ACLU Part 06

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Aclu Part 06

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FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION/PRIVACY ACTS SECTION
COVER SHEET
SUBJECT: American Civil Liberties Union

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i - _ . &#39; g &#39;:.&#39;{!¢ y _,_ f In Charge of Public-Relationsp WT-&#39;~&#39;:-KI.Y BULLETIN #1779 ~ . ~ ,-  ~ &#39;  ~ * S! A December 3,  if. &#39;. .».92¢  ~.&#39;-..*~-4-  , .. _ ._ .;. ,,_.v;f,_ 5 .;._-,&#39;¢;.,  >-_ . _ .- . r.. ... _ . .~, .24» »:~ r_...-:-_,&#39;.:¢;r . _;_.. _. . .3,--.:~ A -a-1;
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.&#39;=~  . e_.__ ,._.,,, . . ,>~ 4! .- ~C21; .92- V-. .: ..~:,- &#39; F L.~ ACLU HAI%GOV&#39;T LEGAL PARLTY T0 I1-NFORCE _NON-DISGRDHNATICN IN 1N&#39;1RA-STATE_ &#39;1&#39;RANSIT_;;,*;,_;
The American Civil Liberties Unionhailed recently the announcement of Att61&#39;nej},l:
General He&#39;i"5é&#39;rt Brdwnellg Jr; that thé Justice Department will hold a ccnference with
U. S. Attorneys in southern states to work out methods of compliance with the Unitsdg,-~
" States &#39;S:ypremo&#39; Court&#39;s decision barring discrimination in intra-state _bus _ &#39;_ "_: jtransportation. 1 - &#39; &#39; V - 7   &#39;_
~ - ~ . ~ ¢ - . _ __-, 1..-,.,~v._._<_ . -  :_Y-:;e~,l.-"Z1/,&#39;l_&#39;~92};_-Bi -.> -r  gs =.1:&#39;,?.» .&#39;.:."7&#39;¢.:--&#39;_=¥¬-&#39;:&#39;- 1;--.r2;.o -_= :;-  ."&#39;--">- Us . _~.-.<&#39;.:»,»: .» u &#39;&#39;. "..~_&#39;;&#39; : -.4» .1~.==:~ *-*+"li,=&#39;r:-_,i&#39;,-T "&#39;= ¢
..  1;1~&#39;;.-" lc 1- a &#39; J ..--- _ &#39; &#39; ..The Union, in r telegram from its .&#39;r..ur1e director, Patrick nurpiry 1-nun, "sa;i<i:-Q the Department&#39;s action "demonstrates that leadership at the highest government_leve_l,;._ -31 , &#39;.3 &#39;~ . ,. ..-_:&#39;-:1-,.-_:»-}__;._[ J3 -. &#39; _ &#39; m-&#39;  .&#39; r 0 r "2- ¢ ;&#39;-1.-- Fr. 21-Ii 1&#39; 
r p "The high court&#39;s decision was in keeping with its recent rulings that seg1~sga_é,-&#39;%<
0 &#39;  -_:;_ ticnjnd di§_Q1&#39;.1l!inition are uncpnstitutiong and have no place in American life. ;*.&#39;§¥;;/f,vill not be forfeited. r  A &#39;. . . g .,- . F .
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. .  , The conference you have called will provide encouragement to all those who support.??j,_;~  the court&#39;s decision." o . --&#39; .- -#1-; 5;: -3 >1» ,._-_._-_~._ _.;¢,_ ,7: ._=<_i_t . .  _-:5.., &#39;< Z ..:T&#39;§&#39;: 15- "5315. 2 5-.  *3?}~.< --.- ..~_-.  ___ ;___ ~-;. _~&#39;~1
_-",!*92;, ._;- 1:-~i -  . nf;_._;_: In-scheduling the December 10 conference, the Attorney General said, ..
 -,  w  .5&#39;¬»r,> ~,.» "Prior to the Supreme Court&#39;s decision a number of states, counties, municipalq-.2,
~ .u_.;~gf, ities and other agencies of local government had adopted discriminatory measures of;-4_ ,f_§=#=A.&#39;T this kind. It is now clear that any such law, statute, ordinance or reg921lation_mus_t§<{?be regarded as a dead letter.
- :.:l.@;-1.?/&#39;"It is also clear that the enforcement or observance of any such discrilnixmatoryi-:2
_. _ __. measure by any common carrier of passengers will constitute in the future and in the-fr}~  light of the unmistakable declaration of the federal courts a wilful deprivation bys§éf- the carrier of the constitutional rights, privileges and immunities of those crlminated against and a crime against the United States. Title 16, United States;,&#39;é§;N.
 _  I Code, section ?.l42. Anyone who commands, induces, procures, counsels, aide or abate;-*i:;._§E" -"T_;:~.  the carrier in the commission of any such crime is equally guilty._ Title 18, ._-  &#39;  United States Code, section 2." ~ - = *";?"f&#39;.&#39;,"=,-
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-  A different sort of penalty for refusal to sign A lcvalta oath has turned
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&#39; U. S. Attorneys from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,
iiaryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas ,_;;,.2iand Virginia were -invited. &#39; &#39; - - _ .  ; 5 -1-  _ N &#39;;}.&#39;- g ,_.,  _
_ D _> ~ _ . _ 4 -  -_&#39; - _ : _ _  :5 &#39;7 _ V K rl g _ »: _ ,  r &#39; HEW KIND OF LOYALTY OATH PROBLEM ARISES IN CALIF. l ~ _ H _;.,_
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0 _ . Y; 24&#39;.  _- ;:;,;;,:;,  w . There the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California learned_ ~~_3, §, I?-&#39;.Y§§1-°1<1 multilith Operator, Marion Syxek, was tonied memploymentpcompensaticflggV ~ because he was firedfrom his non-sensitive job in p1&#39;1¬"17B business for decl.ining"_to}ie
sign an oath. Such oaths were not required by law.  M   -:_q&#39;- _~-. . . -- 4_ . . 4&#39; 4 __  .~ ~ ,I_."_,.
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H ._ T _, . Months ago, when Syrek first app1i8d>fOr unemployment insurance benefits,A_ T; i"f°m*d til? Sta U118!-1°$&#39;wont Service that he did not want to seek a civil service!
? ,-"-*5 Job bow-ause he opnosotl loyalty oaths m principle. Weeks, later he saw and answeredbl.". . .a &#39;»- v; &#39;-» -.r,_ _ Fzzerzmzerizrr:;:n:::*:.:P:1:re.**°<*1 * ""*""P"  Arrwefaa  . or ~11; 1 was s e  s » e - ;-=..-_"._  r  &#39; _ t.-er was hired but ran into difficulty three u@s*§&#39;%5¥B&¥1 he was t.s;.;.a ft5"j_ J ;;¢;;;;_3,»;;; sigz a loyalty oath. He declined , was fired, and 9?; .q,; mmplwmng c¢,mp9j,3;;;_-- xi  t1°l92- 1" "=8 ¢811i6d Q11 grounds that his refusal to comp% constituted "misconduct" -fl&#39;  ~v~5%&#39;$;-"7&#39;L:{:. 92 on the Job and quitting "without-good cause." This;.daeisi0n.v5&#39;.&#39;92&#39;<~"~-="--~=~:. the
