The Human Advantage Stronger Brains in the Age of AI 2026
Page 29 of 33 · WEF_The_Human_Advantage_Stronger_Brains_in_the_Age_of_AI_2026.pdf
23. Lipkin, P . H., Macias, M. M., Council on Children with Disabilities, et al. (2020). Promoting optimal development:
Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders through developmental surveillance and screening.
Pediatrics, 145(1), e20193449. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3449
24. Upadhyay, R. P ., Taneja, S., Chowdhury, R., et al. (2024). Child neurodevelopment after multidomain interventions
from preconception through early childhood: The WINGS randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 331(1), 28–37. https://doi.
org/10.1001/jama.2023.23727
25. GBD 2021 Stroke Risk Factor Collaborators. (2024). Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors,
1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Neurology, 23(10),
973–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00369-7
26. Baker, L. D., Espeland, M. A., Whitmer, R. A., et al. (2025). Structured vs. self-guided multidomain lifestyle interventions
for global cognitive function: The US POINTER randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 334(8), 681–691. https://doi.org/10.1001/
jama.2025.12923
27. Key, M. N., & Szabo-Reed, A. N. (2023). Impact of diet and exercise interventions on cognition and brain health in older
adults: A narrative review. Nutrients, 15(11), 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112495
28. Malzbender, K., Barbarino, P ., Ferrell, P . B., et al. (2024). Validation, deployment, and real-world implementation of a
modular toolbox for Alzheimer’s disease detection and dementia risk reduction: The AD-RIDDLE project. Journal for the
Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, 11, 329–338. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2024.32
29. Herbig, B., Coe, E., Enomoto, K., et al. (2025, September 22). The new case for brain health: Scaling interventions for
health and economic growth. McKinsey Health Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mhi/our-insights/the-new-case-for-
brain-health-scaling-interventions-for-health-and-economic-growth
30. Ibid.
31. World Health Organization. (2023). Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline for mental, neurological and
substance use disorders. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK598417/
32. World Health Organization. (2021, October 8). WHO report highlights global shortfall in investment in mental health [Press
release]. https://www.who.int/news/item/08-10-2021-who-report-highlights-global-shortfall-in-investment-in-mental-health
33. UNICEF. (2023, Oct 10). Mental health a human right, but only 1 psychiatrist per 1,000,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa
– UNICEF/WHO [Press release]. www.unicef.org/esa/press-releases/mental-health-a-human-right.
34. Gupta, S., Gal, Z. T., Athni, T. S., et al. (2024). Mapping the global neurosurgery workforce. Part 1: Consultant
neurosurgeon density. Journal of Neurosurgery, 141(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/2023.9.JNS231615
35. World Health Organization. (2024, July 22). Improving access to medicines for neurological disorders. https://www.who.
int/publications/i/item/9789240097377
36. Ooms, G. I., van Oirschot, J., de Kant, D., et al. (2023). Barriers to accessing internationally controlled essential
medicines in sub-saharan Africa: A scoping review. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 118, 104078. https://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395923001263
37. World Health Organization. (2024, February 2024). WHO and Tanzania Ministry of Health take action to improve
access to essential medicines for epilepsy and Parkinson disease. https://www.afro.who.int/countries/united-republic-
of-tanzania/news/who-and-tanzania-ministry-health-take-action-improve-access-essential-medicines-epilepsy-
and?country=880&name=United%20Republic%20of%20Tanzania
38. Kumar, P ., Holt, T., Wong, Y., et al. (2025, May 14). Heartbeat of health: Reimagining the healthcare workforce of the
future. McKinsey Health Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/mhi/our-insights/heartbeat-of-health-reimagining-the-
healthcare-workforce-of-the-future#/
39. Grand Challenges Canada, McKinsey Health Institute, & Google. (2025). Mental health & AI field guide.
https://www.tasksharing.ai/
40. Eyre, H. A., Stirland, L. E., Jeste, D. V., et al. (2023). Life-course brain health as a determinant of late-life cognition.
American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(12), 3590–3600. 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.09.013
41. World Health Organization. (2022, August 9). Optimizing brain health across the life course: WHO position paper .
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240054561
42. Woelbert, E., White, R., Lundell-Smith, K., et al. (2020, December 11). The inequities of mental health research (IAMHRF).
Digital Science. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13055897.v2
43. Woelbert, E., Lundell-Smith, K., White, R., et al. (2021). Accounting for mental health research funding: Developing
a quantitative baseline of global investments. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(3), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-
0366(20)30469-7
44. Opare-Addo, P . A., Stephen Sarfo, F., Opoku Berchie, P ., et al. (2023). Participation by patients from low- and middle-
income countries (LMICs) in trial evidence supporting secondary stroke prevention guideline recommendations. Journal of
the Neurological Sciences, 448, 120641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2023.120641
45. Guerchet, M., Prince, M., & Prina, M. (2020, November 30). Numbers of people with dementia worldwide. Alzheimer’s
Disease International. https://www.alzint.org/resource/numbers-of-people-with-dementia-worldwide/
46. Shi, F.-D., & Yong, V. W. (2025). Neuroinflammation across neurological diseases. Science, 388(6753).
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adx0043
The Human Advantage: Stronger Brains in the Age of AI
29
Ask AI what this page says about a topic: