Supreme Court Part 33

FBI Vault

Supreme Court

Supreme Court Part 33

109

33

Document text

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1'0 =Mr. Nease  __ /92 ' oars. June 11, 1958 5?...-:".-B!»-~-*=*"-" ' w . ' Tollon ._
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' 92 "Clyton ___
_ I. . ' . Tole. Room _.__W  __ _ _ _ _ _ - Hollomcn ._.__1 Gclndv5 The indexes of both the Don Whitehead book,
FBI Story, " and the, Director's book, "Masters of Deceit, " have not
been indexed into Bureau les as such. Recently, there was an instance
- wherein an item appearing in the Whiteheadbook was brought to our
attention by a reporter as the basis for an erroneous conclusion on his"The o  -"i"
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92 part. The search of the Bureau files which preceded our original outgoing
letter to this reporter concerned the old motion picture "G-Men" and this
file search did not make reference to the fact that this particular motion
picture was mentioned in the Whitehead book footnotes. No effort has been
made in the Records Section to index the Director's book. As far as the
Whitehead book is concerned pertinent portions concerning individuals. "
mentioned in this work have been filed into that particular indivldual's main5019 file and so indexed. This, of course, is not complete since it is hardly
/7 possible to index such items as "Pearl Harbor, " the gangster era, or - jL .  5. "Operations of the Communist Party." These nonspecific items cannot be _ 1
gpfgguately indexed. , 1. ._
The Records Section has advised that the actual index of@ both the books in question can be indexed in Bureau files and that such a
procedure would indicate to an individual having a search made that a
particular item appears on page so and so of either the Whitehead book or
"Masters of Deceit. " It should be borne in mind, however, that the index
to neither book i's complete due to space limitations and the feasibility of
such an indexing procedure is, therefore, questionable. There is, however,
a possibility of avoiding possible contradictory communications if it were
possible for the individual preparing Bureau commimications to have ref encQt-§!to a particular individual as they appear in these two books brought _-lg ii 5 _attention when a file search is made._  ' REC 92/J  _ 2 _ _*"4*  RECOMMENDATION ' * = '.- .'  a ~ f:E}*¢.?~';,,;,_  B B B s so is -s-11° REC-T]-4 9;; . /0 11;! '7 Z-
4   ' _ fa    I, __ _ _It_is recpmmended that the__Records Branch index the indices'5,   D0iZll"'J,}hB.l"B1b'i;0i§7' and "masts s 21:, ceit. _-13 JUN 20.1958 2 ,.__"   wajksarpk _l/"1' 99%-3   _-  ,' .49 Iirnsts 2 "4, LINFDRMATION _ W _ M V , s .,,¢~,» 15> pg EREINI ur-scmsi  s -" ~/ E 1§..__B s ' ""   ' 1,; ff, -- Q . T ,1-- .1 5, . it  6 0 JUPAI5  2/gif _ >p-.'1¢1aP/aim ;1
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FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATHJN
FUIPR DELETED PAGE INFURMHTIUN SHEET
i__ Pagets! withheld entirely at this location in the file. One or more of the following statements, where
indicated, explain this deletion.
l:l Deleted under exemptionts! __u__e '7  u_u_ with no segregable
material available for release to you.
[:1 information pertained only to a third party with no reference to you or the subject of your request.
Cl Information pertained only to a third party. Your name is listed in the title only.
l:l Documents originated with another Government agencyties!. These documents were referred to that
agencyties! for revtew and direct response to you.
E Pages contain information furnished by another Government agency ies!. You will be advised by the FBI as
to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agency ies!.
i_ Page s! withheld for the following reason s!:
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Ir. Edam-db anal dqn ago 011106 to U ltt-mti _
a lottar roccind has lqnand lun;u1.n, I1 atbomq la in
Shornhu Building, dated Juno 7, 1933, roquostlng the rutum
of Gnu .n5I1&#39;,!:-int: lad giobugruph of GUJSXIE C. ITEHYIIS,
emrlctod Ln the Southern 91:1,:-let of Culbrlic mdcr the
!.*Ll !&#39;:-ms! 5*.-am: in 1929, !.l.r. !-.-fa}!-L1: starsg 9.-Pm! !!maI1r.=h
*3 as ur. 5!-opfnani ma been p-==u<s - mu pu"d0n by the Preeldmt ,.
_ &#39;_ in felt. Lhat Etcpt-ms ta; mtttlod in he rvturn of than
records. . O
x It appear-od that on receipt of this latter a nnox-new
92 an Q-M1-uaod ta lb: Criminal Divillan of the Dipnrhnt
admin; an oplnizn as In the Iucunity far implying vita I-14.1!JUI 1» ma  ;,;;&#39;"-4  I
- - " nquut, and radar data of Jinn LL, 1933 1 Inn:-nan In
Q 1-9co1ud1.n92hcl:ruu!nnI:~.hn&#39;1lh,l:tla;Budctt.92:o
hull Dlviatcn, shun; that via of inn tact that .:.::
I H .--D _  had ruled that Q};-dm roaches bib tho- y.ln_ t prucrlbid for Bu 0 {nu ind the guilt of the
ondar; ii i:&#39;I&#39;tbi"pi;1-Ban 1| hall, it ralouea the punlulnnnt
and Mote at of _II1I92~@¢O U10 5:118, to I-tut tn the I10 0! to
la QM attain ll ca" haocmt as 1! he in mom oomtttod
. lhoo!fIlao&#39;1tqponrlu92lwn¢!1:u-liunldnnubonoautl-mrlw
in ram to nun-pa-tau an phat»;-mph ilkn or Supnnn.
/ - I  ",lan~nr, In Pnrrldn If-lid int baton 0 tings:-print: Jul
4 ing lL-- -ninllnn-,  "f.j~ . -.1-# %"..&#39;:=-ati-= =3 *1-~= ..... ahwlé 2 _  m-an nun-qu nffloo. m ¢ _1, Purim lttnnq, in plhhod under duh if .  " &#39;~&#39;-*>»=.-&#39;@-&#39;1 I i , 1m Int an hoard: um-us um u rmum is ;
* bfuuy 9, 1933, ltrmhd $0 U-001-30 C. Ihphmu a N11 ml i 
" Ir:-m.!1t10nu1 pardon for in pm-pone at tutoring Ill 21111
rights, attoctin upon the uplr-Lian or hi: out-eneo, In; 11, &#39;,
1933, and rnittd lull ne. *
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5. . Menu-dc Ln calling LJ: eorreapondence in :5
ett=-ratitm, pointa out t-int the Depertamt bed not zpeclflc-.1Ly
directed that the p1"..nt:= be retume; Meever, that instruction