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";..;:<5&#39;.;g:-*&#39;.T"§-&#39;;~~&#39;§" -. V ._._.. _._.:<_.;&#39;_~<»,»;;_ ~- ~_~_M::-~_&#39;.~,»L-.-.2.-;_.< e-:;._. _"._&#39;,~.";--"> -&#39;.,&#39;-:.v=1&#39;,- *4 ;.."&#39; I,_-:~.: ;-L.1{»-f- >7-.5 ,. .v.&#39; - 6--» . -----1..._ ;_=_,92*.,_. ;;.~_._._.-. ~ ;&#39;.<:..-1*3~=»=;>,-~:-5? ;&#39;.92 &#39; -- *7 -"1"! @ |¬;&#39;_&#39;~" T-&#39; [14 &#39;-~ ~ -.  J; __".Y_&#39;:-..~.&#39;;-;¢;=!~_;=  ~ "1 ._ 1.=~;=-. &#39;3.-1 " >_-/T9 7 7-_3.. f  .@=: - .Decembez?§_,,}§§;&#39; "Wan 1&#39; eccam-ed ?--I;&#39;J.jyment it we 5 I11&#39;#1§i£¢l{¢1.§:y5§$§.i.-Lg a&#39;1o_»&#39;a1&#39;i%¥f/i." F:&#39;1&#39;e1<.<&#39;~wwr1ivd. "I believe um, .1. nployer has the rigxt w_ihqu.L~e~mtqgj- _:o.litical beliefs andass0ciat.i0n.&#39;.=. The fact that loyalty oaths are required_1__.r.&#39; for government employee and defense rrorkers does not Justify their _arbit1&#39;8l:$f.~.&#39;extension into other fields." ~ - _ " -a ;>-  1 ~ "  H "&#39;1"-~&#39; "1 NV &#39; ~ _ u 2&#39; _ _&#39;   it _. _ _- _ . . _!&#39;,92&#39;,. g$.::;&#39;_ The accountant firm said it was, company policy to reouire loyalty state.&#39;.1entej&#39;f_=,&#39;from all employee even if they do not work on the books of crganizati.*11.= handliing I- classified contracts. He did not speculate whether Syrek would ever have had to?obtain official security clearance if he had remained with the firm as a multilith "operator. &#39; - a &#39; &#39;
&#39;1&#39;~ - . ,»The Northern California ACLU decided to test tho action by seeking a writ ofmandate in the San Francisco Superior Court. It charged that Syrek was deprived of};property without due process of law. . . &#39; » * -J   "
. - » &#39;na"The statement required of Mr. Syrek was vague and indefinite and had no reason?able relationship to the Job Mr. Syrek was to perform," according to -Er::estBesig,~; _director of the ACLU affiliate. "Further, the extracting of loyalty oaths by private;employers not engaged in sensitive work, and not required by law, is an infringament&#39;;=&#39;of freedom of speech and assembly.!&#39; - , "  v &#39;  &#39; , " A l~i- "
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Publishing and civil liberties circles. are following with special interestbook censorship case started in Michigan this fall. s &#39; C "&#39;1
Five publishers of paper-bound books have filed suit  Federal Districtat Detroit seeking an gjunctic-n agains_t_the_prosecutingiattov-nay-of~St-Clair"Co1m&#39;~92 &#39; 1 ;-,:1r ;-.f-3-.1
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-:v~13>..-ck4.-~_g2".¢.;r:"  -:&#39;,a.»r§:&#39;r-_-"3 :/-Q4. ,*¢74~-H7 <&#39;?,92-a_ .  fiI:.__,_ . __ _   .-..;.&#39;_&#39;§~- -. . -   at~ &#39;. *v-~&#39;--.&#39;- "a" ff..;- P V I Vl&#39;iichigan_-Wilbur v. Hamm. Hamm had ordered the two wholesale news distributorsof Port Huron l§t. Clair County!, Mich., not to handle any books or magazines listedl-3as objectionable by the National Organization for Decent Literature, a Roman Catholic?P.-rganization. Amon the titles so banned were "The Search for Bride-y Murphy"  on- ;.&#39;i§~theological grounds§ and a sex book for teen-agera approved by the Detroit Councilof Churches, parent-teacher groups, and Parent&#39;s Magazine. ~ 3
Suit was brought by Bantam, Pocket Books, Popular Library, Dell and the New  _~ &#39;American Library, all of which have titles on the NODL list. Their petition seeks if$50,090 damages as well as an injunction. . g .
