Supreme Court Part 27

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Supreme Court

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Supreme Court Part 27

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112

Part

27

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Anonymous Communication
Addressed "U. S. Supreme Court,
Eeshiegton 25, D. C9, Ioetnerkeé &#39;
$3-e a:[email protected].¢_- };i_ui,ei-B914 F-&#39;¢&#39;"<=h L2-L,_1,9§~:  &#39;
Belted States Supreme Court, Washington, D. C., nadc
lV811Ibl¢ an anonymous letter which was received in hie
offace on March 21, l962t The letter was contained in
at envelope postmarked Clarksdale, Mississippi, Kareh l9,
1562, addressed "U. S. Supreme Court, Washington 25,
D C " The anonymous letter, quoted below, appears to
be nimeographed, added to which are sentences in handwritlng
and hand printing, with certain words written or printed
with red crayoni W
,&#39; k:"&#39; 1:2; ;~., kk_&#39;; .
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A PL} LETTER TO ALL C0}51$I$TS AFB TRAITCRS BTE3YbHEL£
"You are caught in your own trap. Yea,
you are victii to your oaa_evi1 eoaipirecy and
devices. the events unfolding before ue today -
are part of the living God: plan to destroy the
world and the heathen who have? corrupted it.
&#39;Rqad Isaiah 46, vereee 10 and ll; Revelatiol
17, verse 17. lead the entire book of Revelation
and you will {IOU how close you are to total
destruction-~-* 5051 and SCULIII Don&#39;t believe
me, but you had better believe the Herd of tbn
1-171! GOG. y I. I D- - &#39; &#39; . _ ._ . .. -&#39; . 1 - ..
- "Repeat of your nine; eeek yelthe Lord;
late your aoul betore the door_tloeea forever!!!"
following eection of the letter 1e 1n&#39;handwr1t1n¢-2 1%  u--=1 1»-4-s-1-¢1;,_ e __
It your led buddies Stalin, ?ratklin
Roosevelt, Louie, Marx, San Rayburn etc could

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l Avonyaous Communication
Addressed U. S. Supreme Cc_rt,&#39;
Hashington 25, D. 6., fostsarked S
Clarksdale, Mississippi, March 19, 1962"
call fros where they are, they would say ~ "
&#39;REPEhI COMRLDES -- there is a HELL. If you
EARE take Goo and praier out of our schools,
YOU LOSE! Every knee shall bow to G03!
Remember this! April 3rd will be DOORS DAY b
for you, if youldare take God and prayer fros -
our schools. This is God&#39;s world! - P -
The words "includes Catholics are written in pen
and ink as marginal words with an arrow pointing to the -
prioteé word "I;A!IQ&5=&#39; At the top of the communication, _
handwritten in pen and ink, except the DIR: &#39;K£$EDYS&#39; which
is printed in red crayon, is the sentence "Pass this on to
all the filthy K£§EDYS§&#39;._ __ , ,
- .. I _
the date r 3rd, referred to 1n the communication,cording to , is the clay on which arguments are
to be heard i e United States quprose Court in the case
entitled "Steven I. Bagel, it A1, Petitioners vs. Iillias J.
Vits1e,Bt A1, Cssc Iunber 468 appeliate.i This case has
come to the United States Supreme Court from the Court of
Appeals of Ros York as a result of s petition for Writ of
Certiorari filed in the United States Supreme Court on &#39;
October 3, 1961. Petitioners state tbereio they are opposed
to daily prayer in public schools, Iassau County, Kev York,
__ _ and that the practice of satin: one specific religious
> prayer violates the first and 14th amendments of the Constitution.
iélli e&#39;»&#39; l The facts in this e..ei.se wesented an March 22,
Q "3 sf,-;%f,1Q§3, to Assistant Unites States Attorney John C. Coelitt. ,
 Oonlilf stated that while some of the recs!-ks are .
scurriloue, the letter does not contain any direct threat
against the Justices of the United States Supreme Court.
He stated further that in the absence of direct threats in
the letter, prosecution sould not be warranted.
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Addressed U. S. Supreme Cc-rt, ~  _A
Washington 25, D. 6., Postnnrked   _ &#39;
Clarkadale, Mississippi, March 19, iii!
_  _  &#39;. ~ _ r._, .. I P.
~ " @111 ; &#39;; J Y  &#39; ;
In view of the Bpinioh of the 555151.»: United
5L¢tel Attornay Conliff, no investigation concerLing this
matter is being made. 7 ~ _ "&#39;~% - 1&#39; l
n
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This 6ocumenL contain: nolthlr
rocolnondatlons nor conclusions of
tho III. It la the property OI
thb III nn¢ is loaned to yaur agenki:
it anp its cuntents are not to be
distyibuted outside your a5=n=Y-
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Q5. §. §u:resu of nesgaiinn
I Pzpm-hand nf Iunn /
11/ coo mm Thompson Building,
_ Salt Lake City,&#39;Ltah5&#39;7 - December B1, 19253-
Director,
Division of Investigetizn,
U.S. Department or Justice,
Tfaslzington, D .0-
92...-r. J
Dear Sir: .» ~»
- I have been informed the the lységreme  -,
g_tu-_t_,_}~es recentl1.§hsm1ed down cision in the case or =1.Im t>,x3u_nk -vs- &#39;U.S. trusting 1 the competency of a
¢;§e to testify go; herwhpsband. I have n=t had an opportunity
to 1-1;-"&&#39;¥% decision, but refer the Division to the case so 
that it can arr:-nge to have e st";.c_;; made of the decision to
see if it is of any value to the field. It is 14;; |.lIld¬IBtE:.J..». lili§;§ 
that the git of the decision is that a wife can testify for
a husband. The decisiol. does not touch upon the com,-etehcy
of L hus.;.nc"1 er wife to testify sq.-inst each other.
I_. . .I  also inf med that the 1;  Su reme Court, in the case Gregorio Chsva2.&#39;a11d Jose I-iarigrilmavez, -vs-
U  24 . , .s.._ 470-491 has handed down a G ision which
treats of ndie.n__cou.ntry, w11ich_d¢a_;f&#39;_i11_es__!113_:;1_t gonstitpte Indian
terri tory. I have not had in opportunity to read this M
ceiibn but refer it to the Tlivision for study for any value
_ it may have to the field on a subject matter which has always
been more or less co:s1p1&&#39;£¢ -
Very tmly yours,
Z _  is D0173; NI
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-ISUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
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No. 162.Oc&#39;r0Bns Tnnar, 1933.
The United States of America, Appeal from the District
A .ppeuant Court of the Uhitd Stateso U8&#39; &#39; l For the District of NewGregorio Chavez and Jose Maria .
Mexico.Chavez.
[December 11, 1933.]
Mr. Justice VAN Dnvarrrnn delivered the opinion of the Court.
By indictment in the federal district court for New Mexico
Gregorio Chavez and Jose Maria Chavez, described as non-
Indians , were charged with the larceny, on January 3, 1932,  at
and within the limits of the Pueblo of Isleta, the same being
Indian Country, in the State and district of New Mexico, of
certain live-stock belonging to designated Indians of that Pueblo.
By a demurrer the defendants challenged the indictment as
not stating an offense against the United States, and in support
of the challenge asserted ! that the Pueblo of Isleta is not Indian
country within the meaning of the statutes whereon the indict-
ment is founded, and ! that, even if the Pueblo be Indian coun-
try, larceny committedi therein by one who is not an Indian is
not within those statutes. The court sustained the demurrer, dis-
missed the indictment and gave a certicate declaring in eect
that the judgment was put entirely on the ground that when the
statutes underlying the indictment are properly consti-ued-and
particularly when construed in the light of the act enabling New
Mexico to become a Statethey do not make larceny within the
Pueblo of Islets by one not an Indian, even of property belonging
to an Indian, an oense against the United States, but leaire the
same to be dealt with exclusively by and under the laws of the
State.
The case is here on appeal by the United States under the crim-
inal appeals law. . ,
Act of March 2, 1907, c. 2564, 34 Stat. 1246; U. S. U., §682, Title 18, and
1845, Title 28; Acts January 31, 1928, c. 14, 45 Stat. 54, and April 26,
1923, e.. 440, 45 Stat. ass.
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2 United States vs. Chavez et cl.
By §§ 451 and 466, Title 18, U. S. G, larceny committed in
any piece "under the exclusive juriedicti-an of the United Stetee"
is made an offense against the United States, the punishment de-
Bcribed varying according to the valtle of the property stolen;
and by §21&#39;l&#39;, Title 25, U. Q. C.,&#39; the general lawn oi the United
States relating to the punishment of crimes committed in any
place within its exclusive jurisdiction are extended, with excep-
tions not material here, to the Indian country. These are the
statutes on which the present indictment is founded.
By the enabling act of June 20, 1910, and two subsequent joint
reeolutic%, Ccngr% provided for the admission of New Mexico
into the Union as n State on an equal looting with the original
States". Compliance with stated conditions was made a pre-
requisite to the aclmisaion, and these conditions were complied
with. The admission became eective through u proclamation of
the President on January 6, 1912. One of the conditions related
to Indians and Indian lands and to the respective relationi thereto
of the United States and the State. The provisions embodying
thin condition are copied in an appended note.
&#39;F0rmlr1y i 5358 Bar. Stat. and Q B72 sod 287 Orimlnsl Code, Act Much
l, 1909, c. $21, 85 Stst. 1088.
Funnel! i 25, Ant Jnnn 80, 1834, s. 161, 4 Stat. 1&#39;29, and 12145, Ber. Bl-at
C. I10, Bl Btst. 557.
lFebrusry 16, 1011, an Sm. 1454; Aufust 21, 1011, or om. an.
=5? Stat. 1725.
Section 2 of the onnbling set. proscribed that the convention called to
!01&#39;m I constitution tor the propotbd But; should provide by ordiall-no mods
I PII1 or the constitution-
First. That . . . the ulo, barter, or giving of intoxicating liquors to
Indienl ad the introduction e! liquor: into Indien wcntry, which arm noel!
lilo include all land: now owned or occupied by the Pueblo Indian! of Noll
llcxioo, no forever prohibited.
"3BwIad. That the people inhabiting osld propoood Btsto do ngroo and
dl-hill-1&#39;6 that they forever disclaim all right and title . . . to all land: lying
Within said boundaries owned or hold by any Indim or Indian tribal the right
or title to which nhnll have boon acquired through or from the United States
01 I-I] prior sovereignty, lnd that until tho title of such Indinn or Indian
tribes shall have boon artinguished the some I-lull be and remain subject to
the disposition Ind under the absolute jurladiction and control of the Gou-
gresl of the United Staten; . . . hut nothing heroin . . . shall preclude tho
laid State from ta.n&#39;n.g, as other lands and other property Ire taxed, my
lands I-ad other property ootaldo of an Indilh reservation owned or hold byI
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United States vs. Chavez et cl. 3
The land» of the Pueblo of Isleta, like those of other puebloa of
New Mexico, are held and  by the people oi the pueblo
in communal ownership under a grant which was made during
the Spanish sovereignty, was recognized during the Mgxiggn do.
min-ion and has since been conrmed by the United States.
r[l1cV&#39;people of these pueblos, although sedentary rsth" mmYmmallli and diapoeed to peace and industry, are Indinu in race,
BI-wtcllll and domestic govermneut. Always living in separgte cam-
mumuesv mulering t0 primitive mdé Of life, largely i,|_1l1e[| :ed
by superstition and feticliisin, and chiey gverngd wwljng ta
crude cnetonw inherited from their ancesto their are essentially , IB lmi, uninformed and dependent people, eaailv Figtimiggd mdill-PTBPl1&#39;@d to cope with the superior intelli"en,§e.Ind cunning of
others. lily a uniform course of action, beginning as early as 1854
and fwntlnued up to the ]!l"¬!n9llt time, the legislative and exam-
tive branches of the Government have regarded and treated them
an dependent Indian communities requiring and entitled to im aid
and protection, like other Indian ;rj[.95_TI
In 190-l the territorial court, nding no congressional enact-
ment &#39;=1Pr&#39;-it--tilt dele-ti-&#39;12 the-e people in a state of tutelage or as-piiimttnlg 1111*;-cl; control of their property, held their lamia taxable, G ° &#39;1? if °*h@"&#39;- B"! Coerws qmckly forbade such tan-
tion by providing ;&#39;
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I-It; Indian; one-3 E4 5:5,;-.5 gwh l___.-I_ 1. .. _ .. . _ _ntoreuid or an may in géutad Dr&#39;::;Iir:e:st:!e gal 5"&#39;_llta:r <1?
W A" "5 U""E""-Ii bill . . . all such lsnda shall be nmmpr, from gnu».by and State so long and to such extant so Congrons hsa pruscribod or ms;horveaftor pt-"ibe_
ullightll. That whenever 11¢;-mfggr an, or um hm]. tannin. with.Illdill rocrvutions or allotments in osid pmpooed 31,. .5. M unwed.soldrtfaed, or otherwise disposed of, they shall be subject for s psriod oftron y- In years s.fter_uuch allotment sale, reservation, 9; om" di-Po; Dall therlawn of the United States prohibiting the intmdmtgol Q! 1_;,_:!,;,! {Ag31° 1-l" ""1"-VJ; Ind thu Form: &#39;IntliAn&#39; and Indian county, bu 1;.
lillld 1-ll Pueblo India. of Nay ],[1nd um huh M. I-"I N, ~
cupied by them."
tuition United Staten 1|. Sandoval, 231 U. B. 28, and United St-ntns I.  Ln-fielom. 271 U. e. 432, when the mm" boning on an mm U, ehmm.
iiiifii itatui and put treatment of tho Fumble llllills of New Kongo no
uwnnively noted and reviewed.
&#39;T°"°&#39;l&#39; 92- Dlfli-nquant Tupayerl, 12 New Mexico 139,
"Mt Much <1. 1905, c. rm, as But. ms, 1069.
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That the lands now held by the various villages or pueblos of
Pueblo Indians, or by individual members thereof, within Pueblo
reservations or lands, in the Territory of New Mexico, and all per-
sonal property furnished said Indians by the United States, or used
in cultivating said lands, and any cattle and sheep now possessed
or that may hereafter be acquired by said Indians shall be free
and exempt from taxation of any sort whatsoever, including taxes
heretofore levied, if any, until Congress shall otherwise provide."
In 1900 the territorial court, for a like reason, held that the
Pueblo Indians were not wards of the Government in the sense
of.t.he legislation forbidding the sale of intoxicating iiquor to
Indians and its introduction into the Indian country. But that
decision was soon followed by the declaration, in the enabling act
of 1910, that the terms Indian and Indian country shall in-
elude the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and the lands now owned
or occupied by them. and in I924 Congress, in taking measures
to protect these Indians in their land titles, expressly asserted for
the United States the status and powers belonging to it as
guardian of said Pueblo Indians."
In United States v. Sandoval, 231 U. S. 28, this Court, after
full examination of the subject, held that the status of the Indians
of the several pueblos in New Mexico is that of dependent Indian
tribes under the guardianship of the United States and that by
reason of this status they and their lands are subject to the legis-
lation of Congress enacted for the protection of tribal Indians
and their property. We there said  pp. 45, 46! :
Not only does the Constitution expressly authorize Congress
to regulate commerce with the Indian tribes, but long continued
legislative and executive usage and an unbroken current of judi-
cial decisions have attributed to the United States as a superior
and civilized nation the power and the duty of exercising a foster-
ing care and protection over all dependent Indian communities
within its borders, whether within its original territory or terri-
tory; auigseqgiintly acquired, and whether within or without the
O! course, it is not meant by this that Congress may bring e
community or body of people within the range of this power by
arbitrarily calling them an Indian tribe, hut only that in respect
of distinctly Indian communities the questions whether, to what
extent, and for what time they shall be recognized and dealt with
as dependent triba requiring the guardianship and protection cl
"United Status v. Hares, 14 New Mexico 1.
use Jana 7&#39;, 1924, e. 331, 18 Stat. B36.
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. 1," &#39;" ~  ...3  ", .i   .- - .;i:;| C.  I;its l &#39;"--ll 1? .&#39;_i - 1: - 2? ~ ~=-»,=... -1 1, F V-~ &#39;j_  eV u
, ,;=13 - Uniied Slates vs. Chavez et ol. 5
the United States are to be determined by Congress and not by
the courts." .
we then pointed out that neither their citizenship, if they are
citizens, nor their communal ownership of the full title in fee
simple is an obstacle to the exercise of such guardianship over
them and their property. We also there disapproved and declined
to follow the decision in the early case of United Slates v. Joseph,
94 U. 3. 614, relating to these Indians, because it was based upon
reported data which in the mean time had been found to be at
variance with recognized sources of information and with the long
continued action of the lciiltive and executive dtplmmtl
In United States v. Candelaria, 271 U. S. A32, we were called
upon to determine whether the people of a pueblo in New Mexico
were a "tribe of Indians" within the meaning of §2116 of the
Revised Statues, declaring that no purchase of lands from any
Indian nation or tribe of Indians" shall be of any validity u.n.l$
made with specied safeguards; and the conclusion to which we
came, and the reasons for it, are shown in the following excerpt
from the opinion  pp. 441, 442!:
This provision was originally adopted in 1834, c. 161, sec. 12,
4 Stat. 730, and, with otheni regulating trade and intercourse
with the Indian tribes, was extended over the Indian tribu of
New Mexico in 1851, c. 14, sec. &#39;7, 9 Stat. 587.
While there is no express referencein the provision to Pueblo
Indians, we think it must be taken as including them. They are
plainly within its spirit and, in our opinion, fairly within its
words, any tribe of Indiana. Although sedentary, industrious
and disposed to peace, they are Indians in race, customs and do-
mestic government, always have lived in isolated communities, and
are a simple, uninformed people, ill-prepared to cope with the in-
telligence and greed of other races. It therefore is diicult to bo-
lieve that Congress in 1851 was not intending to protect them, but
only the nomadic and savage Indiana then living in New Mexico.
A more reasonable view is that the term Indian tribe was used in
the acts of 1834 and I851 in the some o! a body of hi cl the
some or a similar race, united in a community under one leader-
ship or government, and inhabiting a particular though aometimu
ill-dened territory. Montoya v. United States, 18-0 U. S. 261,
266. In that sense the term easily includes Pueblo Indians." .
Section 217 now being considered, like the section considered
in that case, was originally s part of the act of 1834. One speaks
of "Indian country" and the other of an Indian nation or tribe
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of Indians". The act as a whole makes it apparent that the term
Indian country was intended to include any miceded lands
owned or occupied by an Indian nation or tribe of Indians, and
the term continues to have that meaning, save in instances where
the context shows that a different meaning is intended." Nothing
in any of the statutes now being considered requires that it be
given a di&#39;erent meaning in this instance. .
It follows from what has been said that the people of the Pueblo
of Isleta are Indian wards of the United States; that the lands
owned and occupied by them under their ancient grant. are Indian
country in the sense of §217; that the United States, in virtue of
its guardianship, has full power to punish crimes committed within
the limits of the pueblo lands by or against the Indians or against
their propertyeven though, where the oense i8 against an Indian
or his property, the offender be not an Indianand that the
statutes in question, rightly construed, include the offense charged
in the indictment.
There is nothing in the enabling act which makes against the
views here expressed. True, it declares, in keeping with the con-
stitutional rule, that the State shall be admitted into the Union on
an equal footing with the original States. But the principle of
equality is not disturbed by a legitimate exertion by the United
States of its constitutional power in respect of its Indian wards
and their property.
As the District Court s judgment rested upon a mistaken con-
struction of the statutes the judgment cannot stand.
F J -udgment reversed.
A true copy.
Test:
C-lerk, Supreme Court, U. S.
"Clairmont t-. United States, 225 U. s. 551, 551, at 8£&#39;q.,"D0l1nEi] 1!. United
States, 228 U. S. 243, 268; United States o. Pelican, 232 U. S. 442, 447,
et saga, United States 1:. Ramsey, 271 U. S. 467, 470, et seq.
1BDonnely o. United States, 228 U. S. 243, 271-272; United States 1:.
Pelican, 2a_2 U. S. 442, 448, 451; United States 1;. Ramsey, 2&#39;11 U. e. 461, 469.
"United States 1.-. Sandoval 231 U. S. BB 49. I l
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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
No. 394.-Oe&#39;ros1-za TERM, 1933.
John S. Funk, Petitioner, 1 On Writ of Certiorari to the
1 United States Circuit CourtUs&#39; Ji of Appeals for the Fourth
The United States of America. Circuit.
[December 11, 1933.]
Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.
The sole inquiry to be made in this ease is whether in a federal
court the wife of the defendant on trial for a criminal offense is
a competent witness in his oehalf. Her competency to testify
against him is not involved.
The petitioner was twice tried and convicted in a. federal dis-
trict court upon an indictment for conspiracy to violate the pro-
hibition layv. l His conviction on the rst trial was reversed by the
circuit court of appeals upon a ground not material here. 46 F.
! 417. Upon the second trial, as upon the rst, defendant called
his wife to testify in his behalf. At both trials she was excluded
upon the ground of inconipetency. The circuit court of appeals
sustained this ruling upon the rst appeal, and also upon the
appeal which followed the second trial. 66 F. d! 70. We
granted certiorari, limited to the question as to what law is ap-
plicable to the determination of the competency of the wife of
the petitioner as a witness.
Both the petitioner and the government, in presenting the case
here, put their chief reliance on prior decisions of this court. The
government relies on United States v. Reid, 12 How. 361; Logan
v. United States, 144 U. S. 263; Hendrix v. United States, 219
U. S. &#39;79; and Jin Fuey May v. United States, 254 U. S. 189.
Petitioner contends that these oases, if not directly contrary to
the decisions in Benson v. Uni1&#39;ed States, 146 U. S. 325, and Rosen
v. United States, 245 U. S. 467, are so in principle. 92Ve shall
rst briey review these cases, with the exception of the Hendrix
case and the Jdn Fuey M oy case, which we leave for consideration
until a latei point in this opinion.
4,2» ."i./1.?! /- /