er.u.1d ord1n=:.rLl,y be i.nfeI&#39;re<&#39;. tron the Lnfou-nation eutnltt-rl.
C0nseq&#39;ze:|t1,y, 1 letter had been prepared addressed tn Ir. Bcnjui-1,
complying with his request, but that letter bed not be-an I-nilel.
1 thereupon requettes Ir. Idnude ta bold tne letter until
I had um opportunity ta tel: to Ir. Perrieh concerning this
matter, because I believed tint t further cnnnieretlon by the
Depertee.-at eight bring ehent e revered of this opinion, ea the
Qqultlnl of the eetter eeeeed e11 in fever of the G0&#39;I01&#39;.92.=mt. I
than ecn!&#39;er-red Itth Ir. Pen-ten, Cm In tether of the opinion
thnt the prints mt not to be reuu-med, lltbough there II8 n.»
cleu euthority for the refusal either in the lee or decisions.
I-louver, L: viee or the equities or the til-union en! in fece or
the argument that the zaverel Stltee having Habitual Crtlinel Lev:
do not give my eelght to e pea-don Int amt the conviction _
notwbatuzding the perdm, he believed e tter res one IOTUII
of e teat. He euggeeted, hoeever, that I confer 11L: Ir. Ridgely,
elm bed drafted the opinion.
Ir. Perrieh reel ee: Iere teaed en the preen-aptlaa
that e N11 perdm Q-rmted to Btqwhme. loeever, tn
taking the letter Ir. Ridge]; be Ieggeeted thet the
Perdaa lttoruefe record: be revleeed hr the |IlI&#39;p0Ie of eecertemmg
meteor the pee-den hen teen rented hecenee of the In-its of the
eeee or for eene ewe? reeeon. Ir. lldgehh ettmticn eee there-
upm intedhefeetthltleeurdiutotbeeeaozwnduefxqe the
Perdan Attorney! efce tteyhene bed hem rante e run per-don
eel; awn the emtreun er hie eeutem I-I tor we purpose or
Nlwrtn] I118 81711 ttlth Ir. ltdgely thll Iteted that he felt
Uaeee feet-e plead D at-trely different ettnetlen before hie end
he eee of the the eptelon that the Deperteent mould eat direct
01- epproee the return of the I!-Ice:-prlnte er e eonvlct mder taeae
eiruueeteneee. le requeeted thet e letter be directed to Attorney
Ienjnln, etetlng Hut the Iieperteent eee at the vice but hceuse
of tne feet thet the perdae ea one only tn restore the civil
rlghte or the convict it Md not feel t-net fingerprints, photagreph
or my other 1dmt1!}&#39;ln[ dete ehauld be returned to Stephan..i
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I poL&#39;1tn&#39;i out to Ir. 17.1.-Z5013 ii-.1-.t the Itngorprintn Iv! fI&#39;.0§.>"?&#39;t;-&#39;.
could, of course, ho of record in tho puuitantinu-;,~ in mien
Ste,-.:.uns 6c;."&#39;II<§ tail time and that anal; the Dopartnnt mull not
nrpect to de;;10te or Lntarflre lit-h the porunout rum:-6| of r.
institution, and tnnt there uiated no more ran": fur the
dnatruction or r0&#39;t.u&#39;n of the 11001.1: on file in tan Iemtiflcatnn
Division of t:J.s Iuroau. Ir. lLhlge].y fully I-zrooi with ib-.51»:
fins, Ind If-Mad tilt Ie light luggtat to Ir. Benjamin that the
5.11-on: in cuthoriltd kg Congrouional lnuchnnt to collect
idlntiflcatl-an ruoorda and fclt t-but it Iuuld ncrt be authorised
to tutu!-n mch 0 record lure]; bocmn of the restoration of
we 1.-£!4...1. rights e! a &#39;:..-vavicti
In 0:00:-dmca Iith the ucnbinod opinicna of lasers. Pu-ri
n..921 Rid;-21;, I have drafted I latter of P1911 tr» Ir. Bmjuia and
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rs: fully mturc-:1. Unto-abtedly, the re-gulsticr. in h!1".;.. 1o:lsre.c
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to pltltionert But the rogulstiot. is both ine.,&#39;:plicsYie and i:-.-.-slid.
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Ilged cause of sctior. long since mtured. Toe ls! is Iell settled ti.e&#39;.
generally s statute cannot be construed to operate rt trospoctirsly uxzltsr.
t.*.s legislative intention to that effect I.Lt.¢.*qulIO¢al1y sppnsrs. &#39;!Vc:.1-l-
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U..>. 5:5, b.-9, Full:-.to:-. so. V. grthern Pacific, 266 21.3. 43;, 437. 11..
principle is strictly sp;licst-ls to ststutos nick-. have the effect of
creating an obligation. An s-iainiatrstivo regulation is sutjc-Ct to tn.-
rule equllly sitr. s statute; and sccordirgly, the regulation hcrs ir.~.-;lv-.
must be taken to op.-rats prospectively only.
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statute upon the Director [or his sumssaor, ti&#39;.r.~ Administrator! to mkc
regulstions to carry out the purposes of the act. It is not, in thc an-rm
of the ststutz, a r~.-gilstion at all, but legislation. Re e1 fsct of ti-".~
statute in form" u tr.<- tin. of the slioptior. or 1-hr ac--sallcd rcgulntic-:&#39;.
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"ut;:lualvc prev»:-.&#39;-tioz; Ihicr. disptns-vs sit}. 7-roof and &#39;_"92IU¢l&#39;uldtB dispuu.
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281 U.S. 599, 61$.
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and extent of Mu injury, but slso to show that t..-.- re:-.-it of 2:.» ii-.~1I&#39;3-&#39;
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for E. yam of t.-.1 tin-&#39; and cuzmsa,-.:;: fcr 2-_&#39;:=1!*.d92.r.
O<I:n.ncir.g about -1_:t<r.tcr 1, 192,, r-.:po:.i-"at fur  .92-2:.
r.§jr;;,- :j_§E&r._de:}_§_1_7_f eor_mtruc_t1oz: of rcnd.a_ 14;" Mic-.n at e wllr" 0-i3&#39;*i!7P== lvml j 1a.a:xx_vmi-E¢Z"Jn;E;i-i-;¬J<§s*.*r1s?F2r=;@;, -!.~l1=1.==-*2 =2--&#39;-f&#39;@.!-"= &#39;2"-*_ &#39;= -or 1930 201&#39; tau. hm fiir. at :1: nc.:.tI.r  -res c.}5l___é_  _  pd ennui  oalcii mount! tn about $530. it thl-= MM-&#39;1£;"f,_.1" » 5;" - or nan:-10:1 Iork at u lnlary or 3200 per nor-U1. 2:;-1:1 l&#39;=r $1, mob in another your and than maths 1|-. 1930, tn. 1;;-,m-c min.-...1" V V &#39; &#39; ~: 11 t vu dlacharnd  I, tn at 12:10 to work ha tau :5 K"-wlvP ._ yg 1&#39;. -"L __&#39; 9 ., &#39;5E.1?1&#39;»!&#39;yuoa us ¢.- z. ..|. 92.-as4., hon. three or tour la;-0 0 numb. That was has 1:101 ¢r-£1011-1?-v
u; oftinl roam-1 put 1r. evidmcu by bin ahou that 1r. Jul;-, 1924, M =2:

-Sr
rm.-clrronce or kidney tr;-.t1:.. Le e n.-euit or the on:-.ination he no offi¢it.-e
ly oo-rtii.92:d to hon no -:=ft~cte and tc be qualified r flying duty as e gal:-,
Q0-=_gnoi14, in 1911; ::e!5Q tho ;.cli:;.&#39; I111. etill in force Pelpondent Inn
trotted ty Dr. Quinn, t.: cnou ho e-cat lolly during the fire: year a:.l tn:-er c.-
four tines weekly durlnw tn: next two. Ilia eonlatio: lid not inn-ore am,
Incense of inability t=_ my the doctor, he discontinued. For e fol yearn
;ri0r to the trial he ha. boon going to doctora for lime trcltmnt ee often
ea ovory other day. C-ctoter 31, l92.=1, the Vote:-an&#39;e Bram examined him,
e,-perently in eonnoetior. with hie arplicetion to reizltlte hie 1m&#39;.:r&#39;e:ce- He
Ina classified no a poor rink: "This 2:: has e chronic nephritis. B"_,7ortc.n-
axon. Urine above occa.-fc::.l h;/Llinc outs and r. to-I red blood cello". Ir.
&#39;* rch, 19:53, he entered 1. -rttorano hostit-:1 at Washington where ho refainod
: tut ii: ==a&#39;.-ta. The t?»-0-"&#39;1&#39;-3638 were all"-u-&#39;.i%i=, no;hriti= difnoe railé,
:»o&#39;£<-rato hypertension. It one found that no nos;it:.lizction Ion noceeeriry.
Err. Fowler, o comsuitnnt 1&#39;. uro1og,&#39;, round the right kidney out of position
er.-i unwanted Ii:-ge!&#39;:,&#39;. Tune 1, 1931, to-lpondent BL! to e. mill hoepital
for tnntaent or the inr=<~t1.-d-cntnn-1 om! remained there until July "&#39;. It Ill
r -..-vi that Lia blood ;:r+;~::-.re and heart were norna.l- He had node:-ate hydro-
: -..:&#39;coia of the ridzt L-;..i:.c-y and l kink in the u;";*4::&#39; half OI the right ureter.
I.-.:.n1yaie Ian negative.
Re.-s;onie.-.t called fr. .,-inn, Dr. P;-yer. and Ir- Pie:-pant: "
III. Quinn hav trczr - r.-_:po:-xient for the anti-uzi infection for several
_-=n:.s after the latter.-n ;.:horge tun; the navy. Ho testified t.*.et the i
:.:.trui: infection nae 1?..=_1-chit and t;".e.t during the period of. treatirnt re-i
:- &#39;nder.t bed ne;.hritie _~ ..;od by the infection; am: it did not inprove, t.*.e:
re-:_:One:t had impaired ;-.". health tr; Iorking nnd tint "Ia mr o;inic: at the
1::-.e I first examined r.;:. ard since that tine he tn: not been cop-atle cf con-
tinuously carrying on u :-_!=-tantiolly pintul occupation eithout 1!i_-J"j to :r.o
l&#39;;&#39;:a1th." The ioctor 1 l.*,.t that u:.d.er proper trtetaent respondent could
. ;Te n long tine. I would 1,"-ut his ir. bud and keep bin there. It ho
...a;ag»".-e in any work it 2.1. mice hi; die e little tit eoonere" Altnoug.-:1 the
=-itnezs dad not tcatif-,~ 2; any ahango in reoponB1:nt&#39;s condition, he said:
";i&#39; a .n had nilii nephritis in 1923 and in 19112 has diagnosis ct nlll
r.-..-phritie e . . his ezndition in mob Ioroe not: than it Ine the: heeauee
.~.-.- still nu e breaking &#39;2./I! or the kidneysh
@,_jn;|n emneneu: to troet zeipealent in July, 1929, and at that time
some on-one nephritis. - I-In exp:-eeeel the opinion that the lieoue exietu:
in 1088. Al animation e year hero:-e u trial imieetee reapouent nee us:
I9at en: the ta;-..-..t tor his eenéitien, an ear! phnaier;
l.Qllr h1lhOl11hI.ill&#39;IfIIOontinuoullyengagee inanyki:-.:
tagtolinithieleyeenthieeertne I e e Itenennne
in 1933 etiil nu e lllglolil oi only nild oepbritie I Iouid en,-
M bl injured hixnc-1i, for I Qa tith that type of dieeale Could injure
his health D1 loin; on kind of Ike hr Io:-king an In nnle it Io:-be; he
rum: new recovered. 1 would . . . new he In totally Int pennneatly
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SUPREME ITOURT 0F THE UNITED STATES.
No. 25 -Jrmnnl Tux, 1942.
B° u°92&#39;bb&#39; "°"&#39;" 1" On Wm of Ceurui 1»
N 1-. .. .|-- "4 nu-M. "92.bb&#39; the Yum-ri Ruin Ilrr-mt
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__ P Japanese Gen.>&#39;gYamashita. the
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4 r. rlif  ll 92-lr1.l P l-.:&#39;7&#39; &#39;T" l is "
us Courta
l---~ - -~ l»- ~ ._- &#39;
Ponlflefs A Jib;
lealof Tiger of Malaya &#39;7 l&#39;
 Will Rule on Defense Argument That
- -» Ye_n1M_&#39;asl&#39;i_i_i_&#39;a: Should Have I-lad Civil Trial
Thejirairpreme Court yesterdayiwas absent becausellct illnesstook u..- advisement the plea oi while Justice Jackson is in Europe.
Tiger oi Malaya. that he be re-
turned to his iormer prl.sono1&#39;-oi&#39;-
war status from that oi a war
criminal sentenced to hang.
After a ve-and-a-half hour
hearing into the unprecedented
appeal by an enemy war leader to
the nation&#39;s highest court, the
seven justices present retired to.deliberate. &#39; "
Hear ccatm: &#39; zleu i
with them they took Govern-i
ments final contention that
Yarnashita is guilty of violatingthe laws oi war" in that he per-l
mitted occupation troops under
his Philippines command to com-
mit atrocities on an estimated 60,-
000 persons, mostly civilians.
And they had the assertion oidefense counsel, three United
States Army oicers who deiended
the "Tiger" at his recent Manila
trial. that the general "has corn-.
ulitted no crime of any sort."
when Yamashita, languishing
thousands of miles away in Ma-
nilafs Bilibld prison. will learn
nether his last avenue of appeal
s been granted or denied. is a
atter oi speculation. The court
ay rule at its next regular Mon-;
ay session, January 14, or it mayVirtually every seat in the great
marble chamber was again tilled.
Yams-shits. Judson said, not
only was commander oi all mili-
tary forces but was military gov-
ernor of the Philippines as well.
He read the oriilnai charge
against the Tiger which specied
that he had "unlawfully disre-
.garded his responsibilities" and
had permitted atrocities to occur
.under his command, therebyiviolatina the flaws or war." These,the assistant.-solicitor general said,
included executions without cause1:11; trial. torture, looting and thee.
Duty to Be Humane
"Who determines, asked Jus-
tice Rutledge, "whether a prisoner
is a violator oi the lews oi war?"
r The military." Judson said. H
added that Yamashita was unde
a legal duty to control his troo
land to treat war prisoners hu
manely." and that the Jap genera
had admitted this during his trial.
From the defense table Capt.
A. Frank Reel got up to present
his hriei rebuttal. With him were
Col. Harry E. Clarke and Capt.
Milton Bandberg, all oi who flew
from Manila to participate in thehand down its decision on Jsnu-rm! wpm &#39;
ary 28, after a two-week recess.
Denica&#39;Irlal"llklI-in"
Assistant Solicitor General Har-
old Judson told the court today
that any cliam Yamashita was
given an illegal trial because thewar is over. "ies in the Iace oil
2918011. - 92
One of thernaior defense con-tentions is that the general should i.
have been tried by a civil court!
since the fighting is over. %
"It is obvious that persons who r
have oiiended against the laws oi
humanity-from which stern the
laws oi war--would in most cases
not be apprehended until after the
ilghting is over. Judson said.
"But there still are many Japa-
nese soldiers not apprehended
right in the Philippines. I readi
only the otherday that in this}
sporadic ahtins. 16 soldiers.
thx-ee,ni etbem Americana. were
killed." -
Chlei Justice Btone and his asst» r
lates - Justices Rutledae.
urphy. in-ankturter. Doualssu
lack and mu-tonroilowed the .Reiteratina that Yamashita
was improperly tried by the mili-Ttary commission, he stain raisedthe question oi Jurisdiction and
said that a civil trial should have
been ordered. ,
The defense seeks writs of
habeas corpus tor Yarnashita&#39;s re-
turn ,to prisoner-of-war status,and a. writ oi prohibition to tore
stall execution oi sentence.
Cites Parallel Case
lteplsrins to a ouestlon askedMonday. Ree advised the court
that he had discovered the case
oi Brig. Gen. Jacob H. Smith.
U.8.A.. who was oourt-martialod
in 1801 for having ordered atroci-
ties committed against civilians
on Samar Island. He said that
Bmiti-rs punishment was to be
admonished."
"I take it that your opinion 1|
that your man should be admon-
ished also? Justice Stone asked.
Our position. air." Ree]
plied. is that our man has com
inltted no crime or any sort
I think that it is a cu
this court to determin
ts closely. Justice Reed}..____ ~77  - e -&#39;_._ __ JiiMr
Mr
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Tracy ___
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Hendon ____
Pennington
Quinn Tami
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I/the murder conviction of ilipsr
S
92§Ur. Tolsoni
Hr. E. A. &#39;ll¢i
i Mr. Ciegg____
H Mr. Col!ey____
Mr. G1avin__
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Mr
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Egan
HendonMedley and Fisher
ose Fina Mr.Mr.
Q Mr.
Mr.Penningto
Quinn Tar
Mr. Nease
a &#39; _
, M_urder,ers_Face_Quicl5 Exegutiqg V §1 APP-@@1i
_ és Result of SuPre__ e Court Actign
i men yesterda lost &#39; 1,
Y ghts to esc_a}E the el£ctric_chair.
&#39;The U. _ .°llI&#39;i__lL&&#39;
-fuiid to _al_e_1&#39;_an_.aen§él_iui
 mmn.92e .-ee _mnr u_ c92
shooti&#39;rig__wgf._,M[s. Nan_c_y__,§o1pr,i
3/1ii.&#39;§1!_n_l9i5_;._He_l$-.5chedl1led
tq_d1e Aasuuz; 1,
The high court affirmed, 4 to 3.
isher, Negro, 31-year-old Wash-
ington Cathedral janitor, sentenced
to die October 26 for the slaying
of Miss Catherine Eooper Rear-
don, 37, in the Cathedral March
1, 1944. -
Medley. former Michigan con-
vict who ed the District Jail here
April 5 only to be captured 7 hours
later in a newer pipe, originally
was sentenced to die April 30.
