FM 3 101 Chemical Staffs And Units 1993

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FM 3-101 


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Chemical Staffs Pe 
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Headquarters, Department of the Army 


DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution is authorized to US 
Government agencies only to protect technical or operational 
information from automatic dissemination under the International 
Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made 
on 1 August 1993. Other request for this document will be 


referred to Comdt, USACMLS, ATTN:  ATZN-CM-FNB, Ft McClellan, AL 
36205-5020. 


DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent 
disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. 


FM 3-101 


Field Manual HEADQUARTERS 
No. 3-101 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 
Washington, DC, 19 November 1993 


CHEMICAL STAFFS AND UNITS 
CONTENTS 
Page 
PREFACE же v xL RC RU EG x uera Pe oe ee uda esum mg iii 
INTRODUCTION ........................................ iv 
CHAPTER 
1 Chemical Unit and Staff Organizations. ................... 1-1 
2 Chemical Unit Employment Concepts .................... 2-1 
3 Chemical Unit Рапїпр............................. 3-1 
4 Battle Command 4-0 
5 Chemical Staffs & Unit's Roles in Force Projection .......... 5-1 
6 Operations Other Than War .......................... 6-0 
7 Offensive Operations .............................. 7-1 
8 Defensive Operations .............................. 8-1 
9- «Rear Operations: «xov bow же xen a ede C Aer Con ШМ: 9-0 
10 Sustainment Operations ............................ 10-0 


DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 


*This publication supersedes FM 3-101, 22 April 1987. 


ii 


FM 3-101 


APPENDIX 

A Chemical Unit Organizations ......................... А-1 

B Chemical Brigade/Battalion Staff Operations ................ B-0 

C NBC Staff Duties and Responsibilities... ........... eren C-1 

D Тһе Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) ............. D-0 

E NBC Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. .............. E-0 

F: Orders and Plans 03:04 ace edem Gah Ce Ue ES Е-1 
GLOSSARY $a apego RE dup dS Rex a EO dpt s Glossary-0 
REFERENCES а M Кк ЛЕ NC AUS E Rr DES CURE References-1 
INDEX -——— ote еы к» Eh ел Жой ee ae oe SS Index-0 


FM 3-101 


PREFACE 


Success on the battlefield demands a thorough understanding of enemy capabilities, tactics, and intent. It 
also requires leadership and decisive action. It is impossible to predict when or where nuclear, biological, and 
chemical (NBC) weapons may be used on future battlefields, however, we must accept the fact that many of our 
potential enemies have an NBC capability and intend to use NBC weapons. 


When confronted with a NBC environment, unit leaders face major decisions. They must be able to define 
decontamination, smoke, and NBC reconnaissance requirements and request the support required to support the 
mission. This also includes providing direction for use of these assets. The chemical infrastructure provides experts 
at all levels of command to develop plans and advise commanders on the hazards associated with operating in a 
NBC environment. These experts also advise commanders on the employment of chemical assets to enhance the 
supported unit’s survivability and combat power. Also, commanders have combat support units for detection, 
identification, and decontamination of NBC contamination. Smoke unit assets also are available to enhance the 
supported unit's survivability and combat power. 


This field manual prescribes the doctrine for chemical staff sections and unit employment. It prescribes 
the fundamental principles for chemical staff functions, command and control of chemical units, and chemical unit 
employment. These principles are authoritative but require judgment in their application. For detailed procedures 
for chemical unit operations and NBC defense measures, see the following manuals: FM 3-3, FM 3-3-1, FM 3-4, 
FM 3-5, FM (7) 3-6, FM 3-18, FM 3-19, FM 3-50, and FM 3-100. 


FM 3-101 is intended for chemical staff members and units plus battalion commanders and staff personnel. 
It is the foundation for service school instruction on chemical unit organization and operation. 


Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and women are included. 


This publication was prepared by the U.S. Army Chemical School; the proponent is TRADOC. Submit 
changes for improving this publication on a DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank 
Forms) and forward it to: 


Commandant 

U.S. Army Chemical School 
ATTN: ATZN-CM-FNB 

Fort McClellan, AL 36205-5020 


FM 3-101 


INTRODUCTION 


Chemical staffs and units provide necessary support to units. The chemical staffs provide expertise on NBC 
defense, employment of chemical units, and smoke and flame operations. Chemical units provide equipment 
decontamination support, generate large-area smoke screens, and detect and identify NBC agents. 


The employment and task organization of chemical units will be dictated by mission, enemy, terrain, troops, 


Betis 


and time available (METT-T). Each mission and situation must be analyzed to determine the optimum scheme of 


support. There are no "cookie cutter" approaches to developing the scheme of support and the command and 
support relationships of the supporting chemical units. [Chapter 2]discusses general concepts for the employment 
of chemical units on the battlefield. provides information on chemical unit planning. [Chapter 4 а 
about the various command and support relationships and how command and control is exercised over chemical 
units. These three chapters provide the basis for the employment and command and control of chemical units on 
the battlefield. To fully understand the principles of employing chemical units on the battlefield, the reader must 
read and understand each of these chapters in order. 


The role and functions of the chemical staff are discussed throughout the manual. | Chapter 1|discusses the 
organization of the various chemical staffs in the Army. | Appendix D|provides a detailed explanation of the duties 
and р. of the chemical staff officers and NCOs. The various chemical organizations are discussed in 


Chapter 1|with more detail on their structure and equipment authorizations in |Appendix А. 


How chemical units are employed during operations across the range of military operations is discussed 


in|Chapters 5 [6] 7. ]and[8; Chemical staff considerations are also discussed in detail in these chapters. 


Chemical staffs and units could be the difference in winning or losing on the battlefield. This is 
accomplished by combining current NBC doctrine, defense equipment and skills with technical expertise. Through 
proper employment, chemical staffs and units will allow commanders to make timely decisions, maximize their 
combat power, and minimize the degradative effects of NBC contamination. 


The commander must rely on his chemical staff for information on-- 
е The enemy’s NBC weapon capabilities and intent for use. 


€ Ways to minimize the effects of NBC contamination. 
€ Available chemical unit assets, support capabilities they possess, and proper employment. 


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FM 3-101 


CHAPTER ONE 
CHEMICAL UNIT AND STAFF ORGANIZATIONS 


This chapter describes the organization and functioning of chemical units (brigade to team) and chemical 
staffs (theater army to battalion). The primary focus of this manual is warfighting, however chemical units and 
battle staffs may be employed in operations other than мац (chapter 6 


CHEMICAL UNITS 


The mission of chemical units is to provide decon, NBC reconnaissance, large-area smoke, and staff 
support to commanders to enhance their warfighting capabilities or support contingency requirements. Most chemical 


units are 100 percent mobile. Basis of allocation is determined on the number and type of units being supported 
and METT-T.| Appendix А provides details of specific unit organization. 


CHEMICAL BRIGADE 


The chemical brigade normally supports a corps and consists of a brigade headquarters and headquarters 
company (HHC) and two to six chemical battalions. The brigade HHC consists of the brigade headquarters, 
containing the commander's immediate staff (S 1, S2, S3, S4, and communications) and the headquarters company, 
which provides administrative and logistical support to the headquarters, 


CONTENTS 

CHEMICAL UNITS ............................. 1-1 
Chemical Вїдайе............................. 1-1 
Chemical Battalion ........................... 1-2 
Chemical Companies .......................... 1-2 
Garrison Control of the Division Chemical Companies ... 1-5 
Chemical Service Organization ................... 1-6 

CHEMICAL STAFFS ............................ 1-7 
Theater Army .............................. 1-7 
eco APP" СТ а ао з О О ЛГУ 1-7 
Corps Support Command ....................... 1-11 
DIVISION xxu reci bh Ok нов Be Eo dee SSR M ЖЗ 1-12 
Brigade: 44.2454 he eG eee SKS eee Oe 1-15 
Battalion .................................. 1-16 


1-1 


FM 3-101 


The chemical brigade commander, with the advice of his staff and the corps chemical section, evaluates 
and determines the chemical unit support requirements for the corps. The brigade commander advises the corps 
commander concerning the employment of chemical assets, The brigade staff develops the scheme of support based 
on the NBC situation and METT-T. 


The brigade HHC is 50 percent mobile and provides its own organizational maintenance and mess support 
and establishes and operates internal and external radio and wire communications nets. The chemical brigade 
headquarters normally receives logistical support from a corps support group (CSG) designated in the corps opera- 
tions order or plan (OPORD/OPLAN). The corps support command (COSCOM ) provides points of contact for all 
classes of supply, maintenance, and field services. 


CHEMICAL BATTALION 


The chemical battalion consists of a battalion headquarters and headquarters detachment (HHD) and two 
to five chemical companies. The battalion headquarters contains the battalion commander's principal staff (S 1, S2/3, 
$4) and the headquarters detachment, which provides administrative and logistical support to the headquarters. 


There are two types of chemical battalion headquarters. One is designed to operate as part of a chemical 
brigade. The other, the chemical battalion (enhanced) (theater army), is designed to be assigned to a theater army 
area command (TAACOM), and to be the senior chemical headquarters in that command. 


The roles, functions, and responsibilities of the chemical battalion are directly affected by the command 
or support relationship established with the supported unit (sed chapter 4 Battle Command). When a chemical 
battalion is attached or under the operational control of a division, the division chemical officer may relinquish 
operational control of the division's assigned chemical company to the chemical battalion. This establishes a single 
point of contact for chemical unit support. 


The HHD is 50 percent mobile and provides its own organizational maintenance and mess support and 
establishes and operates internal and external radio and wire communications nets. The chemical battalion 
(enhanced)(theater army) will normally receive support from an area support group (ASG). The ASG provides 
points of contact for all classes of supply, maintenance, and field services. 


CHEMICAL COMPANIES 


Chemical Decontamination Company 


The chemical decon company provides equipment decon support to units. The company consists of a 
company headquarters, a maintenance section, and five de-con platoons. The company is 100 percent mobile. Each 
decon platoon is organized with a platoon headquarters and three decon squads. The decon squads are equipped 
with the M 12A1 power-driven decon apparatus (PDDA). 


The company may provide decon support to units in a corps' rear area, the communications zone 
(COMMA), or a division's area of operations (AO). The company may also provide specialized decon support such 
as aircraft or terrain decon. ЕМ 3-5, NBC Decontamination, provides detailed information concerning decon 
operations. 


1-2 


FM 3-101 


Motorized Smoke Generator Company 


The motorized smoke generator company provides large-area smoke support for tactical operations. The 
company consists of a company headquarters, a maintenance section, two smoke platoons, and a support platoon. 
The company is 100 percent mobile. Each smoke platoon is organized with a platoon headquarters, and three smoke 
squads. The smoke squads are equipped with the motorized smoke system. The support platoon may operate in 
a centralized or decentralized mode. When the company is organized to conduct company-level smoke operations, 
the support platoon operates as a platoon under the control of the support platoon leader. In decentralized 
operations, smoke platoons operate independently with support squads task-organized to each platoon under control 
of the smoke platoon leader. 


The motorized smoke company is normally assigned to a chemical battalion, but may operate in direct 
support to a division. Motorized smoke units are less survivable than mechanized smoke units. This must be 
considered when determining how far forward motorized smoke units will operate. 


The smallest deployable element of the company is a platoon. A motorized smoke platoon can create a 
smoke haze from 1,100 to 2,800 meters in width. FM 3-50, Smoke Operations provides more detailed information 
concerning smoke operations. 


Mechanized Smoke Generator Company 


The mechanized smoke company provides large-area smoke support for tactical operations in the forward 
combat area. The company consists of a company headquarters and two smoke platoons. The company is 100 
percent mobile. Each platoon consists of a platoon headquarters, two smoke squads, and a support squad. The 
smoke squads are equipped with M 1059 mechanized smoke vehicles. The M1059 allows them to provide more 
responsive smoke support to armored and mechanized infantry units. 


The smallest deployable element of the mechanized company is a platoon. One platoon can create a smoke 
haze from 600 to 1,500 meters in width. Survivability of the fuel support platoon/ squads must be taken into 
consideration during planning. FM 3-50, Smoke Operations provides detailed information concerning smoke 
operations. 


Smoke/Decontamination Company 


The smoke/decon chemical company (corps/theater army) provides large area smoke and equipment decon 
support to divisions, units in the corps rear areas, or COMMZ. The company consists of a company headquarters 
and four smoke/decon platoons. The company is 100 percent mobile. Each platoon consists of a platoon 
headquarters, two smoke/decon squads, and a fuel/water support squad. The smoke/decon squads are equipped with 
M 17 lightweight decon systems (LDS) and motorized smoke system. Each support squad can haul 2,400 gallons 
of water and 1,100 gallons of fog oil. 


Each platoon can provide equipment decon and large area smoke generation support, however, the platoons 
cannot perform these missions simultaneously. Platoons cannot immediately switch from one mission to the other 
and must plan changes to mission configuration in detail. 


A platoon can provide smoke haze from 550 to 1,400 meters in width. When the platoon is configured 
for decon support it can establish two operational decon sites or one thorough decon site. 


FM 3-101 


NBC Reconnaissance Companv 


The NBC reconnaissance company provides NBC reconnaissance support through the area of operations 
to locate, identify, mark, report NBC contamination, and identify bypass routes around contaminated areas. The 
company has three platoons, each with four recon squads. The company is 100 percent mobile. Each squad 
contains two recon teams. 


The NBC reconnaissance company is normally assigned as a separate company of the chemical brigade, 
but may be attached to a chemical battalion. The company's platoons can conduct NBC reconnaissance, surveys, 
surveillance, sampling, and limited conventional reconnaissance missions throughout the corps area of operations. 
Recon squads may also locate potential decon sites. FM 3-19, NBC Reconnaissance, provides detailed information 
concerning NBC reconnaissance operations. 


Chemical Company (Smoke/Decontamination/Reconnaissance) 


This company provides equipment decon, NBC reconnaissance, large-area smoke, and chemical staff 
support to armored cavalry regiments (ACR). The company consists of a chemical staff section, a company 
headquarters, one NBC recon platoon, and one smoke/decon platoon. The company is 100 percent mobile. 


The company headquarters has a headquarters section and a maintenance section. The NBC reconnaissance 
platoon is organized with a platoon headquarters and three reconnaissance squads, each with two recon teams. The 
smoke/decon platoon is organized with a platoon headquarters, two smoke/decon squads, and a support squad. The 
smoke/decon platoon is equipped with M 1059 mechanized smoke vehicles and M 17 LDS. The M 1059 is in the 
smoke/decon squads, and the M 17 LDS is in the support squad. 


The smoke/decon platoon performs missions similar to the platoons of the smoke/decon company with the 
same considerations for planning. During offensive operations or operations forward in the covering force area or 
main battle area, thorough decon operations will probably not be conducted; however, assets may be required to 
augment operational decon operations. Recon assets, operating forward, locate uncontaminated avenues of approach 
and contaminated areas that need to be reported to and avoided by follow-on forces. 


