Klaus Fuchs Part 68

Collection
FBI Vault
Case
Rosenberg Case
Sub-case
Klaus Fuchs
Pages
100
Part
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4p.m.sixtno:sdsshemzonthentSansrdayin_]lm¢= l94$-
Jm,nd_ . . A
l.ookingbacknowFnehs&#39;s&iendaeanrensemberthathe
mmmed&#39;0mBostmatthecndofFebmaryaertmdaysr
ahsencelookingharassedanddepn=sed.Heo&#39;a~ednoeu-.
planaon, beyond saying that he was worried about his sister.
Thejune meeting tookplacepreciselyasit was arranged.
Gold came down from New York by train. Wary as ever,
l|eboughtamapofSantaFésothathewould ndhiswaytotl:e 4stilloBrid.gewithoutinqui|ix1gofanyoneintheb<m&#39;n.
anda[ewminuttsafterfourFucl1sappearedinhjsBuick.
They were barely halfan hour together. Fuchs handed ovr:
another bazehofpapers. Hcnidtbatthctehadbecntremcn-&#39;
dons progsms, and that the rst atomic explosion would now
denicelytal:eplareintbeAlamogordodcsertdm-ingthe
following moml:.&#39;Iheyxedthenextnn:e1ingat6p.m. on
September 19th. nearachurchonaroadleadingoutofSann
E,andFuchsdroveolTuol.mAlam0s.G0ldtlaentooka
but to Albuquerque, sixty miles away, and there had an inten-
view with his other contact at Les Alamos, David Gremglassj
ltwasthr:n!hatGreenglassgavehimthedrawingsofthe
implosion lms. It must have been one of the most protable
joumeys Gold or any other Russian agent ever made.
When President Truman met Stalin at Potsdam the follow-
ingmonthanrltoldhimthartheAmericanandB1itishscien-
tists had developed a new kind ofbomb which was far more
destructive than anything known before, and that it would
be dropped onjapan unless she surrendered, Stalin manifested
nothing more than polite interest and said that he hoped the
bomb would be used. He made no attempt to inquire further
or follow op the conversation in any way. Yet his Director of
intelligence in Moscow had by then a full account of the
making of the bomb, based upon the information of Fuchs,
Grecnglzm, Nlmn May, and others. There are grounds for
bclievingrhat,atthenme, the Ilussiasssnudenouseoftltis
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ulkmlislllly-likcn92anysciersdsuinEnmpe.maynothavebclievedtheprojecttobcpmsiHe:norhadtheyyet
madeuseoftheNaziscia1tiawholBdbu!l<:aptutI.donthe
llofGermanyinMay.lt:eemshardtobcl.ievethatStalin&#39;s
n0nchalanne.waadueu0citberindiHertn0e0rincredulity.
Withtlxeproapectofatlsirdw0rldwarbe¬0tetll|:n-the
seriesof&#39;-ightful dashes&#39;wh.id:Lcninhadpredieued-italso
isvetydi&#39;:culttohelievctbatRnssianintcl1igu&#39;u==oouldhavc
iledtohnvePll$¢40nlheirinfom92atirmtothnPolitl>uroiIIl
etnphasizeditsimportanoetbere..Yetsuchthingsmnha.ppaa.
Atallcventt. no moreWaslaidatP092ldam!at $111168:-ill
GOuZCnh0&#39;: defection Eomth: Soviet Ernbarsy at Ottawa,
whieheventuallybroughtthewholensatterilltotbeviltllstlid
notlnppclat-lntilafotm.ighta:rwud;,_.__»_ -I - ln
Meanwhile the rst atomic bomb wasiexplodedin the Ala-.
mogordo desert, on x6july:945.:$o much has been written-
oftlseexplosionrhatlmuewesseedtnlyfollowtheadvmuuu
ofhsehsonthat moznentomday. Porlhimand forsomany
othetsatlmhlarnoswhohadworheniupontbissinglepro-ijeetforso-manyyeanandwithso_littlehqseintb:begin-.
ning,therewasanexcioe1nastandatmsionduswasalumut_
Ontheprevi0u$clayPr0:|sor&#39;Peictll. Fuclu,lI1d0tha&#39;a
wereassignodtooneofthemilitarybusesandtheydroveol!i
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4I!ithereshouldbenorainandthatthewindshouldbeblowing
from the right quarterso that the radioactive dust should be
carriedintotheemtatydeaert.
ltseemedthatthaeconditionahadbeenfullled when,thonlybeforemerobour,wordamethroughoutl92eEseldtele-
pboneathatateclmialliimhhadoocurredmdthetewould
beadelay.Therewasnotlaingtl&#39;tatF92scltsortll¢0tl1¢rll1¢0r0-
1it:alphytidstscottlddoabo92rtthls:tlu2yl92adrnatletl1eitmlcu-
lat:iorumdcheekodtbemmanytin1r:over.Theyhadproved
onpapertbatifchebombweremnstructedanddetonamdiu
aeertainwaythenit muste:plode_ The making ofehebombandthewxualexpedmmtwithalldiepouibityoimechmiml
en-otwtaebeyondtheirprovinoe. &#39;
ltwaaonthepoint ofgetting light. and theywereabout0
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Ipeo1slethoultlseetheelationintbeirEnes.Glurnlythepany
¢0ntlnuedforanot.hettl1reehountolmAlamos,wheted|eir
f3m1l1§1PP!Ecll0bcJllyin!rm:tlilButWlIillIldllzp-
P°"l"1¢h¢Iligl1LOnescin:tistwhowaaillder:lu~edl1euw
theaah&#39;omhisl:edir1tlsecampl1otpital.Alamogotdowaa

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llClIl3llC- l A, -   &#39;-_..; .
5 lntheoriginalvillageofHarwelliI:c1f,tl:coenu&#39;eofache:ry-growing clisnrict, there is a fourteenth-century church in which
comic gures. in stone an he observed being biccen by
The Rcsmrch Establishment. the guide book gou on. 1 is for-
timaely out of sight of this aernctive village and much nearer:
Chilean. about two miles away to thesou:h-west&#39;.- i. .3
We were given Harwell on a windy day of February 1946.
on a ying visit om Canacla-, write: Sir john
the rst scientist in charge. There was much transatlantic
mhling <m where we should establish housing sites. A start-
had to be made quickly and the only solution was to pt0vl¢1¢
prefab: and no erect them on our own site where servioes and
Mm-ny&#39;1 blaiuluh Anhiamural cm, edited by John Betjcml ind
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<.,; _{twin-were available and  ofoomenu
hadirobeobmined. -.  . .
"The92:eaultiaaauddeziniuddle,wonethandaeSloug|1
&#39;ltadingE1hl=J:ndnicloaedinahighwirefeme,urithahuge
brink chimney.-&#39;50:-like faomries and spreading prefab: and
lmndredsof on acres ofwindy asphalt. It
 Ear miles. Sir john Coeia-oft admin that
&#39;l0mctl1ingmighth:lvchearhcttzt<ionchadwemorctimcforthoughtandles|epamcionofspaoeinrhep|anningaage&#39;.
.&#39;Onamoonligh:nightthethatchandtile,stnneanclhrich,
elmsanclharrisan:lFarn1sof0ldl-iarwellvillageoomparotl
with-the hluedecn-ii: glare and bright sinister workshops of
theAnomicRi:ea:ehE.stablishmeutfonnaninstruedveoo92r
trastbctwe¢athepa|tandprescnx.&#39; .
Notfaroii&#39;isthefamomWhineHoneofUington,anoudineelrawingwhichwaeutonzofthegreenturfindse
Iron Agqabout ioon.c.
paganritesoftheDmids.andS:.Georgeissuppoae:ltohave
killedtheelragonthere. - 3
Theguidebookclescriptionof-Harwellisalittleimfair.sinoeiewaswrictenatatimewhenchesuazionwuscillimder
constmction. Sinoetl1enagra.t¢lea.lhasheencionel>yd1e
planting oflavims and gimitns no bring the place more into
harmony with the landscape, and the modem red brickwork
is slowly weathering into the native C0l092l-I! oFBerh.1hire.
Yet theft is something a little menacing and lorhidcling in
the air. Youicome up to Harwell on an ordinary A clanr
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lbuildings stand in isolation on a large at plateau and beyond
them there is nothing much to be seen but the green. empty
slopes of the downs. The residential quarters are composed
partly of R.A.F. houses, put up in the war  Sirjolm Cocltcroft
lives in the rectangular three-storey brick house which was
once occupied by the R.A.F. Station Commandant!, stall
hostels. and two recently constructed villages of standard alu-
minium prefabricated houses which look like enlarged rabbit
hutehes. These villages are placed on either side of the aireld.
The main site, the actual laboratoria and oflice blocks. stands
between them, enclosed by the security fence. Recently the
gardeners of the Ministry of Works have planted diligently,
and in the late summer it is a pleasant thing on coming
through the front gate  your pass gripped in your hand! to
sec the English lawns, the beds of ziiniias, dahlias, roses. and
chrysanthetnums.
As fa: as possible the old R.A.F. hangars have been em-
ployed. the war-time camouage still fading on their walls.
A new use has been found for the R.A.F. water-tower. more
and more buildings are going up, and the whole place looks
not unlilte it Caljfomian movie studio, but very neat and new
and tidy. From inside one peers through the wire Fence at the
deserted asphalt runways which are now gradually breaking
up with tults ofgrus starting through them, and beyond that
are the cows grazing in the open countryside.
The older village of prCEtb houses is set in a shallow horse-
shoe on the side of a green slope. with lawns in  ront of all
the houses. Each at-topped greyish-white hut has some at-
tempt at a little garden, a few vegetables. a clothes-line at the
back, and here and there a baby&#39;s pram on the front porch.
These houses are identicala living-room, two bedrooms, a
kitchen, a bathroom-and are so small that if the W.C. is
used lhe whole house is aware of it. Fuchs lived at No. 17 at
the end of one row.
The administrative block is the rst building inside the en-
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lclosure. a low two-storey structure. and there Fuchs latterly
had his oice close to Sir john Coeltcrofr and the security
Oioers. It is a light and  place, lit by glass dome! in the
mo and in working hours it is no different from any other
English ollioe. Secretaries and young men pass by along the
corridors bearing cups ofca and les of papers. On the notice
boards nothing more unusual appars than advertisements
about national savings schemes. perhaps a newspaper cutting
of a t2rtoonist&#39;s joke about the atomic bomb  &#39; Up Boys and
Atom! or even possibly an announcement that the Metal-
lurgical Ball will be held at the Village Hall on Saturday night,
eiclteu 7:. 6d. obtainable from any member of the Metallurgi-
cal stalll y
These things. however, are in very great contrast to the
atomic pile itsel and that to a layman is as strange as any
dragon orany magical rite practised by the Druids in the lron
Age on White Horse Hill. It is a massive thing in shape some-
what resembling the reconstructions of the Mausoleum of
Halicarnassus. and it is tended by men in white overalls. There
is no dust. no noise, no hurrying, and no disorder. A clinical
calm covers all, and on a rst visit it is difficult to avoid.
feeling unnaturally alert and wary as though one were enter-
ing some unexplored cavern from which wild beam might
suddenly potmcc out. One hall-expects the whole thing to
blow up.
Across the wide clean concrete oor of the building men
go by like sailors on the deck of a ship. There are many notices
saying &#39;Danger&#39; and Radio-active Waste, and the words
&#39;Neutron Ray Trap are painted on the side of a concrete
cube which is intended to block some vent which reaches, lilte
a dragon&#39;s throat, into the centre of the pile. ln one quarter
men are packing and dispatching conetiners of isotopes which
are used in hospitals. Others are manning compressed-air pumps
which drive the rods of uranium into the pile. Sucks ofgraphite
lie about looking like loaves of black bread. Large cranes read:
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downward from above and in the control room there is awide are of lighted dials which reminds one of the cockpit
of an zero lane immensel ma &#39; IL Of HY T119 b92&#39;i"l8&#39;= P - Y emf _P°_ . &#39;of a. ship. Most remarkable of all, there is a notice vvlthlredlettering strung high above your head and  reatlt. N0Smoking on Top of the Pile, as though one nught say. "NoLighting of Matches in the Crater of the Volcano. -&#39;
explain all the many safeguards against explosion--rnalting_ hispoints on a transparent model of the  you beheve_ ,_;ihim. You an advance, if you wish, to the pile Itself =1-ml wdl -it. You can pick up a rod of uranium in your hand. The
notice about smoking is explained. It lm no importance anymore; it was simply put there to prevent workmen from drop-ping their cigarette butts into the graphite while the pile wasbeing built, since it is essential for the graphite to be as pureas possible. In other words, it is not smoke but dirt which isthe impediment and no normal earthly heat could ailect this
experiment one way or another.The hot laboratory is more strange than the pile itself,
for here men work like divers in rubber bootsimd gloves, and
on emerging from their work to the uncontaminated air, theystep into transparent cubicles not unlike a telephone booth, tobe sprayed with citric acid. They cannot touch objects inside
the laboratory; as they advance upon a door they cut a photo-
electric ray and the door opens mechanically before them.