,___z .B&#39;sm.c vs. United oltaiaa.
In the Reid case, two persons had been jointly indicted for a
murder committed upon the high seas. They were tried separately,
and it was held that one of them was not a competent witness in
behalf of the other who was rst tried. The trial was had in
Virginia; and by a statute of that state passed in 1849, if ap-
plicable in a federal court, the evidence would have been com-
petent. Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 declares that
the laws of the several states, eitcept where the Constitution, treaties
or statutes of the United States otherwise provide, shall he re-
garded as rules of decision in trials at common law in the courts
of the United States in cases where they apply; but the court said
that this referred only to civil cases and did not apply in the trial
of criminal olifenses against the United States. It wasrconccded
that there was no act of Congress prescribing in express words
the rule by which the federal courts would be governed in the ad-
mission of testimony in criminal cases. But, the court said
 p. 363!, we think it may be found with sufticient certainty, not
indeed in direct terms, but by necessary implication, in the acts
of 1789 and 1790, establishing the courts of the United States, and
providing for the punishment of certain offences,"
The court pointed out that the Judiciary Act regulated certain
proceedings to be had prior to impaneling the jury, but contained
no express provision concerning the mode of conducting the trial
after the jury was sworn, and prescribed no ruleiin respect of the
testimony to be taken. Obviously however, it was said, some cer-
tain and established rule upon the subject was necessary to enable
the courts to administer the criminal jurisprudence of the United
States, and Congress must have intended to refer them to some
known and established rule "which was supposed to be so familiar
lld well understood in the trial by jury that legislation upon the
subject would be deemed superuous. This is necessarily to be
implied from what these acts of Congress omit, as well as from
what they contain."  p. 365.} The court concluded that this
could not be the common law as it existed at the time of the emi.
grallcn of the colonists, or the rule which then prevailed in
land, and [therefore] the only known rule which could be Stlp.
posed to have been in the mind of Congress was that which was
in force in the respective states when the federal courts were es-
tablished by the Judiciary Act of 1789. Applying this rule, it
was decided that the witness was incompetent.
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In the Logan case it was heldthat the competently °£ 3- &#39;1&#39;-H93;to testify in a. federal court sitting I11 one slam, W35 not aecma
by his conviction and sentence for felony in another staii 511that the competency of another witness was not affected by his conci
viction of felony in a Texas state court» Where the mesa ha
since been pardoned. The indictment was for an oense coni-
znitted in Texas and there tried. The decision 1"" based 11°? PW
any statute of the United State?! but P011 _l319 El&#39;°921|1d l-hi the
subject is governed by the common law, l-"ell. B5 his bfaelf see-
was the law of Ten; _ _ . at the time of the admission of
Texas into the Union as a State."  P- 393-!_ . . .  _..~|.- _ 1_We next consider the two cases upon winch. petitioner reuez. 111
the BM, @353 two pcpgona were Jointly Indicted for murder-
Qn motion of the government there was a severance, and Benson
wag rst tried. His codeiendant was called as a witness 011 behalf
of the government. The Reid case had been cited as practically
decisive of the quggtion. But the court, after pointing _011t_ what
it conceived to be distinguishing features III that case. SW1  P-
335! "We do not feel ourselves, therefore, precluded by that cast?
from examining this question in the light of general authorityand
sound reason," The alleged incompetency of the codeilldlli
was rated upon two reasons, rst, that he was interested, and
second, that he was a party 1° the l&#39;9¢°1&#39;di the bum for he PX, &#39; llclusion at common law betmz fear of pelJl1?3- N01. $116 ¢°92""
said --wag 3,653 mag the only grounds oi enclnaion from the
witness stand; conviction of crime. want of religions l>¢llBF- and
Other matters were held sufficient. Indeed, the theory of the
common law was to admit to the witness stand Only u1°-59 Pm
gumgbly honest, appreciating the sanctity of an Oath, uuefwd
B3 8 party by the result, and free from any of the temptations
of interest. The courts were afraid to trust the intelligence 95
juror.-;, But the last fty years have wrought 8- 21&#39;"-I ¢l1l"!&°
in these respects, and today the tendency is to enlr 91? 4°91?
of Bi,-Ej_ip¬l.92&#39;:l&#39;hQ:y" and to submit to the jury for their consideration
as to the credibility of the witness those matters which heretofore
were ruled sufficient to justify his exclusion. Thls 011111186  been
wrought partially by legislation and partially by Jlldlclli WP
struction. Attention then is called to the fact that Congress Ill
1S6-; had enacted that no witness should be excluded from testi-
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4 Funk vs. United States.
fying in any civil action, with certain exceptions. llB4IB&#39;ll39 he was
a party to or interested in the issue tried; and that in I878  c.
37, 20 son. 30! Congress made the defendant in any criminal
case a competent witness at his own request. The Opinion then
continues  p. 337!:
Legislation of similar import prevails in most of the States.
The spirit of this legislation has controlled the decisions of the
courts, and steadily, one by one, the mcrll technical barrier
which excluded witnesses from the stand have been removed, till
now it is generally, though perhaps not universally, true that no
one is excluded therefrom unlem the lips of the originally adverse
party are closed by death, or unless some one of those peculiarly
condential relations, like that of husband and wife, forbids the
breaking of silence.
 . . . If interest and being party to the raord do not ex-
clude a defendant on trial from the witness stand, upon what rea-
soning can a codefendant, not On trial, be adjudged incompetent l"
That case was decided December 5, 1892. Twenty-ve years
later this court had before it for consideration the case of Rose»
v. United States, supra. Roaen had been tried and convicted in a
federal district court for conspiracy. A person jointly indicted
with Rosen, who had been convicted upon his plea of guilty, was
called as a witness by the government and allowed to testify over
Rosen&#39;s objection. This court sustained the_con1petcncy of the
witness. After saying that while the decision in the Reid case had
not been specically overruled, its authority was seriously shaken
by the decisions in both the Logan and Benson cases, the court pro-
ceeded to dispose of the question, as it had been disposed of in the
Benson case, in the light of general authority and sound reason."
In tho almost twenty [twenty-ve} years, the court said,
which have elapsed since the decision of the Benson Case, the
disposition of courts and of legislative bodies to remove disabili-
tim from witnesses has continued, as that decision shows it had
been going forward before, under dominance of the conviction of
our time that the truth is more likely to be arrived-at by hearing
the testimony of all persons of competent understanding who may
seem to have knowledge of the facts involved in a case, leaving the
credit and weight of such testimony to be determined by the jury
or by the court, rather than by rejecting witnesses as incompetent,
with the result that this principle has come to be Widely, almost
universally, accepted in this country and in Great Britain.
Since the decision in the Benson Case we have signicant
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evidence of the trend f rr &#39; ag - - - -in the removal of the d°sri.i&#39;i?§°§i1Iiinel§."§Z§.Z&#39;il?§d lipZ&#39;.§.i§§,  53_92i bif the BI_I1§ctmcnt_ of the Federal CriminalmUe_1n_ M Wllljlbezhl plrgvision omitted and §5392 repealed.rule is signnicaut, ause e disability to testify, of per-gong eon.ied °f per-l&#39;3&#39;~ survlved 111 50Il_1% 39-riedictiona much longer thanmany of the other common-law disabilities, for the reason that the;-*£:.*::: §Z5°2Z;i..3Ei.°.fi¥  :5. egg-Y in -  M&#39; &#39;88 lccp as owing u greater dis-regard for the truth than t w th ht - -o conviction of other crimei as Dug would be Implied from
 Satised as we are that the legislation and th &#39;of judicial authority which have developed toiciilizm°d&#39;§m ml! apeelany 38 llilplied to the competency of witnesses
§ii§3&#39;§§§dil..2"£".&#39;.P&#39;°°d PP med 12"icec>1¢» w= =0-elude we. s_-__ .._.. 94 we common-raw rule or 1185 should no longer bepplled to such cases as we have here, and that the ruliu» of thelower courts on this rst claim of error should be app,-o,.;1_n
whlttts welll It; pause at this point to tote a little more conciselya was e _ 1n_tl1ese cases. It will be noted, in the rst place,that the decision in the Reid case was not based upon any ex rem3mt11t°l&#39;Y provision. The court found from what the Mngreggiilngllegislation omitted to say, as well as from what it actually saidflint m estafbhhll-18 _T-he federal courtain 1789 some denite ruleEfiefpet ° _th"f t{$t_1&#39;Il°"Y to be taken to criminal cases must haveWe "1 we mm °f 0&#39;-msrc; and the rule which the court thought
was in the mind of that body was that of the common law as itexisted in the thirteen original states in I789. The L0gt|1| casein part rejected that view and held that the controlling rule wasthat of the common law in force at the time of the admission of
the state in which the particular trial was had. Taking the two
cas together, it is plain enough that the ultimate doctrine an.DO1ll106d is that in the tokmg of tiammony in criminal eases, thefederal °°m&#39; are b°1"1d by the rules of the common law as theyexisted at a denitely specied time in the respective states, uniCongress has otherwise provided. &#39;
With the conclusion that the controlling nile is that of theEQIIIIEIOII law, the _Be1uon case and the Roses case do not. conict;ut oth cases regect the notion, which the two earlier ones seeml-° accept, that the courts, in the face of greatly changed conditions,
are still chained to the ancient formulae and are power-lag; todeclare and enforce modications deemed to have been wrought in
ft-j -.2, J . ,  ii
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6 Funk vs. United States.
the common law itself by force of these changed conditions. Thus,
as we have seen, the court in the Benson case pointed to the
tendency during the preceding years to enlarge the domain of
competency, signicantly saying that the changes had been wrought
not only by legislation but also partially by judicial construe-
tion"; and that it was the spirit  not the letter be it observed! of
this legislation which had controlled the decisions of the courts
and steadily removed the merely technical barriers in respect of in-
competency, until generally no one was excluded from giving
testimony, except under certain peculiar conditions which arc
set forth. It seems difficult to escape the conclusion that the spe-
cic ground upon which the court there rested its determination
as to the competency of a eodefendant was that, since the dc-
fendant had been rendered competent, the competency of the co-
defs-ndant followed as a natural consequence.
This view of the matter is made more positive by the decision
in the Rosco case. The question of the testimonial competency of
a person jointly indicted with the defendant was disposed of, as
the question had been in the Benson case, in the light of general
authority and sound reason." The conclusion which the court
reached was based not upon any denite act of legislation, but
upon the trend of congressional opinion and o!.legi.s&#39;lation  that
is to say of legislation generally!, and upon the great weight of
judicial authority which, since the earlier decisions, had developed
in support of a more modern rule. In both cases the court neces-
sarily proceeded upon the theory that the resultant modication
which these important considerations had wrought in the rules of
the old common law was within the power of the courts to declare
and make operative.
That the present case falls within the principles of the Benson
and Rosco cases, and especially of the latter, we think does not
reasonably admit of doubt.
The rules of the common law which disqualiedeaa witnesses
persons having an intermt long since in the main have becn
abolished both in England and in this country; and what wan once
regarded as a suicient ground for excluding the testimony of
such persons altogether has come to be uniformly and more sen~
sibly regarded as afecting the credit of the witness only, What.
ever was the danger that an interested witness would not speak
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Funk VB. United States. 7
the truthand the danger never was as great as cla.i|ned»~its eect
has been minimized almost to the vanishing point by the test of
cross-examination, the increased intelligence of jurors, and perhaps
other circumstances. The modern rule which has removed the dia-
qualication from persons accused of crime gradually came into
force after the middle of the last century, and is today universally
accepted. The exclusion of the husband or wife is said by this court
to be based upon his or her interest in the event. Jin Fug Hay
v. U nited States, supra. And whether by thi is meant a practical
interest in the result of the prosecution or merely I sentimental
interest because of the marital relationship, makes little dierence.
In either case, a refusal to permit the wife upon the ground of
interest to testify in behalf of her husband, while permitting him,
who has the greater interest, to testify for himself, presents a.
manifest incongruity.
Nor can the exclusion of the witea testimony, in the face of the
broad and liberal extension of the rules in respect of the com-
petency of witnaiaes generally, be any longer justified, if it ever
was justied, on any ground of public policy. It has been said
that to admit such testimony is against public policy because it
would endanger the harmony and condence of marital relations,
and, moreover, would subject the witness to the temptation to com-
mit perjury. Modern legislation, in making either spouse com-
petent to testify in behalf of the other in criminal cases, has de-
nitely rejected these notions, and in the light of such legislation
and of modern thought they seem to be altogether fanciful. The
public policy of one generation may not, under changed conditions,
be the public policy of another. Potion v. United Slates, 281 U. S.
276, 306.
The fundamental basis upon which all rules of evidence must
rest-if they are to rest upon reasoni8 their adaptation tn the
successful development of the truth. And since experience i Of
all teachers the most dependable, and since cilperience also is a
continuous process, it follows that a rule of evidence at one time
thought necessary to the ascertainment of truth should yield tn the
experience of a succeeding generation whenever that experience
has clearly demonstrated the fallacy or unwiadom of the old rule.
It may be said that the court should continue to enforce the old
rule, however contrary to modern experience and thought, and
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J?8 Funk vn United States.
however opposed, in principle, to the general current of legislation
and of judicial opinion, it may have become, leaving to Congress
the responsibility of changing it. Of course, Congress has that
power; but if Congress fail to act, as it has failed in re~
spect of the matter now under review, and Lhe court be called
upon to decide the question, LJ it not the duty of the court,
if it possess the power, to decide it in accordance with present
day standards of wisdom and justice rather than in accordance
witr. some outworn and antiquated rule of the past! That
this court has the power to do so is necessarily implicit in the
opinions delivered in deciding the Bemnm and Rosco cases. And
that implication, we think, rests upon substantial ground. The
rule of the common law which denies the competency of one spouse
to testify in behalf of the other in a criminal prosecution has not
been modied by congressional legislation; nor has Congress di-
rected the federal courts to follow state law upon that subject, as
it has in respect of some other subjects. That this court and the
other federal courts, in this situation and by right of their own
powers, may decline to enforce the ancient rule of the common law
under conditions as they now exist we think is not fairly open to
doubt
In Hurtado V. California, 110 U. S. 516, 530, this court, after
suggesting that it was better not to go too far back into antiquity
for the beat Securities of our liberties, said:
It is more consonant to the true phll0S01Jl1_Y of our historical
legal institutions to say that the spirit of personal liberty and in-
dividual right, which they embodied, was preserved and developed
by a progressive growth and wise adaptation to new oironnmnincea
and nituations of the forms and processes found t to give, from
time 11, time, new eapremion and greater effect to modern ideas of
self-government.
"&#39;Tl1i.s exibility and capacity for growth and adaptation is the
Plllinr boast and excellence of the common law. _
 . . . and as it was the characteristic principle of the
common law to draw its inspiration from every fountain of justly;-,
we are not to assume that the sources of its supply have been ex-
llllsted. On the contrary, we should expect that the new and
Vafiwi PXPB1&#39;l¬1JCcB of Our own situation and system will mould
and shape it into new and not less useful forms."
Compare Holden v. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366, 385-387.
?"-
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Funk vs. United States. 9
To concede this capacity for growth and change in the common
law by drawing  its inspiration from every fountain of justice,
and at the same time to say that the courts of this country are
forever bound to perpetuate such of its rules as, by every reason-
able test, are found to be neither Wise nor just, because we have once
adopted them as suited to our situation and institutions at a par-
a;,...1..... 1-;m.. &#39;.~ 4 .1 r s +1». |92l92I&#39;l92I&#39;I&#39;Il92 lnur in Hm nlnnn 1-if he nRnm_lilbual uulc, is to den} to we ............n ..... ... ..... ,,._..-.. 92Il- .... ....-,..
tion 5 exibility and capacity for growth and adaptation which
was the peculiar boast and excellence" of the system in the place
of its origin.
The nal question to which we are thus brought is not that 0!
the power of the federal courts to amend or repeal any given rule
or principle of the common law, for they neither have nor claim
that power, but it is the question of the power of these courts, in
the complete absence of congressional legislation on the subject,
to declare and eectuete, upon common law pi-inciplm, what is the
present rule upon n given subject in the light of fundamentally
altered conditions, without regard to what has previously been de-
clared and practiced. It has been said so often as to have become
axiomatic that the common law is not immutable but exible, nd bi
its own principles adapts itself to varying conditions. In Ketohan
v. Slz, 184 Ind. 702, the supreme court of that state, after pointing
out that the common law of England was based. upon usagw, cus-
toms and institutions of the English people as declared from time
to time by the courts, said  p. ll-*?l=
The rules so deduced from this system, however, were continu-
ally changing and expanding with the progress of society in the
application of this system to more diversied circumstances End
under more advanced periods. The common law by its own
prineipla adapted itself to varying condition and modied
its own rules so as to serve the ends of justice as prompted by
a course of reasoning which was guided by these generally ac¢9Pl-ed
truths. One of its oldest maxims was that where the reason of a
rule ceased, the rule also ceased, and it logically followed that
when it occurred to the courts -that a particular rule had never
been founded upon reason, and that no reason existed in support
thereof, that rule likewise ceased, and perhaps another sprang up
in its place which was based upon reason and justice as then eon-
ceived. No rule of the common law could survive the reason on
which it was founded. It needed no statute to change it hut abro-
gated itself. ii
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10 Funk vs. United States.
That court then refers to the Settled doctrine that an adoption
°f the c°m1"°11 law in general terms does not require, Without re-
gard to local circumstances, an unqualied application of all its
"11?-3; that U15 "1193, as declared by the English courts at one
period or another, have been controlling in this country only so far
as they were suited to and in harmony with the genius, spirit and
Obie-4 of American institutions; and that the ruia of the com-
mon law considered proper in the eighteenth century are not neces-sarily so considered in the twentieth. Since courts have had an
existence in America," that court aaid  p. 708!, they have never
hesitated to take upon themselves the responsibility of saying what
are the proper rules of the common law."
Ad tilt? Virginia Sl.l]!l&#39;Ell].B Cu of Appgglg, in Hangf v_
Sherwood, 82 Va. 1, 15, after pointing to the fact that the common
law of England is the law of that commonwealth except so far as
It 118.8 [DEED Bll&#39;.¬IBl_1  Blllllhi 0! 39 111&#39; E jig pg-iggiplgg app in:
applicable to the state of the country, and that the rules of the
common law had undergone modication in the courts of England,
notes with obvious approval that the rules of evidence have been
in the courts of this country undergoing such modication and
changes, 3°@01&#39;dil18 10 Y-he circumstances of the country and the
manner and genius of the people."
The supreme court of Connecticut, in Beardsley v. City of Harp.
fwd, 50 Conn. 529, 541542, after quoting the maxim of the com-
mon law, cessanre rafione legis, cereal épsc lee, sad;
This means that no law can survive the reasons on which it is
founded. It needs no statute to change it; it abrogates itself. If
the reasons on which a law rests are overbornc by opposing reasons,
which in the progress of society gain a controlling force, the old
law, though still good as an abstract principle, and good in its a,-3-
plication to some circumstances, must cease to apply as a mm.
trolling principle to the new circumstances."
The same thought is expressed in People v. Randolph, 2 Park.
Cr. Rep.  N. Y.! 174,177; .
its _rul_es [the rules of the common law] are modied upon its
own principles and not in violation of them. Those rules being
flllldcd I11 reason, one of its oldest maxims is, that where the rea-
son of the rule ceases the rule also ceases."
It was in virtue of this maxim of the common law that the su-
preme court of Nevada, in Reno Smelling Works v. Stevenson, 20
"Wt- iflih
l -all 1 _" &#39;F_{.+-kitirid,    J V | . 1.&#39;i&#39; P -&#39; __ _-.- "r ,-_ -,|,&#39;Q1" &#39;_ - &#39;»&#39;.»..;&#39; lei-T H» &#39;l".w§i  - M: ,5 &#39;- . ."&#39; . *5 i-  &#39;-1 - &#39; &#39;, I
Funk vs. niteci iaies.
Nev. 269, in a well reasoned opinion, held that the common IBW
doctrine of riparian rights was unsuited to conditions prevailing
in the arid land states and territories of the west, and therefore
was without force in Nevada; and that, in respect of the
of water, the applicable rule was based upon the doctrine of prior
appropriation for a benecial use.
In Illinois it was held at an early day that the rule of the com-
mon law which required an owner of cattle to keep them upon his
own land was not in force in that state, notwithstanding its adop-
tion of the common law of England, being unsuited to conditions
there in view of the extensive areas of land which had been left
open and unfenccd and devoted to grazing purpo-H1. 364149 Y-
Peters, 5 Gil. {Ill} 13$.
Numerous additional state decisions to the same eect might he
cited; but it seems unnecessary to pursue the matter at greater
length.
It results from the foregoing that the decision of the court below,
in holding the wife incompetent, is erroneous. But that decision
wag based primarily upon Hendrix V. Urlild States and Jin F1463!
Hog v. United States, supra, and in fairness to the lower court
it should be said that its decision was fully supported by those
cases.
In the Hen-d&#39;.1: case the opinion does not discuss the point; it
simply recites the assignment of error to the eect that the wife
of Hendrix had not been allowed to testify in his behalf, and dis-
 thg matter by the laconic statement, _"Ihe 1l1li.r1g was not
error. In the Jin Faey May case it was conceded at the ha! that
the wife was not a competent witness for all purposes, but it W88
contended that her testimony was admiibl ill that iI!3l&#39;-B1199 be
cause she was offered not in behalf oi. her hilsh-lid, that 58 I101 15°
prove his innocence, but simply to contradict the testii&#39;r&#39;1onY &#39;15
government witnesses who had testified to 09118511 II-1BtlBl&#39;$ 83
having transpired in her presence. The court held the di.stinc~
tion to be without substance, as clearly it was, and thereupon dis-
posed of the question by saying that the rule which excludu a
wife from testifying for her husband is based upon her lnteraat
in the event and applies without regard to the kind of testimony
she might give. The point does not seem to have been considered
by the lower court to which the writ of error was addressed 53
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12 Funk vs. United States.
Fed. 213! ; nor, as plainly appears, was the real point as it is here
involved presented in this court. The matter was disposed of as
one hardly requiring mention. Evidently the point most in
the mind of the court was the distinction relied upon, and not the
basic rule which was not contested. Both the H endria: and Jin
Fuey May cases are out of harmony with the Rasen and Benson
cases and with the views which we have here expressed. In respect
of the question here under review, both are new overruled.
Judgment reversed.
Mr. Justice UARDOZQ concurs in the result.
Mr. Justice McREv2~:0Lns and Mr. Justice BUTLER are of opinion
that the judgment of the court below is right and should be
airmed.
A true copy.
Test:
Clerk, Supreme Court, U. S.