The execution was postponed pend-
ing outcome of the appeal.
Mrs. Boyer, attractive red-haired
divorcee, was found slain in her
iashlonehle sparunent utter e care:
party and Medley was arrested in
St. Louis, Mo. 10 days later.
Justices Felix Frankfurter, Frank
urphy and Wiley Rutledge dis-
ented in the Fisher decision for
he 4-in-3 result. 1-I11Slazersof two Washington wol jliss Rea:-don after she had com- 8!/92
plained of dirt under her desk and
called him a black nigger." Her -body was found in a steam pipe
tunnel in a subbasement of the Ca-
thedral the next day.
Justice Stanley F. Reed, in de-
livering the Fisher opinion and re-
counting history of the trial, said
Fishers counsel sought an instruc-
tion from the trial judge which
would have permitted the jury toweigh the evidence of the wand-
ant&#39;s mental deciencies. hich
were short oi insanity in the legal
sense. The trial court refused and
the United States Court.oi Appeals
here upheld the refusal.
Justice Reed said this conforms
to the law of the District of Co-
lumbia.
Matters relating to law enforce-
ment in the District of Columbia."
he said, "are entrusted to the
courts of the District. E
"Our policy is not to enterfere
with the local rules of law which
they fashion, save in exceptional
situations where egregious error
has been committed."
Where the choice of the Court
of Appeals of the District of Co-
lumbia in local matters betwee
conicting legal conclusions seem
nicely balanced, we do not interFisher_had. testified he attackeditere."
_¢,1|92
WASHHINGIn
. IRDEIII. I ,I I[J3 1&#39;~?G-&#39;1 I-!!~2t"< m iiiciiif 87 AUG &#39;7 1945/-.
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off, ?iIZ.,-zlnon I L. P. Boar dman -?
tmentO &#39; 5.22:"&#39;1&#39;-&#39;|&#39;= $14.!;/6! HQWCQS
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n contacted SAC Leo Laughlin, Washington Field Office at 4.10 P.M._, @ebruary , 19.&#39;§5, and a vised him that effective immediately no
ic I1 ere to be conducted by Bureau lgent at /&#39;1any tim on the rounds of o n the f lowing bui1din§sCour 1;-apito.I%7rite Houseégenote andogduse 0 fice Buildin sun ess are-p-e&#39;é¢;1&#39;¢ authorization was fi from gt-gggr
Belmont or myself and that specific authority would have to be
"quested in each instance where unusual conditions night warrant
requesting such authority, acid authority to be eecured in advance.
I told Laughlin that these instructions were to be issue
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. Tamm Identification Division
Quinn Technical LabqgetoyThe Director &#39;1 R ° Fl G. ueCtri0I&#39;1
. Nathan Personnel Files
. Clegg Mechanical Seétion
SUPERVISORS
. Brandt ____Mr. Leckie
Chambers ____Mr. McDade M
____Mr. McIntire
Mr.
____Mr. Pennington :_ Mr
____Mr. Ranstad. Drayton
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,____Miss Candy
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Mrs. Morton
Mr. WardMertz Mr|
Mr.*Eosen
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Mr.!Voge1
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____Typ1sts  5292_ 6 1 - Mr. Parsons Note a 5 Return v ///
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UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
Memorandum
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R0 I N. P. Callahan
I-K SUBJECT The Congressional Record
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92 92I Mr. Hun,
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Mr, Edw-<U { Q .
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t April 19 1933../ / ,
MEMORAEDUM FOR TH DIRECTOR.
_9292__.
q  It is suggested that there be placed the file under Law,
National Bank Act,&#39;False Entries, a eta ent with refs .e to
Q! the_case of United States v. John G or Su r m Co 1 of &#39; by, pee 92-S/3
- the October Term, 1932, decided April 10, 1933.
Darby was charged with false entries in connection with promissoryQzj notes discounted by the bank which bore.the genuine signature of J. G.&#39; Darby and what appeared to be the signature of Bessie D. Darby as co-
maker or endorser. Hhis was a forgery and with this knowledge J. G.
Darby entered in the discount book the name of Bessie D. Darhy as
co-maker or endorser. A demurrer was sustained by the District Court
on the ground that the discount of the paper had been recorded as it
of the Stat
In reversing the decision of the District Court, the Supreme Court
said that the aim of the Statute was to give assurance that upon an
U3 inspection of a bank, public officers and others would discover in its
- tbooks of account a picture of its true condition; that the books indicated
a paper had been discounted with two signatures, whereas, in fact, there
ere not two signatures. &#39;
ReSpe0ti1Jlly ,
§ C. A. Ilqipel.
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_71U£REME_ClilIl§1 or THE umran smss.
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The United States of America, ~ On appeal from the Dis-Appellant, L triet Court of the
us. United States for theJohn G. Darby, Appellee. J District of Maryland.
/ [April 10, 1933.1
Mr. Justicewganozo delivered the rnion oi the Court.
The case involves the construction o a statute of the United
States which makes it a crime for an oicer or employee of a Fed-
eral reeerve&#39;- bank, or of any member bank, to make any entry in
its books with intent to defraud. R. S. sec. 5209 as amended by
the Act of September 26, 1918, c. 177, sec. 7; 40 Stat. 972; 12
U. S. Code, sec. 592.
An indictment in sixteen counts charges the appellee, John G.
Darby, with a violation of this statute. Eight entries are alleged
to have been falsely made. Each has relation to a separate promise
sory note discounted by the Montgomery County National Bank of
Rockville, Maryland. The notes bore the genuine signature of
J. G. Darby as maker. They bore what appeared to be the signa-
ture of Bessie D. Darby as co-maker or endorser. In fact, as the
appellee well knew, her signature was a forgery. With this knowl-
edge he entered in the discount book the name of Bessie D. Darby
See. 5209. Any omeer, director, agent, or employee of any Federal reserve
hank, or of any member bank . . . who . . . makes any false entry
in any book, report, or ltatement of such Federal rem-ve bank or member
bank, with intent in any cue to injure or defraud ouch Federal roaerva bank
or member bank, or any other eompany, body politic or corporate, or Ln!
individual person, or to deceive any oieer of snob Federal reserve bank or
member bank, or the Comptroller of the Currency, or any agent or examiner
appointed to examine the aairs of ouch Federal reeervo bank or member
bank, or the Federal Belerre Board; . . . nhall be deemed guilty or a
misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in any dint:-iet court of the United
Stat-as shall he ned not more than 85,000 or shall be imprisoned for not more
than ee yearn, or both, in the diaeretion of the court.
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2 United States vs. Darby.
I15 co-maker or endorser, and did this in the course of his employ-
ment as assistant cashier. The odd numbered counts charge an
intent to injure and defraud the bank, and the even numbered
counts an intent to deceive the oticers of the bank and the Comp-
troller of the Currency. A demurrer to the indictment was sus-
tained by the District Court on the ground that the discount of
the paper had been recorded as it occurred, and hence that the
entries were not false within the meaning of the statute. The
case is here under the Criminai Appeals Act  Act of March 2,
1907, c. 2564, 34 Stat. 1246; 18 U. S. Code, sec. 682; cf. Judicial
Code, sec. 238; 28 U. S. Code, sec. 345! upon an appeal by the
Government.
The crime of making false entries by an oicer of a national
bank with the intent to defraud . . . includes any entry on
the books of the bank which is intentionally made to represent
what is not true or does not exist, with the intent either to deceive
its oicers or to defraud the association. Agnew v. United States,
165 U. S. 36,  The act charged to the appeilee is criminal if
subjected to that test. At the time of the entry, no note was in
existence with the signature of Bessie D. Darby as co-maker or en-
dorser. No note with such a signature had been discounted by the
hank. The forged signature was a nullity, as much so as if the
name had been blotted out before the discount, or never placed
upon the notes at all. Verity was not imparted to the entry by
the simulacrum of a signature known to be spurious. Agnew v.
United States, supra; Coin Y. United States, 162 U. S. 664, 683;
Untied States v. Morse, 161 l_ed. -129, 436; Horse V. United States,
174 Fed. 539, 552 ;United Sta-tes v. Warn, 295 Fed. 328, 330; Balli-
ehgsley V. United States, 178 Fed. 653, 659, 662; Peters v. United
States, 94 Fed. 127, 144. As well might it be said that dollars
known to be counterfeit might have been entered n the books as
cash. 
To read the statute otherwise is to be forgetful of its aim. Its
aim was to give assurance that upon an inspection of a bank, pub-
lic oicers and others would discover in its books of account a pic-
ture of its true condition. United States v. Corbett, 215 U. S. 233,
241, 242; Billingsley v. United States, supra. One will not nd
the picture here. Upon the face of the books there was a state-
ment to examiners that paper with two signatures had been dis-