This building is constructed upon the same principles  thoughnot perhaps with the same grace! as the Doge&#39;s Palace in
Venice, with all the mass of masonry upon the top and the
windows below. The whole of the second storey is lled with
brightly coloured machinery for plucking out the radio-active
air from the laboratories below. This air is roasted and puried
before it is emitted harmlessly through a tall chirrmey into theBerkshire sky. Outside, there are radio-active water tanks
where the water. too, is puried before it is returned to the
noAxralittle one overcomesone&#39;s i&#39;ea1&#39;.andanengineerwill&#39;
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I ~ -- - - 1. ...-.4-...- . - at... .-a...---.¢ -, as _.4-i-_~-_~---L-l _ __t
isoollecnedinmovnbleoanaue buckm.wltichevmtuallya.re
-_Tl}¢p¢opleatHarwellhavekmgsineeanceptedAwidsequa-P"""Yd1"¢hmina0ntheycteam.mdtlielas:|ttdanger,J"¢"&#39;°"= P!=Ill111=-hlytatngrowaeautomedtoheightsor
lbdillthatuteptlluudinu  Evaymemherof
llll-.llI%92llllYiglVHl.ln! -Byhllmtlilcllntiir<mvogaugehirruraiontotiietadio~aetiveattnospbere;md
the.ntEegtnrchare.suchthatno.cnehasbema&#39;eeu:dyet.But
thevisimtwillndouthowthinishisovmcadeofassuranm
if.as~hei:rtandinghytlmpile.thereissomesuddetsnoise-
someonedrop;agirderorthereuablast-omtheoomptened-
air_pump.&#39;lhenhewilljump.Thenhisimaginationwillro-
mmClhilntl13ttl1:emlf¢mllofthl&w0rktI>ul£llscCl1eanni-
hilationpfthe world. And he is not reassured when he is told
thattbeatoniicbomhisonlyasmallpartofthestudyof
nuclear ssion, that already the hospitals are  grmtly
helpetlandthatthcwastedhmtgeitetatedindiepileitbdng
puttoptacticaluseinwarmingthearwelllahotatoriesitstln
winter. -
Outsidetl1eirworkthesta&#39;atHarwellhaveasmuchop-
portunity to live a normal life as the members ofany other
engineering comtnuniryin Berkshire. They past freely in and
°&#39;-ll °flh= security fmt; mmy ofthemin fact live in Airing-l92
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-Il lwith s student ses-iousm:s-to eat a meal o;:up.=?.&#39;Ll;.Il
vegetablesandperhapsaslioeofsponge-~ Vi &#39;=~&#39;
enlouzedjelly on top which isehe normal thing in,-British
anteens. unappesizing to a foreign eye but not injurious;-Their
oonvessanonis a garrisoueomrenation. mdnotmakedlydi
lbent from the usual ronofsueh conversations in antmm ill
over England: the weather, football, the holidays. and
wlsen alone--their work. lsuhort, sheyare remarkable only
for their ability as scien|i.s|s,&#39;eugincets, and ch¢rni&B. 50f=Il92=il
integrity-and at their inmost in&#39;tl1l=i! work: Qwiwwids
from the mos-al issues, itwould notbe pomihle f&#39;or-them to
beeomets-aitoss, l&#39;oesbatwoolddesn&#39;oyt.helil&#39;ebywl1ichtl!ny
live, their work and everything they ever believed in. Harwell
has beeomea tradition for the scientists now. It has a-routine;
solid buildings, and a local loyalty, and it is as rmly estah-&#39;
lishedas any instinstiqniseverlihelytobeisitwendeth-century
- But when Fuchs anived injuly-i946, frcshfrom his suocas
in Asan-im,allthis wasjustbeginning. Workhadbeenstzs-ted
on the new buildings barely six months before, and Harwell
was still an aireld on a windy hilltop. Fuchs was brought in
to help an the original planning and he had all the mixed
joys ofstaning something from the beginning. l-lc mifed his
own division of theoretical physics, he gave the orders for
their work, and to some extent he xed the programme. ln
the aid apart ol&#39;Harwell was his own creation. »
He lived at first in the bachelors quarters of the staff club,
which was inexpensive. When he heard that there was 1 feel-
ing in Harwell that the staff club should be reserved/for junior
and lower-salaried members of the scarf he moved to a board-
ing hqusc at Abingdon, ve or six miles away. and remained
there lbr nvo and a half years. Pi-efabrimted houses in the
encampment were set aside for married couples. However, as
the head of a division, Fuchs was eventually given one of
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 8 h.p. Morriswufsgeeynlom MG-mum his " more ezpsnslvdy-dun he
so mike 5-imdgsssosdy among senior members of
W. H.&#39;B. Skinner, and
S is . O 5 &#39; W. : I ! Hi~    .  i
~==Q1ee&#39;or=1wiee  He took one holiday wish"
Pmleios-&#39;snd&#39; Switzerland and mother in she
and ._Mn.&#39;-Skinner. On the Swi-holiday-he wens ho Sun-Po
nearlernnctwlsesethekierlshad l2kcnll&#39;l1PII.I&#39;l1It;Ilsd
irwasherethathemesGerhardt,hiselderbrother.whoame
OVCF;&#39;O1 Davos fora couple-of-days. They had not mes
since before-the-was. Gerhardt wssj totally unlike Klam-he
hadgrownveryfat,-lsewasvesysebleyassdlilewasals-sady
ebbing away from him.-Thrtwo brothers spent a long time
m"8&#39;1°8°d92°l&#39;slone. 1  &#39;w -&#39; &#39;. &#39;
&#39;!n November 194&#39;!, when he lmd&#39;been&#39; at Harwell nearly
eighteen monk-lis,» he ew to Washington for A declasaifscatioss
conference. This was attended by representatives of the United
States. Camda. and Britain. and the object of the meeting was
to examine the atomic knowledge shared by the three countries
in the was and to decide upon what should or should not be
published. No knowledge which the three countries had
acquired independently since the war was discussed. This con-
ference tool: place in Washington from November 14th to
16th, on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. Fuchs was a member
of a sub-committee which specially considered the Los
Alamos period. and he is remembered as being genesally eon-
servative on the release of information.
l Later, however, he worked out an elaborate scheme of declmieasiuss,
possibly with the idea ofessablishing that the information he had given die
Russians was no longer secret.;
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iWlsileinAmq&#39;itnon|hisu~iph:y1UlllI0f¢V5lil¢°-ll!
A|g¢I|tgI;h[:.J!&#39;yin&#39;@&#39;gGt0di!C92lI~ne0t!0 |po|:tno~
.;°l,ybu¢°u;¢.inItr92lCh&#39;<IIlofUniNd Suu::,secnrity..besawmthhsgwhichwnluq-T&#39;ll¢VilillliWl°Pl¥5l-l19¥K
andzyminutu. =  -~- = A »&#39;=~ &#39;-*  -l
l|92Eng].|_|1dF92ml3o&lWmI92lp¬Ol£lldIf0!O0£&#39;MODattheMinistryofSupply.ltwassometimesd>epnctioe0f
thearwellseimtistswhoawendedthescmoedngstostaynn
inLondonforaEewhoutstodorheirshoppmgotgoto:he
theaueoracinems.&schsneveraneomp:nicdthe|n.Onthe
odserhandlsedidnottakemcarlyuairrbacktol-larweii.
Heanivedaioneuocanehrhehueuainback-omPsddmg:on.

inIouchwithSimonKremersixyearsearl&#39;m.l-lefailedto
nd him, but in the course of his inquiries he found a woman
party member who was willing to help.
Thereisakind ofpatuemamongthe Sovietagents-tl1eseobscure. determined gures who served their lth in Com-
munism by  on die traitors to the right people in the
Russian Intelligence Service at the right time. it is remarkable
thatwmanyofthem were bornintheyearsjust hefotethe
First World War. from X909 to 191:, in Germany, and then
when Hitler arne to power in 1933 esaped either to Frande
and England or to Czechoslovakia. The Munich Treaty of
1938 and Hitler&#39;s subsequent march on Prague put the Czecho-
slovakian group to ight a second time; and then they linlted
up again with the other refugees in London, Paris, and in
some cases in the United States. With their families scattered
or dead and their physical possessions gone. they came west
with no other baggage than their Communist faith, and that
seems to have been the one enduring thing in their lives where
everything else had failed. The majority of the refugees put
down roots eventually in the democracies that protected them.
The others, the rootles ones like Fuchs, continued in their
private rage against the Nazis. and Communism seemed to
them the obvious weapon with which to beat their perse-
eutors.
There were other personal reasons for their bchaviour-
especially in the case of Fuchs-but any study of the traitors
must take into account the peculiar importance of the break-
up of the Wcimar Republic in 1933, when democracy was
extinguished in Central Europe except for an outpost here and
there. And again and again in the case-histories of the traitors.
who are now mostly in their early forties. you come up against
those three overmastcring inuences: the First World War in
their childhood: and in their youth the arrival of Hitler in
1933, and the collapse of Czechoslovakia after the Munich
Treaty. The Spanish civil war in 1936 was an additional stimu-
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Ahis that carried them rmly om their German Communism
into the Russian amp.
Fuchss new Communist contact introduced him to the Rur-
sians in London, and the drug began to work again. Soon he
received instructions to go to a public house in north lon~
don. He was to g0 into the saloon bar at-tying a copy ofthe
Weekly paper Trilmne. and take 1 sat on a certain bench. His
contact would carry a red hook
Fuchs went and found his man. The meeting opened un-
favourablyi Futhl was berated for re-establishing contact
through a known member of the Communist Party. Hence-
forth he was to steer entirely clear of all Communists. This
scolding may have added to his feeling of guilt at having
deserted the Russians for so long. and may go some way
towards explaining what he did next. He accepted a gift of
one hundred pounds in bank notes. Up to this time he had
rejected any payment except small sums  mainly from Harry
Gold in the United States! to cover his expenses in getting to
and from his places of rendezvous. But this £100 was quite
different-f&#39;ar too much for his expenses on an occasional trip
from Harwell to London, and not nearly enough to compen-
sate for the value of his treason or to malre espionage a really
protable undertaking. Fuchs himself says that he took the
money as a symbol, as a Formal act to bind himself to the
cause. After this there could be no going back: he had taken
money and he was committed for ever. That is his explana-
tion, and since he is the only witnes of his own thoughts it
must be noted, iFnot accepted. llc toolt no more money from
the Russians after this.
There began now in 1947 a new series of eight meetings
over the next two years, usually at intervals of two or three
months and always with the same man. The meetings were in
London and in either one of two public houses-the Spotted
Horse in High Street, Putncy, or the Nag&#39;s &#39;l-lead at World
Green. If for some reason one of the two conspirators failed
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ittn apptnn. then it was undentood they should meet precisely
a week later at the same plaoe. Should the rendezvous E-til a
second time then they would meet at the alternative public
house a month later. If once again this failed. they would come
hack again to this second public house the following week.
In 1948 they made a further arrangenicti: in case all these
appointment should go wrong: Fuchs would go to a private
house in Richmond which was pointed out to him on one
of his London trips and there throw a periodical over the fence.
He was to write a message on the tenth page. They had one
more arrangement to he used if either of them wished to indi-
cate in advance that he could not keep an appointment: they
would chalk a cross at an agreed spot near the Kew Gardens
railway station.
However, in the event. the meetings seem to have suc-
ceeded admirably. Fuchs came up from Harwell  possibly on
those same days when he had oflieial committees to attend at
the Ministry of Supply in Shell-Mex House in the Strand!
and slipped off to his appointment in the early evening. He
and his contact never made a signal of recognition when they
met in the saloon hat. Instead they would walk out into the
street independently and then stroll along together while
Fuchs handed over his information. Sometimes the cbntact
would leave Fuchs standing in the street For ten minutes or so and
then come hack and resume his questioning; clearly, another
man who ltcpt out of Fuehs&#39;s sight was being consulted.
Then: cannot have hcen a great deal which Fuchs gave the
R ssians during this period. He was cut oil from nearly all
the sec|&#39;t&#39;! American research which had been continued aer
the war, and Harwell was still in its early stages. However, he
gave the-in various details of the British plutonium piles at
Windscalc, in Cuitiberlaiid, and he gave gures of American
production up to the time he lell: Los Alamos. It was at this
period that the Russians pressed him for iailiiriiiatioii about the
hydrogen bomb. hut Fuchs could have given them little more
113
I _ _.._.. .1 . g. 5than the principles which had been discussed at Lo: Alamos.
Now that they were malting their own bombs the Riissiatis
were avid for anything they could get; once they even urged
Fuchs to go to Paris and maltc contact there at a certain ad-
dress with other agents who had a technical knowledge oi his
worlr. But this he refused to do. It was by now late in 1948,
and his erratic conscience was about to take one more Olym-
pian decision on hchalf of mankind. He was beginningrto have
doubts about the Russians. Worse still, he hogan to detect a
new weakness in himsel an attachment to Harwell, an un-
willingness to go on cheating his friends there indenitely. In
this -twilight stage when for once his conscience did not point
the right way ahead with a clear homing light, he fotttid him-
selfdriliing into a compromise-.1 thing which he would never
have done in the bright certain days of Los Alanios, when the
double liie was so easy to live, and everything was either
hlaclt or white. He decided not to hrealt with the Russians
altogether, hut gradually to give them less and less while his
conscience wrestled with this problem, until it gave him a new
lead one way or the other.
Fuchs has explained the process himself:
ln the course of this work l began naturally to form bonds
of personal lrienclsliip and l had to conceal them from my
inner thoughts. l used my Marxist philosophy to estahlish in
my mind two separate compartments: one coinpartnn-nt in
which l allowed myself to nialte frienrlships, to have personal
relations, to help people and to he in all personal ways the
kind of man I wanted to he, and the ltintl ofmaii which, in :1
personal way, l had lit-en heliire with my ii-ientls in or near the
 fummunist Party. l could he ve anti easy and happy with
other pcriplc u.-irlmut ienr oi tlisclmmg lli}&#39;92Lll-l92¬t&#39;;lll.92C l ltnew
that the other cmnpartment would 92-rep in iiil .&#39;ipprnatlit&#39;tl the
rlimger point. l_rould li92tq<t the iither conip.92rtmeut zunl still
rely upon it, It ;|lsp¢;92r¢92l ro me .it the time that l hail lwctiltte
a  ii-ee man" her-zmse l ll-&#39;l.tl succeeilul in the other ilcpartuient
Ill!
ii - »  . -  - » -&#39;-&#39;7i"* -  ._ 1"" t -we  . &#39; 1.-r-&#39;17: &#39; l1
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i&#39;incstablishingmyse1i&#39;oompletelyiudepaidento[the:unomui~
ingfott:aofsociety.L00kingha.eku1itnowtl1e lvestwayof
expiessingitteeimtobemeallitaoontrolled-sehizoplnenia.