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N IDGAR HOOVER
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January 9, 1934.
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&#39;- Reference is made to the attached letter from Special
Agent in Charge Bord of Salt Lake City, relative to two recent
decisions in the United States Supreme Court, 1..e., the casesof John S. Funk v. United States, treating of the compete-nqy of
a wife to testify for her husband, and of Gregorio Chavez and
Jose He:-ia Shaves v. Enited States, holding that the Pueblo orIslets in the State of New Mexico is Indian cotmtryt "
-- I have secured copies of referred to decision" _ find that the case of John S. v. Unit  States hol s atF previous cases relating that fe i no s competent itnesss to testify in behalf of h u and are venull?" and a wife here-
- is charged Iith in offense under the l ws of the United States.i after may testify for her h sband in a rimin case in which he
R1-.- one, however, cannot he compelled to testify against her husband.g The other case, i.e., Gregorio Chavez and Jose Mariad Chavez v. United States, merely holds that the Pueblo Indians are Indian tribes within the intent of the statutes prohibiting$92 certain acts committed within the "Indian country, and according];that these acts are punishable in the Federal courts rather thanin the State courts. _ ~ 92nk092 L
.9292~92923¥.l~Y-9 ,4 s ai Respectfully, a l/  £- U
T. F. Baughmgn, 1
I/92