Heavy Division Chemical Company 


The heavy division chemical company provides equipment decon, NBC reconnaissance, large-area smoke, 
and chemical staff support to armored and mechanized infantry (heavy) divisions. The company is organized with 
a division chemical section, an NBC center, a company headquarters, four decon platoons, a mechanized smoke 
platoon, and an NBC reconnaissance platoon. The company is 100 percent mobile. 


The division chemical officer has operational control (OPCON) of the company and advises the division 
commander оп NBC defense procedures and on the employment of chemical unit assets. Тһе specific 
responsibilities and functions of the division chemical section are discussed later in this chapter. 


The company headquarters contains a headquarters section and a maintenance section. Each decon platoon 
is organized with a platoon headquarters and three decon squads. The smoke platoon is comprised of a platoon 
headquarters, two smoke squads, and a support squad. The reconnaissance platoon is organized with a platoon 
headquarters and three reconnaissance squads, each with two recon teams. 


The company must be organized to employ its platoons to permit rapid response to changing situations 
based on the tactical scheme of maneuver and METT-T. 


The decon platoons may conduct thorough decon operations in the brigade and division rear area or they 
may support operational decon efforts forward of the brigade rear boundary. Decon platoons may be required to 
operate away from the company headquarters for extended periods of time. It is essential that communications, 
administration, and logistics be planned in detail to maximize support. 


1-4 


FM 3-101 


The mechanized smoke platoon supports maneuver forces in the forward combat area, The platoon is 
equipped with M1059 mechanized smoke vehicles and can provide a smoke haze 600 - 1,200 meters in width. If 
the division is being supported by a mechanized smoke company, the divisional smoke platoon may be placed under 
the control of the smoke company. 


The NBC recon platoon primarily supports efforts for contamination avoidance within the division. The 
platoon conducts NBC reconnaissance, surveys, surveillance, sampling, and limited conventional reconnaissance 
missions. The platoon functions are similar to those of platoons in the NBC reconnaissance company. 


Chemical Company (Airborne/Air Assault) 


The chemical company (airborne/air assault) provides equipment decon, large-area smoke, and chemical 
staff support to the airborne and air assault divisions. The company is organized with a division chemical section, 
an NBC center, a company headquarters, and three smoke/decon platoons. The company is 100 percent mobile. 


The division chemical officer has operational control (OPCON) of the company and advises the division 
commander on NBC defense procedures and on the employment of chemical unit assets. The specific 
responsibilities and functions of the division chemical section are discussed later in this chapter. 


The company headquarters contains a headquarters section and a maintenance section. The smoke/decon 
platoons contain a platoon headquarters, two smoke/decon squads, and a support squad. 


Each platoon can provide equipment decon and large-area smoke generation support; however, the platoons 
cannot perform these missions simultaneously. Platoons cannot immediately switch from one mission to the other 
and must plan changes to mission configuration in detail. 


A platoon can provide smoke haze from 550 to 1,400 meters in width. When the platoon is configured 
for decon support it can establish two operational decon sites or one detailed equipment decon (DED) station. 


GARRISON CONTROL OF DIVISION CHEMICAL COMPANIES 


While the division chemical company is a separate divisional company, divisions may chose to attach the 
company to a subordinate command. Such attachments provide the company additional administrative and logistical 
resources and support while in garrison. Positioning of the company is the prerogative of the division commander. 
In deciding where to place the company, the commander should consider that the chemical company is a combat 
support organization and attachment to a combat support organization would greatly facilitate garrison planning and 
preparation for battlefield operations. The division engineer, field artillery, aviation, and air defense 
battalion/brigades operate on similar concepts, albeit on different scales, and share many like pieces of equipment. 
An administrative/logistical relationship that exists both in garrison and the field is preferred over one that is only 
shared in garrison. Wherever the chemical company is attached in garrison, the division chemical officer must 
remain involved in the training, readiness, and employment of the company as well as the assignment and 
professional development of company officers and NCOs. As the senior Chemical Corps representative in the 
division, the division chemical officer brings the experience and knowledge that no other officer has in chemical 
unit operations. 


1-5 


FM 3-101 


CHEMICAL SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS 


Chemical service organizations provide NBC reconnaissance, decon, and staff support to units where these 
capabilities do not exist or are inadequate. These units are normally assigned or attached to separate brigades, 
corps, theater army area commands, and theater army units to provide NBC support across a wide range of 
capabilities. The chemical service organizations are 100 percent mobile using organic vehicles. 


Chemical service organizations depend on the supported unit for administrative and logistical support. АП 
of these units are 100-percent air mobile. 


Chemical Team FA (Decontamination) 


The FA team provides equipment decon support for installations located behind the division rear boundary 
or to separate brigades. The team is organized with a headquarters section and three decon squads. The squads 
can operate one detailed equipment decon station collectively or three operational decon sites separately. 


Chemical Team JA (NBC Element) 


The JA team provides NBC staff support to augment separate brigades, corps, theater defense brigades, 
theater armies, and unified commands. It is organized to provide staffing for one 12-hour shift. Responsibilities 
and functions will normally include operating the NBC warning and reporting system (NBCWRS) and monitoring 
the status of the command's NBC defense procedures and chemical assets. However, the team may also be 
responsible for coordinating specific actions dependent on the level of command. 


Chemical Team JB (NBC Element) 


The mission of the JB team is identical with that of the JA team. The JB team is organized to provide two 
12-hour shifts. The basis of allocation is one per area support group, TAACOM, and selected separate brigades. 


Chemical Team LA (Reconnaissance) 


The mission of the LA team is to provide NBC reconnaissance support to separate brigades and theater 
defense brigades. It collects, examines, and identifies NBC contamination, but has limited capability to evaluate 
data. 


Chemical Team LB (Reconnaissance) (Special Forces) 


The mission of the LB team is to provide NBC reconnaissance support to Special Forces (SF) units. This 
support will be in the form of technical expertise about NBC systems and employment tactics, techniques, and 
procedures. Each of these airborne qualified special chemical reconnaissance teams is assigned to an SF Group. 


The special chemical reconnaissance team is employed in one of three modes--unilaterally in a permissive 
environment; as an augmentation for a Special Forces Operational Detachment-Alpha (SFODA), or as trainers for 
SFODAs deploying into denied areas. The special chemical reconnaissance team receives additional chemical 
reconnaissance and SF-related training and is familiar with SF-unique procedures. The team is uniquely suited for 
rapid world-wide deployment. See FM 3-18, Special Forces NBC Reconnaissance (LB) Team. 


1-6 


FM 3-101 


CHEMICAL STAFFS 


Chemical staffs focus on assisting and advising the commander. The chemical staff contributes timely 
decision making and supervises the execution of decisions. Chemical staff sections at corps, division, and separate 
combat brigades/armored cavalry regiments are organized as part of the commander's special staff. These sections 
are not an integral part of a coordinating staff section; however, areas of common interest and habitual association 
exist. In these areas of mutual interest, the chemical section receives guidance, direction, and coordination of 
actions from the coordinating staff. AU chemical staffs must frequently work together to monitor, improve, and 
sustain NBC training, unit readiness and standing operating procedures (SOPS). Chemical staffs also plan and 
coordinate the employment of supporting chemical units. 


THEATER ARMY 


The theater army is normally the Army service component in a unified command. The theater army has 
both operational and support responsibilities. Its exact tasks are assigned by the theater commander-in-chief (CINC) 
and may have exclusively operational missions, solely logistical missions, or a combination of both. The chemical 
staff is a special staff section with no fixed organizational structure. 


CORPS 


The corps headquarters is supported by a chemical staff section, augmented by a JA Team NBC element 
(NBCE) (see|Figure 1-1) Appendix C] presents the duties and responsibilities of chemical personnel in the corps 
chemical staff section. The corps headquarters has the following positions-- 


Corps chemical staff officer (COL 74A00). 
Assistant corps chemical officer (LTC 74A00). 
Three chemical staff officers (MAJ 74B00). 

NBC officer (CPT 74B00). 

Senior NBC staff NCO (SGM 54250). 

NBC staff NCO (SFC 54B40). 

Three computer-plotters (SSG 54B30). 

Clerk typist (SPC 71 110). 

Two chemical operations specialists (SPC 54B10). 


The corps chemical staff section is normally augmented by a JA Team NBCE that establishes the NBC 
center (NBCC). The JA Team is comprised of-- 


e NBC element director (CPT 74A00). 
e Operations sergeant. (SFC 54B40). 
e Two computer-plotters (SSG 54B30). 
e Clerk typist (SPC 71L10). 


1-7 


FM 3-101 


Primarily, the corps chemical section 
advises the corps commander and staff concerning 
NBC matters. In garrison, the chemical staff 
provides technical assistance to subordinate chemical 
staffs and units. The chemical staff works closely 
with the coordinating staff on issues such as: 


CORPS 
CHEMICAL 
SECTION 


ө Assistant chief of staff, G 1 
(personnel)--chemical casualties, status of chemical 
personnel, chemical personnel assignments. 


ө Assistant chief of staff, G2 
(intelligence)--NBC intelligence, enemy NBC 
capabilities/vulnerabilities, current and projected 
weather, intent to use NBC weapons. 


CORPS 
CHEMICAL 
SECTION 


ө Assistant chief of staff, G3 
(operations)--NBC defense training, NBC Figure 1-1. Organization of the corps 
vulnerability, effects on corps operations, chemical section. 
employment of chemical units, smoke employment. 


© Assistant chief of staff, G4 (logistics) --chemical defense equipment and supplies, 
maintenance of chemical equipment, transportation of chemical assets. 


© Assistant chief of staff, GS (civil affairs) --host nation decon, recon, and smoke support, 
locally available industrial decon equipment and suitable equipment for decon operations, training and equipping 
local nationals for NBC defense. 


Field Operations 


During field operations, the corps operates three command posts--tactical, main, and rear. The tactical CP 
(TAC CP) concentrates on the conduct of the corps close operations. The TAC CP consists of one integrated multi- 
functional cell. The main CP concentrates on the deep battle and plans all future operations. Additionally, the main 
CP synchronizes the entire corps battle and provides continuity. The main CP has six integrated, multidisciplined 
cells--headquarters, current operations, plans, CSS, intelligence, and fire support. The cells may be massed at one 
location or dispersed into four locations. If the main CP is dispersed, the cells are grouped into 
headquarters/current operations, intelligence, plans/CSS, and fire support. The rear CP conducts rear operations 
and is normally collocated near the COSCOM CP. The rear CP has three cells--headquarters, operations, and CSS. 


The corps chemical staff is split between the TAC and main CPs to provide NBC staff support. Rear CP 


chemical staff support is provided by organic chemical personnel assigned to the rear tactical operations center 
(RTOC), Table 1-1| shows the distribution of the corps chemical staff in the CPs. 


1-8 


Table 1-1. Organization of the corps chemical staff for combat. 


Corps chemical staff officer Main/Current Operations 
Assistant corps chemical officer Main/Current Operations 


Chemical staff officer 


Duty Position Command Post/Cell Shift 


Prue M 


Chemical staff officer Main/Plans 
Chemical staff officer Main/Current Operations 
NBC officer Main/Current Operations EE 


Senior NBC staff NCO 


Computer-plotter Main/Current Operations 


Computer-plotter Main/Current Operations “Бу 3 
Computer-plotter Main/Plans EHE 


Chemical operations specialist Main/Current Operations 
NBC element director Main/Current Operations NEN 
Operations sergeant Main/Current Operations le 


B 


Main/Current Operations 


Computer-plotters 


hemical offi r/Operations 


NBC NCO (SSG 54830) | Rear/Operations | | 


Assigned to the RT 


2 
M 
t 


Tactical Command Post 


The TAC CP is positioned well forward and normally near the division main CP of the main effort 
division. The primary function of the TAC CP is to control the close operation. The entire CP is organized into 
one integrated cell controlled by the G3. The primary chemical staff functions of the TAC CP are-- 


Assess the status and capability of friendly units to operate in an NBC environment. 
Coordinate chemical support (decon, recon, and smoke) for close operations. 

Provide information on the close operation to the NBCC at the corps main CP. 

Maintain status of supporting chemical assets. 

Maintain liaison with chemical brigade headquarters. 

Process reports of NBC attacks and advise on their impact to the current close operation. 


1-9 


FM 3-101 


Main Command Post 


The primary function of the main CP is to synchronize the overall corps operations, conduct deep 
operations, and plan future operations. The corps chemical staff officer and much of the corps chemical section 
staff operate from the main CP. While most of the chemical staff operates the NBC center (NBCC) in the current 
operations cell, there are members of the chemical staff working in other cells in the main CP. 


Current Operations Cell. The NBCC is located within the current operations cell. The primary 
functions of the NBCC are-- 


e Advising commander and staff on NBC defense matters. 

e Monitoring subordinate chemical unit status. 

e Operating the NBCWRS for the corps. 

e Conducting vulnerability analysis of friendly forces. 

e Assisting the G2 in identifying NBC-related intelligence requirements, 
e Assisting the G2 in interpreting NBC-related intelligence. 


The NBCC'S routine operations include calculating, collating, and processing NBCWRS information, The 
NBCC collects all reported data and evaluates, plots, and places it in appropriate NBC report formats. The NBCC 
evaluates NBC data received from subordinate units; it plots this data on NBC situation maps or overlays. These 
maps and/or overlays show the actual areas affected by the contamination at a selected time for a given area of 
interest. The maps or overlays also show predicted downwind hazard areas. NBCC personnel recompute and adjust 
the prediction several times daily based on changes, the decay rate, additional contamination, and/or the tactical 
situation. 


The NBCC provides information on enemy NBC activities. NBCC personnel prepare an overlay showing 
the locations, times, number, and extent of enemy NBC attacks. This overlay provides higher commands data on 
number of strikes reported and nuclear yields employed. It also gives a brief assessment of the significance of these 
strikes. The NBCC uses the NBC reports described in FM 3-3 and FM 3-3-1 to distribute and exchange NBC 
hazard information. It also ensures that the information is provided to the chemical section. 


It evaluates the impact of NBC contamination on tactical operations. The evaluation may include 
information on the degree of contamination at selected points or areas, effects of contamination on tactical units, 
and protection required by troops operating in designated contaminated areas. The NBCC must be prepared to 
recommend the length of time troops can safely operate in radiologically contaminated areas. In coordination with 
the surgeons's staff, it also must be prepared to make recommendations about the psychological aspects of prolonged 
operations in an NBC environment in MOPP gear. 


Once the effects of contamination on tactical operations has been assessed, the NBCC recommends the type 
and quantity of supplies and equipment required to support decon operations. It balances these recommendations 
with information received from the COSCOM chemical staff section & G4 on available NBC supplies & equipment. 


The NBCC also predicts the casualty-producing effects of enemy nuclear bursts on friendly forces. The 
NBCC prepares fallout predictions from collected NBC intelligence. It distributes these as prescribed in the SOP 
or as directed by the G2. 


The NBCC receives, processes, and plots radiological monitoring reports from subordinate units. When 
radiological monitoring information concerning the corps' area of interest is inadequate, the NBCC, in cooperation 
with appropriate TOC elements, recommends locations for conducting surveys. The NBCC may coordinate and 
control a corps-level radiological survey if transportation, communications, and personnel assets are available. 