In tlaepoet-watperiodlbeganagain tohave mydonhts
aboutthekussianpolicydtisimpomb letogive deniteineié
dent; bmmmmwdieeontz-olxnechanismactedagairisrmo
also. in keeping awayftom me facts -whid: I oould notlook
lntll¢Bce;l!uttllcytll.¢lptnl1£cil92tl¢VEI1fllillylCi-lI1¢£0
thepoint who-el knewldisapptovedofmany actions ofthe.
Rusian Govermmnt and of the Communist Parry, but I still
benlieveddiattheywouldlmildanewworldandtlaatoneday[would take part in it,.and that on that day I would also-have
tOll2nClp3ndSI!¥! llCmCl1lltl1¢!88fCLlJillg$VIlllCll¢.ll¢1~
aredoing wrongly. During this time [um notsuretlntl
could give all the infon-nation that I ind. However it became
moteantl more evitlentthat tlietimewhenkussiawould
expand her inuence over Europe was Ear away andvthar
die:-efore lhad to dedele for myselfwhetha l could go cm for
many years to continue handing over information without.
being sure in my own mind whether I was doing right..l
decitledthatlcould notdoso. l didnotgo tonne rendezvous
lxscauselwasillatthetime.ldneidednottogototl1efbllow-
.llIgOI1¢.&#39; i Q &#39;, _ - :1.
There have been evidences of insanity in all the members-
of Fuchs: Emily exaept his father and mother. This pasage
quoted from his confession is not insanity but there isa megalo-
maniain it:&#39;I hadtotlecidefor myself...ltlocidod....l
decided. He is not only  for himself but for society
I! Wlli ll ii tbejudge. I-he prosecution, the witness, and the
executioner all rolled into one. And then then: is the glory
of beingthe free manthe superman who is above the
normal rule: of the community. who has perfectly pigeon-
holecl his emotions and his duties. He keeps, as it were, a
watchdog in the private background of his life, and this dog
is entirely reliable and trustworthy, the devoted guardian, unlil
. no
,& n92-> . 1
&#39; -| A92¢IIH_iIYir&#39;ineIplinhlytmm:munduid1|iegi:nuobinehine
*1 15 l&#39;W=Ilg¢&#39;I1Iiml_1e:&#39; but iia  in imam
asylum. in tome~wa7u,~however; dies:-ylum eamistimpler
thanKla1&#39;5F92tchss.T!hepoor&#39;92isttatedo:t:.tutewhothinlraheit Napoleorn&#39;or*wh_o deamlyihavm a brick through a win-
dow-i1&#39;ot l.er to show lllllrh bathe power undo sud: a
~  is an uncontrolled  Quite rimplyhe am
nothelpiioingwhathedoesandwlienhiathaspatsedand
heagainthbminhinuelfwthcwuderandthemlmofsodayé
heeannatimdenundtlterealm-forhismomeaitofgrandelr
_.3:&#39;.&#39; . :5 -- 121; 3  El  &#39;_.T&#39;."l
.1 B92II¢VI!lin_ll&#39;l.ealmer n!O!n1IS&#39;Fwchi"&#39;IDI&#39;a.llnm:|l>+-0t-
aunynti: lie-wuuot ln&#39;I94B.&#39;H¬&#39;92l-ld-n0t&#39;ati1|Iwledgc~¢hl=
eristeneeofa wattle: or bfanyoontrolling
aeli&#39;.~.Bvu~y1iii1ig,canae-£1-onawidiinhimsel Klaus Fuchs]-it
deddod.-NotevenMar:andtheP.msiamweteinEillibleat.
oompeeentyto  now he aays,hnw7vill=have to
srandupuodae-Runiansandtethemtheywetewmng.-=
.-Histher,Dr.EmilFuelu,a1¢ohadtheoomage:to|tand
up and tell people -where  But
acl1nowledge<lapowerthatwasgreaterthanhimsel£hitGod,andhe&#39;wasobedimttoGodandtheChristia:92ptincipleswhiel:
WtI¢O£0flfll:0WID3klng-K-lIBlFtH:l1$n¢7ElJ2dltl1ll&§dI»
outside himself; he was-never ohcdimt-to Karl -Marx or-
anYb0<lY...&#39;:-  .  3.  -&#39;  &#39;="-.&#39;-"<1
Then: may l&#39;£-E1l1¢$0f£lll3 mentality whiehateeotmnon
oomostmenauometimeintheirlives;tlIatdesin:f0rtighb-
ness, the adolescent dream of a worldthat is perfectly pure
andgood,andotxselfathining hcroinit.~Equally.inmomenttof frustration or biavado  which is frustration iii action!
men have not felt the craving to heave ahrid: throughawm-=
dowjust to establish that they are not midgets in the world. a
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I92mathematical mind there was put into his band an enormous
brick with the possibility of heaving it through an enormouswindow. His knowledge of the atomic bomb made him a_king for a moment with the fate of mankind in his hand.And all the conspiratorial Business of tennis ball! and chalkcrossu and meetings in pubs must have  the drama a
certain schoolboy relish. _ &#39; -&#39; But now, in 1948, some ten years too-late, the  thatFuchs had not hargmwd for bssim =0 Berra» H9 &#39;==e"1= wfeel the stirrings of attachment to the 0I¢li"31&#39;Y F&#39;92u1bl° hull"-&#39;1beings around him-the things that have come his way throughthe pure accident of time and politics and geography. Thereare his Eiends at Harwell, the Skinner. I-hi? AIl1°ld$, hi! imdlProfessor Peierls and his wife. He begins to think that hemight owe them a duty too. even though that duty may con-ict with his larger design of creating a perfect world. Thereis his department at Harwell, all the work that has yet to bedone. Perhaps there might bl: claims upon him there too.Perhaps the immediate world around him might have someall upon his loyalty and some return ought to be rnade for
r . _ the ordinary simple aieceicm of the people who have known
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ii an l.S due to En ma itsclfsincc he has accepted to hospi-and trusted him these last few ymrs. He begins to feel that he
needs that alleetion. And nally it is even possible that some-
Etalk? for so long, and has indeed grown to depend upon it.The business of growing up when one is an adult already is
never easy, and for Fuchs it was a torment. An incident occurred
just about this time-August 1948--when Fuchs was tapering
oil the information he was giving to the Russians. and it re-
veals something of the strain in which he lived. Nothing wasthought of this incident at the time, but it was remembered
later with interest. A Mr. S. M. Duke of Harwell had born
attending a meeting at the General Electric Company atWmibléy. outside London, with Fuchs and one or two oth
colleagues. When the meeting was over Duke aslted ifartyont
122.
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1W092l.ld"liltealifthachtoHarwellinhiscat.Fuchsaccepttd
andsatneatttoDttlreonthefrontaeat.Theyl>e5nntl1ejourrieyin daylight. around five o&#39;clock in the aaemoon, and had
reached a spot on the Oxford road between Gerrard: Cross
&#39;attd.Bmt:onseld when some object suddenly struck the wind-
scroenwith~asharpreport.Theglassenel:edinmcinypieors
and becamelopaque. The car was then travelling about forty
miles In hour, and Dulce, unable to see where be was going,
knoekedottttliewindscreenwithbishandwltilehebiakedas
hardashceould. Fuchstlidotheseatontotheoortmder
rhe&#39;dashboard,"andtlserewasalookofeitn-emefearinhisfaceasthoughhevhadbeenteimedbyahartattack. 
&#39;WhcnthecarwnetoanandstillFuehsremainedwhere
he-was.Dttlt.egotoutoftlaecarandbcganpick&#39;mgoutthe
remaining bits of broken glass. remarking that a stone must
have own up om the roadway. Fuchs would not accept
tbisexplanauonatall. Hepointedoutthatthernadsurfacewaselmn,smootluarmac.and no other-ateouldhave thrown
upastonesinoetherewasnootheruaicontheroad. Hespokeexcitedly anditwasplaintlaathewubadlyshakui. I-lewould
notgetoutofthet-artnitilanA.A. rnanandothenatrived.
it was then discovered that some of the pieces of broken
glass showed traces of lad streaks which could have come
from an uncoated bullet red from a .2: rie or revolver.
SinoehehadheaIdnobangDultewasinclinndtothinkthalit was a bullet fired from some distance ol-posibly a rico-
chet from the rie of somebody who was out after rabbits.
Equally it might have been a piece of laid projected from a
boy&#39;s catapult. Fuchs was not reassured and they completedthe journey home in great discomfort while the rain poured
in upon them. &#39; &#39;
It seems inconceivable that anyone tried to murder Fuchs
that day, for he was not travelling in hu own car; he hadaocepoed the lift with Duke quite by chance, and this was not
the only route betwedi Wcinbley and Harwell. -
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Bnt clearly, for a moment, he thought he was being shot
at and the sell-control upon which he had prided liimsell for
so lnuq deserted hini.
&#39;l&#39;lieii his illness intervened, He went down to the Mediter-
minin on holiday with the Sltinners in the spring of I949,
and he was not very well on rhcjoumey. When he got back
it developed that he had a spot on his lung, and that, as he
saw... made him miss one of his London 292}1P0l1lI92 11l5- Mrs.
Shinner nursed him in her own llouse at Hai92vtll. This was
one nfrhe times when he lay staring at the wall without cat-
ing nr spcalziiig. when he persisted in remaining in bed alter
his illness had gone and it was nu longer necessary for him
to stay indoors. These tirirecoriled hours when he struggled
with his perplexed loyllticrs, when he hunted and hunted
tlirongli his mind For some clear answer, were probably the
crisis of Furhs&#39;s existence, the death throes, as it were, of his
P;-jv,;rp life, Whr-1| he got up at last he had resolved to hrcalt
with the Russians. lie would not confess; that opened up
possibilities that were too frightful. But from now on he
would live one life instead of two; he would give his alle-
giance to Harwell, his work. and his iriends, and Russia would
have to shift the hest she could for herself. He could not repent;
he had done all he had done with a clear 10l:ll.COi1SCiC3iC¬.
lint in the liiture he wonlrl live the easier life, where what he
said zmtl did openly were at one with his thoughts.
There are circunisraiict-s in wliich,just possibly, Fuchs might
have been saved hy that decision. Conccivahly he might have
aeuomplislied a genuine conversion and have died eventually
without anyone ever being the wiser about his treason. But
it so Ii.-ippened that it was too late. In the summer of 1949
.tl1 in92&#39;estig.1tion had already he-gun. And on September Isl
President Truman made an announcement in Washington
which meant that neither traitors nor anyone else were going
In sleep quite securely in their beds for some time to come,
ifevcr at all. Russia had exploded her rst atomic bomb.
124
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., r. &#39;,. . . ,;{ ..
&#39; &#39;. &#39;__.  _ jrj
tfnnaecurityrystcminnglandhas hoenancmpirical growth;it has developed piecemeal over the centuries at the need
ll arose, and there has never been a moment when by one
sweeping adnumsrrativc act some central body like the F.B.Lin the United States has hocncstablishcd. lrtstud there is-5
network of security agencies. .  - :1
ln England there it no great reverence for six-urity oicialr
or much belicn the cicacy of loyalty team. On the estim-
hanclthcrciauogrcatrccord oftruson cithct. Somcthingliltcthree hundred ycan have passed sinoc the last civil war. and
successive governments since then have proceeded in the beliefthat loyalty is hascd. not upon  restrictioru. hut upon
traditions. No doubt the security problem was nmig songs
whateasicrhythcEactthazBritainisani.rland withalargely. &#39; -5
,_, , , ,- .Iit r&#39;4&#39;i
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l920m0g¢n0ua population, and, as with most islanders. the, i  &#39; &#39;
people&#39;s loyalty became entrenched through isolation. » &#39;.But the ycan between the last two world wars brought
something new into the secnc. There was a shrinkage" of the
island quality of the country through better communimtions
from abroad. There was the inux of refugees who wen:
driven to England by the Fascist dictatorship: in Eu:-ope
probably the higgest single inlltut of foreigner; sine: rim 14;;
invasion in I066. And there was the spread ofthc intcmazioml
movement of Communism. Karl Mant, like Fuchs, was a-
German refugee in England. 1
These thingstequircd a new approach. But so long :5 the
1:5 _c,tu 92&#39;9292,l l
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lrefugees and the English Communists and fellow-travellers
were not actively subvetsivea.nd the majority were not
security did not move against them in the nineteen-thirties
and the early forties. Security then was much more con-
cerned with watching enemy agents, the Nazis and the
Fascists. The bulk of security&#39;s energies were absorbed in this
from Munich onwards: and, in fact, no enemy agent in Eng-
land of any consequence esaped during the six years of war.
None operated successfully for long: they were all caught. _
Then, after the war, security had no perform a voile
Counter-upionage agents who had been wotlting upon japan,
Italy, and Germany were now aslrcd to concentrate upon
Soviet Russia and its principal instrument, the Communist
Party. There had always been surveillance ofthc Communists
in England, ofcourse, but it was not until r946, or even later,
that security was able to tum its full attention upon them.
This was one reason why not only Fuchs but so many other
Communist traitors in other countries slipped through the
security net during the war. There were other specic reasons.
in each ctsc, but this was the fundamental one. It is from 1946
onwards, when the traitors had already done their worst, that
the reckoning begins.