92
4-750  REV. 4-:1-as! IIXXXXXX
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r"""|
Iii
.____...lJ ___ -,_..1,.__,...l ___l _ .t_ __ 1l_r__I 74: U |-__1 | - .1 ill 1rlliauuli puruuliuu uuiy Lu a uuru party. Iuur Ildlllk: 15 usveu U1 LIIC lZ1I.l8 only.
Documents originated with another Government agent  ies!. Thes documents were referred to thatagencyes! for review and direct fesponse to you. 6 K! A U 92&#39;: N
92__»_ J
i Pages contain information furnished by another Government agcncy ies!. You will be advised by the FBI as
to the releasability of this information following our consultation with the other agencyes!.
_i Page s! withheld for the following rea}son s!:
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..--. -I
_- .-&#39;92.
.1
&#39; 151»
_fi92-~ -i
.§_!&#39;:,:_V N,w - . -
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Qyvr2* Si t1-§Dg_ wt; _,Strjlz_e;_ Illegal,
>7.§&#39;i92 p__if&#39;_Q Vli__§92¬0l1fl Declares;
92 $3111; 1 -in-| n-in &#39;
;i1Y1_<£4?J08@s T/We TM
_,//HUustices Black and Reed
1 Dissent; Orders to
 Rebire Workers
A inissolved
it By bmzsnr MANLY
H Oblong-u Tribune Press iehlee
i The United States Supreme
§92,Cou-rt yesterday dealt the National
1 Labor Relations Board three
smashing blows in the most iat-
&#39; reaching series of Wagner act rui-
ihgs smce the Lew itself was up-
held in April. 1937.
~ In an opinion by Chief Justice
Charles Evans Hughes, the court.delivered its rst condemnation of
Ithe sitdown strike and set aside
n an order of the board requiring
A the Fansteel Meta.i1u.rgies.i Corpo-
Jrsoon. of North Chicago, to rein.-
state with back pay 92 C.I.O. union
members who participated in the
seizure of the con&#39;1&#39;periys Diinti
in February, 1937.
High-Handed Proceeding
The court denounced the sit-
down strike as "s blah-handed Dro-
ceedlnz without shadow oi legal
-Q: . , right." Such conduct on the part
_ ; , tot the strikers the court held, wasiample cause for their dlschérge.
I To Justify such condo, .t be-
cause of the existence of labortidispute or 0! an unfair ia.bl&#39; prac-
tice." slid the court. "would be to
putep iumunresorttolorceinstead Eileen! remedies and to
subvert the principles of law and
iorder which lie at the foundations
J01 soeiet!-" ~  r &#39; ~
Alter thus repudintinz the lsbor
board&#39;s condonstion or violence.
the court refused to review s crim-
inal one growing out cl the c.I.0.
litdown strike in the l"snsteelh , .1
-
.. .92-&#39;92 _ ,_..: Kn-92J"1T".yI1 -
6&#39;__CJ __, Li  i ;&#39; i i2tf-i.!-/J
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15?: /T; ./
/19292 /I
4
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9292

4 w
i92. - "
3&#39;7 lo Ge to J&#39;ej,L I&#39; &#39;IErt!-seve-n of the 02&#39; strikers
who the "labor board ordered re-instated were !Vl01&#39;&#39;l_£Of con-
tempt of curt in deiyini an in-
and sentenced to 1|-11 terms rans-
ing from 10 to 180 days. Their
iist iiiii reeo hsrini been ei-
haueted, they now must serve the
sentences.
In the other two Washer act
-oases. the court held that there
was no evidence to iTis&#39;*oii.ii the
aemrs nnding that the Colum-
bian Enamelins and Btamoins
Company, of Terre Haute, Ind.,
and the Bands hlanuiacturini
Company, of Cleveland, Ohio. re-
fused to bargain collectively with
their employee.
It upheld decisions setting wide
the board&#39;s orders to reinstate
discharged employee with back
par-
Five Straight Lone:
Including these decisions, the
labor board has lost ve niajorcases in a row at the preseig term
lo! the Bupreme Court.  the
;Consolidated E d i s o n Company
|oese  New York! the Coit con-
[ iijunction Z, evacuate tire plants
IE
-
.- __demoed as arbitrary and unlawful92.
the board: attempt to abroeate
ln.l92Illel&#39;icll.l Federation oi labor
contract for the purpose oi! tn-
J1-l&#39;11lXlg a C. I. O. union. In re-
&#39;1&#39;using to review the Peninsular
and Occidental Steamship Goin-
ilnr case  Florida! the Court
thwarted efforts of the labor board
to reinstate. with back par. C. I. O.
seamen who ensued in mutlnous
eitdown strikes.
ed inei-it i
The Supreme Court divided rive
to two in each oi the three Labor
Board cases decided yeet-erdar.&#39;
Neither Justice Louis D. Brandeis.
who retired two weeks ago, nor
Justice Felix Frankfurter, who
too his seat on the bench a monthiago took part in the considei-ationior decision oi the cases. Justices
Hugo L. Black and Stanley F.Reed. both Roosevelt appointees..-&#39;1i$%!it%d in all three cases, hold-img _in effect that the majority
ODil&#39;llDnS nullified the purposes orthe Wagner act.
i In the Fansteel case, the Su-
preme_ Court upheld the labor
bO_B.l&#39;dJ&#39;SA70!&#39;dEl&#39; in so tar as it re-
quired the company to cease and
desist from interfering with the
92risht oi its employee to organize
and bargain collectively.
¬PI&#39;tl.lIy Upheld
boltdupheid that partthof mear s or er requiring e com-pany to rwithdraw recognition
from the Ijtare Metal Workers of
America, Local No. 1. which was;
formed after the C_I.0. s.ltdown&#39;stiiae. The opinion held that there]
was evidence to support the
board&#39;s contention that the coin-gold the board&#39;s order in so tar as
; required the company to bargain
i collectively with Lodge 06 0! the
Amalgamated Association of Iron,Steel is Tin Workers, the FLO. -e i
llleclion Ordered ft
&#39;Inviewoithechange§nthe
situation by reason oi the valid
1 discharge of the sitdown strikers
and the filling of positions with
new men. we see no basis for a
wriclusicn that aiter the resin-hp,
tlon of work Lodge 66 was the}
choice or a maiority oi respond-
ents employes for the purpose of
opinion by Chief Justice Hughes.
i Whether the Rare Metal Work-
ers of America, Local No, 1, or thei.
C.I.O. union, represents a major-
ity of the employee is a question
which the board must determine-
by means of an election, the court!
held. i
But the court round that the,company violated the Wagner act;
by refusing to bargain collectively
with the 0.1.0. union prior to the
sitdown strike, which began on
February 1&#39;1, 1931. _
__ ra _ _ _ _atrlizr usual
In the Colombian case. Justice
Stone, delivering the majority!
finding, said that the court could;not rind substantial evidence toi
sustain the board&#39;s nding that
the enameling company had re-
fused to bargain collectively. 
Justice Owen J. Roberta, hand-
ing down the majority opinion inthe Sands case, held that there|
was not a "scintllia" ot evidencecollective blrillnl-ng. said the

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1&#39;0 ___ ; Mr. Tolson DATE: December 14,
non . L. B. Nichols
&#39;"&#39; »=f/F»?/9 /-
- Jim Donovan of United Press called to request the reason as to
why twenty-one Bureau Agents would seek admission to the Supreme Court today.
They have had two or three inquiries from clients as to the significance of this.
I told Donovan that there was no significance; that they were Agents who were
eligible to seek adrnission to the Supreme Court and that since admissions are
moved only at periodic intervals, this obviously was an accumulation.
I think it might be well to watch this in the future and seek to
discourage such large groups as this seeking admission.
p - m:&#39;;t0z;r.:::1!¢g4 _ Z p . ._ ~  . -.» &#39;7&#39; &#39; W  1*-Y ;- yi. -,&#39; P &#39;_ icc - Mr. Glavin &#39;| H y 6]____ &#39; ___
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I .»" TWENTYONE §P:c1A§ Act
5 -BEFORE THE FUPREMF CuURT.
ATFS FN- THE pl V A15&#39;T¥E GE?T¬* wHQ*A§Lx§%B%;JC¬LUH§IA, uznm PRESENTED BY AcT;u;;;g§
V-TGLICITOR GENERAL R3 " ""7"
Lx
W?WITF1"
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_ &#39; > - -~ - -&#39; "0. 1» 1.» ".2. ..-.G? THE FBI uzan ADHITTED TGBAY TU 32£§§§
.- _. ,;_,921.~ THE Baé 1? THE HIGHEST pouaTs*i&;§g
L. STER &#39; I" s"F..  .12/14*~EG1225P F j - ,,F_;;
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92
92
7&#39;. R rt In __
Acting Soliéii
United States
Ioehingtan 25,
Dear Hr. Stern
note of thanks
Bpecial Agents
ea December 14
your taking ti
thin court.
92
92
[DEC L§i1953
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apartment of Juetic
t i 5/er ,4" 1;/1&#39;? /f"-/ff -.._.._ -
d rant to send yen thie personal ___
for presenting treaty-one of our &#39;
io the United Eiatee Supreme CourtI lli
  &#39;
J11 0
I8Decelber 16, 1958
O-1!
--
J than appreciate as such an I do
to present then for practice before
-.
/J
- -. Sincerely yours, 5&#39;"h_.
Q":
-Te Edgar Hoover  C-L,  A.L J
J  92
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1.: DEC I953 --

&#39; - 1953
....;.I&#39; . .. _..-p41/nmm I /75 é~r?//}-; /Fr? /&#39;"
IUIJI-&#39;l&#39;= MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION CONCERNING GROUP OF
SPECIAL AGENTS DESIRING ADMISSION TO PRACTICE
BEFORE THE U. S. SUPREME COURT
You were advised on December 2, 1953, that a group or
Special agents {approximately 20} were in the process oi obtain
ing the necessary papers for admission to practice before the
U. S. Supreme Court. The agents were desirous of having the
Acting Solicitor General, Robert L. Stern, as their ponsor and,__ " xx?-*-Pf.-?...?,?,-"&#39;_=i._< as  "&#39;~.%_,  ."92 V .. u. . _ .- _ .1,-.-31 -&#39; 11 _ -- _ _ I _; .4*  1.---=-= - ," "Y OI &#39; cc - UNITEu arses oovsnnmsm"
Hr. Ladd BATH December ll,
to have him move for their admission to the U. S. Supreme C urtTo cu e this, it was recommended that Special Agent?I informally contact the secretary of the Acti
o c tor Ge &#39; neral to determine his desires on sponsoring the
agents. , e
On Tue 3, Special Agent
ted. in the absence
a secretary of Mr
glad to ask Mr. Stern whether he would
so honor the agents by acting as their sponsor.
On Thursday, December 10, 1953»
advised Mr Stern would be lad to s onsor t e a en s set My &#39; 8 P 8 &#39;*I3 uhondain December lip, L953, at il;3D A_.!~1., as the date and timee would sponsor the group. &#39; e
~_  H
REGOMMEZHDATION 5 57-"&#39;Q_.-.13.
fchoci -. e. _----Hone. This is for your information. gin wiéé Be. 45? n
advised of the names of the Special Agents who te&#39;d""
and sufficient copies of this memorandum sdvis ng you of theiradmission will be made for each Special Agent persoix1ebEfc1.le;&_. 3
3:. I  &#39; &#39; "- /  seem mam we
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! W . &#39;r§" - G O O" - M.
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The following i a list of Special Agents who areto be admitted to practi¬2 before the United States Supreme
Court on December 1h, 1953:
STATE ADMITTED T0 PRACTISE R  *7 7" &#39; &#39;_ 7 ywi; LL__4i 1 I "P
are all assigned to the Bureau. .
b1¢~
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19":
fr 1
I! _ :
vi ..Missouri
District of Columbia
District of Columbia
North Carolina
North Carolina
New York
Missouri
Washington
Nebraska
Rhoda Island
Missouri _
District of Columbia
New York
Indiana
Florida
Ohio
Ohio
Arizona
Idaho
Wisconsin
GeorgiaOffice!
Washington Field Office!
 Washington Field Office!
Washington Field Office!
 Washington Field Office!
Washington Field Office!
Unless otherwise indicated the above Special Agents
1!
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_-§,~,__ - - IPAIIIIB rum In. OI &#39;
Oif Memorandum - UNITED sures GOVERNMENT
to  = 141-, Ladd- DATE: December 11, 19!
 i! J!-mu non = Mr. ROB6  é /I/£../fjd K[ lie
D_-.-.&#39;
mpn= HISCELLMTEOUS INFORMATION concmnmc cnocr or "-1";
&#39; SPECIAL AGENTS DESIRING ADMISSION T0 PRACTICE
BEFORE THE U. S. SUPREME COURT 
--I-Q
A group of twenty-one Special Agents will be
admitted to practice before the U. S. Supreme Court onMonday, December 11|., 1953. on or about 11:30 A.H. Acting
Solicitor General, Robert L. Stern, has kindly cemented -. 1
to act as this group&#39;s sponsor and move for its admission.
The.Specie1 Agents being admitted have indicated &#39;la desire, if at all possible, to have a group picture taken ,
with the Director. It such can be arranged in the already .i
_ busy schedule of Hr. Hoover, the group will be greatly j
honored and most appreciative. The ceremonies at the U. 8. =
Supreme Court will be concluded about 1:30 P.H., and the 7?
"igents involved should be avaiiable any time after 2:00 P.H.,~lion Monday, December lh, 1953. 4 _
REccuumii>1ncn= * "   i-
ii That it be determined whether er not Ir.  if
sehedul ill permit him to have his picture taken with
M. _ the group. O 306" i- ;,».~ .":,~$,F,;=?
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"92
92
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5
KtNorth East, Md.
15 August 1957
Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, Chief 1
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D. C. 5 r _Dear Sir: "Int e"n?! 1" "L&#39;/ @§Y1w$"J
closing cli ping which appeared in the Evening 393/ f - /p o:ere =e=~+ tee ears a"e. , ,.7 t a" 7/1&#39;"
_ &#39;The "Henry ordin", signer of first letter is quite active. ..Within t weeks or so following the Un-American Activities, ?&#39;/
_ , hearing in Baltimore in the spring, he wrote a letter of &#39;
*_ unmitigated castigation for the Committee, its power to inter- fere with personal activities of citizens and indicated very-..,,___!
i clearly that he thought groups should have the right to meet, i_criticize our Constitution and, if according to their personal ,iaeas there shauld is a new form of Government they should ~
have the uninterrupted pleasure of conspiring to bring such Ia- into being by hook or crook. Search of files of the Sun-paper ,
., office will prove my assertion regarding the above. The moment
3 I saw his name to the later letter 1 recalled the incident
r following the hearings. It rung the Bell.
It being obvious that Bethlehem Steel at Sparrows Point, place
of employment for many in the Essex area, is a hot-bed of Com-
sunists, it is not too far-fetched to assume that he is active
in same place.
l I am quite surethat my son was the most American student in
_ the high school _ , ,,e here, having been thereughly ineectrinatee by. me, a Virginian of generations going back before Revolutionary
War. he often reported to le thought-to-be subtle little in-
v jections for indoctrination-by some instructors. During an
~ interview between part of faculty and oe an accusation was di-
rected that he was radical. I, in no uncertain tenoa, gave- them to understand that he was a true product of old dyed-in-5 the-wool Anericonion, a replica of ae and my family; that no
ipathy was to be directed at his but that they should battle I_C§§Q me on anv ie_ue-a eere capable enpenent.;@U_,,.e " *&#39;* &#39; &92  , A A 4-92 In-I_.,-¢_ &#39;,92»,_ . {;&#39;e.eafhDE&#39;X5g-; &#39; &#39;_ »__-er e-£L£=¢-93G9&#39; ,Bo you not think it lanentaile  S-ante haneen subordi
nated to a body having no Power to enact Lawt,~thot-they are
now being affronted by the dirty Gangster arrogance; that theyhave the pleasure of constantly calling "UnctI7*uncle&#39;-+noaning
Supreme Court! and, that the thousands of hoodluns and Antisin this country lay chuckle with assurance that our Congressis no longer the ruling Body of this Nation?7 U SEP 3  Host jincelib ,9215&#39;
92