erI
U ,>
United States vs. Darby. 3
counted by the bank and was then in its possession. In truth, to
the knowledge of the maker of the entries, there were not two sig-
natures, but one.
Nothing at war with our conclusion was said, much less decided,
in Coin V. United States, 156 U. S. 432, 462. The opinion in
that case is to be read in the light of a later opinion in the same
case 62 U. S. 66-1!, and of the still later opinion in Agnew v.
United States, supra. Whether the conclusion would be the some
if the signature had been genuine, but the signer had been known
to be an insolvent, or a man of straw  of. Cooper v. United States,
13 F.  2d! 16; Morse V. United States, supra; United States v.
Warn, supra, Bitlingsle-y v. United States, supra!, there is no oc-
casion to determine. Our decision does not go beyond the limits
of the case before us.
The judgment should be reversed and the case remanded to
the District Court for further proceedings in accordance with
this opinion.
It is so ordered.
A true copy.
TEFL: _
Clerk, Supreme Court, U. S.

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surnrm: counr or THE UNITED smrs. *"
No. 552.0c~ronm: TERM, 1930.
On Writ of Certiorari to
the United States Cir- L .Th U .t d St t f Am ; cnit Court of Appeals°  B  as ° °"°&#39; J for the Tenth Circuit.William W. MeBoyIe, Petitioner,
[March 9, 1931-]
Mr. Justice HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Uonrt.
The petitioner was convicted of transporting from Ottawa, Illi-
nois, to Guymon, Oklahoma, an airplane that he knew to have been
stolen, and was sentenced to serve three years imprisonment and
to pay ai ne of $2,000. The judgment was airmed by the Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. 43 F. d! 273. A writ
of certiorari was granted by this Court on the question whether
the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act applies to aircraft. Act of
nra-92...__ nn 1n1n I: on A1 Q¢..¢ |:nurr1&#39; £1 n...-1- I&#39;n:¢.1_ 1&#39;0 tunaUULUUCF LU, .1371-7, b. DU, &#39;11. Cltdl. 04-Q, U- D. uuuc, 111.1!-J 1.0, §1UQ.
That Act provides: Sec. 2. That when used in this Act:  a! The
term motor vehicle shall include an automobile, automobile truck,
automobile wagon, motor cycle, or any other self-propelled vehicle
not designed for running on rails; . . . Sec. Pt That whoever
shall transport or cause to be transported in interstate or foreign
commerce a motor vehicle, knowing the same to have been stolen,
shall be punished by a ne of not more than $5,000, or by im-
prisonment of not more than ve year, or both.
Section 2 denes the motor vehicles of which the transportation
in interstate commerce is punished in Section 3. The question is
the meaning of the word vehicle in the phrase "any other self-
propelled vehicle not designed for running On rails. No doubt
et;?&#39;mologica.l.l}&#39; it is possible to use the word to signify a. conveyance
working on land, water or air, and sometimes legislation extends
the use in.that direction, e. g., land and air, water being separately
provided for, in the Tariff Act, September 22, 1922, c. 356,
§401 h!, 42 Stat. B58, 948. But in everyday speech vehicle