&#39; When the l-lamsll Atomic Energy Establishment was set
up in that same year, it was decided that in addition to its
police a special security oflicer should also be appointed. The
officer, Wing Commander Henry Arnold, arrived at Harwell
a few weeks after Fuchs had come from America. in one of
his earliest reports to M.l.§ Arnold drew attention to the
presence of Fuchs on the staff, and to the fact that he was a
German who had become naturalized in the war.
A chedt was bcgtui at once. lt continued without Fuchs&#39;s
knowledge for ve months. There was nothing to go on
beyond the report of the German Consul in Bristol-now
twclve years old--which said that this distinguished and
respected scientist had once been a Communist in his youth.
&#39; 126 .Tl"!  was made rimplyas a precautionary measure
=-milttumcdupnotlungatall. No meetinghehad, no word
he uttered, and no journey he took revealed the slightest
grounds for suspicion. lroniully, of course, the investigation
happened to coincide with just that period, on his return from
fl": Uiwd 511911. when Fuchs was dormant. It was not until
Justaertheinvettigationhadnishedthatbetook uphiscontaeu with the Rusians again. This was pure bad luck, for
hadthe inquitystattedamonthortwolatertherewaseveryZosibility that he would have been caught nearly three years
er. -
Then, in the summer of "1949. just prior to the explonon
of the rst Rmsian-bomb, it developed om some chance
evidence in the United Statesthat quite apart from Nunn May
the Russians had been getting information about the atomic
bomb. The evidence in itself was not very precise, and it did
notgo veryiiir: buttheindicationsweretliatitwasnotan
American but a British scientist. This information was passed
on to London by the F.B.l. Now Fuchs was not the only
British scientist who had been in the United States by any
means, but he did in s0mc&#39;ways fit the use. His investigation
was taken up once again.
This needed cautious handling. The information was r
too slender to enable security to proceed to an arrest; the actual
identity of the man himself was in doubt. There was no ques-
tion of confronting Fuchs with a charge directly; if he denied
it, as most certainly he would. then he would have been
alerted and security would be no forwarder. There was also
the possibility that he might warn his contacts and leave the
country, and there was no means of preventing him under
the English law, since there was no exact evidence against
him. Every precaution had to be taltcn to avoid arousing his
suspicions while he was under observation. At the same time
it was necessary to question him; and this was made possible
by an act of Fuchs himself. .
12.7~
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Durit92gOctoherltemtneto<Wing&#39;CoxurrtandetAr|mldandsaid that he wanted some advice on a petsonalimltvtr that
was worrying him: he had received word from Germany that.
his father, who was then living at Franltfurt-am-Main. in the
American zone. had accepted an appointment as profeuot of
theology at the University of Leipzig. in tl1e.R921$i1n 1-0l1¢--
A question of security was involved. He was concerned. Fuchs
said, about his own position as a senior scientist at  if
his father should ever get into diicultics with the Russians.-
Ought he to resign from Harwell? Arnold replied» that he;
was not competent to advise Fuchs on whether or not he.
should resign-that was something for the administrative
authorities. However, the question was this: what would Fuchs.
do if the Russians were to put pressure on him through his
father? Fuchs answered that he did not ltnow; he might do
di&#39;ctent things in dilferent circumstances. The two men meet
again a sw days later, on October zoth, and Fuchs repeated
that he was in some doubt as to what he would do if the
Russians were to arresthis father. -
There were several curious aspects about this business. Dr.
Fuchs had been visiting his sou in England very reeEntly. He
was remembered as a lively septuagenarian, 2 short and active
old gentleman with a ruddy Face and white hair; and there
had been no tallt then of his going into the Russian zone. His
Christian Eritll and his charity appeared to be rematltahle.
 Though some people thought him a garrulous old man and
had doubts about his sincerity.! However it was a Etc: that he
had himself brought up his dead daughter: child-this was
the boy whom Fuchs was to educate in Englandand he had
just rerumed from a long stay in the United States where he
had spoken widely among the Quakers. lt also became ltnown
soon after this that his second son, Gerhardt, who was two
ymts older than Klaus, was still in Switzerland where he had
had treatment at Davos for tuberculosis. Gerhardt was still a
Communist. &#39;
I23
. . . . . .. A 7 --V->
IWasitpossihlethatdiekunianshaddeliberanelyluredthe
oldmanintotheirzoneinordertnputprezsureonthesoui
Wasthisblaclrmaileoforeemausro-giveiaformation?Orwas
thissome device ofK.la|.u&#39;s OW: . &#39; 
.Everilateron.whennt0stol&#39;tlsetl&#39;|ltllearrreour,tlIIe
points wereneverentirelycleared.up.lfdseRussiansdirlin-ta1dto.blackmailFu¢lnthroughhisEstbetd92eynevertook
wcasiontodoso.-From~thetimeFuel1sl>rokeooneu:twitl1
zhemeatlyinlgsotothemomentofhisarrcthewarraevez
againapproarhedbyanyagenr.Ontheotherhanditseetns-
possible that -Fuchs may have been deliberately trying to
manoeuvre himselfinto a position where he could confess
by drawing. the attention of security to hirnsel Equally he
might have made up his mind at this time to get out of Har-
well before he was diseovered. and an obvious way of doing
thiswastoohligetbeaurhoririestodeclarehimabadseeurity
risk. Both these altetmtivcs might sound over-subtle, but
were not perhaps too subtle for the compliated state of mind
in which Fuchs then foundhimself. . -
Thesearehisownwordronthematterwhenheeon.G:sed=
TSh0rtlyafterwards[aerhislastcontactvviththeRt|s-
my father told me that he might be going into the
Eastern zone of Germany. Ar that time my own mind was
closertohirthanithadevethcenbefore,becausehea.lso
lJclicvedLl1attl92EY1rEltl¢a$tl1&#39;Ylgt0huildane&#39;wworld.
He disapproved of many things and he had always done so;
but he ltnew that when he went there he would say so and
he thought that in doing so he might help to malte them
realize that you mnnor build a new world if you ekstroy some
fundamental deceneies in personal behaviour.
I could not bring myself to stop my father from going
the-re, However, it made me face at least some of the Bets

not$92lIewl:d92erlwouldno¢B¢1,,¢k[Pm,umab;!,t°Gcr_m&#39;"7l~ I *PP°&#39;¢ I did &#39;10! hive the courage to ght it our formyselfuid therefore 1 invoked an outside inuence by in.forming security that my father wa going to thc Eammamt A [cw m°mh P*°921 ind l became more and more
convinced that I had to leave l-!anvelL&#39;
TM 5 the hug-Kc °{ olh¢u°- I 111-in who has loved h.isconseimee, not wisely, but too well, and now he is perplexedin the extreme. The crime of treason has been committed but
&#39;°n°8°°dPl1q>0$C;inctitneedneverhavebeen¢Qm_
"1i"~&#39;°d 4&#39;! 411- nd HOW which way to tum? Perhaps if hethrew out a hint to his friend Henry Arnold, the security
oicer, thcautliotitics would act and matters would be taken
out of his own hands.
Yethestillclingstosonievesdgeoflogieini1ij,m¢;,_Sixteen years before, as a youth of twenty-one, Fuchs left
Germany with the avowed object of getting h_imselfeducasedabroad so that be could return once Hitler had been destroyed
and help to rebuild a Communist Fatherland. Hitler has nowl
been destroyed and he  to wonder whether he should
not take up that old loyalty again. Should he not go back to
Germany? lflus father writes to him, giving glowing accounts
ofaffairs in the Soviet zone, WI.l.l he not be tempted? And how
can be stay at Harwell in those circumstances?
Up to this point Fuchs has never had any quilms aboutbetraying Harwell, but now he begins to develop aconscience
about it. Somehow this duality has now become intolerable.
and he must get rid of either Jekyll or Hyde for he can no
lgngef endure to live with both of them. _To Amold and his principals, who had ery little to go op;
one thing at least was clear: Fuchs would have to beremov
from Hazwdl in some plausible manner while the mvesng-1tion was going on. He could not  left with access 5o_sec:&#39;etwork so long as he was under suspicion. Already a_ i Lcuty
bad come up. As soon as the news ofthe rst Russian om
130
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l.watannommed.it.wasnamnllypresumalasI-Isrwelltlne
Fucluwouldbeconsultetlaboutit. I-iewasan-obviousman
tobeaslredabouttlmsizeandmtureoftbe Russian bomb.
l-lewasinvitedtoartendoneortwoprelimimrymeetingsonthe matter but it was clar that out now on he could not he
E-:?ctViDllOCl!i.ndfl1Atthel00ne:heleftl&#39;litwellIl&#39;le
Noomemvisagedthazthiswasgoingtobeparticularlyeasy. since by now Fuchsregardedhinuelfas thehubofHar-
well; but various proposals were considered st  him
a university post. While this matter was going forward n~
ther information arrived from the United States making it
much more likely that Fuchs was tlm ma.u they were after.-
Variousslight clues were beginning to appear. Some chm
previously, for example, when Dr. Emil Fuchs was visiting
bissonatHat&#39;well,bothther andsonhadbellninvitedto
nnner by a colleague. Arnold had been one of the party. The
dinner had passed off without incident, but now, months lamt,
it mme to Amold&#39;s knowledge that Fuchs had bccn izious
that Arnold had been invited. Evidently Fuchs feared that his
father would blurt out something about his Communist days
at Kiel Univenity-the same fear which he had expressed so
long ago to Harry Gold at Santa Fé. 1
lntl1esecondl92alfofDoccmberitwas<locidedtharFu|:lis
should be questioned outright. using as a pretext for the inten-
rogation the fact that Fuchs himself had sought advice about
his £atlzcr&#39;s appointment to Leipzig. The man chosen to any
out the investigation was William jamcs Slut-don. Skazdon
was not a scicnd t,. but he wu one of the most able and ex-
perienced investigators in England. Since the war he had
handled the case of William joyce and other traitors. He was
a dun with a quiet and self-eliacing manner. lt would not
be diicult toinaagine him as a character in one of H. G.
Wells&#39;s urban novels, perhaps Mr. Kipps. He had patience
and tact and considerable tenacity; and it was apparent that
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1 Ialudmission ofFucb92&#39;sactivitiesinl1isyouth.ai1dd1crehad
been that inadequate phralc. I don&#39;t-think so. He had given
a few details of his movements and his acquaintances. But that
was all; and it was not enough. Upon this evidence he could
not bearrtsted. There was always the possibility ofa mistaken"
identi=r- 
- - Meanwhile, now that Fuchshad bemalerted therewastbe
question of what next to do. if he was guilty it was quite pos-
sible that he would cry to escape out of England. It was evm
conceivable that he would commit suicide. There were those
who favoured the idm of getting him into cuseody on one pre-
text or another atpnee, before it was too late. But Skardon
was for waiting and taking a chance. He was not yet persuaded
thatliuclaswasrirtiacttlieguiltyman. Ontheotherhandhe
had come away from Harwell convinced that Fuchs was
wrestling with a moral problem of his own. If he were given
time. if he were handled carefully, there were very good hopes
that he would break down ofhis own free will in the end.
In any event they were dependent upon gating his confes-
sion: without it they could not proceed  him. Nothing,
in Skardorfs opinion, should be done to antagonize Fuchs.
He should be given a little more time over the Christma;
holidays to think things over.! Sltatdon did not believe that
Fuchs would make any desperate move. This was not much
more than a hunch-a feeling that he had established a kind
of understanding with Puchsbut in the end hc had his way.
It was not until December 30th, on the day after Fuchs&#39;s
thirty-eighth birthday, that Shardon wait down to Harwell-
again. He found Fuchs calm and unhurried. He again denied-
rhe charges and said that he could not l!clp- Tllf W381
detailed discussion of his movements in the Unill SW15 in
194.4 but this led to nothing new. At the end of the interview
Skardon did notice that Fuchs: lips were plrdll, 5! P_I¢-
surnably that might have lnpvtncd whtth F921¢|== W sell?
or not. &#39; - &#39; &#39;
134
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1On wjanuaiy 1950 Sir john Cocltcroft sent for Fuchs and
told him that in view of his father: departure for Ieipzig it
would be best for all concerned if Fuchs resigned from Har-
well aud went to some university post instad. .
On January 13th Skardon came down to Harwell for a
thitdmeetinginArnold&#39;sol5oe.Theywereagainle.alone.
Didfuchsremembertheexactaddressofhisaparmientin
New York in 1944? Nearlysix years had gone by and he was
not quire certain ofit.-However, with the aid ofa map he
identied the place as West 77th Street, nae Central Park in
the middle of a block between Columbus Avmue and Amster-
dam Avenue. When Sltardon told birn that security was pim-
ing inquiriu about this apartment and other matters in»New
Yorl_t, Fuchs appmred unconcerned. He still denied allthe
charges. However, he said he knew now that he would have
to leave Harwell. It should not be diicult, he said, for him no
nd a university post. But rst he would take a holiday. .&#39;
&#39;I&#39;histhenwastheimpassereachedaiierthreelongmeer-
ings. All along Skardon had urged upon Fuchs that security.
was not merely bent upon ruining him. Ifsomc  End-been
made in New York during the war then it was much better
to have the thing out in the open. Fuchs was a valuable man at
Harwell. It was always possible that once this business was
thrashed out some arrangement could be made to enable him
to continue with his work. But the present strain wasintoler-
able for everybody. -&#39;
Fuchs hirnselfwas very well aware that as yet security-had
no inkling of the real-extent ofhistreason-not ofits long
dumtion. Through this Fortnight in january. then. he W8 Ish-
inghin1self:Shalllad111irthelessercrirneiftheywilll¢t;|g
stay on at Harwell? But then, even ifl remain at Harwell. can
l trust mysclfnot to turn traitor again? . &#39; &#39; . ;
He revealed all this in his confession when he said: I was
then confronted with the fact that there was evidence that I
had given away information in New York. l was given the
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ibrcldeniedtheallegacionanddecidedthatlwouldhaveuo
I-!owever.i:ber2rrrecleareosnethatinleaving"l-hrwellin<
gr: thae cimurnstznoes I would do~two things. l wouldldenl-a
grave blow to Harwell, to all the work which 1- have loved;
and furthermore that I would leave suspicions against
whom I had lovd,-who were my friends, and whohdievod
thatlwastheirriurd.--~&#39;= " " -r 11?-=7.-1
&#39;Ihadmofaoethel3ct&#39;tl~neithadboenpoaiblefurlnei1ronehalfofmymindtobe-iu&#39;adawithpeople,to-becloseiendr,
andatthesarnetimetodmeiverhemandtoendangerthem.