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_ Q¬ZQWH&QBOmmLM
R 1

Iillt-lortance than the newi age. . A .
To me it seems that 
"&#39;19 5°51 of men. the S
Court of the United Sta
Ttvlniees the diseonten
i P1¢valls over a large pa;
illobe as something fund:
It wnulti seem that they
llld that we cannot
this "T5115! by remaki
¢|=m°v1&#39;=¢i into a dicta
lever: I dietetothip of E
tty. Evidently they aim
nize the fact, it no one 9]:
that the law, at least i_rtt]1
cannot forever live in q
tower.
I lee hi the court;
tleelatona a bell-et that 1
In a lueieaa thlng unlege |
ll! 0! the people. and
Pitlle includes not oi
Bheeplike cuntormists, t:
minority of |-innqmf.
ever happened to the old rulethat previous dectltona ll! I-II
be hllowed whenever noaatblei
l and legal and eatahttahed pree-
iedent tr to awe:-ii when the
net: and circumstances are
$lm1ll&#39;?"who are tn the nature o1
always a thorn tn so:
aide.
I do not see how this
rratie government em
another century it every
ts challenged either 1r|
outside or from Within l
body. ll gives up its den
piece by piece. l think t
vvu understands this 0.
well. and for this undersu
it deserves the lincere Lha
ever! livlna soul in the I
592lIlI- limw NunEssex. nit;
Teaching Commui
In Schools
Ton1lEnri-onor Tn: Ei
SuetSt1&#39;:tn the July 21 E
Florence D. Watkins stat
agree that the nature oi
munisrn&#39; should be- tang
our schools, but it shuu
preetnted to the students
its itwfulness. including it;
murders. slave labor. its
i<m and immorality and it
scation oi property and ll
it should not be present
just a dtlterent political
nominal or racial systerr
good points and bed pol:
1 Ilil to see the conn
between mass murders,
la-b0r, lmmorality. etc
communism any more t
can see the connection bi
lynchins, race riots, pre_
immorality and demoere
seems to me the form:

O-l9 Hev.2-13-8|]  iv Q Ta  H i
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i Parsons _____
,, , lIu0l&#39;IIllv 1: 4
Five Justices Decision Loaded 1 &#39;_&#39;  In Freedom of Speech Case  
&#39;- "It seems incredible that,
&#39;7with a "cold war" Icing on
&#39; -and with billions or dollars
?b-einl spent bl? the Soviet
* &#39;go&#39;vern.ment to inltrate
 every democratic country in
* d by lour members of. &#39;th¥§HErg;ge Court of the
_ Uri te tate re Justice
V Warren, Justices Black,
. Douglas and Brennan--an
ipopinion which appears to
4 &#39;hrush aside the Communist
l&#39; inensce. t
§ __ Fortunately, ve other
members of the court-Juan
tices Stewart, Clark, Frank-
. iurter. Harlan and Whitta-
_ker-see the Communist
jmenace in its realistic form.
By their latest decision, they
make it clear that the empty
- claim to protection oi tree
 speech will not save suspect-
ed Communists in the United
_&#39;$t-ates from investigation by1 an authorized concressional
&#39;_0ol&#39;rlmittee. _ _
i . The four dissentins iustlces
ltinsist that witnesses,_ when
»_ asked by a congressionalP _.cornmittee whether they are
Communists, need not even
_.t-ate the Filth Amendment
but can refuse to answer on
the ground that their rights
4:! free speech under the First
-_A.lI&#39;lBildl1lBli. Q11 being {[33,5-
gressed. .
- The argument solemnly
; -proclaimed by the tour dis-
Jentins Justices is that no
Jsency of the Federal Gov-
.-ernment, he it lesislative,
. executive or judicial. may
. ; harass or punish people ici-
. .-their beliels. or ior their
. .;speeeh about,or public criti-  l reinn or, laws and public oi-
1Llicials." i . :- - _ &#39;_
&#39;  doctrine would make
&#39;lt&#39;-possible lor any citizen to
decline to tell an ii1veati¢at-
I-at committee about rackets.
UOMDOIIOL jiayola, or any
-irregularities" in human be-
&#39;~ hsvior on which it lllllhifbe
desirable to Pl-ll remedial
62 MAP. 9 T1351.Ilaws. The witness could
merely claim that the eon-
tressional committee was
"harassing" him for his criti-
cisms oi&#39; the committee and
as trying to punish him tor.. the fwdrld, tlliere should 13%» beliefs. Congressional
iiorts to set information on
which to base regulatory laws
could thus be frustrated.
In the latest opinion-the
case oi Frank Wilkinson, who
reiused to give even his place
oi residence -to -the House
Comrnittee_-- on Un-American
Activities-the majority of
the Justices repeated a state-
ment rrorn a previous deci-
sion which said:
"To suzaest that because
the Communist Party may
also sponsor peaceable politi-
cal reiorms the constitutional
issues before us should now
be iudsed as it that party
were just an ordinary politi-
cal party from the stand-
point oi national security. is
to ask this court to blind
itself to World affairs which
have deternrined ihewhole
course of -our national policyince the close of World War
What the majority of the
court says is supposed to be
"the law of the land." but
it is being scorned-in the
companion case oi Carl Bra-
den-by Justice Black. with
Chief Justle Warren and
Justice Douglas azreeine. In
this dlssentlna opinion these
words of defiance are issued:
The founders or this Na-
tion were not then willing
to trust the denition oi
First amendment freedoms
to Congress or this court, hor
am I now." &#39; *
But to accept the idea that
Oonaresa cannot investigate
or that the Supreme Court
cannot rule on the case oi a
man who may be serving or
helplnl I hostile government
an &#39;enemyis to deprive
the Nation of any powerot
I911-preservation. The pur-
- --aa~|.vaa.- .»- -43- &#39;i:.;&#39;aa-a $1."
-a
"e-"J." _&#39; &#39;92h-laa-la-iahna-.Li.a_--a- "&#39; -pose oi these oonaressional
investigations is to expose
the espionage and subversive
activities oi the whole Com-
munist apparatus in the
United States. Loyal Ameri-
can citizens are expected to
-co-operate with their own
Government in all its
branches. The Communists
have stolen atomic secrets.
They have at times infil-
trated the departments in
Washlnston. The Supreme
Court in the past has taken
yihe view that it isn&#39;t a right
ettree speech ialsely to cry
Fire!1&#39; in a Crowded theater.
-Nor does the "free speech"
clause oi the Constitution
give anyone immunity from
Fan investigation to determine
whether he belongs to a party
that is financed by. insti-
gated by, and often directed
by a foreign government
which lo seeking to damage
the United States a.nd_pos-
sibly to bring on a war;
Justice Black argues that
editors and ncwsmen who
have criticized a congres-
sional committee now could
be brought before that same
oornmittee and punished 101&#39;
-refusing to answer questions.
But whenever there.is basis
for suspecting that a news-
paperman ls paid by or work-
he shouldn&#39;t be able to claim
immunity under the First
Amendment, either.
The I-louse Committee on
Un-American Activities is
under attack these days by
so-called "liberals" who will
be encouraged now by the
dissenting opinions oi the
Supreme Court to carry on
their campaign to curtail, ii
not ahoIi5h,~the woiiroi the
House committee and also oi
the Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee. But the de-
ieniiers oi America&#39;s safety
alainst the Communist
enemy -will find an irrefu-
table armament in the two
opinions rendered this week
by Justices Stewart, Clark,
!rankiurter.- Harlan &#39; anding for an enemy governn1ent,[
Whittaker; - &#39; i -- &#39;-. &#39;- H  Oop§riahL&#39;1D6.aaIIl""&#39;
Ex mi1.I i
1.Mohr _._______
Belmont .___
Colichon ____
Conrod .__&#39;W_92 , , -&#39;  ..-.. e ..:~1 --_,. ._, _.. .... 92 ._ DeLouCh.1 Avlo LAWRENCE    .    E;§§§e___
A Blow Against Communists A  p T§::l]__.____.
Trotter _.___.__
W.C. Sullivan -
Tele Boom _.._
Ingram ..___..___.
Goody ___.___._
if:--
The
Times Herold
The
The
NewWashington Daily News
New
York Mirror
York Daily News
York Poll
The New York Time!
The Worker
Thl NOW Loader
Tha Wail Street JournalNew
New
New
Ddll &#39;  &#39; * "- H
REG 2?"
/oo-0* __A§&#39; 517&#39; aseonoto
-11 MAR 6 1961
i-a-iii5 I YEvening Slur _.L__,._.._..._
York Herald Tribune .._____
York Journal-American __._
_._¬.-i_-._...-ii-»
ii.--_-

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737.-J
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SIX; it NO I7
UNIT-ED STATES CON LRNMENT
Memorandum  C
Mr. DeLoach  March 31, 1910
1 M&#39;.r DeLoach -i c
OM :A_ Rosana» _1vs~. Rosen  x
swan-¢T= STATE OF ILLINOIS -
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Gallagher 1075/VS. WILLIA"M~ALLEN - Bishop
- Casper
- Sullivan
Washington Field Office, advised that this
erne Court in an eight to nothing decision writti
by Mr. Justice Black ruled that a man can lose his right to remain in court ii
his conduct is such that it disrupts the court.
The ruling was handed down in a State of Illinois case involving
William Allen, who had been convicted for armed robbery and sentenced to ten
to thirty years. During his trial, Allen was abusive toward the judge and was
warned that his conduct would result in his being removed from the court. WI
he persisted, he was removed but allowed back  he would behave himseli.
When he continued his abuse, he was removed from the courtroom during his
trial.° §-F92I391 mfig 1.11%
He filed a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District to/m~lalleging he had been denied his right to remain in the courtroom during his
trial. The United States District Court denied his writ, and the United States
51 APR1C&#39;.§/U;&#39;?th Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the District Court. The case was thenQ  I [remanded to the United States Supreme Court.
This morning the United StatesSupreme Court, as mentioned above
by an eight to nothing decision ruled that _a..anan can lose his right to remain in
ii court during his trial if his conduct is such that it disrupts the court.t:,,92-_ " _jACTION: This is tor information. REC-26¢? * C - Jé 5? 7
_ - I0 APR Q | -&#39;RJG:]ny , - < / Pm -<9> t  - or... Wis &#39; ~ A "~
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tnornount FORM NO. rnMAY IIUZ EDITIONGSA FPMII [ll crn] ID!-ILI
UNITED STATES GO
JVJ.I
NM EN T
;DIRECTOR, FBI DATE; 10/2/7Q
3 Ac» WFO 2~l167O!  C!
s JE -UNSUB; Theft of Victor Calculator
92!sN 234-6-157, From Administrative Offices
Of U.S»_Supreme Court, 2/70TGP
O:WFO!
Re
ADMINISTRATIVEWFO airtel to Baltimore, 6/17/70  IO!
WFO let to Baltimore, 8/19/70  I0!
BA lgglgg uvn. n/at/vn  Tn92"-"5 V! I-92-I1 Iv 92J.92J/
BA airtel to UFO, 8/31/70  IO!
DATA:
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6 VLiG811  nan-15 52 &#39;0 -= /;@ W
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0 II OCT 819? *
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T _ to 92~i??$&#39;w§?*&#39;1 __ _ . U .3 Javzngr Band: Regularly on the Payroll Savzngx Fluff

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NFO 52-11670
r92 92l 4 qq -4--_ _ _ _vn narcn ll, 19/U, a check with the Victor Corporation
revealed Victor Adding machine 234-6-157 was sold to the
United States Office, Administrative Division, United States
Courts, WDC, on June 3, 1965. It was assigned to the Legal Aid
Division, WDC.
on April 23. 1910.
Legal Aid Division, WDC, advised that the Victor Calculator
machine 234-6-157 was stolen sometime in February, 1970. He
stated he was not able to put a specific date of loss since
the office was in the process of moving from one building to
another, but did know that this machine was one of several
stolen in February, 1970.
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WFO 52-11670
Hashington, u.u., advised captioned machine purchased under
purchase order 28288, dated June 7, 1965 and is valued at$500. Captioned machine, according t would not have
been sold by his branch since it is stil considered a fairly
new machine.
A lead was set forth to interview t his home,
however, the Balt advised that
August 26 70, was
__. .<&#39;&#39;92
L Oniseptember&#39;2§.%,A1=g9rne>~qtelepnonicaily requested bgto come to his office andiicover a Victor Calculator, 234-6-157, which his client,
ad brought to his office to be returned to
the FBI. The machine was examined a found to be identicalwith the stolen Government machine. E was furnished
a receipt for the machine.
On the same date, the facts of this case were
discussed with AUSA JAMEQ FLANTCAN, WDC. Mr. FLANIGAN advised
that since Legal Aid could not put a definite date of ss
on the machine, and since it could not be proven tha
e knew it to be stolen Government Property, he would de
s % &#39; . pro ecution in this matter. 5?y»a4= A¢7n»me/
On October 2, 1970, the machine was returned to
Legal Aid Division of the U.S. Courts, HDC.
Bureau is requested to credit HFO with recover value
of $500 for the captioned machine.
3