If a radiological survey is controlled directly by the corps headquarters, the NBCC acts as the control party. 
The NBCC briefs the survey parties and designates the areas to be surveyed. Briefing includes the type, the 
amount, the frequency, and the means of reporting. For detailed procedures pertaining to radiological monitoring 
and surveys, see FM 3-3-1. 


1-10 


FM 3-101 


Plans/CSS Cell. The function of the plans ceil is to plan future operations and continuously develop 
feasible options for future execution. The CSS cell provides CSS representation in the main CP to the plans ceil 
to ensure support and integration of CSS into plans. Two members of the chemical staff operate in the plans/CSS 
cell to ensure chemical support and integration of NBC defense into future plans. They prepare the NBC estimate 
and integrate NBC defense and smoke operations into future operations, They work closely with the corps chemical 
officer, corps chemical staff officer, and chemical brigade S3. The chemical plans personnel prepare the NBC and 
smoke annexes. 


Rear Command Post 


The rear CP conducts rear area operations. The primary function of this CP is to perform terrain 
management, plan and control rear security operations, sustain the corps fight, and plan and control corps 
administrative movements. The rear CP is comprised of three cells--headquarters, operations, and CSS. The rear 
CP is augmented by a reserve component augmentation TOE (LTOE 52403 L000), an rear tactical operations center 
(RTOC). The RTOC has its own chemical staff. 


The chemical staff is located in the operations cell. Its primary functions are-- 


€ Assisting in terrain management by maintaining a detailed and current list of all known 
contaminated areas in the corps area. 

Assisting subordinate chemical units in coordinating CSS support. 

Coordinating chemical support for units in the rear area. 

Monitoring the status of corps chemical units. 

Assisting in the synchronization of NBC support in the corps rear. 

Exchanging information with the NBCC. 

Coordinating host nation NBC support with the G5 in the CSS cell. 

Receiving and processing NBC reports from rear area units. 

Act as the corps NBCC when the main CP is moving or has been destroyed. 


CORPS SUPPORT COMMAND 


The COSCOM has a chemical staff of eight personnel. The staff functions as part of the security, 
operations, training, and intelligence (SOTI) section with the primary mission of providing NBC staff support. The 
COSCOM chemical staff section must work closely with the RTOC, the chemical brigade headquarters, and the 
corps chemical staff. 


The COSCOM chemical staff section serves as an intermediate NBC warning and reporting center. It 
collects data from COSCOM units and passes this information to the corps NBCC. In turn, the corps NBCC 
evaluates and processes the data. The NBCC then sends the data back to the COSCOM chemical staff section (and 
RAOC) for distribution to subordinate COSCOM units. 


The COSCOM chemical staff assists in planning for the pre-positioning of NBC defense equipment and 
supplies to support corps decon and smoke operations. In conjunction with this, the staff assesses the operational 
readiness of NBC defense equipment throughout the COSCOM. The COSCOM chemical staff section makes 
recommendations to the SOTI officer and the COSCOM commander on contamination avoidance and individual and 
collective protection. 


If a corps chemical company is attached to the COSCOM, the COSCOM chemical officer may have 
OPCON of it. At a minimum the COSCOM chemical staff section would have the responsibility of advising the 
SOTI officer on how supporting chemical units should be employed to support rear operations. 


FM 3-101 


Chemical staffing elsewhere in the COSCOM is limited. The corps support group headquarters has a 
chemical corps captain and a chemical operations NCO (MSG) for the same purposes. 


DIVISION 


For divisions with organic chemical companies, the division chemical staff section is assigned to the 
chemical company. For divisions without an organic chemical company (light infantry), the division chemical staff 
is assigned to the division headquarters. In either case, the functions are identical The division chemical staff is 
organized in two sections, the division chemical section and the NBC center (ee Figure 1-3) 


Appendix С| presents the duties and responsibilities of chemical personnel in the division chemical staff 
section. The division chemical staff section has the following positions-- 


Division chemical section-- 


e Division chemical officer (LTC 74B00). 

e Tactical chemical operations officer (MAJ 741300). 
e NBC operations NCO (SGM 54750). 

e NBC staff NCO (SFC 54B40). 

e Clerk typist (SPC 71L10), 


NBC Center-- 


Chemical officer (CPT 74B00). 

NBC officer (CPT 74B00). 

Chemical operations NCO (MSG 54B50). 
NBC staff NCO (SFC 54B40). 
Operations sergeant (SFC 54B40). 
Computer-plotter (SSG 54B30). 

NBC NCO (SSG 54B30). 

Clerk typist (SPC 71 L10). 


The division chemical staff operates similar to 
the corps chemical staff. |The main distinction 


between the division and corps chemical staff is the DIVISION 
scope of the operations. While corps staff focuses on CHEMICAL 
SECTION 


Lad RB dil dA i 


the operational level of war, the division staff is 
concerned with the tactical level of war. 


The division establishes main, tactical, and 
rear CPs. Additionally, the division may establish an 
alternate CP. The division chemical staff will position 
chemical personnel in the main and tactical CPs. The DIVISION 
alternate CP may be augmented by personnel from the CHEMICAL Fs P 
division chemical staff. ^ The division artillery | SECTION | | CENIER | 
(DIVARTY) headquarters, which contains a small 
chemical staff, is normally designated as the alternate 
CP. An NBC NCO (SFC) from either the division 
chemical section or NBCC may be sent to the alternate 
CP for liaison purposes. The rear CP is normally 


collocated with the division support command 
(DISCOM) CP. The DISCOM chemical staff provides chemical staff support to the rear CP as necessary. If the 


Figure 1-2. Organization of the division chemical 
staff section. 


1-12 


FM 3-101 


rear CP does not collocate with the DISCOM, personnel from the division chemical staff may need to be sent to 
the rear CP. 


The division chemical staff is split between the TAC and main CPs to provide NBC staff support. NBC 
staff support is provided to the rear CP by chemical personnel assigned to the DISCOM. Table 1-2 shows the 
distribution of the division chemical staff in the CPs. 


Table 1-2. Organization of the division chemical 
staff for combat. 


АВ 
A/B 


T 


^ 
^ 


TAC CP. The TAC CP contains only those elements and information that directly contribute to the 
conduct of the current close operation. The TAC CP is comprised of four elements--G-2, G-3, G-3 
mobility /countermobility (M/CM), and fire support element (FSE), The chemical staff works in the G-3 M/CM 
element (Figure 1-3). The chemical staff coordinates and integrates chemical operations in support of the close 
operation. 


The primary functions of the TAC CP chemical staff-- 


ө Advise the division commander and G3 on the impact of enemy NBC attacks and friendly 
operations in an NBC environment. 

e Coordinate chemical support (decon, recon, and smoke) for close operations. 

e Maintain the status of contaminated areas in the division area. 

e Maintain status of supporting chemical assets. 

e Maintain liaison with subordinate/supporting chemical unit headquarters. 

e Provide information on the close operation to the NBCC at the division main CP. 


The TAC CP chemical section does not normally establish priorities or allocate resources for chemical support, but 
may be required by the situation to do so. 


FM 3-101 


MSRT FAX VRC-92 ( 


quvosSdvW  ] 


Figure 1-3. Heavy division G3 M/CM M577 for the TAC CP. 


Main CP. The main CP has three functional cells--command, G3, and G2. The division chemical staff 
constitutes the NBCC in the G3 cell (Figure 1-4). The primary functions of the main CP is to-- 
e Recommend allocation of resources to the deep, close, and rear operations. 
e Establish priorities for deep, close, and rear operations. 


e Plan future operations. 
ө Coordinate, integrate, synchronize available assets to support current and future operations. 


The primary functions of the NBCC are to-- 


ө Coordinate, integrate, and synchronize the employment of all organic and supporting 
chemical units to support the division fight. 

e Recommend allocation chemical resources and establish priorities for chemical support to 
support the division's deep, close, and rear operations. 

e Operate the division's NBCWRS. 


At the division level chemical personnel normally work with the G2 and G3 cells. The NBCC maintains 
close coordination and liaison with these cells. Additionally, the division chemical officer provides assistance to 
the planning cell to prepare the NBC estimates and the NBC support plans and annexes. 


The NBCC maintains the status of all subordinate/supporting chemical units as well as critical NBC logistic 
items. The NBCC also maintains close liaison with supporting and subordinate chemical units. 


FM 3-101 


Figure 1-4. Heavy division NBCC vehicle. 


BRIGADE 


The brigade chemical section advises the brigade commander on all NBC matters. The section coordinates 
with the other staff sections as necessary. The section also operates an NBC sub-collection center (NBSCC). The 
NBSCC collects, consolidates, and distributes all NBC reports from subordinate, adjacent, and higher organizations. 
The organization of the brigade chemical section varies with the type of brigade. Normally, the brigade chemical 
section operates out of the main CP. The brigade chemical officer is a member of both the current operations and 
plans sections. They work in close coordination with the intelligence and fire support sections. The brigade's army 
airspace command and control (A’C) section requires information concerning chemical hazard areas and planned 
and current smoke operations. The brigade chemical staff also will coordinate and assist the operations support 
section on NBC logistics matters. 


During garrison operations, the chemical staff section provides training to subordinate chemical personnel 
and advises the brigade commander on NBC training requirements. The section also conducts training visits and 
evaluations. 


The chemical staff section is responsible for developing the NBC support plan for the brigade. The NBC 
support plan may be included in the basic OPLAN/OPORD or as an annex to the OPLAN/OPORD. The brigade 


chemical section prepares the NBC support plan in conjunction with the basic plan/order. Formats for an NBC 
support plan are included in| Appendix Е. The role of the chemical staff officer in the planning process is described 


in detail in Appendix D. 
Separate. Combat. Brigades 


The separate brigade's chemical section is staffed with more personnel than a divisional brigade. The 
duties and responsibilities are very similar to those of the division chemical staff section. Figure 1-5|shows an 


organizational diagram of the separate brigade chemical section. 


Armored Cavalry Regiments 


The chemical section in the armored cavalry regiments is part of the regiment's chemical company, The 
section is staffed with more personnel than a maneuver brigade and functions like a division chemical section, 


FM 3-101 


SEPARATE 
BRIGADE 
CHEMICAL 
SECTION 


CHEMICAL 
SECTION 


CHEMICAL 
PLATOON 


NBC RECON SUPPORT 
SQUAD SQUAD 


PLATOO 
HEADQUARTERS 


Figure 1-5. Organization of the separate brigade chemical section. 


BATTALION 


The battalion chemical personnel functioning similar manner to the chemical personnel of the brigade 
section. The only real difference is their scope. The battalion chemical officer functions as the battalion 
commander's primary advisor on NBC matters and as an assistant S3. Battalion chemical personnel also include 
the battalion chemical NCO (SSG) and decon specialist (SPC). 


The battalion chemical officer participates in the planning effort and prepares a chemical support plan. The 
chemical support plan is typically included in the basic OPLAN/OPORD. 


In garrison, the battalion chemical personnel assist in training and conduct inspections of subordinate units 
to ensure all NBC defense equipment and supplies are being maintained. 


FM 3-101 


CHAPTER TWO 
CHEMICAL UNIT EMPLOYMENT CONCEPTS 


Chemical units are employed to enhance combat power. Combat power is the ability to fight and is 
achieved by combining maneuver, firepower, protection, and leadership. Through proper employment, chemical 
units are significant combat multipliers. Chemical units increase combat capabilities on the battlefield by reducing 
the effects of NBC weapons and making enemy target acquisition less effective. Chemical units are used at 
brigade/regiment, division, corps, and echelons above corps. Chemical units provide decon, large area smoke, NBC 
reconnaissance, and staff support. 


UNIT OPERATIONS 


NBC operations on the battlefield will create tremendous challenges. Unit NBC defense training, chemical 
staff planning, and proper and effective use of chemical units and staff personnel will greatly reduce the effects of 
NBC weapons. 


GENERAL PRINCIPLES 


Task-organize chemical units to retirements 


Mission requirements drive size and composition of chemical units. A mix of different units (smoke, 
decon, and NBC recon) is often necessary to achieve the proper balance of capabilities. This mix can change as 
the operation progresses. 


CONTENTS 

UNIT OPERATIONS ...................... 2-1 
General Principles ................... 2-1 
Command and Control Headquarters ...... 2-3 
Smoke Units ...................... 2-3 
Decon Units. 4 ze rubo xXx 2-5 
NBC Reconnaissance Units ............. 2-10 

REAR AREA COMBAT OPERATIONS 2-12 


2-] 


FM 3-101 


Give priority to the main effort 


There are never enough chemical units to handle all tasks. Chemical units are spread evenly across the 
battlefield, but are concentrated with the main effort to ensure success. This requires accepting risk elsewhere. 


Integrate chemical units with maneuver and fire 
The scheme of maneuver governs the chemical support plan. Smoke and NBC recon elements enhance the 


effectiveness of fire and maneuver. Chemical units will operate well forward in the combat zone and will require 
the protection offered by fire and maneuver. 


Ensure current chemical support operations promote future force 
operations 


Chemical units and staffs must anticipate future missions and reposition their units, if necessary, while 
accomplishing the current mission. The positioning of decon sites should not interfere with future operations. 
Do not hold smoke and NBC recon units in reserve 


Chemical units, especially smoke and NBC recon, do not remain with forces that are not in the fight. They 
remain out of action on] y long enough to refit after a major action, 


Build a logistically sustainable force 


Resources are always limited. Chemical units cannot sustain themselves and require support from other 
organizations. Chemical unit sustainment and the supporting logistics structure must be planned in detail. Logistic 
limitations may restrict the size of the supporting chemical unit. 


Maintain effective battle command 


Effective plans use all available chemical unit headquarters, align them with maneuver boundaries, and hand 
off operations smooth] y between them. 
Use all local resources 

Chemical units, particularly decon units, need to use local resources. Host nation support should always 


be considered and used when available. Use of host nation chemical support in the rear areas can release more 
chemical units forward to the combat zone. 


2-2 


COMMAND AND CONTROL HEADQUARTERS 


Chemical unit control headquarters (chemical brigade HHC and chemical battalion HHD) are employed 
to provide command, control, and coordination for subordinate chemical units, These organizations also provide 
certain logistical support and facilitate the coordination of logistical support for their subordinate units. This allows 
the supported unit’s chemical staff to concentrate on NBC defense planning and execution rather than logistical 
support for supporting chemical units. 


The chemical brigade HHC can control up to six chemical battalions and is normally allocated to a corps. 
In contingency operations it is possible that the chemical brigade HHC could be allocated to the theater army (Army 
component commander) commander to control all chemical assets in the theater. 


The chemical battalion HHD can control up to five chemical companies and detachments. Chemical 
battalion HHDs are allocated to a corps based on the number of chemical companies assigned. As seen in Operation 
Desert Shield/Storm, it is possible that the chemical battalion HHD will be the senior chemical commandand control 


element in a corps. 
Having a chemical battalion HHD instead of a chemical brigade HHC in support of a corps means -- 


І The corps chemical staff assumes a greater role in planning and coordinating chemical unit 
operations, to include the coordination of logistical support to the chemical units. 