Ihatlm-nealizethattheoonn-olmeclunismhadwamed-nae
ofdanger mnnyself, but that it had also prevenuedme Eon:tealizirigwhatlwasdoingwpeoplnclosetottmu " =-
l than realized elm-the combination-of
whicllhadnxademewlntlwas,-waswrongrinctcvtry
singleonepftl1emw:swrong:th1tthr:eare@=.=511$l=Il<lII&#39;5f
ofrnoral l&#39;>clI2ViOI!lWllidlAtti!ly0IIiIl ldBI!&#39;092H=Ill10l¢9&#39;
reg:rd.Thatinyouractionsyoumustl>eclearinyourown
mind whethr:rtheyatt:right0tWl&#39;0I1g- Thar you mwrl»
able. before accepting somebody else: authonty. I0 Sm! Y°"*&#39;
doubts and try and resolve them. And I found thauat lust I
myself was made by citcumstanO6.&#39;  _ _ &#39;
This is very complicated. But several clear things ¬0m¢ 9}!
of it. He is not quite humblc 1; 1» r=sM<1=_ h92m*¢1*&#39; 1? 1=essential to Harwcllland l7Y l°i"S_h-c Pwvcd 11°  bi.it a grave blow. But not at last he is awarcof the feelings 0bk 5-imd; Tl-my will be hurt. §usp1c1on might ll uponH, lad mvq thought of chrs before because the c?ntromcdm-,j5m&#39; had Prevented l&#39;L92lTl from taking aceolmtho a_n}y-hing 5° minor as the humgn   him Wdtzm. ICrr
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Ia considerable advance. ButrFuehris &#39; 1- wayo realizin therealenorrntty&#39; o whathehaldorao-he.nill could noctge that what mastered war
nothis<&ieml|&#39;-Eedingrbut the fact that they and everybody
da¢&#39;Atntl:ilenrtl1migh:he=hlownm0rmithcrmnsatacoruo-
quemeofhieteenson.-&#39;lYhispointnever&#39;seeu&#39;|s tohavecrorred
hislnilrllnthréar or sineexl-le was obsenedt.hroug.bom by hit
zhe~/januaryrgch |neaing,"Sk.92rdon was on rlijaely
rrrrergto92md;Nothingdenitchadlnppemed btr:anatmo-
spheevbf-condetroe-haul been a-eatednnd ln&#39;Ht.Itlt&#39;e dist
Pur:lu-would-rrnke no move winhout.  The
twomen. lchuntcrand the quarrywerq entn-ing nowinto
that stnnge,&#39;intmsely intimate world of criminal investiga-
0nwhcrepersonalmirnositie:oe:setooounranyrnore.and
who-e aeh man trust: the other. even though rhey know that
before the end one of them lns got to be destroyed.
J Thereisan insect qualityabout this business. theslowinevi-
BlJl.¢.waiting ofthe spider for the y. The y has no he caught
and the spider has to pounce, and there is nothing either of
them an do about it. .
 Fuchs was not quiu: ready-yct.OtW=rdly he remained pee-
Ecely calm. He went about his work in the normal way, and
he conded in nobody. His friends at Harwell knew nothing
of what was going on and they noticed nothing  abom
him. There was just one incident.l
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li Ito have brought him to a decision at last. On Sunday. January
rand, Fuchs phoned Arnold and said he wanted a private talk.
They arranged to lunch at the old Railway House Hotel at
Steventon on the Following day. At that luncheon there was
some discussion of politics--Fuchs said he was opposed to
Communism as practised in Russia now<ind he also said he
would like to. see Sltardon again. He had something more to
telllunnltwasagrecdthattlienieetingshouldtakeplaeeat
Fuchs: pteb at 11 a.m. next day, Tuesday, January a4th.
Arnold met Skardon at Didcot railway station and drove
him to Harwell. Skardon walked down to preib No. 17
alone. It was ten days or more since the two~rnen had met,
and the change in Fuchs was remarkable. He looked unusually
pale and he seemed to Skardon to be in a state of some
agitzuion." Wheii Sltardon said: You aslted to see me and
here I am, Fuchs answered at once: Yrs. It: rather up to me
now.
But having made that hall&#39;-admission he stopped, as though
overtaken by some sudden misgiviug about what-he had to
say. While Slrardon waited he went wandering 05&#39; into along
disertation about his life, going over and over again the details
they had discused so much before--his underground days in
Berlin, his Either  who by now had left for Leipzig!, his friends
at Harwell. chc importance of his work at Harwell, the Reed
for him at Harwell. He told the story of his career again, giving
nothing new, but talking with his laud in his hands and his
face was haggard.
After two hours of this Sltardon said: You have told me a
lohg story providing the motives for actions but nothing about
the actions themselves.
Why couldn&#39;t Klaus break down? Why not confess and
have done with it? He was only torturing himself. lfonly he
would give way then Sltardon might be able to help him.
Fuchs paused and then answered steadily: I will never he
persuaded by you to tallr_&#39;
138 &#39;&#39;All right, Skardon said, let&#39;s have some lunch.
There is a luncheon van that goes round the Harwell tom-
pound selling fish and chips and other snacks. Skardon indi-
cated this van which was passing the house just then and said,
Will we have some sh and chips?
. Fuchs answered, No. Let&#39;s go into Abingd0n.&#39;
They gotinto Fuchs: gteysaloon mrwitli Fuchs at the wheel
and on the ve-mile run into Abingdon he drove with a reek.
15. breakneck speed that was bordering on insanity. He out
comers on the wrong side of the road, he passed all other
tiaicwirliinches to spare, andtlieytacedatlastthrough the
street: of Abingdon up to the door ofthr: principl hood. .
An English pub on a wet winter-s afternoon is not a. plum
tlut lends iuelf easily to high drama. There were other gum:
in the dining-room. Slrardon and Fuchs ate their way through
a prosaic meal.  about the gossip ofl"_latwe],|, about the
different personalities there, about anything but cruson. It was
a strained and desultory conversation.
Then they went into the lounge for coffee. Skardon spoke
of Professor Skinner&#39;s departure from Harwell and asked who
was going to rake his place. Fudis said he did not know.
- You are number three, aren&#39;t you? Slranlon said. Might
you not have got the job? &#39;
&#39;P0ssibly,&#39; Fuchs said, and Skardon slightly shoolt his head.
There was no likelihood of that now, not at any rate until
Fuchs had confessed. Suddenly Fuchs jumped up and said,
Let&#39;s go back. &#39;
They returned to Harwell with excruciating slowness. For
a great part of the way they drove behind :i lorry travelling at
barely ten miles an hour, and Fuchs dared not pass it. They
got out in silence at the preliib and as soon as they were inside
Fuchs made his announcement. lie had decided to confess. he
said. His conscience was clear, but he was vtotrird about his
friends in Harwell and what they might thinlt. _
92X/hen did it start?" Skurdon asked.
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!About the middle of 194z.&#39; Fuchs answered, md it had
continued until about a year ago. = -» ~ "-
That was seven years. That coveted the whole period Ofthg
bomb, its conception, in construction, and its explosion. It
qgvered the years in England as well as those in New York
andLosAla1nos.Thiawastl1I=i-lm1l101=l<5hrIl0I92ha¢ltl1at
aftemoon. It was the rst irrtirnationthat he or anybody els¢
had had that they were  here, not with the leakage of
afewfactsandgurts, buttreasononanixnmensesca.leand&#39;
For a very long time. » - - 92 -
&#39;AndnoWthath:h3d8ta!ld,n092Vtl1lth.¢WI$l>QiIlnhagto
Feel the relief of confession, Fuchs ran on quickly, recounting
unbelievable facts. There had been frequent, but irregular meet.
ings, he said. He had made the rst initiative. He had spoken to
an intermediary who had arranged the rst interview and after
that, through allthme seven years, each meeting had been
arranged in ads-am:e with an altemative. &#39;
At first Fuchs had told the Russians merely the product: of
his own-biain. but as time went on this developed into some
thing more until he gave them everything he knew. His eon-
tacts were sometimes Russians, sometimm people of other
nationalities. Heirealiaed that he was carrying his life in his
hands hut he had learned to do that in his underground days
in Germany. He went on to spmk of his meetings in New
York, at Lon Alamos, and mote recently in London until ht
Exiled to go to his Februuy rendezvous in 1949. and the Rus-
sians had not approached him since. All the meetings well!
of short duration: he handed over documents, xed the next
rendezvous, and then departed. Sometimtidlis contact asked him
questions. hut these questions were not the questions of [ht
contact but ofsomconc else with technical knowledge.
All this came out in a rapid voice and it was no moment for
Skardon to take notes or to interrupt. As soon as he could he
asked: What had Fuchs actually given the Russians?and he
received then his second shock that aftcrncon. .
140Ifia
. 11| ll.. viii
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Izaiamoktekmsimsthemethodofnnrtgtheawmk
A Nownallytheln1thwasont;anditoouldnothaveheen
wom:.Any pombilityo£Fuelureznainingat.Harwellorany-where eke except inside a.prison.waa ohviously out ofthe
question.Allthatoouldbedonenowwastoexn-aet-om
himeverylastidanaiingrnmdmmanagehimthathewould
continue to talk until he had nothing le to say. Now that the
brmlthadcomearuihewassuretltatliiichswvaspinnedatlast.
Skardonwa:onlyarudoustoendtheinteeviewassoonaspos-
sihleaotlutheoouldtakeadviceandgettheflsllconfmion
down in writing.  _ -
But Fueluwantedtogooneexplainedamdlydiatir
wasimpossihle for him,ofcourse.todoruore thantellthe
Russiaurthe principle upon which the hornh was made.
It was up to the Russians to produce their ownindustrial
equipment and he had been astonished when they had sue-
ceedeclin  and detonatinga hornhsorapidly as the
previous August. He knew, Fuchs said, that scientically they
were suiciently advanced, but he could not have believed
that commercially and industrially they-had developed souichly. -  -q As for his own information, he had been gradually diminish-
ing it over the past two years. That was heause he began to
have doubts about what he was doing. He still believed in
Communism, he said, but not as practised by Russia no92v-
that sort of Communism was something to ght against. He
had decided that the only place for him to live was in Eng-
land and he retumed again to the subject ofhi: friends. What
were they going to think ahout his hehaviourespecial|yI
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Headdedjustoneortwo morererapsofinformanon beforeShnlonbroughtdleintervinw-to an end. A typical plane of
nadclvouu in London was Mornington Crescent. He wasnrvergiv¢nmali.ubyd|eRussians-dscy knew him simply
as Fur-he-mrl be could not remember what all the various
rigmi:aol&#39;recogniu&#39;ot92were.]ussoncebelurltakenagiftof
Ltooasasymbol ofhis subscrvicnceto the cause. -
Fuchs was now much calmer and more self-possessed. He
jgrftri dut,sinec they were both tired, it would be bcsrto
break of? and meet another time. The afternoon meeting had
lasted just an hour. When should they meet again, Slurrlon
asked. Fuduncallezlthatheludaoomntittee meeting onthe
following day, so that would not be :4 suitable time. However,
0ntlu:clayafnerthat.]inll31Y16lh.l92¢W1$5¢¢- -&#39;
UpontltisSltarclon left Fuchsatbiscloorwayandclrovebai
to London with poziblyrhemost sinister reportanyrmnha
ever lutl no deliver. What gave the aiir a special scn.te.of
mm-ality was that Fuchs, having unburclened hinuclf.
laelievttltlntzllwolslelbewell-thcywouldstilloontinucto¢myloyhimatHarwclLimieud,intl1eoouxseoftheimerview
heltulnndeitclear:ha.ttl1iswasthereasonwhyhehad&#39;in-
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wasneoesarynottoalarmlsim.nottosutrotm<ihimwirh
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In the spring of I95! din Unimd.Suoajoiuc
Comminoc on Auomic Energy published a pamphlet on the
atomic spio:,l&#39;mcl is has this to say about ch: mum: ofzh:
information time men gave to tho Russians. 
Whucis ch: war-cim: anemic partners, Amelia, Britain, mcl
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u; produce precious ssimuble umctizls, a major alum ofzhcir
cxperienne-dunh to the spin»-was at hand for Russia to ox-
pioiz wichouc ch: independent exertion on her pm odau-who
nqxssuy. Our own country. nailing into the unknown, HI
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he had been a Communist eight years h_t&#39;fott, even if they had
hnovln this. And in the ahscncc of any lurther evidence again
hint they had every right to clear him to the Americans in
3943 and to admit him to Harwell in 1946- &#39;
However, he was not accepted on trust at any stage of 1,3,pr-ogtca. Then: was a police investigation into his record
when he was rst employed on atomic energy work in Bi;-.
rningham in I941 and another investigation when he wu
naturaliled the following year. He was investigated a third
time before he was sent to the United States in 1943 when he
Fused out of the surveillance of British security for three
yan, at any rate as far as his physical movements were con-
cerned. Then immediately he returns to England in 1946 and
enters Harwell there is a fourth investigation and this got: on
for months. None of these inquiries reveal anything and
security in America has nothing to say about him either.