1.4-a;<? In a separate but related action, Playboy magazine was granted an injunction fpreventing Hamm from banning future issues of that publication.   A
After the book publishers suit was filed and preliminary hearings had beenheld, Fat-her Paul J. Hickey, NODL moderator in Detroit, announced that henceforththe group would not release its lists of objectionable books to civic or :&#39;_eligious~,.;.fj.;>,.agencies. "  &#39; » -- 53 > &#39; 4 &#39;  . Ur. ~*!"/"The NCDL wishes to emphasizelthe fact that the prosecutor&#39;s action  in publish:-4;? J.-he the list! was his voluntary act," Father Hickey cemented. "The HCDL denies thatiit persuaded&#39; or in any way, directly or indirectly, exercised pressure on theif-"?.,prosecutor to adopt the NGDL list. -  _ ,_~.--  V _ "_,&#39;_._&#39;1_&#39; :_ &#39;-.&#39;,__,."T;_:&#39;_~&#39;@&#39;:,~_{:&#39; "There never has been and there never be threats of illegal pressure orbwcott. We do, however, intend to exercise to the fullest the privileges of ourcitizenship to protest until the city is rid of indecent and lascivious p1lblicatiox1_s_.!!§é~
~ ~ - " 1 _ »  .   F??? In their petition, the five book publishers claimed that Harm exceeded hismissible authority in adopting the NODL list as an official guide and that his action;T,;_§deprived them of property without due process of law. l » g _  _..__-3-..&#39;.  "_ While commending the NCDL for seeking  mpr6¬e"&#39;u.e  offbooksmagazines offered by newsstands, The Detroit News commented editorially:  &#39; ~&#39; ="-fl, ."...the activities of the NODL are deeply alarming. The&#39;0rganization&#39;operates" &#39;1f;_-mrmally as a citizens pressure group. Its members, equipped with a list of offen-;_ jsive publications, visit merchants and demand the removal from the shelves of p_ro4_I; "gribed works. If the merchant refuses, they threaten boycott. But few refuse. -Y " "are are plenty of paper books and magazines and no one seems obviously injuredsome are banned...." 4 &#39; . » ~  »
nxxunstmm DISTRICT an-onus! msnwcis sure AGAINST or wine our naré,/liveBecause of protests by the American Civil Liberties Unlijonls   l -_.- -_&#39;.  In  -ABranch, State District Attorney Victor I-I Blane has instructed his " &#39;  " &#39; _ &#39;_92 verbatim transcrip&#39;92<>.Qire tsp information. .   _" " 7 I ,_ _ _ _ __.__/ &i/- ~&#39;-M -_--»~&#39;  &#39; < &#39; &#39; .L-_-_v,_,.&#39;..~,»_ g_a_ f?» . __ .. _  ~ _&#39; >&#39; 3 J _ I . >, &#39; &#39;- V _ , -  &#39; . &#39; . 3.».  _, _  . ~ .~ . _ ::.,§~|.» ,3-.. _. - *1 ;-r_1f&#39; _ TU J. __4 _ ,_.,_> . _4 } {A >_ , ..- - _ xv - _,  _1 vj;&#39;-Z»  ._ _ _ I -B "1&#39;-" art-.; _~ &#39;-I _.:».-&#39; .é&#39;-Iv - r;;&#39;1~ ~-"-I-=1 t-1. or ;1:-&#39;~_-,;... , " Y &#39; &#39;*~ -11 -"  -~&#39;-1%. -.&#39;->4 -"Z -t *.-.. » _. .-_&#39;: &#39;.,e.;.,~>-;~A-1,-f1=,~_;;;_;.-__-.,._¢.,:;-&#39;v.5-2_";~.1;;  *:;;:_._;.: _§i.l;.=_a=;--*»{i_~$.&>,  &#39;,j.;fw,*_~K5§&#39;§;&#39;i;§5%¬j5i;¢_- cf-&#39; .   -- ~~&#39;~ =; ,_;,,__.. - ,__ _ 4.1-; ~ .44. &#39;-._ --9... _>_, l_ ; -a &#39;.-.~ ,&#39;--_.1.-.,»_&#39;__ _.  .1 -,., . =<_,-._. , up -_ 1-. .- - 1 ; 4_L>  . x,~ 1 4-e_:§-__;~ ;~. ;,:&#39;;, T .&#39; V. _. . K. &#39; - I >7 ~ X &#39;&#39; - .?>-:.;;.,j?_&#39;.:_::._.,»_,&#39;. .  ~. . ,_ .:-_ =._ ~_» _. _ _  ,  >_ _ l ,;&#39;v.&#39;__;.-__.,_»&#39;f,_ ;_,__:;__>_*-L:;»f_;,__,-,,      ,x>,c_., ,_ .