І Chemical battalion НН” communications assets аге not as robust as the chemical brigade's. 
This limits the responsiveness and flexibility of supporting chemical units. 


SMOKE UNITS 


Smoke Operations 


The mission of smoke units is to generate large-area smoke screens. These smoke screens decrease friendly 
force vulnerability and/or degrade threat force's command, control, communication, and intelligence capabilities 
from the forward to the rear areas of the battlefield. Smoke is used on the battlefield to-- 


e Obscure. 
e Screen. 
e Protect. 
e Mark. 


Smoke support provided by smoke generator units should be integrated with other available smoke- 
producing assets, Such assets include artillery- and mortar-delivered smoke projectiles, smoke pots, and vehicle 
self-protection smoke systems. These assets should be integrated with the preceding employment concepts to 
achieve the most effective smoke support. 


For further information concerning smoke operations, see FM 3-50, Smoke Operations. 


2-3 


FM 3-101 


Smoke Unit Employment 


Both motorized and mechanized smoke generator units can produce either fixed-area or mobile smoke 
screens as required. Mechanized smoke units are best employed supporting maneuver forces, while motorized 
smoke units normally support units not engaged in close combat. Motorized smoke units in support of motorized 
and light units do operate well forward. However, these are not strict rules. Smoke units will be employed 
wherever needed to support a maneuver force. This does not mean they will operate across the FLOT on their own. 
Smoke units should never be kept in reserve. Units unable to use their supporting smoke units for whatever reasons 
should return control of the smoke unit to their higher headquarters. 


Before beginning the planning process, the smoke unit leader needs the following items of information from 
the supported unit-- 


Commanders intent. 

Location and size of the area to be screened. 
The time smoke coverage is required. 
Duration of smoke coverage. 

Visibility desired within the screen, 
Operational activities of the supported unit. 


Using this information, the smoke unit leader issues a warning order to his unit. He initiates a recon of 
the operational area in as much detail as time and the situation permits. Depending on coordination required, the 
entire planning process can take a few minutes or a few hours. 


The objective or selected area or areas to be concealed are located during the recon. This is necessary to 
determine weather and terrain information. Based on this information and the supported unit's visibility 
requirements, the spacing between smoke generator systems and minimum distance from these systems to the area 
to be concealed can be calculated. This calculated distance is a guide only. Actual locations of individual smoke 
generator systems are determined by using METT-T. 


АП smoke generator units depend on the wind to carry the smoke over the area to be concealed. Alternate 
positions for smoke generator systems must be planned to provide the required coverage for any wind direction. 
Obviously, it is not possible to use these alternate positions for every operation because of untrafficable terrain, 
enemy troop locations, and other factors. In such cases, plans must include the use of other smoke sources, such 
as smoke pots or artillery- or mortar-delivered smoke projectiles. 


During fixed-area 


screening operations, units PA а Alternate 
use primary and alternate А Smoke Line 
smoke positions. Figure 2- pi B 
] illustrates how a 
motorized smoke platoon 
plans coverage of a brigade 
support area (BSA). The 
smoke platoon occupies the 
primary smoke line. The 
alternate smoke lines 
provide overall coverage in 
the event that wind shifts. 
Alternate Alternate 
Smoke Line smoke Line 
D le 


2-4 


Figure 2-1. Smoke platoon placement to cover a brigade support area. 


FM 3-101 


Mobile smoke operations use primary and alternate positions for each smoke source. Figure 2-2 illustrates 
how a corps mechanized smoke company plans coverage of a brigade task force assaulting an enemy strongpoint. 
In this case, because of the threat, alternate positions cannot be planned to ensure coverage of the required areas 
for any wind direction. 


OBJECTIVE 


Figure 2-2. Mechanized smoke company in support of an armored battalion/task force. 


DECON UNITS 


Decon Operations 


There are three types of decon: immediate, operational, and thorough. Decon units provide operational 
& thorough decon support. Decon operations are planned and executed following these principles. Decontaminate-- 


ө As soon as possible. 

e Only what is necessary. 

ө As far forward as possible. 
e By priority. 


Operational Decon. The objective of operational decon is to remove just enough of the contamination to 
allow soldiers to sustain operations. Operational decon should begin at the earliest opportunity. Rapid decon 
reduces the potential for delayed injuries and casualties, thus enhancing unit effectiveness. Operational decon uses 
two decon techniques-- MOPP-gear exchange and vehicle washdown. It requires support from the battalion-level 
power-driven decon equipment (PDDE) crew or from a decon squad or platoon. 


2-5 


FM 3-101 


An unsupported vehicle washdown occurs when the contaminated unit uses its organic equipment to conduct 
the washdown. А supported vehicle washdown is when the assets from a decon unit are used. A decon unit may 
support operational decon operations when-- 


e The contaminated unit's decon equipment and resources are unable to process their 
contaminated vehicles in a timely manner. 

e If the mission of the maneuver unit is critical and limited by time, the operational supported 
concept will speed the decon process. 

e The contaminated unit does not have the equipment or their equipment is not serviceable. 


Thorough Decon. Thorough decon is the process of reducing the contamination hazard to a negligible 
risk. Thorough decon uses two techniques - detailed troop decon (DTD) and detailed equipment decon (DED). 
DTD is the process of decontaminating individual soldiers. DED is the process of removing or neutralizing 
contamination on the interior and exterior surfaces of unit equipment. A contaminated unit undergoing DED and 
DTD can allow MOPP reductions for extended periods. Thorough decon operations are conducted by decon units 
with support from the contaminated unit. The contaminated unit will set-up and run the DTD line with guidance 
(if needed) from the supporting decon unit. 


Decon units can conduct thorough decon operations under three different situations: after combat 
operations, during reconstitution, and during a passage of lines. These three situations present different 
considerations for command and control, management of supplies, resources and planning of decon operations, 


Thorough decon after combat operations. A mission capable unit (for example, a field artillery battery) 
has been contaminated. The battery is needed for an upcoming high priority mission. However, the contamination 
does not allow the unit to perform at 100 percent of its capability because of MOPP degradation. 


The decision is made to support the contaminated unit with thorough decon to restore its combat power 
by lowering the contamination to a negligible risk. The decision to support this battery with thorough decon 
operations, in this situation, probably will be made at division level. The exact setup of the thorough decon site 
is dependent on METT-T (the friendly and enemy tactical situations, the number of contaminated vehicles and 
personnel, the number of decon platoons available, and the time available to conduct the decon). 


Thorough decon during reconstitution. Reconstitution consists of reorganization, assessment and 
regeneration. Thorough decon operations are conducted during the reorganization and/or regeneration process. 
Operations that support regeneration of combat power may involve support to units that are contaminated. The 
contaminated units may not be capable of providing unit personnel to the detailed equipment decon line because of 
combat losses. To minimize the transfer or spread of contamination, thorough decon will occur before the 
sustainment activities (that is, manning, supplying, maintaining), 


Additional personnel will be provided as needed to man decon lines and operate vehicles to accomplish 
thorough decon. This decon process will occur forward from the designated assembly area before the contaminated 
unit goes through the large scale replacement of personnel, equipment, and supplies. Corps- and division-level 
decon units can provide decon support during reconstitution operations. 


Thorough decon during a passage of lines. A unit conducting a rearward passage of lines under enemy 
pressure has encountered contamination during its movement. The principles “decon as far forward as possible" 
and “decontaminate as soon as possible" apply in this case. The division (or higher) makes the decision to execute 
operational decon forward to limit the spread of contamination and unit degradation. The operational decon site 
is established near the end of the passage lane and out of enemy direct fire. See 


Once operational decon operation is completed, the contaminated unit can proceed without spreading 
contamination. Prior to arrival at the tactical assembly area, the contaminated unit will conduct thorough decon. 


For further information concerning decon operations, see FM 3-5, NBC Decontamination. 


2-6 


FM 3-101 


Decon Unit Employment 


Decon units are employed based on METT-T. By determining the threats capability and ability to employ 
ground contaminating chemical agents, a threat assessment is made. Depending on the threat assessment, decon 
units are allocated and positioned. There are two techniques for employing decon units: centralized and 
decentralized. Under centralized operations, decon units are controlled at the highest levels. Units needing decon 
support request the support from the controlling headquarters. The controlling headquarters analyzes the request 
for support. Once the decision is made to provide decon support, a decon unit is given the task of providing the 
requested support. Under decentralized operations, decon units are positioned around the battlefield based on 
MINT-T. Control of the decon units is passed to subordinate units. 


Centralized operations are best used when-- 


e The NBC threat is vague or unknown. 

ө There are insufficient decon assets to support each major subordinate command with 
dedicated assets. 

e The controlling commander wants to retain maximum flexibility at his level. 


Decentralized operations are best used when-- 


e There is a well-defined NBC threat. 

e The controlling commanders want their subordinates to have maximum flexibility 
in employing decon assets. 

e Time and space prevent the higher headquarters from providing responsive decon 
support. 

e Communications between higher and subordinate units may not allow responsive 
decon support. 


All echelons must conduct some planning and preparation for conducting decon operations. Most decon 
planning is conducted at the levels that have control of decon units. Decon planning is conducted as part of the 
overall planning process. The commander should provide guidance on decon to the chemical staff early in the 
planning process. The commander's guidance should indicate under what circumstances operational or thorough 
decon operations will be conducted and their priorities for decon support. 


For example, “if the maneuver forces become contaminated during the attack, they'll continue to fight dirty 
until after the objective is secured. We then conduct thorough decon as necessary while preparing for the next 
operation. Artillery units contaminated during the battle may require operational decon support so that they can 
sustain operations. Priority of decon support is to artillery, CSS, C2, and maneuver units". From the commander's 
general guidance concerning decon, the chemical staff officer and the chemical unit commander can begin to develop 
the decon plan. 


The chemical staff will select possible decon sites throughout their area of operations. The selection of 
the decon sites is based upon the type of decon operation (operational or thorough), terrain, the scheme of 
maneuver, the threat, the road network, and the availability of water. After the decon sites are selected, link-up 
points are chosen to support each decon site. It is possible that one decon site may have more than one associated 
link-up point. The selection of the link-up points requires careful consideration. The decon link-up points must 
be easily recognizable to all parties. 


2-7 


FM 3-101 


Since the total decon capability of any 
unit is limited, the commander must establish 
a priority of decon support. The priority of 
support can change from phase to phase during 
an operation. The chemical staff develops the 
priority of support by determiningg the decon 
technique to be used (operational or thorough), 
the threat (what units are likely to become 
contaminated and when), and the likelihood the 7 
unit can accomplish decon. To give priority of 
support to the lead force during the assault 
phase may not be the best choice since ele- 
ments of the task force that become contami- 
nated will most likely not stop to accomplish 
decon until after the assault is completed. The || 
commander should establish a priority of work | 


that specifies the order vehicles are decontami- 
nated. A priority of work may look like this: 
Engineer equipment, МІ, M2, FIST-V. The 


priority of work also may vary from phase to er 


phase of the operation. 
OPERATIONAL 


Figure 2-3. Decon operations in support of a passage of 


A limiting factor that must be consid- : 
lines. 


ered when planning any decon operations is the 
availability of water. FM 3-5 states that 550- 
gallons of water per vehicle is used during a thorough decon. This is a good planning factor, but it also must be 
recognized that the amount of water required will vary by type of vehicle. A HWMMV will require less water than 
an M 1 tank, and a 5,000-gallon fuel tanker will require a lot more water than 550-gallons. The chemical unit/staff 
must develop a water resupply plan. In a water-rich environment, such as Europe, it is as easy as identifying water 
sources where the decon platoon can obtain water. 


In a water-scarce environment, such as the Middle East, the chemical unit/staff must coordinate a water 
resupply plan with the G4/S4. A water resupply plan can be as simple as selecting a series of link-up points along 
the MSR where the decon platoon can link-up with bulk water trucks from a support unit. More complex water 
resupply plans include linking up with bulk water trucks, caching water throughout the area of operations, 
coordinating for the movement of water bladders by aircraft to the decon sites, and the identification of water 
sources in the unit's area of operation. At times, when the need for decon water is critical, reprioritization of 
potable water from such sources as laundries and baths may become necessary in order to temporarily meet needs. 


The positioning of the decon platoon on the battlefield is an integral part of the decon plan. The initial 
position of the decon platoon is based on the unit's mission, what unit has the priority of support, and the persistent 
chemical threat. The chemical staff also must consider the range of the enemy's indirect fire systems and the time 
the decon platoon requires to move and set up. One technique is the use of phase lines or decision points to trigger 
the movement of the decon platoon to subsequent decon sites. 


The decon plan can be issued in several different formats. One technique for distributing the brigade decon 
plan is to use an execution matrix that lists the decon site(s), link-up point(s), decon technique, priority of support, 
and work by phase or event. Decon sites and link-up points must be included on the combat service support 
graphics. 


Deconfliction of proposed decon sites is critical at all levels. Decon sites should support the scheme of 
maneuver and not interfere with future operations. Subordinate units should clear their proposed decon sites with 
their higher headquarters to avoid duplication and ensure that the locations do not interfere with future operations. 


2-8 


FM 3-101 


The decon unit leader should conduct a recon of the proposed decon sites. Since the chemical staff is 
selecting decon sites by map reconnaissance, the proposed sites may not be suitable. If the proposed sites cannot 
support decon operations, the decon unit leader should attempt to find another site close to original site, The decon 
unit leader should never change the location of the decon site without coordination with the supported unit's 
chemical staff. Link-up points should only be changed as a last resort. 


The decon unit leader should attend all the supported unit's rehearsals whenever possible. At a minimum 
the decon unit leader must have the supported unit's operations and combat service support graphics posted on its 
map. 


The actual decon operation begins once a unit has become contaminated. The contaminated unit's leaders 
must assess their situation and accurately report their status to their headquarters. While the unit may not be able 
to conduct decon during the battle, the decon unit can reposition and begin preparation to process the contaminated 
unit . 


The request for decon support must contain several essential elements of information to assist the chemical 
staff and the decon unit leader in coordinating the decon operation. These essential elements of information are-- 


Designation of the contaminated unit. 

Location of the contaminated unit. 

Time unit became contaminated. 

Earliest possible time the unit can move/begin decon. 

Type of contamination. 

Number of contaminated vehicles by type. 

Number of personnel and casualties contaminated. 

Special requirements (recovery assets, unit decon team, for example.). 


Upon learning of а unit being contaminated, the — asm RR анааан 
controlling headquarter's chemical staff must begin coordinat- = o 

ing the decon operation. The decon unit is given a warning 
order. Subsequent warning orders provide more detailed 
information to the decon unit. After receiving the request for =~ 
decon support, the controlling unit's chemical staff will issue 1 LINE A - Mission. statement (who, 
an order to the decon unit. One technique is to havea = what, when, and where) 
message format in the SOP that contains all the information 
necessary to the decon unit to coordinate and execute the 
mission (Figure 2-4). 


YELLOW 3 MESSAGE 


LINE B B - Route to link- -up point. 