In the light of these facts Mr. Attlee&#39;s talk seems a good
dal lea loose than Godiva&#39;s hair, less loose even than the
folds of a hipp0p0u.mus&#39;s hide. lt was as tight as Drake:
drum. as  as the quills on a porcupine&#39;s hack.
However, there still remains the question of security&#39;s watch
upon Fuelis&#39;s actual movements. We know now that all
through.thistirneFuchswasinl&#39;actseeingRussianagents.
Whyditl security Bil to observe him?
NowFuchshimsclfhashada word tosayon thispoint.
He said that as far as hevcan remember he never made a mis-.
take: Ho took the most elaborate precautions to make all his
abstracts seem casual and natural. He never talked politics,
he never slipped in any word he uttered among his friends.Hflld :2! Indllc hgrtlldno ooniiclant whatever. &#39;_ we mupwe hehaclperha adozenmeeting!mi  hefom he went to America.Pfour or ve with
l&#39;ll&#39;ryGoldinNewYork,onenuetiiiginB¢;ston,twoat
5"llll&#39;92§.I¢ltlI=l1an0theteiglltouhis return ronglanilii
208&#39;. .
k Ii946; at the outside some thirty meetings in all. Surely some-
one ought to have caught him at just one of these tnottinp.
There are several answers tn this. Those thirty meetings
were spread over seven years-an average of a little more than
four meetings a year-and nearly all of them were in dii:rent
places. Furthermore, except in one or two ates each
was of short duration--perhaps a quarter of an hour or less.
lt seems a little much to expect of security that they should"
have bee-non guardfot fourodd quattersofan hourina
man:-comings-and goings over twelve months. Unless they
had reason to suspect a man such surveillance of the atomic
scientists is manifestly ahsurdit would require a vast army.
Few people have any conception of just what is involved in
the simple act of shadowing a man, even acr he is suspected.
If he is travelling by car along a country road he very soon
becomes aware that a car is following him and he will not go
to his rendezvous that day. If it is in the city-and most of
these meetings were in the city-he sets out, let us say, from
Paddington for the Mornington Crescent station by under-
ground. He will not go direct to Mornington Cu-scent, but
instead to Piccadilly Circus. Then if you are successful in fol-
lowing him through the crowds there you will nd that he
takes anotherttain, again the wrong direction. He will travd
through threeot four stations and then at the last moment
when the train doors are closing he will slip out. He will
repeat this manoeuvre several times and if one man only is
following him he will soon become aware of it. So not one,
hut perhaps ten or twenty men and women follow him,
hoping to confuse h.im by their numbers, and they will drop
oifone by one as the hunt goes an; but even then it is manly
impossible to keep out of sight of an experienced agentand
Fuchs was not only experienced but meticulous about thesematters. &#39; &#39;
Tlitaewae tens of thousands of men employed on the
atomic bomb project in the United States during the war,
aog. .

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?rand hmdlds ofuhem knowjm as much as Furhs. Americaary,-n|r&#39;Iy dill auach guards to the most senior P°°P|¢ in &#39;56not lo wmh them so much 8 I0 PI"°°&#39;~1 dwm!. andmb°Jy bhme-5 American seturity for not including Fuchs inuheirlisuhewzsnaneniorenoughfouhat. » - ~
Mr. Gordon Dun, who was chairman of the United SBM1Mamie Energy Commission at the time of the Fuchs an,
incu-viewinthcformofqmesrioru:ndamwen,&#39;gave a pubiic _ _ _ and this interview thmun a very revealrng light undead upun=-Anglo-American security. I: is worth quozmg ar some lengch: -&#39;
&#39;Q.l-lowlongdoesinaketoclearmindivitluzli  "--
A. The avenge wdayis Elftyl]92I&#39;0¢ Jays. " - .11;  &#39;
Q.An92&#39;l:lsot.hem0n¢Yt.halitc0st$ mdor.her92nring?-  ,
A. The cost is between $100 and $100 per person, and ifynu
¢_-In:  hougnda of people for pmjecn, that: 3 lo! of
andtime. &#39;_ _
 Q. What ptroenngrof people you examine fail no getdeznnoe? _ "
A.Verysm1|1- Myguusinhal itisleuzhanhalfofmeyes
arm. &#39;
Q. Would youuydm cheamngemcmonet-up youluvesvixh other governments for obtaining information from us it
nowsntiscioryi - &#39;
A.Doyouman,canwemu:d|ecmi¢=ciom8fo:hcrgovernments? _ _ _ , .
Q.Wel1, ch;tisanocbe:wayofpuningi:.&#39;lfl92eFuduaa:
uuaeou:ofd92efanzln:wedidnf:l92avci:.h:I1epresauarnnge¢
mcn_t sadsfaaory? -  _ 
I A.lthinktkpresn92t&#39;armge1|92¢n:i;g¢n¢nlly&#39;wi;fg¢mry.We did have nonfercnca, you know, with the British  till
Caudim security ofeers immediately after this zhing. Tlwy_&#39;mmeoverhereandwehadatl92ree-dayseuion,lar3elytndetet-
||;i192:l§mcom]:anbi]ityof0ur!6¢92ItiIy8t2ndlr¢|l.an¢llt|lini~il
ireanmbl ufe. &#39; =&#39; Y _ ..
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nomeouewhowillzlipzhrough. ~..<. :..
Q. Wenowelear fomgnen.dcn&#39;t we? We clidn&#39;tdnrF92Idl
-ounelvel-v-wedcpendnponzheritishi
A. You still can: have  hf: F.B.l.nll$oreigncounuien,makh131heirowninveaiga|ions.Wln:we
havecocloi:tode!eg::einoaoompe¢enneeuri:ygroup,com-
pa:~a»bletoou|{own,:omakesuretha::heinves|igniomoovet
Ihenmerypeufpainuwennk:her¢in:heSnne1.0feonne,
Lb¢F.B.l.,inmm,Aout.henme:hingforocl92ergovemmmu.

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Qll&#39;lils8$way~itwasablessiI92gi!92l9-8-l9&#39;?_A_|,|,;nk,,,_5¢,,,,,g¢,oJ¢;¢;trofitltee|&#39;Iamlychsnrsfr.¢qu;l
tbhulbattenmegooddidootneofit. l _Q |_hw.ym my Mg what is wrong with human llmtga orIith our syseerujn these democracies olours that tho: people
&#39;willdotlsetlringsthatFucl92sdid?Docstheseiemisthaveless
"sud for lgyglq to hi; country than other pooples he a world
dim, who wmuwgivgwnytbhgawayi Wlaat.is-the reason
I.l92atFuelssgoti.ntollliitl1issgl >
A_ldonttl1iiskyout1nsayths.tscientistsareaneIltitelyslil&#39;-
fertsatbtealinthatrespeet.lnFuelu&#39;deie|1ne.letmesay-weluve
lndaomeofthesnwhowerenot-seientists..Fuelssisthe.ty|seol&#39;
mm who. while-he might have been caught had therebeen a
rsal:curityelaeckml92im.uaightneverbcesughtbymy&#39;hind
of itwesdgation, because apparently he owes his allegiaaoe to
nothing that ordinary humans owetlscirs to. He is going to make
hisowndeeisiomregardlessolauyruleslseptuponstnopate
under.Whardoyoudowiebamanliketha.t? Umallylmisa
vcyilattlllgmtmall-He&#39;lsa|tia92depen&ntman.l&#39;E:ilanitleIlisI-Jsomekind. l-lemiglatbeaCommunistidealist. lautlmisa
n:s;Lfidealso snmekind.>t&#39;auda:&#39;t|uuzllyspnttl:istypebr-1 3 4
,Alaougl92itisnotquiteclearwhatMr,Deann1eans.by&#39;ar-ml security cheth&#39;-in his hst answer it would be ha&#39;rd to find
aitergenesal namementol&#39;tl92er:92sethandiis.lladcl1isintcr-
 widerpubliciry it would have done=much.to
rumor: Anglo-Amcrimn relations which -were befoulod "by
Fuchs and Nunn May;-and it would-have gone some-way
towards rebutting the suggestion, which is still everywhere
tsrevalelmtlaat Fuchs-would have been eaught&#39;ifonly~Ameri-
can seeutityhad not aeoeptedthe British clearance hut agpliod-methods have lailed &#39;ust as the British have. &#39;l"hel&#39;eI:ee odatr J I
semrt Cornrnunitts besides Fuchs inside
were American citizms who passed American clearance tests.
These kind of traitors, as Mr. Dean says, are a
of high intelligence, and no loyalty test is going to trip them
up and no security system will infallibly detect the manrwho
secretly changes his mind aer he has alrady been investigated.
Now it is anentirely prorlas business no go
Amerimn Greenglasses and Golds against British Nunn Mays
and Fuehses, or to try and compute which country has Etlremd
the most traitors. As Mia West might say, this is an issue.t:hat
will never be settled till the Day ofjudgmmt and no pruders!
pcrsonwo11ldhctmoretl92anfiliyoentsontlsetcstdt.Theitn-
portant thing is to rmliae that geographical bormdaricssantl
birth-places have got very little to do withtlte matter; this is
an international problem that oonoems us all and we have.got
&#39;to.tkdd¢just how securitycan be best operated in-the Unitnrl
States, in Britain, and every other oounuyimthe West. Clnrly
the matter goes far beyond barbed wire. loyalty nests. steel
sa&s,arrdspecialpases.ltgoesstraightto-thepoiutwliiels
Mr. Alan Barth in a recent book, The Loyalty o[Fm.Man.
makesverywcllwhenhesays: &#39;Securityisneverahsolutt:. . . .
The Government ofa free people must take oemin daannes
&#39;JtllISlk¢Ofn13iI92tJlnl.gftOOtl0D92Wl1lClld1BGOV&#39;Cl&#39;niIl
of a police State avoids because it holds freedom to=lsc of no
valme.&#39;lfthcFud|sesarethe&#39;pricewelaavctopayf0r Eze-
dom it might be argued that it would be much better notto92
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attlieittlisposition,iftl92eyludheettattendedwith.a1id¢
tnoteluckandhadtlsepolitiaoftlieworldbemdiimng
theymuldhavegothirn.Butonewondetswhatwn°{,
senetneehewouldhavereeeivedifhehadbetaifomtdwta
thetimewhenthellussianswereghtingtlie l>1lC0fSg]jn-
grad. Certainly thepublic rage against him would have bumfarliuemighttliershavebeetiregardedasnowonetlmt
a scientist who. in 195a. passes atomic secrets between tit;loyaltlhnodierpeopk-11watgununrunthu:;iuitiII
w0rltlwyuac!lawsintbeitlabontorira.andhavitgl&#39;Itle
knowledgeoftheouaideworlddscytlsiuitlsalpolitidrbould

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1*pemthis  mo r and worse than naive to suggest that hemight not. under changed circumstances. have gone back to
his tsuson. Yet one searches fruirlessly for any other explana-
tion of his actions in 1949. He breaks contact with the Rus-
sians. He goes to the security officer and says, I am a securityrisk, my father has gone over to the Russians; which was as
good as uying, Come and get me; I have something to eon.
fess. I want above all else to stay on here at Harwell but I can;
do it until this thing is purged.He reiterates again and again through his investigation his
fear tlut his friends will never be got to unde|standhc has
damaged them too much. He repeats the same thought in
his confession to Sltardon and he ends up with, &#39; Since Coming
to Harwell I have met English people of all kinds, and I have
come to sec in many of them a det-p~rooted firmness which
enables them to lead a decent way of life. I do not know where
this springs from and I don&#39;t think they do, but it is there.
And nally on his arrest he hasjust one thing to say: You
realize what this will mean to Harwell. y _
It all reads like some crude and too easy moral tale in an
improving boolt for children; the wolf draws in his fangs andtcpents at last because somebody has bectfkind to him. Yet
1* 1 11° llknwi in moments of crisis and confession, for
the truth to be discovered in obvious and simple places.
Through the most impressionable part of his life Fuchs had
° wad bxkmmld 10 act as a compensation for his private
drums of power and glory. He was conscious, like so many
wbtr mm of talent. of his own abilities. but 11¢ had to an
nhk *5 3 3 rclg" milk"! in England. Trmson was a
wonderil way of demonstrating his Powm md tl-m-C W3;no Emily and no close circle of friends to bring him bad; to
11" stem by =1_92= mm fact of their being there, and having
abctlon forrlum. But at Harwell he is an gsblighgd man,
the head of a department. His powers are  1-1; i;
comfortable and respected. There is no longgr my mod foi-
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agonizing over the problem of how to kill his past III slash:
his homo here. safe and secure, among his friends. He wants
to 31l;;1 l92 himself C0 Z tradition it IJSI, IO aC.I92i¬VB thllof security that comes only by living with a community which
has been settled for a long time in one place.It may be that one approach to the whole compliamd prob-lem of loyalty lies here: it can only be guaranteed by tradition-by fixed habits, by a long period of freedom from fear, and .by affection. And all this must be backed by a philosophy ora religion or at any rate some kind of faith which is ratherstronger than the democracies have yet been able to engender.
A fear of Russia in itselfhardly amounu to a Etith. There hasto be something on the positive side. an idml of some kind.