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-_ ~ . . .- - ,  . .-~.-1 -.~ &#39;92.&#39;.g- . . .  .. .. . .. . . _ ..-.  .. .-._ .__. ... 92_-..I - . »* glanc iuformed the ACLU that i-.:&#39;.a:2sc.z&#39;i,Qf telephozx-1 comersstjcns ba_tz.&#39;ean,a_*Il~_leg 1-.=|.-I-steers and other persons were give the press lest sllrzinz-ai&#39;_&#39;ivithcut,_l|_i_§,,~_~f&#39;;_
aul-Pmri ty or lotormlatige while he ms al~sa.&#39;rt&#39;1.1m Hii.L4cL&#39;.1,"bis. Heuadded that,  _.
the ACLU branch, he regards the act as a violation of civil liberties &#39;» , . 0   _ . . .- .  , - g, - &#39;~;,~  .._;. J .. . . . . . . . , .. _._  . .. >4|-- _ ..,,_ .. ._  _  .,... ..&#39; &#39; 2&#39; -~-  . . &#39; &#39;- - -V. is--if; 1 » 3 .~.n - -&#39; -- ~..-ivy...-_" <" While still. condemning the zeleese of the transcripts, the ACLU cancelled I51¥i§,f?§
to ask Attorney Ceneral Herbert Brownell if the release violated t!~.s_Fedsx-a1_Lo1mr;l;l1_i31Y-$-
cations Act. Blane held that the statute does not apply tolstate law enforcement ¢: .2 ~officers.  --  &#39;_ . -&#39; _   &#39;. .- _-  "A .. . - . . .-. -la
_ g &#39;!In light of the district attorney&#39;s orders against further release of verbati,mE&#39;§
transcripts,  the ACLU board of directors! believes that no useful purpose would be."§-served byrequesting the Attorney General .of it-he United States for a declaratory
mg concerning t-he legality ofvsuch releases," said _a statement from the Philedelphia;.-J
branch. . .. .. _ ~. ~. . ~ ~  -;_ . Y  .- _ ,__ .  . _ _ g -__ ... ..~.&#39; . &#39;- _ _ " &#39; . &#39;¢ &#39; . &#39; ", . .:~";&#39;.~_
It added that since "important,areas of difference .5 wir. L ~ &#39; "T ".»&#39;a111&#39;ex1§§§;I
between ACLU and lav enforcement officers, including Blanc, a pr  f 4-ting would bé,;$
scheduled soon for general discussion of the problem."*"§&#39;sI*-"  g _~"l_"92~,,};~*5-._§-.~> ., - . ._ . n . _~ ~ . - x  p --,.;~4:-. c_v_._, ;; -~ :j__ ~ 2 . ~ . .- _ _ v -- . . - ._ -. _ ..  - _ _ .,, _ <_. >3: .._.. -g _;._.. ~ ?_.~.7<i:v.I,:§., .. _ ,. _ . . _ . _ . _ ,_ Y ._, __, _ ,. _ » . ,.. __. Blane is a member of the Philadelphia ACLU board and until recently was
treasurer of the branch. ACLU emphasized that election of -a new_ treasurozj had noconnection with the wire tap controversy. &#39;   1  &#39;      "    .__
- . .- , _ .4. - __ ~_*_>,;. . . -. ._ ..¢.
Release of the transcripts had been condemned also by the committee on civil.,-ii.-§-ii
rights of the Philadelphia Bar Association. Both that group and ACLU pointed
that the names of reputable persons _uho had no relation to crime had been mentioned}:in the racketeers&#39; conversations recorded. -  . ~. 4 Q1 - .
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The American Civil Liberties Union&#39;s Southern California Branch has urged
Califo_r-n&#39;ia_State Supreme Court to reaffirm an earlier rulingthat evidence securedsig&#39;j.-1;:illegally cannot be introduced in court. I _- __ _ _  g_. -- g - *
It so pleaded in a friend of the court brief dealing with the case of I .