The controlling unit’s chemical staff must decide if the 
decon unit is correctly positioned to support the contaminated 
unit. This is determined by the locations of the contaminated 
unit and the decon unit and the impact of moving the contami- 
nated unit to the decon site. If the decon unitis not in position 
to support the contaminated unit, it must move as quickly as 
possible to a decon site that will support the operation. The 
chemical staff must coordinate the movement of the contami- 
nated unit to the link-up point and the decon site. Depending 
on the size and type of unit contaminated, the chemical staff 
may issue a warning order to any elements involved in the 
water resupply plan. 


mission order. 


2-9 


FM 3-101 


Once the decon unit is in position and set up, the decon unit's representative moves to the link-up point. 
The most difficult part of the decon operation is the link-up between the contaminated unit and the decon element. 
АП elements supporting the decon (medical, recovery, logistical, and so forth.) should not be directed to the link-up 
point unless they are contaminated, Supporting assets must coordinate with the decon unit to be met and led into 
the decon site. The contaminated unit's higher headquarters must dispatch a command and control cell to the decon 
site to supervise the decon operation. Movement of units (decon and contaminated) must be coordinated with the 
G3/S3, engineers, and subordinate headquarters when units will cross boundaries. 


After link-up is achieved and all support assets are in position, the actual decon operation can commence. 
The decon unit's leader, in conjunction with the supported unit’s command and control cell supervise the decon 
operation. The controlling unit's chemical staff must assert staff supervision during all phases of the decon 
operation. 


NBC RECONNAISSANCE UNITS 


NBC Reconnaissance Operations 


NBC recon operations support the NBC principle of contamination avoidance. NBC recon provides 
commanders with freedom of maneuver and minimizes the degradation from operating under NBC conditions. NBC 
recon operations include search, survey, surveillance, and sampling missions. 


NBC recon is a mission undertaken to obtain militarily significant information about the NBC condition 
of routes, areas, and zones. This information confirms or denies the presence of NBC attacks or hazards with 
detection and identification equipment. Visual observation or the collection of samples in the specified location or 
region can also provide this information. NBC surveys are missions conducted to collect detailed information of 
NBC contamination hazards. The survey determines the type of contamination, the degree (extent/intensity), and 
the boundaries, NBC surveillance is the systematic observation of an area to provide early warning, Sampling 
operations provide physical evidence of NBC attacks and technical intelligence concerning the enemy's NBC 
weapons systems. 


NBC Reconnaissance Unit Employment 


During offensive operations, NBC recon units will operate throughout the framework of the battlefield. 
In the forward combat area, NBC recon elements are integrated into the overall recon and surveillance effort. NBC 
recon units are generally employed to either-- 


e Confirm or deny contaminated areas. 
e Confirm the area is clear of contamination. 


Whatever the method of employing NBC recon units, efforts must be focused by the IPB and the supported 
commander's priority intelligence requirements (PIR) and intelligence requirements (IR), 


The capabilities and limitations of the NBC recon systems must be considered when developing the plan. 
NBC recon platoons can be employed at platoon, section, squad, or team levels. When employed at the team level, 
it will be paired with an overwatch partner. Both M93 NBCRS (Fox) and M1 13-equipped units can be used to 
support maneuver forces. HMMWV-equipped units are best employed at the squad and platoon levels. Because 
HMMWV-equipped units are less survivable, they are best employed with similar light and motorized maneuver 
forces or in rear areas. The Fox can rapidly detect and identify chemical contamination. M113-and HMMWV- 
equipped units do not have the ability to rapidly detect and identify contamination, 


2-10 


FM 3-101 


Confirm or deny contaminated areas. When the NBC IPB identifies possible contaminated 
areas in the area of operations, NBC recon can be employed to confirm or deny the presence of contamination. 
Templated contaminated areas that could affect the scheme of maneuver are designated as Named Areas of Interest 
(МАП). These NAIs are included in the Reconaissance and Surveillance (R&S) Plan. Supporting NBC recon 
elements are tasked in the R&S Plan to observe selected NAIs. The NBC recon can observe the designated NAIs 
through physical recon or by observation. If the NBC recon element conducts a physical recon of the NAI, the 
supporting unit may have to provide security. Detailed coordination with other recon assets is required to prevent 
duplication and fratricide. 


Confirm the area is clear of contamination. NBC recon elements are integrated into the 
combat formation. They move behind or with the lead maneuver force. If the formation encounters contamination, 
the NBC recon can deploy to find clear by-pass routes around the contaminated area. The lead maneuver force 
provides security as the NBC recon elements attempt to find a by-pass route. Once the by-pass route is located, 
the NBC recon is integrated back into the formation in case there are additional contaminated areas. 


In the rear areas NBC recon units 


are employed to allow the supported com- 
mander to retain the freedom of maneuver. 
NBC recon efforts are again focused by the 


IPB and the R&S plan. NBC recon elements 
can be positioned throughout the rear con- 
ducting NBC surveillance missions. Main 
supply routes (MSRs) and other vital routes 
can be monitored for contamination by peri- 
odically patrolling the routes. 


During defensive operations, NBC 
recon elements can be assigned NBC surveil- 
lance missions behind the main defensive 
positions to observe designated NAIs for 
NBC activity. Once NBC activity is ob- 
served, the NBC recon element can be em- 
ployed to confirm or deny the presence of 


chemical agents. If contamination is found, Р 
the elements can find clear by-pass routes = E : 


Moves to locate 
by-pass route 


and mark the contaminated area. This gives 
commanders the freedom to maneuver be- 
hind their main defensive area. NBC recon 
elements may support to counterattack forces 
to rapidly find by-pass routes if contamina- 


tion is encountered. [c] 


In the corps and TA rear area NBC Figure 2-5. NBC recon squad supporting a task force. 
recon units will conduct NBC recon opera- 


tions along MSRs and at critical points. 

They also respond to reports of NBC attacks 

to determine the type and extent of contamination. Additionally, NBC recon units may be assigned NBC 
surveillance missions to observe designated areas for NBC attacks. Areas to be occupied by logistics and C’ facili- 
ties can be checked for NBC hazards. 


NBC recon units can perform conventional recon missions. After NBC warfare has been initiated, the 
employment of NBC recon units in conventional recon roles must be approved by corps/division commanders. 


FM 3-101 


REAR AREA COMBAT OPERATIONS 


Chemical units may be reorganized to function as a reaction force to defeat up to level II and delay level 
III rear area threats (see Figure 2-6 for rear area threat levels). Additionally, chemical units can assist in area 
damage control (ADC). The decision to reorganize chemical units must be carefully weighed against the current 


NBC threat. The reorganization decision is made by the parent organization. 


Response forces are the initial force to respond to a threat within their area of operations. This force 
destroys the enemy within their capability. If the attack is by an enemy force beyond the capability of the response 


force, the response force will-- 


e Delay and disrupt the enemy force. 
e Request additional support from the rear area operations center (RAOC). 
e Attempt to learn the size and intent of the enemy force. 


Once reorganized, chemical units will 
come under the control of a RAOC. The 
RAOC will position the response force on the 
battlefield to provide security and react to 
enemy rear threats. ЕМ 90-14, Rear Battle 
provides an in-depth discussion of rear battle 
operations. 


Area damage control are those actions 

taken before, during, and after hostile action or 
natural disasters to reduce the probability of 
damage and to minimize its effects. Chemical 
units can respond to the affected area and 
provide immediate assessment of the damage. 
Decon units can provide limited fire-fighting 
services. NBC recon units can determine the 
type and extent of hazards if NBC weapons 
were used or commercial chemicals involved. 
Decon units can establish decon sites as neces- 
sary. The RAOC for the affected area will 
establish command and control over units 
providing ADC support. 


2-12 


px полн by enemy: pete 


—:Heliborne: operations | 
e Airborne opérations ` 


Levels Of Threat — 


Terrorism Wem Dp 
‚_ [Bese defense. responds] 


Level TE 


o M A by unconventio nal fo forces с 


-[Tactical combat force (ТСЕ) responds] . 


Figure 2-6. Rear area threat levels 


FM 3-101 


CHAPTER THREE 
CHEMICAL UNIT PLANNING 


Planning for the employment of chemical units is a continuous process by both the supported and supporting 
unit, Planners take the commander's intent and guidance and develop the plans. Both current and future actions 
should be considered. 


COMPONENTS 


MISSIONS 


Examine the mission. Plans should cover ways to enhance the survivability and mobility of friendly forces 
and assist in the regeneration of combat power. Plans should include both the forward combat area and the rear 
areas. 


AVAILABLE RESOURCES 


Plans should include-- 


e Organic chemical assets. 
e Resources available from higher headquarters. 
e Materials and equipment available from the host nation. 


CONTENTS 

COMPONENTS .................... 3-1 
TASK ORGANIZATION ............... 3-3 
PRIORITIES AND TASKING ............ 3-4 
COORDINATION OF SUPPORT .......... 3-4 
CHEMICAL UNIT ESTIMATE ........... 3-4 
COMMANDER'S DECISION ............ 3-6 
CHEMICAL UNIT COMBAT ORDERS ...... 3-6 


3-1 


FM 3-101 


COORDINATION 


Chemical unit planning must be coordinated with all staff elements, especially the operations (G3/S3) and 
logistics (G4/S4) sections. Understanding the enemy NBC threat is critical and requires close coordination with the 
intelligence (G2/S2) section. Maneuver must not be restricted by friendly smoke operations. The employment of 
NBC recon elements should not duplicate the effort of conventional recon assets. Decontamination operations are 
resource intensive and require a large amount of coordination with the logistics staff sections. Careful deployment 
and coordination with adjacent and supported units and fire support elements will enhance chemical unit sur- 
vivability. Friendly units must know the location and intent of all chemical units to avoid fratricide (“friendly fire *). 
Chemical unit operations must be logistically supportable. 


SIMPLICITY 


Planners should exclude unnecessary elements and reduce essential elements to the simplest form. They 
must eliminate all possibilities for misunderstanding. 


ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 


Clearly define command and support relationships and fix responsibilities, 


CONTINUITY 


Designate an alternate headquarters to assume responsibility if the primary headquarters is out of action, 


VERSATILITY 


Chemical units must be able to react to unexpected situations. To weight the offense or defense, 
commanders must be prepared to shift chemical unit's from sector to sector and provide chemical unit support 
throughout the depth of the battlefield. 


EFFECTIVE CONTROL 


Chemical units will operate away from their parent units. Electronic and NBC warfare, along with the 
sheer size of the battlefield, will make communications difficult. The plan must establish a command and control 
system and provide specific measures to adopt in the absence of direct communications links or control. The 
commander's intent must provide the understanding necessary to continue actions in the absence of other guidance. 


3-2 


FM 3-101 
————————— ———— ————— RA a 


DECENTRALIZED EXECUTION 


Delegate authority, yet keep necessary control. Within available time, planners must develop the 
recommended chemical unit task organization, establish priorities, determine specific task and area responsibilities, 
and coordinate as necessary. Before implementation, chemical unit plans are coordinated with the force staff and 
approved by the force commander. 


TASK ORGANIZATION 


CHAPTER 4|CONTAINS A DETAILED 


EXPLANATION OF COMMAND AND 
SUPPORT RELATIONSHIPS 


The various command and support relationships provide a wide range of options for task organizations. 
To select the best relationship, commanders and staff planners must study the situation and its requirements. The 
selected task organization must provide the most responsive, effective chemical support to facilitate future 
operations. When maximum control is needed, attachment and operational control are the best. Attachment and 
OPCON are best when situations are uncertain, communications are unreliable, logistical support is required from 
the supported unit, or a need exists to task organize at subordinate levels. 


On the other hand, when the senior commander needs flexibility in changing priorities or shifting assets, 
general and direct support relationships are appropriate. They are also appropriate for short-term, area, or rear area 
support. 


In addition to the command or support relationship selected, there are several other significant 
considerations in allocating chemical resources. The apportionment of chemical assets will be based on the mission, 
the enemy, the terrain, and the chemical units, equipment, materials, and time available. Because resources are 
limited, chemical assets will often concentrate in vital areas rather than be distributed throughout the force. This 
should be worked out by the chemical staff and commander, based upon decisions and guidance of the force 
commander. 


Plans are made for smoke and NBC recon support to the reserve upon its commitment. These plans should 
be made early enough for proper preparation. Although smoke and NBC recon units are not normally held in 
reserve, commanders must consider the survivability of the reserve forces when allocating chemical assets. 


Chemical unit support of the forward maneuver forces must be balanced with support of rear area 
operations. Understanding enemy capabilities and intent of NBC weapons use will be critical in determining the 
balance of support to forward maneuver units and to rear areas. 


Habitual relationships should be considered when allocating chemical units. This means that it is benifical 
to have the same chemical unit support a given unit. By creating habitual relationships, mutual confidence and 
respect are developed between the chemical unit and the supported unit. This habitual relationship starts with 
peacetime training to build confidence, develop mutual understanding and respect, ease problems of coordination, 
and strengthen cohesiveness on the battlefield. 


3-3 


FM 3-101 


PRIORITIES AND TASKINGS 


Commanders at all levels must clearly specify priorities and taskings for chemical unit support. Plans must 
consider the entire spectrum of chemical unit support. This includes NBC recon, large-area smoke generation, 
decontamination, and chemical staff support. Commanders also must consider the resources needed to move the 
materials necessary for smoke and decontamination operations. The responsibilities of each chemical unit must be 
clearly established. 


COORDINATION OF SUPPORT 


Chemical officers, commanders and staff officers, at all levels are responsible for coordinating chemical 
unit support. Request for support from subordinate units are consolidated and implemented in a timely manner. 
If insufficient chemical support is available at their level, requests for support are forwarded to the next higher 
headquarters. 


CHEMICAL UNIT ESTIMATE 


The chemical unit estimate is an orderly step of the planning process in command and staff actions. It is 
a realistic appraisal of the effort required to support an operation. It serves as the basis for chemical unit task 
organization. 


With the commander's mission analysis and planning guidance, the chemical officer identifies the 
advantages and disadvantages of each course of action. A recommendation is developed from the best course of 
action. The chemical officers base their estimate on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops, and time available 
(METT-T). 


MISSION 


The chemical officer must consider the commander's mission analysis and guidance. He must determine 
any stated and implied missions in the chemical area. He must consider the type of units supported, their 
equipment, and their status. 


ENEMY 


The chemical officer analyzes the enemy, his likely courses of action, and NBC capabilities. He must 
know the enemy's capability to attack, defend, delay, or reinforce, and the type, range, and amount of NBC 
weapons available to them. An understanding of the enemy's target acquisition systems will determine the type and 
amount of smoke support needed. Understanding where and when the enemy may employ NBC weapons will allow 
the planner to focus the effort and allocation of NBC recon assets. Additionally, decontamination needs can be 
determined by knowing what units could become contaminated. 


3-4 


FM 3-101 


TERRAIN AND WEATHER 


Terrain analysis will indicate how the enemy may employ NBC weapons. Of greatest concern are avenues 
of approach, existing obstacles such as gaps, difficult terrain (such as wooded, mountainous, or urban areas), and 
defiles. The effect of the terrain on smoke operations must be considered. The effects of weather on NBC and 
smoke operations must be considered. Additional y, the mobility of chemical units under adverse weather conditions 
needs to be addressed. Weather also controls the duration of chemical hazards. 


TROOPS AVAILABLE 


The chemical officer considers the type and number of available chemical units. The status and capabilities 
of each chemical unit is also considered as well as the availability of resources such as decontaminants and fog oil. 


TIME AVAILABLE 


Time is a major factor in determining the amount of chemical support available. The time required to move 
chemical units around the battlefield must be considered when developing a plan. The time required by various 
chemical units to perform selected missions also must be considered. A decontamination platoon can only 
decontaminate a finite amount equipment in a given period. This is also true for an NBC recon unit. A recon 
platoon can only reconnoiter a given area of terrain in a given time. The chemical officer must keep these factors 
in mind throughout the estimating process. 


DEVELOPING THE ESTIMATE 


The chemical unit estimate allows the chemical unit commander to quickly, thoroughly, and logically 
conduct his analysis. 


Mission 


The chemical officer restates the mission from the commander’s mission analysis. All assigned specific 
and implied tasks are considered. 


Situation and Courses of Action 


The chemical officer determines all facts or logical assumptions that influence the situation and choice of 
a course of action. From the METT-T analysis, he includes the terrain and weather characteristics and the enemy 
and friendly situations. 


The chemical officer lists the tactical courses of action from the commander's guidance. He may include 
additional courses of action, if appropriate. He determines the chemical unit support required to support each course 
of action. He considers contamination avoidance, protection, decon, and large-area smoke support requirements. 
The corps estimate focuses on the requirements of the chemical battalions, the division estimate for chemical 


3-5 


FM 3-101 


companies, and the brigade for chemical platoons. At this point the estimate is unconstrained by resources. This 
technique allows the chemical officer to consider all needs and advise the commander of the support requirement 
for each level. It also enables the chemical officer to respond quickly to changes in time and resources. He then 
compares estimated resources to available resources. If significant shortfalls exist, he evaluates the requirements 
by priority and revise the estimate until the planned requirement matches resources available. 


Analysis of Courses of Action 


The chemical officer in conjunction with the remainder of the staff wargames each course of action and 
determines the probable outcome. Enemy opposition is also considered during the wargaming process. The 
advantages and disadvantages of each course of action is determined. 


Comparison of Courses of Action 


The chemical officer compares the advantages and disadvantages of each course of action. He decides 
which course of action will be most successful for the mission. This can be accomplished through the use of a 
decision matrix. 


Recommendation 


In his recommendation, the chemical officer addresses the allocation of chemical units: task organization, 
command and support relationships, and priority of support. Before presenting the estimate to the commander, the 
chemical officer coordinates with key staff members, The chemical officer then provides the commander a complete 
recommendation telling who, what, when, where, why, and how. The estimate may be written or oral. The 
chemical officer may give an oral briefing separately or as part of the G3 /S3 estimate. 


COMMANDER'S DECISION 


Having heard the chemical officer and other staff estimates, the force commander announces his decision. 
With his chemical officer's advice, the commander specifies his concept for the commander's decision. The staff 
then prepares the orders. 


CHEMICAL UNIT COMBAT ORDERS 


Based on the force commander's decision for chemical unit employment, the plans and orders are prepared. 
The chemical unit either prepares or provides advice for the preparation of the chemical unit portion. When a 
chemical staff section is present on the force's staff (corps--corps chemical section, division--division chemical 
section), this staff section normally prepares the chemical portion of plans and orders. This will be accomplished 
in close coordination with the chemical unit S-3. Combat orders for chemical operations are issued from all head- 
quarters in the name of the commander. 


3-6 


FM 3-101 


At division and corps levels, operations orders and administrative and logistics orders usually contain 
separate chemical support annexes. At echelons below division, orders are less formal and, on occasion, may be 
oral. A chemical support combat order should be-- 


e Clear. All agencies must understand it thoroughly. 

e Complete. Required information and instructions to coordinate and execute the operation. 

e Brief. Unnecessary details are avoided. However, clarity and completeness are not 
sacrificed for brevity. 

ө Accurate. 

ө As unrestrictive on subordinate commanders as possible. 

e Timely. Chemical support orders must allow subordinate commanders adequate planning 
and preparation time. 


OPERATIONS ORDERS 


Chemical units will prepare orders for their subordinate element. At the chemical brigade and battalion 
level, these orders are normally written products. At the chemical company level, orders can be either written or 
oral, depending on the amount of time available. If the company prepares a written order, it is normally of a matrix 
format (sed Appendix F). Chemical staffs will prepare chemical support annexes or include instructions in the basic 
orders outlining tasks and responsibilities to supporting chemical units. 


FRAGMENTARY ORDERS 


Fragmentary orders are issued in lieu of a complete order in fast-paced combat situations. They provide 
specific instructions to commanders or timely changes to existing orders. Fragmentary orders do not have a 
specified format. However, the five-paragraph combat order format is normally used. It will include only 
necessary elements changed from the original order. The fragmentary order may be issued orally. Generally, the 
fragmentary order-- 


e Is addressed to each action commander. 

e Is provided for information to higher and adjacent units for information, as applicable. 
e Refers to a previous order. 

e Includes changes in task organization, situation, and mission. 

e Clearly provides brief and specific instructions. 


Following the commander's approval, the plan or order is published and the chemical unit staff begins 
action to ensure timely and proper execution- -a key element of the battle command. 


3-7 


FM 3-101 


CHAPTER FOUR 
BATTLE COMMAND 


Battle command is the authority exercised by commanders in organizing, directing, and controlling the 
activities of a military force to accomplish a mission. АП commanders exercise this authority with personal 
leadership and through the staff. Plans, orders, and standing operating procedures implement the commander's 
decisions. The battlefield operations will challenge ability of chemical commanders and staffs to command and 
control chemical units. The extended battlefield, with deep operations and rear area operations, demands a 
command and control system that carries out the commander's intent, adjust quickly to changes, and provides for 
centralized planning and decentralized execution. The command and support relationship that gives most responsive 
chemical support to the supported unit must be selected. 


Additionally, the battle command system must-- 


Keep the commander informed. 

Clearly define functional responsibilities for the staff. 

Assign missions within capabilities of subordinate units. 

Provide continuous coordination among staff elements. 

Provide continuous coordination and exchange information between the commander and 

staff. 

Protect the commander from nonessential information. 

Operate with such efficiency and speed that the information, decision, action, and follow- 
up cycle is regularly completed faster than that of the enemy. 


CONTENTS 

TASK ORGANIZATION .................. 4-1 

RELATIONSHIPS ........................ 4-2 
Command. ....................... 4-2 
SUDDOM о NS nha idus une bus 4-4 
Command and Support Integration ....... 4-7 

FUNCTIONS: ........................... 4-7 
Duties & Responsibilities ............. 4-7 
Mission Coordination ................ 4-11 
Execution i aoe Sot es ee ark рвал 4-12 
Communications ................... 4-13 
Radio oot е S Le ad aud 4-15 

COMMAND POSTS ...................... 4-17 
Chemical Brigade .................. 4-17 
Chemical Battalion ................. 4-18 
Chemical Company ................. 4-19 


4-0 


TASK ORGANIZATION 


Task organization designates the command or support relationship of subordinate units. The basic rule in 
task organizing is never assign a more authoritative command relationship than received from higher authority. A 
unit received in attachment may be attached, placed under OPCON, or given a support mission to a subordinate 
headquarters. A unit under OPCON of a force headquarters, however, may not be attached to a subordinate unit. 
At corps and division levels, commanders divide the chemical support effort among subordinate elements and rear 
areas based on METT-T. Considerations which must be addressed are-- 


Continuing mission requirements in each area. 
Available time and resources. 

Need for rapid shifting of chemical forces. 
Command and support relationships. 
Availability of logistical support. 

Status of chemical units. 


The corps and division chemical officers advise their respective commanders during the decision making 
process. Forces are allowed and command or support relationships are established based on METT-T. The task 
organization must allow forward commanders maximum flexibility consistent with the mission and situation. 


When distances prevents chemical unit headquarters from exercising effective control and support of 
subordinate units. Chemical units should be attached or placed under operational control of the division or division's 
major subordinate commands (MSC). This authority gives the supported commander full control over the chemical 
elements. It enables him to further task organize the chemical units for flexible and responsive support to his 
subordinate echelons. Responsiveness is gained by shortening the tasking channels. A commanderwith chemical 
units attached or placed under operational control can quickly assign tasks throughout his area of operations. In 
other situations, a support relationship may be more appropriate to preserve flexibility y of the senior commander in 
shifting chemical assets. These support relationships do not include command authority and do not permit further 
task organization. 


When a division is supported by a chemical battalion, the division chemical company should be placed 
under its operational control. This allows the logistical support relationships between the division chemical company 
and the CSS units of the division to be retained. If the chemical battalion will support the division for a prolonged 
time, the division chemical company could be attached to the chemical battalion. 


The brigade and battalion task force chemical officers in conjunction with the chemical unit commander 
recommend a command or support relationship to the maneuver commander. When selecting the task organization, 
the supported brigade and battalion commanders should consider the factors and specific capabilities of the 
supporting chemical units. A chemical company can control up to six platoons. A chemical battalion can control 
up to seven companies. Chemical platoons are most effective as a unit, therefore platoons should not be subdivided. 
Squads separated from the platoon have limited capabilities. Since most chemical support requires a concentrated 
platoon effort, chemical platoons should normally be considered an integral unit in task organization. NBC 
reconnaissance units are exceptions and are capable of being task organized down to team level. 


4-1 


FM 3-101 


If more than two chemical platoons are allocated to support a unit with no organic headquarters, the 
supporting chemical battalion should consider designating a chemical company headquarters to act as the company 
team headquarters. The chemical company team is a temporary grouping of chemical platoons under a chemical 
company headquarters, formed to carry out a specific operation or mission. This provides increased command, 
control, and communications. Administration and logistical support is provided to the chemical platoons through 
the team headquarters. 


EXAMPLE 


To support the breaching of a complex obstacle system, the 1st Brigade, 52d Infantry Division 
(M) will be supported by two mechanized smoke platoons, a decontamination platoon, a NBC 
recon squad, and a fuel support squad. The 89th Chemical Battalion is OPCON to the division. 
To provide a more responsive chemical organization to the 1st Brigade, the chemical battalion 
commander has decided to designate the 210th Chemical Co (Decon) headquarters as a chemical 
company team. The chemical platoons designated to support the 1st Brigade are attached to 


the 210th Chemical Co. 


——————————————— NN 


RELATIONSHIPS 


Chemical units can operate under two types of relationships - command and support] Table 4-1] summerizes 
command and support relationships and their inherent responsibilities. Coremand responsibility and authority are 
established through command relationships. Support relationships are established to define specific relationships 
and responsibilities between supporting and supported units. Command responsibilities, responsibility for logistic 
support, and the authority to reorganize or reassign component elements of a supporting force remains with the 
higher headquarters or parent organization unless otherwise specified. 


COMMAND 


Chemical units can operate under four command relationships: organic, assigned, attached, and operational 
control (OPCON). 


Organic 


A unit that forms a part of a unit and is listed in the table of organization. Organic chemical units are 
found in armored, mechanized, infantry, airborne, and air assault divisions and armored cavalry regiments. They 
may be attached, under the operational control, or given a direct support mission to subordinate elements in the 
parent organization. They also may be retained in general support of the entire parent organization. 


4-2 


FM 3-101 


Assigned 


Assigned units are placed under control of higher headquarters, usually above division level, on a relatively 
permanent basis. А chemical brigade is generally assigned to corps. The chemical brigade has assigned chemical 
battalions, companies, and detachments. The chemical brigade is tailored to fit the corps based on the area of 
operations and the enemy threat. 


Assigned units may be attached, placed under operational control, or given a direct support mission to a 
subordinate element of the parent unit. Assigned units also may be retained in general support of the entire parent 
command. 


Attached 


When a unit is attached to another, usually a larger unit, it is mostly for an extended period of time. 
Except for limitations imposed by the attachment order, the gaining commander exercises command and control over 
the attached just as over organic and assigned units. All command and logistic responsibilities are his also, except 
for personnel transfers and promotions, These actions are retained at the parent organization, unless otherwise 
specified in the attachment order. 


| Example | 


The 44th Chemical Co (Smoke/Decon), 89th Chemical Battalion is attached to the 1st 
Brigade, 52d Infantry Division (M). The brigade commander can attach, place under operational 
control, or place in direct support to any of his battalions or task forces, the various chemical 
platoons of the 44th Chemical Co. He can retain any platoon or all of them in general support 
of the brigade. Therefore, he can task organize in a variety of ways to best support his concept 
of the brigade mission. Commander, 1st Brigade is also responsible for all logistical support to 
44th Chemical Co. The Commander, 89th Chemical Battalion has no command, control, or 
logistical support responsibility for 44th Chemical Co as long as it is attached to the 1st Brigade, 
except for personnel matters such as transfer or promotion, unless specifically stated in the 
attachment order. 44th Chemical Co establishes and maintains communications with 1st 
Brigade and is not required to maintain communications with the 89th Chemical Bn. The 
forward support battalion supporting the 1st Brigade provides logistic support to the company. 


Attachment should be considered when time or space preclude the parent headquarters' ability to logistically 
support the unit or make timely coremand decisions. Attachment permits the supported commander flexibility in 
task organizing the chemical elements and tailoring them for responsiveness to maneuver forces. An attached unit 
or its subordinate elements may be further attached, placed under operational control, or assigned a direct support 
mission to a subordinate unit. It also may be retained in general support of the entire force. 


Operational Control 


With operational control (OPCON), the gaining commander can use the chemical unit as he would his 
organic units for mission accomplishment. This includes task organizing subordinate forces, assigning tasks, and 
designating objectives. However, the parent unit retains responsibility for the chemical unit’s logistical and 
administrative support, unless specified in the order. For example, the gaining commander can be ordered to 
furnish POL support to the unit. 


4-3 


FM 3-101 


Example 


The 44th Chemical Co (Smoke/Decon), 89th Chemical Battalion is under OPCON of 1st 
Brigade, 52d Infantry Division (M). The brigade commander can place any or all of the platoons 
of the 44th Chemical under OPCON or DS to any of his battalions or task forces. He can retain 
any platoon or all of them in general support of the brigade. The brigade commander cannot, 
however, attach the chemical platoons to the battalions, because a commander can never pass 
on more command authority than received from higher headquarters. The Commander, 89th 
Chemical Bn is responsible for all administrative and logistical support unless otherwise specified. 
The chemicai battalion commander has no operational command authority over the company. 
The 44th Chemical Co establishes and maintains communications with 1st Brigade and maintains 
communications with the 89th Chemical Bn. 


Chemical units are placed under OPCON of the supported unit to ensure responsiveness to the supported 
unit's plan when time, distances, or difficult communications require decentralization, and when further task 
organization by subordinate units may be necessary. This commmand relationship can place a severe logistical burden 
on the parent chemical organization. Consequently, this command relationship is normally used with a short 
operation and when logistical support from the supported unit is not available. A unit placed under OPCON to a 
headquarters also may be placed under OPCON of a subordinate unit, given direct support missions to a subordinate 
unit, or retained in general support. 