The crime of the Fuchses and the Nunn Mays was that theyconcentrated upon what they believed to be an ideal and lost
their alfection for the ordinary fallible human beingis aroundthem. They lost their humility and when that was gone theylost their judgment too. They imagined they could do with-
out the affection of their friends. Perhaps in the end. isrtbeir
ownway,thc&#39;ya.lImmetosee they werewrougi.nthis.Per-haps Marianne Pontecorvo saw it when she broke down and
cried on laving England. Perhaps Fuchs saw it at I8! WIlm:Il¢
said, You realize what this will mean at Harwell.This boolt has no practical ready-made solution -of thesecurity problem to offer. Perhaps something m0r¢ might IXdone, in future, to check the Emily bacltgrotuids of the menemployed on atomic projects. In Britain loyalty tests are notliked, partly bomusc it is believed that they discover nothingand partly beause it is felt that they destroy something of the
tradition of freedom upon which loyaltyiuelfis based. How-ever, there are other American mer.hodsnotably the oom-partmentalizalion of scientists so that any one man ltnows onlya pan: of the pattem-which might be more fully explored. But this method achieved no suwess in the U.S.A. in the
217
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-Buresu has previously instructed that whenever signed statements are. -  _.
._ 1 . obtained from HARRY GOLD, in a case other-than the above, that the Bureau &#39;
._ should be furnished with a copy oi sameso that such _oopy&#39;n_zay be filed -
. in the Bureau ease file on HARRY GOLD_..___  ,-.  ._; in -_. _ _ &#39;- &#39; "  &#39;.~- .-  &#39; ~__ 1 . _
I -.   " on JENSEN and SA dun. 1." BETSCH of the Cincinnati Division took 8
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statement reletednto the unrewaz-ding contacts by GOLD with BENJAMIN
&#39; SMILG at Dayton, Ohio, in the period from 1938 to 19111 for espionage ._
infomatione  U . _~._ K _ &#39; &#39;
Enclosed herewith are two copies to the Bureau and one copy each
to New York and Philadelphia, of the section of the report of SA CARL A. -~
&#39; &#39; BETSCH, Cincinnati, dated ,6-6-S2, in the SMILG case, which sets out the "
_ signed statement of GOLD of S-15-S2, and gives other informtion
pertinent to said statement. These 0Op1e8 should be filed by the Bureau, ,
New York, and Philadelphia, as exhibits in the GOLD le. - < &#39; §
A _ __ ._ -- . P.. > . __."&#39; , The Bureau is advised that some mnemonic notes were oi great
assistance in conductingthe above interview of GOLD, and it is suggested
that Philadelphia retain all such notes, as prepared by GOLD, since they
serve as a distinct aid in refreshing GOLDfs recollections j-- -»»" 
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I. §l_NED STATEMENT OEHARRI GOLD! t 92
&#39; man: com was interviewed by Special Agent noazm: c. mean,
Philadelphia Field Division, and the writer, on Kay 13, lb, and 15, 1952,
at the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, where he is ,
now serving a thirty year sentence for Espionage, imposed on December 9, 1950,
by the Honorable JAMES McGRANERl&#39; in the United States District Court,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania -92
GOLD, who has an amazing faculty for detailed recollection
and who could, on cross examination, give testimony of convincing nature
regarding the positiveness ofhis recollections, furnished the following
signed statement: A
"May 15, 1952
. Lewisburg, Pa.
"I, HARRY G012!, do make the following voluntary statement
to CARL A. BETSGH and ROBERT G. JENSEN. These men have identified
themelves to me as Sp cial Agents of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation. I have been told and know that I am not required to
give or make any statements. I also know that any statements I .
make may be used against me in a court of law. I have been told and
know that I am entitled to benefit of counsel.
"These men have asked that this statement cover my
present recollection of the matters set forth hereinafter, I have
carefully reviewed these events in my mind, and can testify, if
called upon to do so, as follows:
"Beginning in Late 1935, I began to serve as an active
Soviet espionage agent in that I took industrial information from
uw place of employment, the Pennsylvania Sugar Company, Philadelphia,
Pa. and gave this informstinn to my Soviet espionage superior. I
continued in this task of transmitting information taken from my
place of employment until the Spring oi 1938,
"At this time I was being handled by my third Soviet
superior, a man I knew as FRED. FRED was quite persistent in his
attitudes towards me in that he continually pressed me for industrial
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information. He also asked me to seek other types of employment,
for I had delivered by this time most of the informtion of
industrial value at ow place of employment. I can also recall that
he  FEED! asked me on many occasions to submit biographical sketches
on people that I considered possible recruits for Soviet espionage.
I know that I submitted to FRIED some biographical sketches on non-
elristent peoplevin order to alleviate the persistent hounding he was
giving me. -
"However, in or around April of 1938, I told FRED of nnr
desire to go back to school to complete any education. FRED objected
to this idea of mine stating something to the effect that aw contacts
with the industrial world would bscbroken off.
"In e later meeting with FEED in late July or Allgilt of
1933, somewheres within a two week period around the LOU AMBEBS-
EENHY ARMSTRONG fight of that year, FRED told me he wanted me to go
to college. I recall this meeting quite clearly. FEED called me
by phone at my home in Philadelphia and asked me to come to New York
City immediately. The night was a rainy one and rather miserable.
FRED bawled me out for not producing contacts for him or additional
information. After this bowling out, FRED told me that things
would change for the better and he now wanted me to go to college.
"He told me there is a government official located in
the midwest&#39; from whom I was to get informtion. FRED said this
particular setup required nnr attending the University oi Cincinnati.
He was very specific about my attending the University of
Cincinnati. He told me that there would be plenty of iunde available
for my education.
"I would like to state that prior to FEED&#39;s change of
attitude and wish to have me attend the University of Cincinnati,
FRED wanted me to go to the Massachusetts Institute of Technolog.
This I declined to do for various reasons, principally, that I could
not account to nw family for the funds that would permit me to
enmll 8.13 lcIoTu
- &#39; "I was unable to enroll at the University of Cincinnati
under the conditions I had hoped for. The University of Cincinnati
would not give me credit for the courses I had taken in Evening
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School at _the Drexel Institute of Technolcg. I was also told that
the credits I had eamed at the University of Pennsylvania were not
acceptable. I further did not want to take the six year cooperative
course ss offered to me by the University of Cincinnati. -
- "At the suggestion of a coemployee at the Pennsylvania
Sugar Company, I did enroll at Xavier University in Cincinnati,
Ohio in September, 1938. This co-employee had no knowledge of my
espionage activity at that time nor did he have knowledge of m
true purpose in wanting to go to school in Cincinnati.
"After my enrollment at Xavier University, there was a
series of meetings with FRED. One of these meetings was held in
New York City and another two meetings were held in Cincinnati.
At none of these meetings was the purpose for which I moved to
Cincinnati discussed. I believe FRED at one of these meetings told
me to get established first and we would discuss the purpose of nw
going to, Cincinnati later. -
"On Thanksgiving day of 1933; I received a telephone call
at my rooming house. This call was iromERED. He asked me to come
downtown immediately. I explained to him I was not dressed and my
rooming house was almost an hour&#39;s bus ride from downtown Cincinnati
I went downtown and met with FRED. &#39; He told me at this time I was
now to follow out the purpose for wkdch I had been placed in
Cincinnati, Ohio. I was told to go to Dayton, Ohio, by FRED
who said I was to resume contact which an Agent, STAN, had once
had with BEN SMIIG, an aeronautical engineer at Wright Field."
"I suggested to FRED that I go to Dayton, Ohio, on the
following Saturday. I did not so state, but I had planned to
attend the Xavier-Toledo football game and to accept nw landlady&#39;s
invitation to Thanksgiving dinner that day.
"FEED said No, you have to go this afternoon, the men
is waiting.&#39; _ I walked with FRED to the Union Station at which place
he gave me the address of BEN SHIN in Dayton, Ohio. I can not
recall whether he gave me this address in writing or whether I wrote
it down at his request. I no longer have the slip of paper upon
which the address was written but I recall the address as 30?
Oxford Street.
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"FRED also gave me a letter and a white box containing e
new leather wallet wrapped in tissue paper. He identified the
letter as one from STAN which I should give to SHILG as a
recognition signal. FRED said the wallet would serve as a gesture
of friendship to SEED}. &#39;
"He put me on e train for Dayton, Ohio, that afternoon
and I arrived there about one hour or so after leaving Cincinnati.
I took a taxi to the SMILG residence on Oxford Street as this was
the rst time I had ever been there. This was about M30 or 5:00 PI.
"I lmogked at the door of 307 Oxford Street and a man
answered it. I said I&#39;ve come to see Mr. BEN SMILE. The man
said&#39;I&#39;m BEN SMILGJ I said Oh, fine, and started to walk by
SMILG, who was still partially blcclcing the doorway. I then said,
&#39; I come from STAN or &#39;1 bring greetings from STAN. SMILG then
said &#39;Oh&#39; or Oh yes and invited ms in. 
"The door opened directly into the parlor where I gave
SMII13 the letter and the wallet and told him my name was HARRY
GOLD. There was here present, SMILG&#39;s parents, an elderly couple
who were friends of the.SMILG family, and another family friend, a
man who "worked at Wright Held. DAVID SLEILG, s younger brother of
BEN, entered the parlor a short time later. BEN told his
parents, This is HARRY GOLD, a. friend of STAN&#39;s.&#39;
"BEN&#39;s parents were pleased over the news of STAN and
asked me how STAN was and what he was doing. I said that STAN was
ne and tumed the conversation to mother subject. I did not know
STAN and FRED had told me nothing about him. 
"I had read the letter before I had given it to SMILG.
It was s simple letter of introduction with the request that BEN
do what he could for the bearer. The letter was signed merely
&#39;STA.N.&#39; " .
"I also remember I was somewhat ashamed of the appearance
of the white box which contained the wallet. I stopped in the men:
washroom in the railroad station at Dayton and tried to clean it up
s bit with an eraser. I also rearranged the tissue in which the
wallet was wrapped. I noticed nothing else in the box or the
wallet. &#39;1 his I did before I went by taxi to the SHILG residence.
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"The wallet was a long, narrow, wafer thin, fold over
leather wallet. SllILG&#39;s father admired the wallet very much.
I Judged from his remarks that he had been in the leather goods
business or had a professional knowledge of leather. ~ _
 "I set and waited for BEN SMILG to take ms someplace
as I had expected him to he awaiting my contact for espionage &#39;
purposes. It was obvious that we could not talk in the parlor with
the other people present. BEN made no move of any lclnd. I felt
I had to say something so I said I lived in the East.5- .
"The guests of the SMILG family left and a neighbor came
in for a short time. I started talking about going hack to &#39;
Cincinnati that night and finally Blls father suggested that BEN
drive me to the bus station. &#39; e ~
"BB1 drove me alone to downtown Dayton and stopped at a
park near the bus station. I here said to BEN now that we are
here alone we can talk more freely. BEN mde no response. I said
STAN said you and I would be good friends. BEN mumbled something
in reply. I gave him ngr Cincinnati address and the phone number of
my landlady, Mrs. ALIS BROOKS. BEN held the paper with this
information on it as though he didnot want it. BEN said &#39;Are
you working there. I said, No, I am going to school. I will be
there two years and will be available to you at all times. BEN
froze up completely and I got upset. I told SMIIG I Iould get in
touch with him again. SMILG made no reply and he seemed glad I
was leaving. I left the car, walked to the bus station, and caught
a bus for Cincinnati. In Cincinnati, I had a late supper about
9130 Polo at Sh8V1i!1&#39;B in Cincinnati. _
"The following Sunday, I kept a prearranged meeting with
FRED in liiddletown, Ohio, at the railroad station. FRED and I
walked around town in the vicinity of the railroad station. I had
lunch with FRED in the same general ares. In reply to FED, I told
him that I had been to see SIIILG, but I didrt think we had the right
man for I didn&#39;t think SMILG knew what I had some for. I told FRED
I thought something was seriously wrong.
_ . "FED told me I was wrong and that SNILG was shoring
commendable caution. He said everything was lly arranged and I
need merely to get into the good graces of SMILG and obtain his
confidence. SMILG would then give no information as he had STAN.
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"I said I was not going back to SMILG. FRED threatened 
rm by saying hewould said a letter exposing me to the good
Fatherset Xavier University if I did not comply with his
instructions.
. "I took the bus from ltlddletmm, Ohio, and returned to
cindnnan .
"W next contact with SMILG was before the Christmas
holiday of 1936 at SllILG&#39;s home in Dayton. I learned from BEN of
his planned trip to Philadelphia, New York City and Boston. I _
told BEN I lived in Philadelphia and would be there myself over the
holidays. I carefully printed out my home address and phone number
in Philadelphia and gave it to SEILG. I asked him to be sure to
look me up on his trip East. SMILG appeared more ooridial
to me and I felt FRED had been right after all. SMILG again drove
me downtown to an area near the bus station.
"I met with FRED in New York City during the Christmas
season of 1938. FRED told me it was likely that SMILG would now
hand over information at our next meeting oriat least prepare a set
up for the transfer of information. I
"In January of 1939, I made a telephone call to SMILG&#39;s
home from a phone booth in Dayton, Ohio. I believe DAVID SMILG
answered and after talking with someone in the background, told me that
BEN would not return home until late that night.