§
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2 McB0yle vs. United States.
calls Ill? the picture Of a thing moving on land. Thus in Rev. Sta.
§4, intended, the Government suggests, rather to enlarge than to
restrict the denition, vehicle includes every contrivance capable
of being used as a means of transportation on land. And this is
repeated, expressly excluding aircraft, in the Tariif Act, June 17,
1930, c. 997, §401  b!; 46 Stat. 590, 708. So here, the phrase
under discussion calls up the popular picture. For after including
automobile truck, automobile wagon and motor cycle, the words
any other self-propelled vehicle not designed for running on
rails still indicate that a vehicle in the popular sense, that is a
vehicle running on land is the theme. It is a vehicle that runs,
not something, not commonly called a vehicle, that ies. Airplanes
were well known in 1919 when this statute was passed, but it is ad-
mitted that they were not mentioned in the reports or in the de-
hates in Congress. It is impossible to read words that so carefully
enumerate the dierent forms of motor vehicles and have no refer-
ence of any kind to aircraft, as including airplanes under a term
that usage more and more precisely connes to 8 dilerent class.
The counsel for the petitioner have shown that the phraseology of
the statute as to motor vehicles follows that of earlier statutes of
Connecticut, Delaware, Ohio, Michigan and Missouri, not to men-
_»tiou the late Regulations of Traic for the District of Columbia,
Title 6, ch. 9, §242, none of which can be supposed to leave the
earth.
Although it is not likely that a criminal will carefully consider
the text of the law before he murders or steals, it is reasonable that
s fair warning should be given to the world in language that the
cornnon World will understand, of what the law intends to do if a
certain line is passed. To make the warning fair, so far as possible
the line should be clear. When a rule of conduct is laid down in
words that evoke in the common mind only the picture of vehicles
moving on land, the statute should not be extended to aircraft
simply because it may seem to us that a similar policy applies, or
upon the speculation that if the legislature had thought of it, very
likely broader words would have been used. United States V.
Thind, 261 U. B. 204, 209.
Judgment reversed._.
/ - ~
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The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under the provisions of
Section 24O a! of the Judicial Code, as amended. The Court of Appeals has
eard, considered or decided the case. This Court has take 
diction because in its view the public interest required immediate determina-
tion of the issues presented.
I shall endeavor to present to the Court the facts involved and shall
describe the national emergency which existed by reason of the defendants
conduct. I shall also state the basic grounds on which the Government&#39;s
position is predicated. Ika Sonnett will document this presentation with &#39;
a further discussion of the issues and decisions involved
I would like, at the outset of this case, to make it clear that the
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of the courts to decide questions of law and fact pending final judicial
determination. &#39;
Bituninous coal, richly-lestoned upon America, is the life of our
presentday industry. It is the great fountainhead of the Uation92s
industrial energy. The flaw of soft coal-without interruption-frmn the
rich scans underground to the furnaces is the lifeline of our industrial
might-almost too far-reaching and intricate for one man to yrasp in its
entirety. The industrial life of the Nation depends upon the steady,
plentiful, unfaltering supply oi soft coal92 The characteristics of our l
economy make it completely vulnerable to a stoppage in coal production
In a normal week some twelve and one-half million tons are produced
by some 400,000 soft coal miners. The court below found that approximately
43$ of all energy produced in the United States case from bituminous coal.
In our machine age-and during this vital period of reconversion-to lose
this much energy would-be catastrophic. It would mean, according to the
evidence here, that in sixty days-and this strike continued for 17 days
after the restraining order was issuedOVer 80% of our Class 1 railroads
would be in the yards-stopped - idle-and over 60$ of our public utilities
and steel mills shut down. In fact, over L/5ths of the energy used in
operating such trains and in running the steel mills cones from soft coal,
practically all of which is mined by the members of defendant union. Half
of the energy developed by public utilities for lighting our cities-offices
and homes-and for other purposes-comes from coal.
Uhat would happen to employment during a 60 day coal stoppage? lt//
would make idle some five million of our workers; the national income would
drop 20 billion ddllars, and wages paid to workers would decline by the/,
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amazin; sum of a billion dollars a month. The Government itself would lose
in taxes two hundred eighty million dollars every 30 days. That is the &#39;
evidence here of the irreparable injury that would cone to the Hetionnot
to speak of the peril to the health and safety of our people.
The bituminous coal mines for the most part are worked by miners
affiliated with the United Hine Workers of America, one of the defendants
here. "The economic creed of the United Mine workers"-so says the United _
__. __ - _ _ _ . _ _-.. . _. . . . .. __.." r -  1| » ll &#39;hine Lorhers Journal for June 1, 194b, is- no contract  no worh. ll a
new agreement has not been signed before the termination of the old, the
1
men are advised that there is no contract-~and they quit. In fact, the cry
of "no contract is the signal for "no work."
It is a matter of cannon knowledge that work stoppages have occurred
at almost regular intervals in the last fewyears in the bituminous coal
fields. In each instance it was announced that there was no contract, and
the men quit work in the mines. Upon such an announcement, work stoppages
occurred even in the most crucial days of the war. And one such stoppage
occurred on or about April 1, l9n6. That work stoppage was the predecessor
of the stoppage of November 1946, which gave rise to these proceedings. The
stoppage of April 1946, was in itself highly serious, even though it occurred
in the spring of the year when the need forcoal is not as great as in the
winter. It resulted in the cessation in the flow of coal from the mines to
the railroads, to shipping, public utilities, industrial plants, and the
facilities owned and operated by the Government, as well as to its establish-
ments overseas. The testimony shows that only ten per cent of the miners &#39;
worked during the month of April. ~ 