Beverly Joy Trowbridge, who was taken in custody on suspicion of having marijuanaher apartment. The arresting officer acted on information from an unnamed informerj*}§+,,"known to be reliable to the arresting officer." - _ &#39;. IA &#39; -  &#39;
Information of that nature does not justify an arrest without a search vmrrantiii
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"There must be a means of aiding police officers without presenting themformula by which the safeguard of the constitutional provisions are by-passed and_Yi=;&#39;_:§lrr§.;rendered ineffectual," it added. "If the officers are not able to indayender.t1y.1i§_+f§§*§
wsstigaie because of the nature of the case, then there is no reason why they carmggiq
resolve this difficulty by seeking the issuance of a search warrant." _. .. -  . I _&#39;92 V  I. -§."*I&#39;*_:-r;<$L&#39;.= ,
3&#39; » -92. a .. . ~  _ .___r, __»_~,-1. . - . .., _Or, it said , police should identify an informer, proveghis reliabiliig,present independent findings supporting the informer. =  ""&#39; Y 1 r- _ , L
  *   " """&#39; 1*  .  1&#39;" .2115; &#39;_&#39;__:;i~.&#39;_*I-5~Tf&#39;_3*é;;Z%
_ "How theverecity of the arresting officer could be tested has _not"yet_besn*&#39;i-&#39;demonstrated," the brief continued. "Confronted by this unverified and 921I1"&#39;,est:ad{.~-c~%2
_ statement even the scrupulous law enforcement agent would soon drift into the patr.er&#39;q:>¢
of this formula and our constitutional safeguards would become devoid of significa_n_o8&#39;l&#39;. &#39; "1&#39; -  . . &#39; V. _. -&#39;_- ; " -;.  .--.- : ~&#39;  ~&#39;._&#39;...-=:.?.&#39;- , -- . ,. JJ .1- .&#39; ._r~ .. &#39;. . _&#39;...,..- .~?~¢~.;»&#39;T .~.I While arrest of persons on information they possess narcotics is not 1mlaw£u.lf,&#39;the brief stated , such an act does not automatically justify 51 subsequent oea_rch_.§&#39;Vlho search must be reasonable and incidental to the orr_est.f;$   &#39;. . . g _ . ,-,_ ¢._....&#39;, U . .. - g .;. ._.__.__ . -.15- . . .. _ . _ ,. ~ . ." .&#39;-,._l;_ ../_.s:_;.,M:,_ ___: &#39; . . ... . _ _ v -3... gs;_ ,.. r... ...-_._ _-. _ _> _. »v . . . CIVIL LIBYZITIIT» BRIEFS 1    -.- .._w.~_:-.,;;-gio ,2.- ~- " , . _"""""_""&#39;f j. &#39; .,&#39; &#39;_;_,1">-L?-f;_,_  _. ,._i-,..,.__ .., _. .:_. ..-_;>.__!
. Among the many conflicts that arose during the recent presidential oarnpaigijtrosfi
one involving stickers on automobiles. The Securities Exchange Commission issuedmemorandum declaring that while the use of campaign stickers was not illegal it1wss§%;;regarded as "contrary to the spirit of the law." ~ The SEC chairman--exempt from
Hatch Act--had four Republican stickers on his station wagon; he said he would not"?-§§.§
object to stickers on SEC employee vehicles. And a Civil Service Commission s1>o_l9é§f£-if
man said that group felt car -stickers were merely expressions" of opinion § and dgidfgot
constitute political activity...ACLU praised AFL-CIO President George Meany io1&#39;i.~/j;&#39;.__=&#39;ir.&#39;V_7;
promptly ordering an investigation of the alleged kidnapping and beating,of- New York;local officials of the International Union of Bakery & Confectionery Workers in"nection with an internal union dispute. Said ACLU: "Your action certainly makes.
_clear organs-zed labor&#39;s determination to deal with such problems , by which it_. ,   .. , $»~r<-1r~92tp__fu1.c.ti.m. in a es and democratic manner as an mmga1 I°"&#39;-;>..-214;»  ._ _  ;=&;f1 &#39;. .__~_;...   = *  . ;_5.   _ l&#39;  3" -I  55&#39;-:&#39;§"§;:"  C .~. . . . u D I ~

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5. The Attorney General , December 8, 19.
/ Director, FBI _ 
 sn__r_r0nmL."&#39;_mnon;nous 1.uLu92nY"
» "A  I am enclosing a&#39;Photostat of an editorial entitled
- "Dangerous Lullaby" which appeared in "The lndimapolte Star, "
92 November 26, 1956, and whic_h__I thought might be of interest to &#39;
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_cc - Asslata.nt_Attorney General ,  _ A
William F. Tompkins  with copy¢_i{K__hel0sure!