"I went to Dayton a couple of days later and saw BEN in
presence of his family at their home. I asked BEN why he hadnt
gotten in touch with me while he was in Philadelphia. BEN said he,
had had an automobile accident while enroute near Lancaster,
Pennsylvania. BEN said he had had a narrow escape with his life and
his companion, a male, needed hospitalization from the accident. He
showed me s picture ni the damaged oar and said he had not gone
through Philadelphia beciuse of the accident. I tried to wait the
family out so I could talk to BEN alone. He gave me no opportunity
for this and I left the house by myself. I told BEN I would get in
touch with hm again. -
"1 met with smo again in March of 1939. 1 arrived at
the SIILG home unannounced about supper time. SHILG invited me to
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attend a lecture somewhere in Dayton. The lecturer was LUIJWIG _
LEWISOHN, who was speaking on Zionist problems. Hie lecture was
impressed in xv memory as LEW&#39;ISOHN,_in the course of his speech,
made sharp and even insulting remarks relative to Christians. SHIIB
and I commented about such remrks in View of the large number of
Christians in the audience. A friend of Sll.G&#39;s, name not recalled,
who was a ham radio operator, rent with us to this lecture.
"After this lecture pledges were solicited for the
Zionist movement. I signed a pledge for $5.00 giving nw name and
Cincinnati address. I gave this pledge to a plump Jeness who was a._
friend of BEN. I never received any bill and never paid the pledge.
&#39; "I met with FRED in April of 1939 near the Netherlands
Plaza Hotel in Cincinnati, Ohio. I told FRED we should do something
to get this thing with SKILG started. FRED suggested I talk to SMILG
of the benefit to the Jews in aiding the Soviet Union.
"I met with SMIDG again at his home in Dayton shortly
after my meeting with FRED. I do not remember being specific with
SMILG at this time. I do not think I brought up the points suggested
by FRED when I talked with SMILG. I can recall only that nothing
of value resulted from this contact.
"After examinations in June of 1939 I saw SHILG again
at his home in Dayton. I propositioned SMILE in rather a week
fashion on this occasion. I also told BEN that the Soviet Union
was a great bulwark in the fight against Fascism and needed help in
this fight. QEILG evaded the subject I was trying to bring up.
"At one oi my meetings with FRED right around this time,
FRED said that I perhaps did not appear reliable to SMILG because
of my youth and apparent immaturity. FEED told me again to
establish a close personal relationship with SHII-G and impress him
with my mature viewpoints. I was told by FRED to enroll for summer
school so that I could stay in the area and cultivate SHILG.
"I now remenber I did not go home after summer school
was finished in the first week of August 1939 because I hadn&#39;t seen
SMILG yet. I went to Dayton, Ohio and on this meeting I gave SHILG a.
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seoond letter from STAN, which FRED had given to me. I believe the
contents of this letter were to the effect that BEN should give to
me the same type of information he gave to STAN in the pest. FE
told an to get the letter back from SMILG. SMIIG took the letter, -
from me while we were in the house and walked upstairs.
"I heard the toilet run and BEN came back down. BEN
said Ion don&#39;t know what you are getting into, be careiu.l.&#39; BEN
was tense and agitated and I became frightened. I left alone
without the letter. I felt I needed a few drinks which I had at
a bar across the street from the Biltmore Hotel in Dayton. I . "
felt too upset to go back to Cincinnati that night. I stayed over-
night in Dayton in what I now recall was the Hotel Gibbons, returning
to Cincinnati the following morning. _
"I think I saw SMILG again in October and again in
December of 1939. I can&#39;t recall what transpired. I remember I
was ill at ease with BEN and had a natural reticencs about seeing him
in this period. Y
"I know I must have seen FRED again somtime during this
period but can not recall when, where, in Cincinnati, or how many
times. .
"I next saw SMILG in Ja.nuary_of 19240. I fix this date
by remembering I boasted of the glorious Soviet Union. SMILG
scoffed at this for the Red Army was then bogged down in the Finzh
War. I did not proposition SBUILG at this time.
"From January until March of 19140, I did not see FRED.
In March I met with FRED and he told me to pmposition SMIIG very
plainly at nw next meeting. FRED told me to ask SMILG directly
for infn-nation. FRED also told me to prepare s letter using the
phrase that I was successful or unsuccessful. in selling my car to
indicate success or lack of it in dealing with SMILG. This letter
I was to mail to an address in Brooklyn, New York.
I met with SMILG at his home in March, l9h0, at Dayton,
shortly after mt meeting with FRED in Cincinnati. I complied with &#39;
the instructions given me by FEED and asked SMILG specifically 1.
for information. I believe I asked SMILG for amr technical data &#39;
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about production or performance of any aircraft engine as produced
by the military. I also told him that the infomation did not have
to be drawings or blueprints. S1-I110 said You don&#39;t know what you
are fooling with, you better get out as soon as possible. SIIILG.
was agitated and somewhat tense at this meeting but did not agree
to furnish me information.
"I left SMEG in Dayton  this was on a weekday and in
the evening! and returned to Cincinnati. I composed the letter I
had been asked to write, showing my lack of success pith SMILG.
"In late April of 19140 I got a call long distance from
FRED telling me to come to New York City. I was given details of
how to meet my next. Soviet espionage superior, JACK.
"I met this new Soviet espionage superior in the lobby
of the Hotel New Yorker as instructed. This new contact asked shut
SMILG. I told him that SMILG had rejected me. JACK then said som-
thing to the effect that SMILG would come around and I should visit
SMILG again. I stayed at the Hotel New Yorker that night and left
for Cincinnati the following afternoon.
"I phoned SMILG at Dayton from Cincinnati as soon as my
in the past. This surprised me and because of this I well remember
I116 C3110
"I went to Dayton right after this call to see SMILG.
I met him at home and we took a walk together in his neighborhood.
I told SMILG I was leaving Cincinnati to go back East to work. I
told him I could set up a system whereby I could meet him anywhere
he wanted. I used the towns of Cleveland and Indianapolis as
examples. I said the transfer oi informtion from him to me would
only take a minute and that within a matter of a few minutes later
someone else would pick up the information from me. I further told
SIIILG that if he preferred, I could have sameone else contact him to
get this zmfox-mation. I also made the proposition of payment of
money to BEN as well as the possibility of sending his brother DAVE
to Massachusetts Institute oi Technology.
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"SEEIG told me I did not know the extent of military
intelligence to counteract efforts to obtain information. SIILG said,
For all you know, you may have been watched from the very beginning
of the time you first came to my house. I told him there was no e
indication of such.
_ "SMI1&#39;..G then told me he knew of a case where an engi-H661
in his office was taken away by two intelligence officers and had
never been seen again. I was told by SELLS I didn&#39;t realize what
I was letting myelf in for and that I had best get out of it.
I told SMILG I was nearly 30 years old, that I had been out in
industry, had met people, did understand what I was doing and thought
it was a good thing. -  &#39;
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and manner of his remarks to me ., .
"I returned that night to Cincinnati and left shortly
thereafter for my home in Philadelphia, Pa.
"In July of l9h0, I was taken over by a new Soviet
espionage superior, named SAM. SMILO was mentioned casually by SAM
in the summer of 19140. I was told to go to Cincinnati and renew
acquaintances with SMIIB. In October of 19b0, I was supposed to go to
meet with SMILG but actually I never went. I prepared a false V
report on this trip and gave it to SAM.
"Shortly before Christmas of 191$!, or right after New
Years day of 1914.1, I went to Cincinnati. I arrived there on a
Saturday and on the following Sunday, I went to Dayton to see SHILG.
I told SHILG of going to Wisconsin on business for my firm. I told
him I was to see Doctors SNELL and STRONG at the University oi
Wisconsin on microbiological assays. -
"I did not come right out with a proposition to SMILG but
said something about STAN being anxious to see him and hoping to see
him soon. I got no response from SMILG. I then told SMILG that STAR
was most anxious that he furnish me information from Wright Fieldin achogrdence with the talks that SMILG and I had had in the Spring
Of 19 o -
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_ "SIIILG told me I was totally mis-informed as to the
relationship between STAN and himself. X &#39;
"Prior to SL£|II.G&#39;s telling me that I was mis-informed
about his relationship with STAN, I also told SMILG that he had
given information to STAN in the past. I told SMILG he was to give
me information in accordance with the manner in which he had
furnished information to STAN. I also asked SMILG if STAN hadn&#39;t
given him amney for this izifonnation. SMILG told me he had never
given STAN any information and he had never received any money from
STAN. SMILG said the relationship between he and STAN was that they
had been friends at M I_I and he had tutored STAN there. &#39;
- "I left SNILG in Dayton with the statement that I would
be back on business and would see him again. I returned to
Cincinnati by bus and met with SAM nea;r&#39;the Hotel Gibson on the
north side of Fountain Square. During my meeting with SAN I gave
him an account of what had transpired at my meeting "with SMILG.
I left SAM in Cincinnati and rettn-ned to Philadelphia by plane.
"A few days after nv retum to Philadelphia, I took
a written report on my last contact with SNILG to SAM in New York
City. &#39;
"I saw SAM in New York City a few days later as planned.
it this time SAM said _&#39;That "once and for all, we are going to pin
SMIIG down and make him come across with information. Ie are going
to show him right to his face where he is lying." SAM said this
would be done by means oi copies of actual reports that BEN had
furnished plus receipts for ney which BEN had taken. SM! also
said the originals were not presently in New York City but photo-
copies were being made and had been sent for.
"SAM and I arranged to meet and did meet on a Saturday
in early February, 19141, in New York City. SAN, at this nesting,
gave ms a brown envelope, which he said contained copies of several
reports BEN had written, plus copies of several receipts for money.
"SAM told m I had to leave immediately for Cincinnati,
Ohio, over my protestations that I had promised to be home that
evening. SAM even took me into the lobby of the Hotel Edison and
made reservations for a plane leaving that evening for Cincinnati -
on American Airlines.
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"I took the plane alone, and arrived at Cincinnati, Ohio
late that evening. I registered at the Hotel Gibson and before
going to bed met by chance a classmate of mine at Xavier University,
one DICK SCHMITT, in the lobby of the Hotel. We had several drinks
in the hotel bar, and I told DICK I was on my way to Madison, _
Wisconsin on business for my firm.
. "The following morning, I went by bus to Dayton, Ohio, &#39;
and arrived at Dayton, Ohio, about 10:00 AM. I went immediately to
SllILGs home on Oxford St. BEN was still upstairs when I came in
and when he came down, I was offer;-_ed breakfast with BEN. B1-IN&#39;s
mother cooked his breakfast, and I accepted a cup of coffee, and *
possibly a roll, while BEN ate his breakfast.
"BEN and I then went into the living room alone. His
mother remained in the kitchen. His father had been there earlier
and had left. I cannot DAVID SllILGs whereabouts.
"I told SMILG he would recall our last conversation
concerning the nature of the relationship between him and STAN,
and to bear out what I had said that STAN wanted me to show you
these, I pulled the photo copies of the reports out of xzw inside
coat pocket and showed them to BEN. I believe I purposely kept them
in my hand, as SIM had instructed me to make sure BEN didn&#39;t destroy
these papers.
 "I then said, There are also these and took the copies
of the receipts from aw inside coat pocket and showed them to BEN
in the same manner. &#39;
"BEN barely glanced at the reports and drew a deep gasp
at the sight of the receipts. Hie hand shook as he mde a gesture
as if to take the receipts and then withdrew his hand. He became
obviously angry and in great agitation, burst out as follows. _ 
You don&#39;t know what you&#39;ve done, you should never have
done this. Do you know what I ought to do, I ought to call -
military intelligence right away. With this, SMILG made a gesture,
as if to step over to the phone, which I think, but am not sure, _
was in the dining room on a low table. I
-15-

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"SMILG here said, In fact, I was going to do this the &#39;
very £_irat night you came around here, but I hesitated because you
were Jewish and I was Jewish, and I thought it would cause an 7
. awful reection on the Jewish people. A
. "I said nothing, and SMILE} somewhat regained his composure.
He then said The receipts are for tutoring, and the reports are
school work in aeronautical engineering in which I tutored STAN.
» They represent things which have been long established in the field
_ and there is not the slightest thing secret about them.
- "I recall that the receipts were handwritten and of actual
size in photo reproduction. They were about two inches by three
inches. There were at least four such receipts, and were for months
in the years 1933, 1931;, and 1936, as nearly as I can remember.
&#39; "The text ran thus, on al]. the receipts:
Received payment for Novenber, 1933&#39;  for example!.
All were signed at the bottom BENH All were handwritten, and were
for a given month. "The amounts were in the range of from $200.00
to 81400.00, which so impressed me as being sizable amounts of
a money, that I now
"The reports had been reduced in size in photo reproduction
to where they would t comfortably in a man&#39;s pocket. They werenot
all on the same kind oi paper. There were three reports, as nearly
as I can recall. Two of them were of about two pages each, and fromvery clear recollection of same.
a previous study of their context, it had been obvious that they
had been taken from a report of much greater length.
- "These two were typewritten, with a couple of hand-
written corrections. The third was handwritten, and represented a
complete report of about five or six pages.
- "The text of two of them dealt with performance of
aircraft. The third dealt with the elements of design of a special
type wing, aimed at cutting down wind resistance. Ther was one
graph and a number of small sketches shovring tresses and strains,
all hand dram, and included in the special type wing report.
-16-
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_ "Although I have never studied aeronautical engineering, 
I gained the impression from reviewing these reports in aw hotel room
at Cincinnati, Ohio, the night before that they related to military,
&#39; rather.tha.n commercial aircraft. I have a very vague recollection
that the third report, the only dated report, was dated around 1935. or 1937.  &#39; .
4 "Therull report was not written in the accepted formalized
" fashion of engineering reports, but was o phrased to highlight the
certain salient data, so that it it were read by a layman, its value
would easily be recognized, and if it were read by a technical
man, the important points would be brought into immediate and sharp
focus. -
~ "I recognized the style of this report as being very
comparable to the style that I myself had employed in writing W
own reports on the results of research and processes of the
Pennsylvania Sugar Company, for the use of rw Soviet superiors.
"SMIIE was now more composed and I said I Just wanted
to show the material to you so that you
…[truncated]
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