SUPPORT 


A support relationship is established when chemical units are placed in direct support (DS) of a force or 
when the commander elects to retain chemical units in general support (GS) of his command. In both DS and GS 
relationships, command responsibility is retained by the parent chemical unit. Full logistic responsibility rests with 
the parent unit unless the supported unit is directed to fulfill certain logistical functions such as ration, POL, or 
medical support. 


ner r 


А commander with organic, assigned, attached, or chemical units under OPCON may elect to retain any 
part of those assets in general support (GS). Chemical units are retained in GS when higher headquarters requires 
greater flexibility and control. A command receiving chemical units GS from a higher headquarters retains those 
assets in GS to the command. In this relationship, support is to the force as a whole, rather than to a particular 
subdivision of the force. The subordinate force commander requests support from the senior force commander, task 
by task, rather than from the supporting unit. The commander sets the priorities and assigns the tasks of the GS 
unit. Chemical units in rear areas are typically employed in GS. That support too, is provided to the entire force 
rather than to a specific unit. 


Retaining a chemical unit in GS ensures that the tasking supported commander maintains control of those 
chemical assets throughout this area of operations. It enables him to redirect priorities as his concept of the 
operations develops or as the situation changes. Subordinate commanders have little flexibility and no control over 
GS chemical units in their areas. Long lines of authority decrease responsive support to units. A GS mission is 
best for chemical units operating on a task or area assignment. 


4-4 


FM 3-101 


о 


Example 


The 89th Chemical Bn is given a GS mission in the corps operations order. One of the 
assigned GS tasks is to establish and operate decontamination sites in the 394th CSG area of 
support. The 51st Maintenance Co is contaminated and requires decontamination support. 
The maintenance company request decon support from the CSG, who in turn sends the request 
to the 89th Chemical Bn. The 89th Chemical Bn assigns the mission to the 200th Chemical 


Co (Decon). The maintenance company is directed to coordinate directly with the 200th 
Chemical Co. Neither the CSG or the maintenance company have any direct control over the 
decontamination operation or the chemical units in their areas. 


Direct Support 


A DS unit provides dedicated support to a specific unit, usually for a single operation or a short time. DS 
gives the supported unit commander a high degree of control of the tasks performed by the supporting unit without 
assuming responsibility for its logistics or administration. The supporting unit will take task assignment and 
priorities from and give priority of support to the supported unit. Command authority, logistics and administration 
are retained by the parent unit. This relationship precludes further task organization. Tasks and priorities are 
assigned by the force commander. Chemical units placed in DS of maneuver elements remain under command of 
the parent unit. They perform chemical tasks requested by the supported force commander. 


Example 


The 89th Chemical! Battalion is placed in DS of the 52d Infantry Division (M). The 
commander of the battalion will task organize the battalion as needed to accomplish the 
| chemical tasks requested by the division commander. If chemical tasks exceed the capabilities | 


об+ы aminn earmenet anaicnanal nmhhaminal osinn a et frans 


of the battalion, the Commander 89th Chemical Bn will request aaaitionai cnemicai Support trom 

| the 510th Chemical Brigade. The 52d Division Commander has no command authority over the | 
89th Chemical Bn, but can specify tasks and priorities to Commander, 89th Chemical Bn. 
Neither the companies nor any other subelement of the 89th Chemical Bn can be suballocated 
to any subordinate division units in any command or support relationship. The entire battalion 
must be retained in GS of the division. The 89th Chemical Bn could also have a task or area 
assignment in conjunction with the DS mission. 89th Chemical Bn maintains communications 
with the division and the 570th Chemical Bde. Logistics support continues to come from corps 
and the 510th Chemical Bde. 


4-5 


FM 3-101 


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4-6 


FM 3-101 


COMMAND AND SUPPORT INTEGRATION 


Command and support relationships for chemical units can be combined to meet the needs of the command. 


Example 


The 67th Chemical Battalion is attached to 52d Infantry Division (M). The chemical 
battalion consists of the 77th Chemical Co (Mech Smoke), 41st Chemical Co (Motor Smoke), and 
the 66th Chemical Co (Decon). The division chemical company, the 44th Chemical Co, is OPCON 
to the 67th Chemical Bn. The division scheme of maneuver is to defend a portion of their sector 


at nm oe 


objective with 3d Brigade. The division commander could task organize to place the 66th 
Chemical Co (Decon) in GS of the division, attach the 77th Chemical Co (Mech Smoke) to 3d 
Brigade, place the 41st Chemical Co {Motor Smoke} OPCON to 2d Brigade, and form a chemical 
company team with the 44th Chemica! Co and place it in DS to 1st Brigade. 


FUNCTIONS 


DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 


To achieve success on the modern battlefield, commanders and chemical officers - both as staff officers 
and commanders - must create an effective and efficient command and control system for chemical support efforts. 
Chemical staff officers must clearly understand their responsibilities and relationships with supported commanders 
and their staff elements. The chemical officer must be continuously aware of significant developments. Chemical 
unit commanders must ensure that their forces are responsive and supportive of the supported unit commanders 
intentions. When the chemical officer is both the staff officer and the unit commander, as with the corps, the 
commander must observe the requirements and tasks of both responsibilities. 


Supported Commanders 


The supported unit commander, maneuver, combat support, or combat service support, has the 
responsibility for organization, planning, coordination, and effective use of chemical units in accomplishing their 
mission. At the battalion level and above, the commander is normally assisted by a chemical officer or NCO. This 
assistance does not alter the commander's responsibility to accomplish his mission through the informed use of his 
staff. The commander's responsibilities does not reduce the chemical officers/NCO task of analysis, evaluating, 
recommending courses of action, and supervising implementation of the commander's decision. With advice from 
the chemical staff officer/NCO, the commander assigns missions and priorities to his units and supporting chemical 
units. 


Unit Chemical Officer/NCO 


The unit chemical officer/NCO is the principal advisor to the force commander for all chemical matters. 
He is the staff officer/NCO, responsible for proper chemical support to all elements of the force according to the 
decisions and priorities of the force commander. He performs staff planning and coordination for all chemical units 
in support of the force. He is responsible for staff supervision during the execution of chemical support operations. 


4-7 


FM 3-101 


Theater Army Chemcial Officer 


The theater army chemical officer is a member of the theater army's special staff. He has no command 
responsibilities. He integrates NBC defense into the theater army's plan to sustain Army forces and support other 
services or allied forces. He helps determine requirements for chemical units. Then he takes the necessary actions 
to identify and prioritized assets to fill those requirements and get them to the tactical commander in a high state 
of readiness. Не may also act as the Army component chemical officer. 


Corps Chemical Officer 


Provides advice to the corps commander on all matters regarding NBC defense, the employment of 
chemical units, and the use of smoke, flame, riot control agents, and herbicides. In conjunction with the Fire 
Support Element, he advises on employing nuclear weapons maintained by the other services and the effects from 
employing those weapons. He operates the corps NBC warning and reporting system (NBCWRS) and prepares the 
necessary staff estimates, operational plans and orders to accomplish the corps mission. 


When a chemical brigade is assigned to the corps, the corps chemical officer works closely with chemical 
brigade commander to improve and execute chemical support throughout the corps area of operations. Since the 
brigade commander's staff is small, the corps chemical staff assists the brigade in coordinating logistical support 
and planning operational missions. 


Tables 4-2 апа[4-3 show more details on the responsibilities of the chemical brigade commander and the 
corps chemical officer. 


Table 4-2. 


primary Functions of the Corps Chemical Staff 


nmentissues __ 


4-8 


FM 3-101 


Chemical Brigade Commander 


The chemical brigade commander commands the chemical units assigned to the corps. He issues detailed 
plans and orders to support the corps’ mission. Mission orders from the corps commander are normally passed 
through the corps chemical officer. This relationship allows the brigade commander to focus his units on their part 
of the corps battle plan, while the corps chemical officer provides support in sustaining the brigade and prioritizing 
its missions. Table 4-3 provides more details. 


The corps chemical staff provides the corps commander and the corps staff with advice on NBC defense 
and smoke employment. The chemical staff also receives and analyzes NBC attack information. The section 
provides advanced warning of future corps operations through chemical channels to the chemical brigade and 
subordinate chemical staff sections (division, separate brigades, and ACR). 


Table 4-3. 


4-9 


FM 3-101 


The corps chemical staff monitors the status of the chemical units through the chemical brigade staff. The 
corps chemical staff crosstalk within subordinate chemical staffs to insure all their operational requirements for 
chemical support are being met. 


The brigade staff coordinates for the movement of subordinate chemical units with the corps area, The 
brigade staff also coordinates the logistical support for the subordinate elements and serves as the logistical interface 
with the DISCOM/CSG/COSCOMs. 


Once the order/plan is issued, the chemical brigade staff and chemical staff section must look at the next 
mission. The brigade staff must look out approximately 72 hours to anticipate the sustainment needs and task 
organization of subordinate chemical units. 


The corps chemical staff analyzes NBC attack information and recommends changes in support priorities. 
Information is constantly exchanged between the corps chemical staff and the brigade staff, 


Division Chemical Officer 


The division chemical officer is a special staff officer assigned to the division. When the division is 
supported by a chemical battalion, the battalion commander will not assume the duties of the division chemical 
officer. Chemical battalions supporting a division are normally for a finite period of time and changes of duties 
and responsibilities would be more disruptive than beneficial. 


The division chemical officer serves as a member of the division staff and prepares the chemical staff 
estimates, recommends courses of action, prepares plans and orders for chemical support operations, and supervises 
all chemical support activities for the division commander. The division chemical officer coordinates all chemical 
support to the division for the commander. He coordinates closely with the supporting chemical unit commander 
and seeks their advice on the employment of their unit. The division chemical officer has operational control of 
the division chemical company. He is assisted by the tactical chemical operations officer (TCOO) and a chemical 
staff section in the division main and tactical command posts. 


The relationship between the division chemical officer and the division chemical company is extremely 
important during both tactical and garrison operations. During tactical operations, the division chemical officer, 
in the absence of a chemical battalion commander, exercises and maintains operational control over assigned and 
supporting chemical units. The division chemical officer provides technical and tactical guidance to the division 
chemical company commander. During garrison operations, the division chemical officer must continue to exercise 
influence over the chemical company even though it may be assigned to a subordinate command within the division. 
If the division chemical company is assigned to a subordinate command, the division chemical officer should-- 


€ Develop a formal memorandum of understanding with the battalion commander to whom 
the chemical company is assigned. 

€ Retain tasking authority over the chemical company. 

€ Retain authority to assign officer and noncommissioned officer leaders to the company in 

coordination with the subordinate battalion commander. 

Act as the company commander's intermediate rater. 

Plan and execute all external evaluations of the chemical company. 

Participate in all company training briefs with the battalion commander. 

Take and maintain an active interest in all facets of the chemical company, from 

maintenance to training to quality of life of the soldiers. 

© Mentor the company commander and other assigned officers. 


4-10 


FM 3-101 


Brigade and Regimental Chemical Officer 


Brigade and regimental chemical officers advise commanders on chemical matters and are responsible for 
chemical staff supervision. In brigades and regiments, a chemical officer organic to the staff prepares the chemical 
estimate and written portion of plans and orders. The brigade or regimental chemical officer provides staff 
coordination and supervision of chemical support operations, conducts battle tracking during operations, and 
maintains unit personnel, equipment, and supply status, He monitors the actions of subordinate chemical officers 
to ensure synchronization. In the case of armored cavalry regiments and separate combat brigades, the chemical 
officer is assisted by a small staff located in the main and tactical command posts. In other brigades and like 
commands, the chemical officer is assisted by a chemical operations NCO. 


Special Forces Group Chemical Officer 


The special forces group chemical officer advises the group commander on chemical matters and is 
responsible for chemical staff supervision. He prepares the chemical estimate and written portion of plans and 
orders. He has operational control of the chemical detachment operating in support of the group. These chemical 
detachments provide NBC staff and decontamination support. Additionally, NBC reconnaissance support may be 
provided to the group. 


Battalion/Task Force Chemical Officer 


When the task organization sets up a command or support relationship between a chemical unit and a 
battalion or maneuver force, the supporting chemical unit commander or platoon leader does not assume the duties 
and responsibilities of the organic battalion/task force chemical officer. The battalion/task force would be supported 
by a chemical unit for only short periods of time and having the platoon leader or unit commander assume the duties 
and responsibilities of the battalion/task force chemical officer would be unduly disruptive. The battalion/task force 
chemical officer advises the commander on NBC defense operations and smoke matters, prepares informal estimates, 
and provides information for plans and orders. He has staff supervision of the execution of chemical support 
operations. He supervises and monitors NBC defense operations at company level in support of the company NBC 
NCO. He maintains the status of NBC personnel and equipment within the battalion. He coordinates closely with 
the brigade chemical officer and chemical unit commanders or platoon leaders and seeks their advice on employing 
and sustaining their unit. 


MISSION COORDINATION 


When subordinate elements require decontamination, smoke, or NBC reconnaissance support, they pass 
their requirements to the next higher headquarters. These requests for support should contain several critical 
elements of information. By providing all necessary information in the request for support, the next higher chemical 
staff can determine the criticality of the support and modify support priorities as needed. 


4-11 


FM 3-101 


Table 4-4. Critical information requirements 
for mission coordination. 


x 


Time support is needed 
Location of link up point 


Amount/type of contaminated 
vehicles and personne! 


When providing a mission or tasking to a chemical unit, the staff should use mission type orders. Tell the 
chemical unit what, when, where, and why - not how. Provide sufficient information and guidance to allow the 
chemical unit to formulate its own plan to execute the mission or tasking. The staff should provide constraints and 
restraints as necessary. Communications between the supported and supporting units must be established early and 
maintained throughout the mission or tasking. 


EXECUTION 


Effective control is critical to success of chemical support operations. In many cases, the distance between 
chemical unit headquarters exceeds the capability of the organic communications systems. Thus, plans and orders 
must establish simple organizational relationships and reliable communications between supported units and 
supporting chemical units. Procedures must be established to ensure the continuity of operations if communications 
fail. The supported commander and the chemical unit must work closely to provide effective command and control. 
Areas that require particular attention include timely information, flexibility, continuity of operations, operations 
security, and communications. 


The force commander exercises command and control over subordinate forces according to the mission or 
tasks assigned and within guidance from the next higher commander. The force commander must make all decisions 
concerning chemical support within his area of responsibility and must adjust chemical support priorities during 
operations. Commanders of battalions and higher echelons normally have a chemical staff to recommend the best 
use of available chemical units. The chemical staff should provide timely information on chemical operations, make 
routine decisions within delegated authority, and per-form staff supervision of chemical operations. 


The chemical staff must stay abreast of chemical support operations through staff visits and analysis of 
reports. He is in constant liaison with other staff elements, especially the intelligence (G2/S2), operations (G3/S3), 
logistics (G4/S4), and civil affairs (G5). He will keep the commander informed of significant developments, 
provide advice as appropriate, and ensure that chemical support operations remain flexible. 