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The work stoppage continued into ay. On Hay 2Lst, 19415, the President
of the United States "in the interest of the war effort and to preserve the
national economic structure in the present emergency" issued Executive
Order 9728 The order, based on the powers vested in the President under
the Constitution and laws of the United States, particularly the Har Labor
Disputes Act, directed the Secretary of the Interior to take possession of
those mines which had been interrupted in their operation by the work
stoppageand to operate or arrange for their operation in such manner as
he found necessary. ;
The Secretary of the Interior, on the same date-Hay 2lsttook .
possession of practically all the bituminous coal mines of the Nation-some
22OO ;ines-and the United States has been in possession Of the; since that
0 &#39;
The Secretary imediately began negotiations with the representatives
of the miners, to hing about a return to work Thereafter an agreement,
commonly referred to as the Kru;-Lenis Ageement, was executed on Ilay 29th
by the Secretary as Coal Nines Administrator and the defendant, John L Lewis,
as President of the United Nine Workers. The Government then applied to
the National Wage Stabilization Board, pursuant to Section 5 of the I-Jar
Labor Disputes Act, for permission to pay sdbstantial increases in wages,
and to make certain changes in the terms and conditions of employment oi
the miners, all of which were contained in such agreement. This application
was approved by the Board on Ilay 31st, in an order incorporating the changes
1 r /
made oy the hrug-Lewis Agreement, and was approved by the President of the

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United States on the same date The miners then returned to work and coal
operations were resumed.
" &#39; The I92ZrugLewis Agreement by its terms»-
_ 1 " . . . covers for the period of government possession
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Ithe terms and conditions of employment in respect to
all mines in Government possession which were subject
on Iiarch 31, 1946, to the National Bituminous Coal
Hage Agreement dated April ll, 1945."
The defendant Lewis fully realized this, for on the occasion of his
signing the contract he stated in a Newsree1-
"A contract has.just been covered by execution in the
White House. It is a national bituminous agreement
by and between the Government as represented by
Secretary of the Interior Krug and the United Ine
workers of America. It settles for the period of
_§_overnrnent_ oger ation &#39;?=:T1"eE<?&#39;&tTé§-I5?.§E¬&#39;ie sue .
If should be sustained land sEji§ortT<e_d_o_y&#39;the entire
ooxmtry, and I an confident that it will result in
the immediate volume production of bituminous coal
sufficient to fulfill all the.requirements of the
country T8lB[_"_T=&#39;-LIBS are being sent to all local
unions at once instructin; them accordingly."
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Until October 1946 there was no dispute as to the duration of the
contract--that is, it was to continue so long as the Government remained in
possession of the mines. On October 21st the defendants wrote to the
Secretary of the Interior calling for a conference on November lst, to com-
»
mence negotiations regarding wages and other terms and conditions of employ-
mcnt. In that letter they contended that the Krug~Lewis Agreement had in-
corporated by reference section 15 of a prior agreement--the National
Bituminous C031 U350 lsrnnmcnt nF Anvil 11. 1Q£¬"_anH that nnnr Qnntinn TQe_-_~_v-- _-__ &#39;iDV _b-_-mvn- -- _,-_- __, &/wJ&#39; _n_ -n_- __-- --_-_- _-
of the prior agreement the miners could give notice in writing of a desire
to begin negotiations,1and that they could terminate their contract if they
so desired after 20 days of negotiation. This provision of the old agree-
ment was the very provision which had been used by the defendants in bringing
about the work stoppage of April 1946.
The position of the Government was that section 15 of the old agree-
ment was not incorporated in the Krug~Lewis Agreement, and that under the
War Labor Disputes Act the defendants were without power to interfere by
strike or work stoppage with the Government&#39;s operation of the mineso
Secretary Krug so advised the defendants. He advised them that the Krug-
Lewis agreement was in full force and effect and that it was by its terms
to continue for the full period of Government possession and operation. He
-
agreed to talk over any disagreements under the contract-and to discuss any
grievances-wadvising the defendants that they should apply as provided by lmn
to the National Wage Stabilization Board if they wished to obtain any changes
in the terms and conditions of employment.
On November lst negotiations began-without prejudice to the conten-
tions of either party as to section 15. The defendants proposals for changesr,-I