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_l>%l:§&#39;?T~»=l- -lust .:t crackrot rc92&#39;oluliou.rry&#39; plant "a i-t -- - llill iii Wmlrintgton and light the lust. l".&#39; - &#39; "tn. . _!92eAc0nsidet&#39;t.d dangerous to American iristit-iii--v-~- ~ is there greater danger in one wh0.plnts Slltf-4 wsiou as conquered the satellite countries ol hung»-_ but carefully refrains from lighting a fuse rematu.-lvP.- These are the questions. as we see-it. put bet-irr
.l.iherties Union recently Hie A ;l,U, S813 that 5£ml_llof Communist-nders in this counlr. » 1  I "4&#39; - - D: &#39;. the United States Supreme Cotrgvbv tli¬4American t ivil t92l
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t .Y should be thrown out because American institutions areso strong that home-grown Communists cannot causeany "clear and present." danger to them. t &#39;
These American institutions, the ACLU argued."have so well and so consistently demonstrated theireffectiveness in meeting ordinary needs. as well as. 1  _-._-E
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__,t_-. ..,-&#39;<. -i./_<92,<,;.,.- "s "" -1 1" withstanding_the_tremendous impact of-two&#39;world"wa"rs,a devastating depression. and the continuing challengeof world-wide unrest, their stability and permanencewould seem to be virtually unassailable . . ."The "clear and present danger" doctrine is a recog-nized part of American law, but it is scarcely at homein this argument. What the ACLU is saying. in effect,is that since the Communists cannot hope for successin taking over the American government. we ought tolet them try withoutiinterference. lf we followed thatroad. -we should never see danger with the naked eveuntil it was too late. - -
The importance of the ACLU Qattitude. however,points more in another direction. Next to subversionitself. -the greatest danger this country can face is anattitude by its people and officials that our way of lifeis so well established, nothing needs be done to protectit t!nce__we begin to believe that some magic powerm:tkes_ our institutions &#39;"unassailable." and that we nt-ednut in no effort to safeguard them from internal ero-sum, then we&#39;re on the way to losing them.Elxrzept for that eternal vigilance which is the pricer-l liberty. we could awake some morning to find not i ll a pretense left of the things we thought were sostrong and permanent. Freedom can be lost in war. butit is more often sold. given away or slept awav Thedoctrine of _unassailable" institutions induces a -ia-92evr-ous sleep. We cannot afford to accept it. -"_ /&#39;
92/
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-- A Trig FBI,__-ifldr Civil Liberties ,1
_ ~ - _by Irving Fermari._ I _
- organism of a government of law
des it th bod B ll _ _ p e C-ilil-. 92lC"S in our I
of Rights and in our system of checks
and balances. Our most effective anti
body always is the focusing of an in
formed public opinion. This is why we
should be grateful for Mr. Whitehead s
excellent new book." Whitehead writes
-_ . _ __ ._ _?l
The FBI Story, by Don Whitehead
 Random House; $4.95!. &#39; _ _
about the FBl&#39;s almost-half-century his-
tory in highly readable style but bis
chief virtue is the sensitive historio-
_ raphic&#39;senseh&#39;e&#39;ilisplays.NA&#39;ll !NAL rotica could infect the » specic, authorization jfrom the Bu-
! &#39;, - - D 4" - . ¢
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a
The FBI has been criticized most
sharply for its, collecting intelligence
data on non-criminal conduct of Corn-
munists and Fascists. Whitehead shows
that the IBI&#39;s activities in regard to
sub&#39;rersi92&#39;es were not self assigned. He
discloses for" the rst time in print that
President Roosevelt called  Edgar
Hoover to his office on the summer
morning of August 24, 1936, to express
concern over the activities of Commu-
nists and Fascists. It was the President,
and not Mr. Hoover, who stressed the
need for developing abroad intelli-
gence-picture of tliese activities. Even
then, Mr_. Hoover emphasized that he
had no specic authority to make such
general invcstigations. However, the
authority was found through the instru-
mentality of Cordell Hull and the State
Department which. under law, couldai
, ,.4.~¬i.