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FBI
: PRECEDENCE: TRANSMIT VIA
[:1 Teletype C] Immediate
E Facsimile
[3___AirLele____Q Priority
[]Rmnme
TO: DIRECTOR, FBI/,/ .
FROM: ADIC, NEW YORK  9A8833!  C!  M9!
SUBJECT: 9292UWSUBr T"..92 -4 -__
CLAS SIFICATION: Q H
[3 TOP SECRET
Q SECRET
[3 CONFIDENTIAL
[3 UNCLAS E F &#39;1" 0
[:1 UNCLAS
Date 1/14/as
""&#39;"__"&#39;1 _____________ __
_&#39;T _e"&#39;7&#39;,Z&#39;-TNS&#39;I ITNTTED QTATFIQ*"-TY,
W eases COURT
 ORTIUN**
 OO:NEW YORK!
v
WFO airtel to NY dated 12/20/82.
closed within the New York office.
Armed and dangerous
ei Bureau
~?Washington Field1-Ne.w_-¥6r.k..! _L 
bw.- oz-411511  _____-____ _..,Vi Ni :1 ___ _I_-_,_ 7 _vv-i ;:_.-.- _L
Re WFO teletype to New York dated 6/23/82 and________
Due to the above facts this matter has been
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H-1unv ."&#39;,- -92;~. 1.- -
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IFor information of the Bureau and WFO, all logical
investigation has been conducted in an effort to develop the
identity of UNSUB with negative results. Furthermore the results
of the latent fingerprint examination was also negative.

|=c»aa  Rev.-8-25192} &#39;
FBi
PRECEDENCEI
II] Immediate
U Pmy
E1 RoutineTRANSMIT VIA:
D Tmewpe
El Facsimile
El ___Air.t.el____CLASSIFICATION:
El TOP SECRET
SECRETCONF|DENT92AL
UNCLASEF?T0
UNCLAS
Dme 3/3 35E
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. TO: DIRECTOR, FBI
ATTN: PERSONAL CRIMES UNIT
FROM: SAC, WASHINGTON
UNSUB;
,ANONYMOUSMENACING LETTER / i
.. ,92 .___--imw "YORK
. q f
FIELD OFFICE  9-0!  c-4}
REcEIvEDAT UNITED sTATEs¢§E§REME coun
92 Enclosed for the Bureau are three copies of an envelope
 and letter that were received at the United States Supreme Court i
on February 19, 1985. Enclosed for New York are the original O
3 letter and enve ope. , - S
i 1-10&#39; ff On February 24, 1985,   UNITED
- STATES SUPREME counw POLICE DEPA TMENT iusscpni. advised that
i the enclosed letter was received at the Supreme Court on
1 February 19, 1985 and was opened some time that week.
The letter and envelope are both typewritten infffff,/C/i
upper case letters and the envelope bears a postmark wh&#39; h, ads, ;
Western Nassua GMF, NY, 115, February 15, 1985. The t&#39; r is /
_.i= »
,

WFO 9-0 1; 726;,
exp1ained that while the home addresses
of the Sup ourt Justices are not routinely given out, there
have been many articles in various magazines about all of th
&#39;ust&#39; and these articles usually include home addresses.
advised that all of the Justices will be alerted
recall receiving any simi arIan u usual activity or persons around their residences.added that he could not
e ters at the Supreme Court in recent months.
- Inasmuch as no threats are made in the enclosed letter,
any laboratory analysis is left to the disgression of the office
of origin, and the above is provided for information and
indexing.
2*

4
92
< F,F
FEBRUARY 15, 1§85
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN:
IN AUGUST OF 1960 I IAS ATTACKED AT THE PARIJJE GROUNDS OF FORT DIX
BY THREE BLACKS AND I WAS NEVER PAID FOR THE UGLY AND PERMANENT INJURIES I
SUSTAINED.
IN 1966 I LOST HY JOB AT ONE OF THE CITY AGENCIES OF THE CITY OF NEW
. .
YORK AND THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY _N_Q_ ASSISTANCE EVER IN THE FORM OF WELFARE,
SOCIAL SECURITY, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, PENSION OR FOOD STAMPS.
IN 1976 I WAS SENT TO PRISON AS THE RESULT OF YOUR SICK AND UNDYING
LOVE you NELSON BQCKEEELLEB=
JEWISH BANK EXECUTIVES CRIED IHEN THEY PROVED TO HE THAT YOU
SUCCEEDED IN EVERY POSSIBLE WAY TO RUIN HY LIFE. HOWEVER, I HAVE YE&#39;I
TQ FIGIIRE._DllT_Jo&#39;HY THEY GAVE HE YOUR HOME ADDRESSES. ~ &#39; ~ ----- -- I------- - --Y-Y -I- -&#39;- ----~-----~-+-- ------- ---- -~ -- ----- - .-*7 -  _ . _...&#39;.."._._"-:._ ..:,  927 _,,
SEE YOU AT THE BANK
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Washington, D,G.
Director,
Federal Bureau of Investigation,H Washington, D.0. I. - gm~&#39; estrxcrrlom I _
B!Dear 311" - , 1  ____________ ..
_/ On October 9, 1936 llarehal for the SupremeQctoher &#39;9, 1936.
u92 PERS AL iqoemrgppmx
_  9,4141»Mr. &#39;Iollon.._.
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Court of the United States appeared at t e Was ton Field Office Iith
the following information:
P
who infomed him as follows:1&#39;" 1-V 1 Q lershal stated he did not Iieh to duly alarm the Chief &#39; Justice Iithout tie! making some inquiries to substantiate or disprove
v and roceeded to interview the information thus recei ed, n
=<ILY§:1:92o -comns DESTR OYED
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&#39; adyancepinfonnationtfro Su reme Court.
While Supervisorgwas discussing another case with
Mr. McGuire, an attorney e epartnent, Hr. McGuire stated that
there had been referred to him a personal and confidential memo
random sent to the-;Att01&#39;ne*i&#39; General by the Bureau relating to in- L/formation furnished oi the fiarshaJ.s Office concern-
ing the receipt of advance in ormation from the Supreme Court.
Mr. McGuire stated the Department would desire an investigation
but would like to know nhether the Supreme Court has been informed
of this information, and if not the Department would do so.
I an informed hha discussed the above subject
matter with you and he was a vise o contact Mr. McGuire and in-
form him that the Bureau would like to have e. memorandum from the
Department outlining just tL* *-on should he taken. iir. McGuirewas contacted by Supervisorland was informed that what the
Departnae  to know is whether the Supreme Court had been ad-vised b3;  or anyone else of the information that advance
notice was be ng received from the court as to their decisions.
He was informed that so far as the Bureau is aware, the court has
not been informed and, at least, the Bureau has not done so. Mr.
McGuire stated that the Department was inclined to the view that the
complainant in this case should have immediately gone to the SupremeQ Court  advised it of the information received, and also brought
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the same to the attention of the Bureau, but at any rate Mr. Keenan
will desire an immediate investigation by the Bureau. Mr. McGuire
was informed that the Bureau would like to have a memorandum from
the Department setting forth just what_is desired, and that no action
will be taken until the receipt of such memorandum. McGuire said
that the Department would write a letter to the court and advise the
members of the substance of the complaint and would send a memorandum92
to the Bureau requesting an investigation. He stated that these com-
munications would leave the epartrnent in the ixzrn    
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this will acknowledge the receipt of your memorandum
of ootober 10, 1936; attaching therewith a. of the
memorandum which you under that
" 1»! L, Attorney General re]  &#39;1hie ie a. matter of extreme importance and one that - _ uld be iumediately investigated for the purpose of obtain-
ng all the faote. Ieeleee to lay, the investigation "
&#39; 0111.6. be conducted with your usual tact and good Judgment.
the Chief Justice has been adwieeci of this reterenoe.
Joee . Keenan,
Tne Assistant to e Lttorney General.
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Referred to ffj  ASS  _ , 5;
Details:  E T gggirMiss Bererd referred ne &#39;1-e uest
of Mr. McGuire that someone interview thr~
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in connection
with reports that an employee of the Court is
getting advance information concerning Supreme
Court decisions. She stated that the Chief
Jmtice is very much interested and he manta
an agent to come to his house tomorrow morning
or to be at the Stgreme Court. She said she
1:-ents to make sure that the Chief Justice will
be seen somewhere tomorrow morning» He has
indicated that he wishes someone who knows aboutthe ce6¢-E: to e eltgé-gs home tomorrow morning.Er. Tamm Is teilng care of this matter and mhiria
has anbmi tted n memoranitnn lel;0m!11¬!iI1£ $11315 r-- -.-_.__~____ __ ,f__ " _,_ , . __ , agents n and Rosen be assigned to this92.,.u"" .. .._, _ _¢:; e _ _ __ caaa&#39; ~t|||1|-
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1 .s¢nuq,rTRE: Alleged irregularity on4pert_of Employee of Supreme ourMn -5Mr.
Mr. McGuire in the Department called and advised the-.
he has recontacted the Chief Justice of the Sup eme Court and in AK -formed him that this matter was being referre to the Bureau for """""""" "
investigation and that the direction of th nvestigetion would
hereafter be in your hands. Chief Juetice ughes requested that
the Agent who is going to conduct this investigation contact him
at his home, 2223 R Street, tomorrow morning at 9:30 A. M., in
order that the Chief Justice can indicate his views in the situation.I
The case is not particularly involved and should not re~
more than two days to oomglete. I believe that it would be
however, for two men to jo n conduct all interviews in theand recommend that Agents  and A. Regen of the
Field Office be designated for this assignment. If you epprove this
_ selection, they will be instructed to contact the Chief Justice at
his residence tomorrow morning and will be furnished with the basic
facts in the situation meanwhile.
. Rei¬Z:§Ej;iZsquire
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called about Last night had been taken care of. This was the Supreme Ilourt matter.!, i
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_-  ~ - -__""In&#39;$  ,"&#39;**1-J-ul&#39;_&#39; &#39; _;&#39;_ " |__&#39;: i~SUPERVISORS____Fi1es Section
____Personne1 Files
____Chiaf Clerk&#39;s Office
____Identification Division
_~__Technica1 Laboratory
Mechanical Section- -L-lluvl-1-II=lII&#39;-I"&#39;&#39;*&#39;P&#39;-Li
- &#39;5--en  I
Mr. Spear -
Mr. Suran ~
Vincent
Mr. Wyly ii-
M8
____Send File .kn &#39; -See
Call me regarding this_
____Correct _iAm__
N d R t .. . ote an e urn. _ ,.
S arch serialize and-ro
o i9~*»<J5§<r I
&#39;_ ,
E. A. TAHM - 5742.

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 i Mr. Nathtn .... ..I - F  [ U &#39; : i  Mr.&#39;Iol_-&#39;::n . . . . ..,
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_ Perso l and Ieehington Field e1-ee, Boom 4244, " &#39;
;_ Confi ntial Washington, D, O, "
I - n -92
* October -24, 1936. _, p - 1;?-  -.-.47.... . I&#39;_..l;
~ -.1.-.  ~|.&#39;:r__ __ _--.
.3; --.__-=-., .nr:|v ____-.5.-: .. ... I- -- -1&#39;l"&#39;>&#39; ........ ._A mmonnmun FOR The n_na;c3ron_ "IL ,  Md, _______ _ihe: L1/6" i 2 1 é -" |!,ae_mvi@sm..&.Qe._s=11 £411n1=;cmss1rICAIl0!i ON _ - °P}51}9;1...=..9re1;ne U. s. 0Suprune&#39;
. e Court _ *___ _" ___.1: ~e~ -1-"-mr I IL 74%/W aw 577, 5¢8I 92192 I
owed to retain the- - = copy, which was permitted.
- The Ohief Justice, upon reading the 1nunorandum"&#39; _,  was visibly moved and etated that t s eer one andextraordinary development, inasmuch e has been aQ? trusted employee of the U. S. Supreme our e nee 1897.
Due to the developments in this case, gentmd Boson
will hereafter contact the Chief Justice at his home, 22 t., H. IR,
end will not appear at any time in the future in the Supreme Court Build-
ing. The Chief Justice requested the unlisted telephone number or the*"&#39; Washington Field Office, and in addition thereto requested that the eon-
tae-tcnts of the aforementioned conversation between Agen&#39; "*2 &#39; not be given to the Department of Justice. He was informe hat t eP11-
&#39;. - contents of this conversation are known only to the Director of this Bureau
 and the three Agents working on the ease. .
T"&#39;§at~4
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1.. 1
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RP October 16; 193692 &#39; t=::::..:°°"*" ,,J fl /lo :;
It
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_ -
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" MEMORAHQUM FOR THE_DIRECTOE&#39; 1
=-49
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were authorized to see Chief Justic Hughes at
4:30 P.M. today in connection with the case involving cer-
tain irregglaritiee+gn_thepart.nf angtmployee of the
 JSup;§me Court. A memorandum will be prepared tonight on
, the developments to date, and infonmetion will be tr&ns~
mitted to you daily relative to the progress nide.
Respectfully,
J. A. Smith}-Tr.7/J
.2¢
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=<**et UUT --» I935 -&#39;
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,9
1./ Pursuant to your instructions, Agents Rosen andL * Mr.
Hr.
Mr.
Mr.
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Mr.
&#39;92I.r. Jonah  ..
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
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Dew-I-ey _____ ._
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I-In-be ________
L-eater ,____,
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PL. October 1?, 1936
 V- . - V q,
EIORANDUI FOR THE DI_RECTO_R =-
92197 Q   *i"Re: ggle ede_l&#39;btenpt_ no H______ _l_Y?1_116§§p1n1OnB_ o:lf__fQhaOsuvreme ¢q!!§&#39;1=_9. &!=§..Iini?e§*§§_§_t§§- .
-  L Thewas conducted on October 17,1936 by and A. Boson and the results92}jgrfP/ furnished to Ii-
570
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I1: -
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- Cafe; _ _____ _
. Downy _______
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- F"rwo&#39;!&#39;.._,_
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1»-mu: .,,__&#39;E~:-
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____ -.
- -..-_ ----. 1.-....
92--:
I personnel file 011- was examined at the Federal Land Bonk, / Washington, D. 0., but nothing of value was secured therefrom. It wasb ascertained that he has no wqr record or record in the 61711 Service
 pi 456.240 REOORDED "&#39; V  &#39; 7
6&#39;3?! 22 E35 nmgxm K nu: -.
cup - -- w.;.;> __ES lisrnomn  -- . Q XBauer 151954 A o F"  ~ 92=w