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in terms of employment were first advanced on November llth-11 days after the
negotiations had begun. The demands made were substantial. _They would have in-
creased the cost of coal at the pits about 300 million dollars on an annual basis
Under the circumstances the Secretary of the Interior advised the defendants that
pursuant to section 5 of the War Labor Disputes Act they were entitled to make
application to the National Nage Stabilization Board. He also pointed out to
them that they could negotiate directly with the mine operators with a view to
enabling the Government to return the mines to private operation, ueh return
had been described by both the defendants and the operators as being a desirable
objective. ,
The defendants refused to take either step, By their
cation under section 5 of the War Labor Disputes Act, they
which Congress had provided for the peaceful settlement of
problem.
Both the Secretary of the Interior and the Department
defendants of their remedy under section 5. They remainedrefusal to make appli-
ignored the remedy
8115-C15]-Y $1115 type DI
of Justice advised the
adamant.
One of the most striking things in this case is the continued defiance of
the defendants toward the law, the courts, and the rights of the people of the
United States.
Instead, the defendants wrote a letter to Secretary Krug on November 15th,
part of which is as follows:
"Fifteen days having no~ elapsed sinoe the beginning of said
conference, the United Mine Workers of America, exercising its opt
hereby terminates said Krug-Lewis agreement as of 12:00 o&#39;clock, P
- midnight, Wednesday, November 20, 1946."
It is manifest that the defendants wrote and sent that letter as a aignaI
"no contract" meant "no work." "
Secretary Krug replied the same day: .
"You have no power, under the Krug-Lewis Agreement of Nay 29 OT
under the law, by unilateral declaration to terminate the contract
which by its terms covers for the period offovernment possession the
terms and conditions of employment&#39;.&#39; _
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In addition, the Secretary urged the defendants not to take this
arbitrary action. He stated that they could not terminate the agreement 7
at will or whim. But the defendants insisted on following their own
course, ignoring the rights of the other party to the contract-~the
Government of the United States. They refused to recall the "notice"
they had given. _
The strike signal was out--on the 20th of November the miners would
be out toe. To make that more certain the defendants, on the same date,
mailed copies of their letter of November 15th to all mmbers of
the United Nine korkers. At the bottom of each copy, over the signature
of the defendant Lewis, was typed "The foregoing is for your official
information." That was the signal. Copies were posted in conspicuous
places at or near the mines. The notice was tantamount to an order to
strike--and it had that very result. &#39;
On Kovember 16th the country faced a despe , -.l--_ _ituation-
If the "notice" became effective on November 20th, the coal mines would
be shut down again--creeping paralysis would seize the coutry&#39;s in-
._ ___ . _.-|_1 __ &#39;|__ ___L _.nI1 men WQLLLP DOD DU out Cl
A.--4~_-CH1 _..__:___ __ __.|.:.___4_ ___uuaulaua. lll-UZUJIU-"8~IJ ESL-J.IILbl.l.
work; our commitments to devastated coutries could not be met; our
armed forces in occupation could not be properly maintained; our foreign
relations would be impaired. The struggle had world-wide implications.
/ -
The sovereignty of the Government of the United States was being put to
the test. On the domestic scene, income would drop twenty billion
dollars; wages a billion dollars every month; production during a most
vital period would be down 2523 government revenues would fall 280 million
dollars every 30 days. The supply of coal then on hand would last 37

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over the country and could not be adequately controlled. .
hhat was the duty of the Government? Should it sit by and permit
this strike to occur? -- Or should it proceed at once to obtain a judicial
determination that the contract was still in effect, and that the purported
notice issued by the defendants was a nullity. That was the course the
Government determined to take--the only course which held promise of
immediate relief and of preventing irreparable injury to the Nation.
Seekin; to avoid the pending disaster to the country,,the Government re-
sorted to the courts--where every American should go for a determination
of his rights.
.-. .1,-._92&#39;|;|.:_.J. _ _e 1___ .&#39;:_92 1. 92 1-.__ -. -t . -1 . . . . 1 -.c.u.i§_,.u:.int we... D1-Ouwn-5 UIICIGX the Ueclaratory Judgment not nd ELLI-
leged the undisputed facts of the controversy. It prayed for a declara-
tory judgment, seeking a determination that the defendants had no right
or authority to terminate the Krug-Lewis Agreement, and that the notice
issued by the defendants on November l§th was unlawful and void. As
ancillary relief we sought a temporary restraining order to prevent ir-
reparable injury to the United States and its people, and to preserve
the jurisdiction of the court. This was to maintain the status-quo-to
keep the defendants from stopping the operation of the mines by inducing&#39;
or coercing the miners to leave their work. The complaint and the af-
fidavits supporting the prayer for an injunction set forth specifically

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the San Francisco Bay Area; did not involve the temporary war powers of
the President; was not an equity suit; and the main issue involved had
already been decided by this Court in the Allen Bradley case. There is
as much analogy between it and this case as there is between a firecracker
and the atomic bomb. Counsel do not yet seem to realize that the action

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defendants were cited to appear on November 25th--one week subsequent to
the filing of the suit. They appeared on that date, End admitted orally
92
in open court that they had done nothing with reference to the notice.
The defendants told the court:
"The status of the notice and the position of each of
the defendants in reference thereto remains today in the
status which existed at the time of its giving and at all
times subsequent thereto."
An ad ssion that for eight days they had deliberately violated the order
of the Lnited States District Court. They had filed no motion or other
paper to vacate the order or to appeal from it.
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They defied it. To hold a United States court in Contempt is an insult
to the United States itself; it compromises all law and invites mob rule.
On the next day, November 26th, they filed a motion to discharge
and vacate the rule, alleging lack of jurisdiction. After full argument
and consideration, the court overruled the motion. The defendants then
pleaded not guilty on the contempt charge, and the court proceeded to
trial. The
tions as to contempt. No witnesses were called by the defendants. The
court found each defendant guilty of criminal, as well as civil, contempt
1
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It found that the defendants, by permitting the notice of November 15,
19b6, to remain outstanding had instigated, induced and encouraged the
__-.____ 1- 92 |_ n _ 1-| 1- _»~ .1 ,_.: Ign! ! - -min-rs to interiere with tne uovernment s operation o1 tne mines; had
completed the calling of the strike by failing to obey the court&#39;s order;
had interfered with and obstructed the exercise of governmental functions
by the Secretary of the Interior; and had interfered with the court&#39;s
jurisdiction. The court found that bituminous coal was indispensable
for the continued operation of our national economy and that the work
.
stoppage caused and continued to cause irreparable injury to the United
States, to the people of the United States, and to its industry and
economy. Thereafter, the court imposed a fine on defendant UMHA of
.... ___ J_.t92_._ ___ _ _1 UB..¬I1UdJ]L IJGovernment presented eight witnesses who supported the allega

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that the Government would lose some §260,000,000 a month in taxes, not
taking into account the billions that would be lost by industry and
labor. The fine on defendant Lewis was based on the same principles.
The Government was acting in its sovereign capacity, by virtue of
express congressional authorization, when it took possession of the coal
mines to prevent a national calamity. But taking the mines was not
enough. To carry out its functions the Government had to operate the
n J92 1.-.~ -. A-H»
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KrugLewis Agreement by the defendants was a direct obstruction to the
exercise of this govennmental function. Must those charged with the duty
of protecting the Government and the people stand by and see this threat
bring national chaos? Surely Government has the authority and the power
to defend itself against destruction from within-as it has the duty to
defend the country from destruction from without. When that issue is
involved no one is irmunized-no person or group is beyond the reach of
the arm of the court. No person is above the law--and this is a country
I
and government of lawss
I
As was so well said by the late Senator Norris, in referring to
wartime labor problems:
"No man, representing either nmnagement or labor, should
resort to strike methods in order to enforce demands in
time of deadly national peril. It seems to me that the
miners have
them by the
leaders whof&#39;n1"an1&#39;.f&#39;.r=r; thn hlossinas and {tho vi ah!-Q-w :---- -cw --4----bu 1-sum wlnv A&5gJV92-P
antiinjunction law, and have followed
care more for their own ambitions thannitrnnb|§u&#39;92Illfalse