1&#39;¬3l.!...,. _
Whitehead therefore,
that the FBI has been
authority to perform its intelligence
functions. But hasit acted, as FBI critics
maintain, in "Gestapo-like fashion?. I
would answer unequivocally .in- the
negative. . _ .- _ .. 4 ,makes it clear
delegated clear
The adoption of the Truman Loyalty
Program in 1948, and the Eisenhower
Security Program in 1953 has, vastly
extended the activity of the FBI, and the
Bureau since has been under attack
because of its insistence that its inform-?-_-, ."    &#39;. l "~ /_92 &#39; --F.-&#39;T:&#39;_.
"_"_-- I _ g __~_ __ _ ____-r_ __ __ _ __ __ v , __ __, _ _&#39;___.. __._.-_.i. r DECEMBER io. was .  i9 ,
Mr. Hoover. Personnel selection, the
functioning of its academy, its integra-
tive use of chemistry, physics, metal-&#39;
dcveloping crime laboratory techniques»
are all dealt with. W~hitehead also de-
votes space to a little known aspect of _
FBI work: its Civil Rights_Training-
Schools in which 22,000 local police
officials have been oriented and indoc-
trinated on this touchy and ..vastly im-portant question. . , _  &#39; &#39; &#39;
Some of my mentors in the American
Civil Liberties Union remember vividly
the horrendous vigilantism_&#39; of the
World War I organization _ whose
250,000 members were permitted to
wear badges inscribed "American Pro-
tective League, Auxiliary to the US&#39;
Department of justice." These self-&#39;
styled sleuths were used by the justicev&#39;;_. 1 f~
._.tv-_>
_  NI.
. .c- .,-rs~92~&#39;;&#39;~";.&#39;i.-lurgy, electronics, and engineering ll&#39;_l&#39;i&#39;.".&#39;~Q:":1T
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subject , to confrontation and cross-
examination. I &#39; -
On this; Whitehead quotes what
Hoover advised the Truman Loyalty
Review Board early in the formulation
of its operating policies: &#39;
. . . Our responsibility is limited to
the securing of facts. I stated that the
FBI was the investigator, not the prose-
cutor, judge or jury. I informed the
Boaid. that we planned to make our
Special Agents available to testify to
those matters of which they had per-
sonal knowledge and that we would
list the names and addresses of those
persons interviewed who did not object
to their identities being known. IDepartment to conduct "slacker" raids,
one of which involved rounding up
some 50,000 citizens in New York._
When a proposal was made. by the
American Legion in 194,0 to iusetheir
Posts as investigative units  and this
would have most certainly led to a
revival of the vigilantism of World
W/ar I! it was intelligently rejected by
the justice Department. By contrast in
our V &#39;orld War II experience; the
FI3I&#39;s handling of the draft-evasion
problem with particular reference to the
conscientious objectors led the Ameri-
can Civil Liberties Union in 1945 to
comment: - &#39; -
The striking contrast between the state- -""&#39;+?.r.- .
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. ~_ fhave just"hadthe prilege of reading your&#39; review of the Don Whitehead book, "The FBI Story," wl1iclW1y.:~§.&#39;;.:fQj_-_-.&#39;;
appeared in the December l0 issue of "The New Republi¢.A_§&#39;.~ :1 &#39;
....&#39;r: ,._-_ .._, .?_ .&#39; ~ &#39; ..   . It is refreshing indeed and I did want Q1.  ..
~ express to you my personal appreciation for your sympathetic , . .
interest and helpful assistance in recent months; I am sure _ I
- . that your efforts have been most effective in bringing about a.:._=
_ &#39; With best wishes and kind regard;,i&#39;_&#39;;.-.
A 4 .- .1! , &#39;1 ..~_-*r&#39;.$.iT.7&#39;3-.a { &#39; .
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Wlnienowd _ . . CQMMSFBI &#39;
Teie.Rooin_ " "P  - v <~&#39;.» .~.~.H¢ASincerely yours,_,__.§; y ;~ _~  ~-,2 Q}; Edgar Hooyer r : I _ I   &#39;
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