures oi the Signal Station and of
themenduringanalertonasundayafternoon. J
The main tile on Bruin reflects that both he and his life have
been active in Communist Party affairs in Philadelphia.
Bruin is ddscribed, according to the Identification Division
records, as age,38; born lay l2, 1912; heighf.S' 4"; weight,lAO pounds;
hair, brown; eyes, brown; oomplaxion,rudd;rj b'uild,nedi92m; scars and marks,
§'ecarrunni.ng1!-oucom-no:-otletteye. -_-
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'_ " - October 21;, 1914» Colloquium. Ceptein iekemen, 1-U.S._, epoke
prepering ehepee meeeee of high explosive; for inploeion epberee-_ _1__¢_~v . l _.-. » , __ _ _ v_ p 92,._.; ». , --.. ; .92_
-" mime 21; 194:» oemguu. in-. Henley spoke on integrel
pertioulerly on temper u 1__: -Ii M _- I J 1_ _; -o . -. I .a . .
" ' " lloveeber 28, 191.1» Oolloquim. Dr. Nieholee Baker dieeueeed nuclear _'=
reaotione ot heavy elements end pa-tieulorb the various reeulte obteined when , -
eneutron oeuee inoonteot with heevy nuclei, euehee U1-eniuu 238. ~ _ _ A -
i l 4 December 12, 1.9111» Colloquium. Dr. Oppenheimer mentioned the three
olternetive methods for implosion. Iheee include: ! Ghriety eompreeeion of ~
e eolid ephere; ! Ieddmneyer low velocity inploeion to ovoid jete; ! The
eheped change eeeenbly or rearrangement or tieeile materiel. lhe epeeker no
Oritehtield who diecueeed initiator for the neutron reaction», He mentioned the -
Alweree gonna-Neutron eouree, the deuterium - deuterium reaction ee en initiator,
ee well ee the developed proeeduree at Ayers and Bobioeon. Y
December 19, 19%. Golloquiun, eddreeeed by Dodeom. Subjeete die-
eueeed were ! Radio lanthanum experiments on the Om-iety eompreeeion
procedure; ! Foil: ot eetive materiel tor neutron neaenrunente; _! Seneitive
neutron detectors: It! poloniun chemistry, end ! procedure tor eeperetion
oi redio lenthenue true eon:-oe meteriel. - . -
December 26, 191;!» Colloquium. Hobaniele spoke on measurement of
the tieeion end neutron capture of Uranium 235 end Plutonium 239. Considerable
diecueeion wee given to the attempted eoordinetion oi the experimental reeuite
with the theoretical prediotionn -
pJ~°0E 7'/2 use Jen or
_ Jenuery 16, 191:5 Bethe epoke on jet theories in
inploeion gadget. Experimental enelyeie by Tuok oi the British Mieeion> ' vi
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