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lone for the Director " 2 10-1&#39;2-36
Commission. The investigation is -being continued.
Respectfully,
M

ii...... 4,-....92.-.1--a__a." 92..-_-._--,.4-_&- . -.4--.. -|_- __n,-q.-.,-- _ -7 . _ _r_ ____ _ __ ___ __ __ _ H __ 
1 _ &#39;
-aL 4» . a. 7 IJon-1!: zoom 1-goovzn i  K1! s /
I DIRICTOR! _
 _ 1" aamcuw gfehsral xtrsmt of .;|.|1ur2s5amt
31. ,$. §2;:s1u21d of $mI:|:e J
* K E»1i%~s¢====- §~ *1 
 October 15, 1936.  &#39;
e - -
-
EQAOMHIUN _FOB_ THZE DIRECTOR
1 T
I- d = == .n- -&#39;1&#39; =- - .= "- some srrangementwi
,.__Some days ago, United States Marshal of bh6%.l1JIBl&#39;B Court of t
- a States called at the Washington Fiel ice and sds-ed HF. Keith c" &#39;1: L97 D alleged irregularities on the part of a clerk of the Supreme Court o-"-in
F-L Netlu
517- T01-I0|
3&#39;11. Bing];
WI. Crag;
Mr. Coley
Mr. Dawes
5|-It £lu__
M1. Fury;
Mr. Gllvin
L Hrlhn
M1-_ Jqgq,
Mr. Leng-
&. Nicholq
511-. Quinn
MP Schi p|»_
A 1" _i
1&#39;-
three
carting
_ " &#39; could presumably make money on s
  = M - --*= -- ~-- = - -1"-= s one handed down by the Supreme Court.
The substance of this informatin was furnished to the Attorney General in _a
personal and confidential lemorandum, with the request that the Bureau be 
advised if an investigation was authorized, it being noted that the Justices
of the Suprele Court did not know of this occurrence. The attorney General
1 - evidently referred the matter to Mr. Keenan, who in turn referred it to the
?<  Criminal Division, and Ir. llcGuire of the Criminal Division called me about
only secondarily. _&#39;*"&#39;l-aw
.-one o&#39;clock today to advise that pursuant to a request from the Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court to discuss this matter with someone who was familiar wit}
the facts, he, llcduire, had gone to the Supreme Court this morning and laid
the facts before Chief Justice Hughes, pointing out that he knew the facts
IcGuire said that upon his return to his own office, he found a note of a
" S &#39; call from Chief Justice Hughes expressing a desire to discuss the matter
further with someone intimately acquainted with the details. llccuire said
he had informed the Chief Justice that he, IcGuire, would instruct the
Special Agent who had initiated the investigation of this matter to report
&#39; -~ to the Supreme Court at 4:30 this afternoon to discuss the matter furtherS b7 / with the Chief Justice.
I informed IlcGuire that the Bureau had not initiated any investigation into
this matter since we were awaiting Departmental instructions; that conse-
--  quently, there was no agent available who was intimately in possession.-§__~&#39;f3-fi 43of all the facts. I told Icduire that it would appear the logical thing
to have done in the beginning would be to have celled upon the Director of
&#39; the Bureau, or someone designated by him, to present the facts to the Chief
a Justice, and that since Ilcihxire had already presented the facts to the Chief
c .-J11-&#39; Justice end since the Bureau did not have authority to conduct any investi-.- -A 92_.- .
. __ .
c|||n-piggation, there would not appear to he anyone in the Bureau who could carry
out llcGuire&#39;s so-celled "instructions" in this matter; that since he, llcduire
You RECOSDED 3l"*Ho:-7»&#39;*0"&#39; Y0 .comes BEST mommaas ocw 15 W5 -:°92». =- ~0:2? 2 61935  is
/I

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4-,I .N _____  _ or  c
r I
- ~ L2 J F.-
H
I
,1nu
Iemo for the Director -2- 10/15/3:
had handled the matter thus far, he light notify the secretary to Justice
Hughes that the Department had no information other than that which he had
previously been furnished.
The impression I obtained from talking with Icuire is that he had
"big timed" himself to the Chief Justice this morning, and had announced
that he would instruct the Director of the Bureau to do. Consequently,
I believe that until the Bureau receives some written authorization
from the Department to conduct this investigation, we should let McGuire
get himself out of the situation into which he has placed himself.
Beeafjjiir
Ea A0 TAMI.

1
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_  5 DEPARTMENT or JUSTICE "
-is If
Ir. FnslnrthV &#39;92.¥Record of Telephone Call of Visitor. V  -.4...-.__
<1..-  ~ .. .-  °°=- 15 was hm_  -. -. In-.unnh-&#39; . t-  .  Lb. f-»..-" i* ~ - --  "&#39;-"f""i "-I §__&#39;  &#39;3-PI-1 &#39;  - ._f"_"f{;&#39;::,7..";"&#39;7~..»4 Ir. luau-luul1:. _ j - - -". : _-_t,-_§ - ".- -- __ "&#39;,.&#39;5." "&#39; . I».--~»..-.- =&#39;-.~&#39; .- ~ -  "*.P-&#39;-r-- &#39; .2 .__. I. . __ We  _..;.c,__,_._  __   ....}.-._.__f.§qr_:.. _. /g In mm.... .....-,=&#39;-_,.~..:====-¢_.=_---2;"-..,I--=1 3; 1, » ~ "-&#39;1-" &#39;-T.>92="" &#39;-A- I-__ __ : J 12: -&#39;i* ..&#39;;.1-.-_~_.S. --l-E-wt-&#39;  -&#39;* I ~_&#39;-;;~> &#39; &#39;-_, " "&#39;.&#39;", _" &#39; " I I  I  |-_ |g|;||g1"." -___-to-__,.. &#39;- 7 &#39; -- _ - --, ~_-~ -1 ;<_- -- -&#39;- _ i--7..-_f"J&#39;-_ - &#39; , _ ._  W -i iv. &#39;- _ -I»-< -1 -I e 7- "-""&#39; ; &#39;- . -_,> ,_&#39;_§ TI-_.l.-.&#39;r.;_n&#39;3&#39;-&#39;.&#39;.=,Q&#39;__ a 1&#39;:--&#39; -F -"h--P "*-../7_i "&#39;.&#39;  11; ".-.  .;_._,..-41-|--   &#39; Ir. QIIIIIII_ ,@._?¢¥:i Name er. McGuire in Mr. Keenan e _nkM"
T_:;§-  <_*&#39;-"jE7_*;1.:&#39;."- " j?E=&#39;*- -i&#39;I -&#39;.---"e&#39;_&#39; - V 1 -I In9&#39;  .-;.-;--:.   -..* ;:> . i 01 1 ice tele-&#39; __&#39;i=&#39;l .:_ I ">!""1&#39;? -" 23 -I I" - _ .-r. Q:-&#39;-5:-1&#39;.-:3-.  ---¢ =7?--K &#39; &#39; *."~j@~»&#39;;. .2. -_ __~-¢a:   mu quay -  - , -   4 -?  ""
A Q-_,_ _ .,4-.-.. q- -4:--~__ -Z "" _.Referred to _ _
Details:
_ Stated he had been unable to get in toucl
with Mr. Tamm and he would like to speak with the
Director. When informed the Directorwes out he
. . 1  e  W Stated that what he Wanted to ask the Director we
4- I-92 In-G.-. nu.-. -. .--nm-I 4-L... l.-_.....L _.L.._ .:.. .:._--_..4.:_.i.|..1_i. 4_ _ I e  ,_ _ .1  1 uv uqvc Au.1u BB1-I-I U1-I5 ngcuu IIUU .LU J..I..lVBi$b.LgE1.1.¢.LI¬ I$5?-"&#39;  &#39; "&#39;  5 &#39;   " "  matter at theqiu reme C t t . . . our up o see the Chief* _ Justice of the Supreme Court at 4:30 PM this
-e - _ afternoon. llr.McGuire stated that he had been u;
to see the Chief Justice and the latter stated he
_ _  _h. c . _ 5, .  . desired to see the Agent who is rking on thefnz_ __   _ and who is familiar with the factg this afternoc
t 4:30. Mr. McGuire stated that arrangements fc
- appointment could be made thru Mr Hogue Lev I , *&#39; Q Clerk to the Ghief Justice, at Natiomal 5321, but_ae__
. -~ . ~   - _ ._- - ,  _,- .. I-I-Z-&#39;»_; =.,-.. _-..__._._,_...- 1 that M1-.McGuire would like to have Mr. Tamm call_;-,-.- _. -__-_.3{¢..¢.;__J-.f5¢§j&#39;!F1E_f&#39;I=»;F§§-L-;.-~  ..-_ -*.."_v;31!-&#39;tf_ &#39; .-._  _§_,:-.;._.j,__;&#39;-&#39;"-.-"¢;"we-.1-_._;;_._ when Mr.Tamm returned. Thisjnessage was_ left jwit - *&#39;t*"&#39;1"";-..-.-.-&#39;..=&#39;;".-..--"=."""&#39;F -&#39; I-!r.Smith in Mr. Te.mm&#39;s office. cek_ !.,;_92-_ ¢  _- W .. - - .--*e   e =>~- we :h<>:-.1?
._ , ,__.A ___. _. -_ ." ._.,__ --2--. . i V ._....    .7 1; __;-.&#39;.,».&#39;_- _  &#39;._ue_ :;.:__ _;_j§ _ ._.. £1? l -~_*:§;.A.3.V:&&*   1._-5; -&#39;;;&#39;.".- .  .f._f-7~;V,_&#39;__ j _-4:-_1--ll  _-- " 92.: __;_~_

;-&#39;-  I _  . Nnhu
JOHN EDGAR |-|oovi:n92 !  "-Tf"°-- - = nmlcroll  w U "&#39; 92 51- Bmzhm-.n
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I .&#39;    92 Mr. Nicho1l__
~ mrqwmu .h /!C-J" Sclzulderé f, A, .
L . &#39; .
RE _&#39; nu. r" - Advance &#39; _esed AttenptZ§o Sell _n"Opinions of the Sugreme Court of mu G_,___
the United States.
~
was conducted on October 16, The following
and A. Rosen:
under whose
file, which
on November 30, 1880,
for approximately fifteen
was emnloved
as the
101 the Supreme Court Buildlng at anhe ms
2.-?_
133 D 4;83 ESTROYE1; INDEXED EOLHAL Bi¥i~.~UI&#39; f-I 1 * R. # L11: -92{
OCT 151964 . OCT ad I935RECORDED
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.~+"§_t -  e__*_,jOCT ~21 i&#39;*;!&#39;I§.s.»A Q¢;>E;.-amRT.».:L¢92T_ or,-uzjrsz|
&#39; ! Mr. Joseph
Mr [alter ____3i¥1M!1i=s*m1, §- "1 "
October 17, 1936

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92
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Memo for Director -2- October 17, 1936
The Chief Justice has been fully advised as to the progress
of the investigation to date. The Chief Justice suggested the
possibility that e microphone might be concealed in the conference
rooms of the Supreme Court, end requested that before the investi-
gation is completed, the Agents make e thorough search of the con-
ference rooms.
This information was secured from Agents Rosen and
1  . . e"&#39;
Respectfully ,
1-I-""""-I&#39;-
V étéa./%4_

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92 U /_ Mr. Nathan_ J ./|,.,. ....-.. Ill
_
I 92
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. Colley .______..-$1. §_ gzymtmzni nf grain 1-. Dnwnq ..... __
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Fotwol ____,
Glavln ...__...
Iinrbo ______ __
Joseph ______ __
Lrlter _..-_...
Nichols . ..._. ..
Quin ......-__
E; alderfamm . --....
&#39;Irlcy.-..-...-.
.d.i:| Gnmiy -
to sell advance ?  - "1 2p1n}ons pi U. S. Suprqme Court. E *~- -Mr.
Mr.£811 ingt Oh, D0 Us 1:1».
&#39;  Hr.
fr.
r.
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In talking with Agent Rosen yesterday afternoon, Chief Justice
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point where there would be en actual delivery of one of the advance opinione
of the SJ-prama Court. "
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October 16, 1936 "1""
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ydence, 3223 R Street, N.h&#39;., at 9:30 this morning with reference to the
alleged eak in the Supreme Court
be oemployee in _. 
The Chief Justice furnished no additional information other
than that possessed at the present time by the Bureau, but indicated
that he desired two points in particular to be stressed in the investi-gation, first, if, in fact,!;ade any overtures t
or to any individuals relat ve to selling or making use o a vance or-mation of Supreme Court decisions, and second, that inasmuch asqwas
not in a position from his employment to secure this information, w o, if
any, person or persons were acting in collusion with him, the second per-
son being in a position to secure advance copies of the decisions to be
handed down.ce of the opinions
n to handed down would be furnished by
Cour &#39; &#39;t Buildi
The Chief Justice requested that the two Agents keep him in-
formed from day to day of the IJTGQTESS of the investigation, and he in-
dicated that he was quite concerned about the matter as it reflected upon
th&#39;t &#39;t fthC t dit 1 H tiulldird einegriyo eouran sempoyees. eparcary es e
to be informed this day at 4:30 P.H. of the results of the inv :-to date. The Chief Justice further informed the Agents tha
ad spoken to him last evening; that the e ua a so spo en to Iviarshalg of the Supreme Court re ative to thismatter, and the conclusion a was to the effect thakin hiscapacity in  the Supreme Cour uilding, could
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be rendered by the Court; that the only possibility for obtaining such
information would arise through collusion with some other employee of the
Supreme Court. Due to the rules of recording all visits to any part of
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_ the Supreme Court Building by e ns employed in the building or out-b7L siders, it is the opinion ofand the Chief Justice that no one
could have obtained information n advance of the decisions of the
. Court. Unlessptherwise instructed, Agents will orally report_t,_Q the
Chief Justice e-Eohidai as to the progress of the investigation.
_ This information was secured 113- from Agents Rosen
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Respectfully,
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aged Attempt to Sell Advance
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The Chief Justice will be interviowo today at
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To guard against mistakes or delays. the sender oi a mes:-mire slionld order it REPEATED; that ls, telegraphedback to the originating olllce for comparison. For this, one-hull the iunreneatecl-message rate is charged in addition.Unless otherwise indicated on its face. THIS IS AN UNRIGPEATEII! MESSAGE AND PAID FOR. AS SUCH, in con-
sideration whereof it is agreed between the sender of the message and this Company he follows:1. The Company shall not be liable for mistakes or delays in the trnnsliiission or delivery, or for non-delivery. ofany message received tor transniisslion at the UNIHJPEATED-Ml-]SSA_GE raiotwhether calmed-by the negligence ot- -its servants or otherwise, beyond the sum ot FlV!1§lT,_i&#39;~lLlltl~]l! lI..LMtS; nor Eor lnisiokes or delays in the trans-mission or delivery, or tor nowdeiivery. of any mess ed-d?di92x1i: for transmission at the REIEA&#39;IED-MESSAGE rate.beyond the sum of FIVE &#39;£i~&#39;.OUSAND l&#39;!C,iLLAB_$_;; nor n " iintoltes or delays in the transmission or delivery, orfor non-delivery. ot any message received for transmission . he SPECIALLY VALUED MESSAGE rate. beyond thesum at which such message shell he valued, in writ&#39; y% nder thereof when tendered for transmission andfor which payment is made or agreed to be made the repented-message rate and an additionalcharge equal to one-tenth of one per cent of the ntl P, f&#39;l  itch written valuation shall exceed ve thousanddollars; nor in any case for delays arising tromlg :1 &#39; led in the working of its lines, or tor errors in
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oi any other Company when necessary to reach i. _;na&#39; ion. _3. Messages will be delivered tree within onefoe in pamfs olce in towns 01&#39; 5-000 population orless, and within one mile of ouch oice in other&#39;r_!&#39;tt . <12 1  yond these limits the Company does not under-:5}:-.5 to;-..a.*te dgiivery, HI92!__ will, withgui ilghility, at the senders-request. as his agent and at his expanse, endeavor .to,4_!ot_92t1uct&#39;forh_in1 for $511 delivery at a reasonable priee.Jill Norenponsihility dgiidches to this Company eoncerning messages until the same are accepted at one 0! itstrhnslhittinie-olees;-and fa nwssage is sent to lcli office bytoue or the Company&#39;s messengers. he acts tor that
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r Respectfully,
M r
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Investigation is being co inued and arren ement will be
d is evenin to ontsct and hev  A nt GK ma e th 5 w BM 8°/ W! interview:-elat o the de very o an opinion. h n tore ease or thdllowa Chain e her tnqi. an g ei s My ____ __
 Store T81 case. m Both of these cases will be decided upon by
the Supreme Court and opinions delivered during the next
convening of the Court, which will take place on November 9,
1936.
Arrangements have also been made to have Chief Justice
Hughe place identifying marks on the copies of the opinion
in the above-named cases which will be delivered to theJustices]  ie contemplated that a teat run will be mde
and that in an effort to show that he is able to deliver
opinions advance oi the opinion day, will obtain one oi
the copies which have been circulated among the Justices.
Q. .
V Respec thzlly, 3V i §n/
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October 31, 1956 |  "
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_ &#39;.&#39;_&#39; In .- » &#39; L1, __ __
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L tempt to Sell Advance Q _;_;"&#39;-r-.,
Opinions of the U. S. 
l__ _ 0S.1_preme Court __p_ _p _ &#39;-Jar-4.3-.-_i
No further developments are antic fer
l0 e Im
I
the fixing oi s definite meeting on N 4Hotel, at which placeqwill
e written opinion of the Supreme our , with
the name o rendering the opinion attached thereto, whichopinion will serve as pI0Of thet is in e position to deliver
en opinion of note.deliver
This so-celled test run and the delivery thereof of an opinion
eet the stock market in any way.
 -in
Chief Justice Hughes is being; informed of developments daily.
He has expressed greet surprise end indicated his pleasure at the manner
in which the investigation has so fer been conducted. Although he hes
not expressly stated, it appears that the Chief Justice will spare no
one in this investigation. 92
p  Very truly yours,

F
0

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JOHN EDGAR HOOVER &#39; Inn|aDc&#39;ron i Q,-_
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nitnh States Bepartmcnt nf Justin: / , ,,,,_
Hashfitgtnn, B. o1.f Hr.
! Mr.
E M-I.
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&#39; E-I:-_lovember 6 , 1936.
| .
6
Time  3:40 Pei. 1| &#39;1- .~-92
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Ilith reference to the
telephoned me and said that Subj
appointment which he had with Ag
Hotel at three o&#39;clock this
They are going to try to get in touch with him tonight.Court matter, Mr. Hot-tel
to show up for an
en at the Washington
if?
- Respectfully,
E. A. TMIM.Fqrirexth
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November 4, 1936- 1
IEEMORANDUM FOR MR. NATHAN
Re: Taking of photo a he byL! j¢&#39; Special Agents? and Rosen., J/.!92
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M:
Mr
Mr
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.Mr.
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Mr.
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In
Hr .Nathan  ..
To!s0n.£
Bushman
Clegg ..... ...
Coesv ..-...
Dnwggy ____,__
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cum ..... .._.
Blrbo ..........
Jveenh ...... ..
IAIMP . .--.. .-.
Nichole. .... -.
Qulnn..........
Sc &#39; del -....
Miss Gnndy .... ..
__-....._........_..i
5&#39; 1 WW On October 29, 1936 the Laboratory i&#39;u_1-niehed Special Agents
92Respectfully,
P
r
92At the same time motion pictures were also takenor the Laboratory depicting these same subjects in conyerseuon
sch other.
C; , Qé 7  / §§»° s. P. corn . 6?
$1.5 Kt.
$6? 9292.__ 92* and Rosen of the Washington Field office LQca  for
use n photographing suspects in a confidential investigation.
5- M . .
tention is called to the excellent results obtainedby Agent   with the aid of telephoto lens equipment and e.
Leica camera nished by the Laboratory. The attached photographs
which depict the subjects in question were taken without their .-
knowledge at ditances ranging from fifty to one hundred and fifty
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&#39;-  1 I"Uasl}&#39;n1glnn,&#39;E. [1.
October 13, 1936.
ieu aorandum of October 10, with reference &#39; o  "
he also that you have sent 1 copy 0 memo
to Ir. Keenan.
I would suggest that you confer personally with Ir.
Keenan and determine upon a course of action. Iour memorandum
does not clearly indicate whether or not the Chief Justice hasyet been advised by Ierehewaf the developments ref rred1.0. It rather strikes me t would be best for law
to submit the nutter to the Chief Justice and that there he
l|&#39;.B.I. should follow a course approved by the Chief Justice,
If you and Ir. Keenan take this view, I would be glad
if you would proceed along the lines suggested.
n.s.c; &#39;
AQGU
- 92
92,.&#39;92._/1
TBOYED " "._ [~11 F _  1&#39; -r V E-flwe   >  g41e@L~¢</B3 06 1 V nq1|&#39;!&#39; " D WM. ii, L [LI &#39;_;&#39;<,U LF 92N92"LS-"l&#39;e:F92"l 92;,I.
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&#39; Imomuzml FOR IR. HOOVER.  e w
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tron &#39; 92

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WEB - November 12, 19:5.Irheral Bun-rem nf ilmrrniigatinn
iinilrh Etaien Eepartnu-nt nf 311511;:
MEMORANDUM FOR EHE DEHECTOHu
On.&#39; !!ege! !ttempt to Sello0piniOn3 oi
0§EP3i"&#39;1° °°1Z*e 1 l@"a"P9?a: , ..<.......a_e,.
Iho areU !, W
- Ir. Nil-ban _____ __
Hr. Tolson ________ ___
&#39; &#39; 311- P-nzhmen .... ..
&#39; Mr. C1eg_:..92___
ML C°5¢r ......... ../ Mr. DIIIQ _ _ _ _ ___92 Mr. Egan  _______ __
_ Hr. Fm; i nil;
Ir. CL&#39;_&#39;»__ _______ __
Mr. &#39;1; 	! ________ _L
Kr. Juaeph ,______
Mr. Lena: _________ __Ialhingiol, De 3
Er. Kidaoil ..-_____
GlIIb:-_:-.. I
one, has
of the
he aleo Ias
ease on the day subsequent but that
ti Th davelopnente to nate have been re- he did not appear at such me. e
t t lated to Chi acieyaugaee who informed Agents Boson 1111- ha
inasmuch a so"1&#39;ar Iaa unable to deliver any opinion: after having been
given ample or to opinion day, which sea on November 9, 1956,
t 6. nis re resentation that he was in the it appeared that had rabrioa e p
position to obta n nions of the Court in advance.
Iith this thougnt d it as believer! desirable to arrange onemore meeting betseemh However, the information which has
been obtained today B§51&#39;!?T.= t5 situation as tar as the futureis concerned and
in the__!._obby or the Mg;[f1_o_I_0_r Hotel at; 3,31, on _ iaz, Nwemmliib
Res ml y,
,. I
Q 1/
E..MqTUMh "b&#39;mf__A ._ V __ he i202 .- m,aL0-+ -3~R&#39;3GORDE}!
<___~ ..rat E

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1 K I1
Erhrral ilnrran nf ilnurnttgatinu/&#39;
liniirh 5121105 rpamlmnt nf lmstitr*  Iashington Field Division, Rm. 4244,
" w&eh1II.g§On, Do G.
/November I5, 1956. e 
imzonmppn non  nmncfzjm.7 e Lb mg ~ Q. m 10 smu. ormmrs or -
1:1. s.0sn>nEn1= comm IN mvmcn.
01.1.5 &1&#39;I&#39;115CIiB11tl,t
at the Mayower 1-Iotel at 3 pm.
ceive en opinionP3
of the Supreme Court from
_T&#39;_ It ugh: impression t
to obta o inions o t e upreme ,
by that until such time a
s IO behad rel: 15.5? *8no r negotiations or meeting
matter. 92 -
Re cttully,
&#39; i .. ---. -- A
I Q1- Iain
E. Tuba - _._
IL I335- Z
II- G-0::---.___._
Ir. Cally .,_______
II. Ildilcy ,,___i
-1- ICIIL ..----
II. Poxwbfl -._._.__
Ir. Gllviu ...---.-.-_
II. Hlrba ..__.....__
Ir. Jon epi .._,_, ____
lb. Letter. ;._-..----
Mr. Nichols ........ .-
Hr. Q||.inn.-.__..__..
Hr. Bchdnt ______ ,,
Ir. Plain _________ __
Hr. Tracy .......... __
Iiu Glad] ________ __
November
unable
infomed
get an opinion,
tivs to this
£AR:J&#39;GH 3- -&#39;1&#39; A_p
nz.:z__ 1+z,2+o-11:12?»-. 5 A 

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_ A M... * "Mr &#39;&#39;* ; "&#39;" &#39; ~ &#39;:* -" --&#39;-----i--~ "  __ A ..__ _
JOHN EDGAR HOOVER
DIRECFOR
EAT:TMF
i o
576
admits
92:>
1 _
J in de. /{J JJieherul Bureau of lnunstzgat -" ;; / iH1.Hniteh Staten Bepartment of luntice I K
I:, &#39;  - Chile...
Dlwn-3| _
lbw."
. I-op; -_-eggmashingtun, 3. Ci. F
Hr.Cjsv-in __ _
HI"l.- | ,
K.
-Fri!-&#39;0 es-he .
In-In.-___ November 19, 1336 T
with reference to the case involving the alleg 4n:;..4.v.,
his p r c pation
ewed and a siNthe Supreme C0 are advised that Agents Rosen e_nd
; obtained from last evening a signed statement in w E -~"»m
~ e ire r in this ent o P
gned
interrogation
leak getting out concerning
- discussed this afternoon with the Chief Justice, by the investigating
-next step.
the possibility of some
tion the facts will be
&#39; Agents to ascertain whether he will permit going further into the
investigation.
&#39; Respectfuilz, i
1! 1
929292
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Y-1
R-EwRDIU _____ __ , N, W r W V  1 _pP_&#39;_F_&#39;.92 ~  It !!.._r.Fll.h.n.p._ __- 1 h ~&#39;  Kr.Tnkag _ _______
l, J I-r-Bnilnl
354&#39; _
1/.. . /-&#39;  H.&#39;..&#39;92|l :m|I,,_ ___
HEMORANDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR" .H»Qumn .n.- iFIr.*-I"" 1-I.I;j:&#39;
5&#39; :&#39;92e[1J Lee I936 .lv
. 1% Ixci 35$ L r
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D!.
1/is
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..92 J
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,&#39;...ueral Bureau nf lnurstigatinn _
Iiniteh Dtatcs Bepartmrnt of ustin
Naslngtun, B. GE.
EA&#39;I&#39;:RP November 20, 1936 &#39;92Ii
-n
mnaomnntm me ms cnxsncnm &#39;
was e esggciated nigh in the aJ. ,__
leged obtaining of advance copie
…[truncated]

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Endnotes 1. World Economic Forum. (2024, May 7). From disruption to opportunity: Strategies for rewiring global value chains. https://www.weforum.org/publications/from-disruption-to-opportunity-strategies-for-rewiring-g…
Targeted Action and Financing the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia 2025 p.47
80. Slavin, M. A., & Chakrabarti, A. (2012). Opportunistic Fungal Infections in the Asia-Pacific Region. Medical Mycology, 50(1), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2011.602989. 81. Lewnard, J. A., Charani, E., Gl…

Epstein Files

EFTA02392049 — From: ROMERAL Stella
From: ROMERAL Stella Sent: Tuesday, December 16, 2014 7:00 PM To: Jeffrey E. Cc: PASQUIER Fanny Subject: RE: Gardener Dear Sir, The CV is in the document attached I sent you earlier. I will ask about her nationality and …
EFTA02390868 — From: Maya Angelou Schools & See Forever Foundation
From: Maya Angelou Schools & See Forever Foundation <[email protected]> Sent: Friday, May 15, 2015 1:05 PM To: [email protected] Subject: Join Us Tomorrow For The Maya Schools Community Fair! <http://r20…
EFTA01784422 — Sent: Wednesday, June 15, 2016 8:17 PM
From: Sent: Wednesday, June 15, 2016 8:17 PM To: Jeffrey Epstein Subject: Re: Sign up for Priority Private Care Dr. Kruger is asking how many girls? please advise > On Jun 15, 2016, at 2:18 PM, jeffrey E. cjeevacation@gm…

Federal Writers' Project

[History of career (import) of J.H. Kimbrough]
Cote/et/ H fi) 0 u41# ryi C-C'e" "I (SR at low,/ Dirs f301;40„ MIA t 4.0 )nek sal-. I 9 .9 7 MARA REESE 1.6Wtf OZ3 PLO AL we,/ y tact/us k r -e) (loss e, frabe,e0 rrrort, 72 <Z ootti 17-4./S fiZo rrt.4) C Tr a i 6 AAA.A.…
[Gussie Simon]
Forms to be Filled out for Each Interview FORM A Circumstances of Interview KATE New York NAME OF WORKER Arnold Manoff ADDRESS 27 Hamilton Terrace DATE Oct. a 1938 SUBJECT Yiddish anecdotes, tales, etc. 1. Date and time …
[Roy Eddins]
FOLKLORE -WHITE PIONEER. Miss. Effie Cowan, P. W. McLennan County, Texas. District No. 8. REFERENCE. "THE STORY OF FALLS COUNTY COURT HOUSES, Marlin, Texas. No. of Words Si File No. 240. Page No. 1. as told by Roy Eddins…

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