4-12 


FM 3-101 


Timely Information 


The chemical staff must maintain accurate and timely information on two levels. The primary responsibility 
is to provide essential information to the commander. The format must be brief, clear and readily integrated into 
displays maintained by the operations and intelligence sections. Such information will include the location and 
capabilities of chemical units and equipment to include critical items such as NBC recon vehicles, power driven 
decontamination equipment, and smoke generators. Precise locations of decontamination sites and contaminated 
areas are vital. 


Versatility 


The chemical staff must ensure that versatility is maintained throughout the operation. For example, in 
an attack a unit may encounter an unanticipated obstacle system. To preserve forward momentum, the commander 
must be able to concentrate the necessary smoke support to conceal breaching operations. Or a reserve maneuver 
unit is hit by an enemy chemical attack and most of the vehicles are contaminate. The commander intends commit 
the reserve force within 12 hours and wants them in the lowest available MOPP level. He must shift all available 
decon units to support the reserve force. 


The best method for chemical support flexibility is to plan for all possibilities. A task-organized chemical 
team comprised of smoke, decon, and NBC recon elements would be best placed under the control of each 
committed forward maneuver element. 


Continuity of Operations 


Chemical unit operations in support of maneuver forces should be collocated with and controlled from the 
tactical operations center or tactical command posts of the supported unit. Maneuver battalions and higher echelons 
operate at least two command and control facilities to provide redundancy if one is destroyed. Additionally, the 
command posts move their locations frequently. Supporting chemical units must be prepared to operate in a like 
manner. Chemical units need to make the maximum use of liaison officers. 


At the chemical company level, the company commander and his operations officer are responsible for 
coordinating with the supported unit. The company commander positions himself near the supported unit's main 
command post. At the chemical battalion level, the battalion commander needs to establish their command post near 
the supported unit's main command post. The chemical battalion also positions liaison officers in the supported 
unit's main and tactical command posts. The chemical brigade establishes their command post at the corps main 
command post. Liaison officers are positioned at the corps main and tactical command post. The brigade 
commander will position himself on the battlefield where he can best influence chemical support to the corps. 


Operations Security 


Chemical unit command and control, as well as the conduct of planning and operations, must provide the 
safeguarding of both classified and unclassified information. Intelligence indicators susceptible to hostile exploitation 
must be identified and eliminated or controlled to protect military activities and to achieve security of the force. 


Sources of information that require protection include communications, informative patterns and signatures - 


visual, acoustic, electronic, infrared - and stereotyped administrative and tactical procedures. Any source could 
signal friendly plans and readiness postures to hostile observers. 


4-13 


FM 3-101 


COMMUNICATIONS 


Communications play a critical part in command and control. Considering the battlefield area, distances 
over which chemical units will operate, and the threat capabilities, leaders must know communications and available 
communications equipment. The enemy will use all available means to disrupt, exploit, or destroy our ability to 
communicate. 


Responsibilities 


Establishing communications is a command responsibility. Each chemical commander is responsible for 
establishing communications with the lower headquarters and with the unit being supported. 


Capabilities 


The communications section of chemical brigade and battalion headquarters and each chemical company 
is organized and equipped to install, operate, and maintain the unit's communications system. 


Mobile subscriber equipment (MSE). MsE is the area common-user voice communications 
system in the corps. MSE provides voice and data communications from the corps rear boundary to the maneuver 
battalion main command posts. All chemical units are equipped with MSE down to company level. MSE provides-- 


ө Secure telephone service. 

ө Secure facsimile service. 

e Secure mobile radiotelephone service. 

ө Secure data transmission. 

e Combat net radio (CNR) network access. 


MSE users are responsible for installing, operating, and maintaining their subscriber terminal equipment. 
Users are responsible for connecting and maintaining the wire lines to the distribution boxes or remote multiplexer 
combiner (RMC) installed by the supporting signal node. Subscriber terminal equipment includes-- 


e TA-1035 Digital nonsecure voice terminal (DNVT). 

e TSEC/KY-68 Digital secure voice terminal (DSVT). 

ө AN/UGC-144 Communications terminal (CT). 

e AN/UXC-7 Lightweight digital facsimile (LDF). 

e AN/VRC-97 Mobile subscriber radiotelephone terminal (MSRT). 


The corps and division signal organizations establish a network of line-of-sight multichannel radios and 
interconnected local and long-distance switching nodes. This provides an area coverage for the division and corps 
areas. MSE user need only to dial up and communicate with any discretely addressed MSE subscriber. 


Mobile Users. When using the MSRT, the user gains access into the network through radio access units 
(RAU). Each RAU has a planning range of 15 km radius area coverage. As the mobile subscriber moves across 
the battlefield, affiliation is automatically maintained as he moves from one RAUS area to another. If he is using 
the MSRT at the time he changes from one RAU to another, the conversation is terminated and he must redial to 
reestablish the communication. 


Static Users. Static terminal users gain access into the network through large extension node switch 
(LENS) or small extension node switch (SENS). A LENS can support up to 176 subscribers and are normally 
associated with COSCOM, DISCOM, corps main, or division main CPs. The SENS provides access for either 26 
or 41 subscribers depending on it equipment. These are normally established with corps combat CPs (ACR, FA 
Bale, ADA Bale). The positioning of chemical unit headquarters will be greatly affected by the positioning and 
availability of LENS and SENS. 


4-14 


FM 3-101 


Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS). 
SINCGARS is the family of VHF-FM radio sets that provides secure voice and data transmission capability. These 
radios transmit over abroad frequency spectrum using a frequency-hopping technique. SINCGARS replaces the 
VRC-12 series radios on a one-for-one basis. 


RADIO NETS 


Tactical FM communpicafions are the most frequent means of communicating within chemical battalions and 
companies. Figures 4-1 and|4-2| show typical communication nets for chemical brigades and battalions. 


Figure 4-1. Radio net diagram (FM) for a chemical 
brigade HHD. 


4-15 


FM 3-101 


CHEM BDE 
CMD NET 


s-a * 2 
(SHE) 


* or SUPPORTED UNIT CMD NET 


Figure 4-2. Radio net diagram (FM) for a chemical 
battalion HHD. 


4-16 


COMMAND POSTS 


CHEMICAL BRIGADE 


FM 3-10 


The chemical brigade tactical operations center (TOC) has three sections: 52/83, 51/54, and briefing tent 
(Figure 4-3). Modular frame tents are used for the S2/S3 and S1/S4 sections. 


RESOURCES 
LTOE 


PERSONNEL 

- Officers 4 
- Warrent 1 
- Enlisted 11 
EQUIPMENT 

- Mehicles 1 
- Radios 1 
- Facsimile 2 
- Computer 1 
- Generator 1 
- DNVT 1 


COR DCDR 


Micog М1009 ҮШ MIGORA1 


pU CIL] [e] © © [e] 
a] ES OPÉRATIONS ADMIN 


With 
rigid wall 
shelter 


NA AS 


RESOURCES 
LTOE 


PERSONNEL 


- Enlisted 


Officers 6 


— 
e 


EQUIPMENT 


Vehicles 
Generators 
Radios 
MSE TER 
M20 SCPE 
DNVT 


VNV P= h 


NOTE: 


51/94 
т ЖЫ е ба A 
OO o ОО 
JU ADMIN/S1 CLERICAL 
e SUPPLY/ 
MAINT S4 CLERICAL 
Ca sies B 
FUNCTIONS 


- Sustains current operations 
- Forecasts future CSS requirements 
- Conducts detailed CSS planning 


52/53 WITH COMMAND GROUP 


4 


BRIEFING 
AREA 


| iNTEL DRAFTSMEN | | ) 
оо Оо гор 
| aj | aj MAPS [са | | | 
MODULAR TENT 


FUNCTIONS 


- Coordinates chemical unit employment 

- Plans smoke, NBC recon & decon operations 

+ Synchronizes combat support 

- Observes & influences operations with 
personal presence (command group) 

- Plans future operations 

- Conducts liaison with supported unit 


RESOURCES 
LTOE 
ASSOCIATED SUPPORT 

PERSONNEL 
- Officer 3 
DET CDR CHAPLAIN COMMO МЫТ; {А - Enlisted 18 
- Vehicles 5 
Ez us = - Generators 3 
- Radios 2 
- DNVT 1 
- M20 SCPE 2 


Actual personnel and equipment resources will vary based on LTOE and MTOE changes. 


Figure 4-3. Chemical brigade TOC layout. 


FM 3-101 


CHEMICAL BATTALION 


The chemical battalion tactical operations center (TOC) has two sections: $2/$3 and S1/S4 (Figure 4-4). 
Modular frame tents are used for the S2/S3 and 51/54 sections. 


51/54 а RESOURCES FUNCTIONS 

EIE |i | EE E - Sustains current operations 

о о OO [e] о оо PERSONNEL - Forecasts future CSS requirements 

81 ADMIN SUPPLY - Officers 3З . Conducts detailed CSS planning 

M - Warrent 1 
А - Enlisted 11 
S EQUIPMENT 

S4 MAINT/SUPPLY - Vehicles — 3 

e Radios i oe 54 


Fae et [al - Facsimile “ш шы pia 
Cj g E 


CDR XO/CSM 53 S3 
M1009 M1009 M1009 HHV 


БЕ 


with 
rigid 
MODULAR TENT , ons 
RESOURCES КОЕТО 
ТОЕ FUNCTIONS 
PERSONNEL - Coordinates chemical unit employment 
- Officers 4 - Plans smoke, NBC recon, & decon operations 
- Enlisted 8 - Synchronizes combat support 
EQUIPMENT - Observes & influences operations with 
- Vehicles 5 personal presence 
- Generators 1 - Plans future operations 
- Radios 4 - Conducts liaison with supported unit RESOURCES 
- MSE ТЕА 3 LTOE 
- Collective 2 PERSONNEL 
Proteclion - Officer 3 
e 2 - Enlisted 15 
ASSOCIATED SUPPORT EQUIPMENT 
- Vehicles 4 
COMMO HHD MANT HHD  - Generators 3 
M1008A1 M1009 LMTV  M1008A1 - Radios 2 
- Collective 1 
al. ее 
ич IL] stem 
wEW | 
МОТЕ: 


Actual personnel and equipment resources will vary based оп LTOE and MTOE changes. 
Figure 4-4. Chemical battalion TOC layout. 


FM 3-101 


CHEMICAL COMPANY 


Company level organizations do not establish tactical operations centers. Companies establish command 
posts. Mechanized smoke companies are equipped with M577 armored command post vehicles. Other chemical 
companies set up their command posts using tents. 


Company CPs are the focal point of all tactical and logistical planning and execution in the company. The 


company commander may operate from this CP if his platoons are widely dispersed and are not directly under his 
control. If he is in direct control of his subordinate platoon, the commander must select the best location for 


controlling his elements. 


4-19 


p————M——————————————————————————————————— ———  ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————"""—"-—"—"————"^7A————————€ 


FM 3-101 


CHAPTER FIVE 
CHEMICAL STAFF'S AND UNIT'S ROLES IN FORCE 
PROJECTION 


The ability to project power is a central element of the nation's security strategy and force projection is 
а key element. Force projection may be deliberate or time sensitive. The Army’s response to a regional crisis 
may be time sensitive and may occur in areas of the world where the Army does not have a significant presence. 
With the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, it is likely that regional crises will involve nations that have 
an offensive NBC capability. 


FORCE PROJECTION ACROSS THE RANGE OF MILITARY 
OPERATIONS 


The Army operates in a strategic environment that can result in military operations under many conditions. 
These operations are conducted within a range of three states--peacetime, conflict, and war. Force projection will 
usually begin as a contingency operation--a rapid response to a crisis. Contingency operations may be required for 
combat or noncombat situations. Contingency operations will be joint and could be combined. Committed forces 
are tailored and task-organized for rapid deployment, forcible entry if needed, effective employment, and mission 
accomplishment. 


As weapons of mass destruction spread across the globe, it is likely that the US will face them in military 
operations across the range of military operations. Since NBC weapons will make any operation more difficult, 


detailed planning is crucial. Chemical units and staffs must be prepared to operate across the range of military 
operations and will play an increasing role in contingency operations. | Chapter 6| discusses operations other than 


war. 

CONTENTS 

FORCE PROJECTION ACROSS THE RANGE OF 

OF MILITARY OPERATIONS ..................... 5-0 
Mobilization ...................... 5-1 
Predeployment Activities ............. 5-1 
Deployment ...................... 5-2 
Entry Орегаїїоп5................... 5-2 
Operations ....................... 5-3 
Postconflict/Postcrisis Operations ....... 5-3 
Redeployment .................... 5-4 

Demobilization ..................... 5-4 
CONSIDERATIONS ............................ 5-4 


FM 3-101 


PHASES 


Ideally force projection operations are phased. While particular crisis response may not include every 
phase, there are generally eight phases to a force projection operation-- 


Mobilization (if necessary) 
Predeployment activities. 
Deployment. 

Entry operations. 

Operations. 

Postconflict or postcrisis operations. 
Redeployment. 

Demobilization. 


Mobilization 


In this phase, the active component is augmented by the reserve component. The amount and type of 
reserve forces mobilized depends on the crisis. A significant portion of the Chemical Corps force structure is 
maintained in the reserve component. 


Chemical Units 


Reserve component chemical units may be mobilized as part of the deploying force. Active component 
chemical units may be assigned the responsibility of assisting mobilized units prepare for deployment. This includes 
assisting in the organizing of personnel, material, and supplies and certifying the proficiency of individuals and 
units. 


Chemical Staff Considerations 


e Determine training requirements. 
eldentify equipment and personnel shortages. 


Predeployment Activities 


During this phase, military forces are selected and a force is tailored for deployment to meet the needs of 
the crisis. The type of crisis will dictate if chemical staffs and units are involved. Intelligence concerning the 
threat's capability to employ NBC or the type of commercial chemical hazards in the area of operations is critical 
to properly tailor the force. 


Chemical Units 


Selected chemical units are alerted. Units recall and assemble personnel, then upload equipment and 
prepare for movement to the marshaling area. The amount of time the unit has available may be limited. Thus, 
premobilization training and preparation is critical. Units must review their load plans and deployment plans to 
ensure that all mission-essential equipment deploys with the unit. Review mission essential task list (METL) and 
develop a training program to correct identified deficiencies as time permits. 


5-1 


FM 3-101 


Chemical Staff Considerations 


€ Determine possible NBC threat to include nonstandard hazards (commercial chemical and nuclear 
facilities). 

€ Identify chemical units needed to support the operation. 

€ Determine NBC defense training requirements. 

€ Plan early deployment of chemical command and control elements into the area of 
operations. 

© Determine required CDE/NBC equipment. 


Deployment 


During this phase of the operation the force actually deploys to the area of operations. During peacetime, 
deployment will normally be to the host nation directly by air or sea movement. In operations conducted during 
hostilities operations other than war, or war, occupation and expansion of the lodgement areas may require a forced 
entry and immediate combat operations. If the threat has the capability of employing NBC weapons, the use of 
these weapons during this phase may provide him with the greatest payoff against US forces. Combat forces and 
supporting forces will be sequenced into the area of operations to gain and sustain the initiative while protecting the 
force. 


Chemical Units 


A tailored chemical force consisting of smoke/decon and NBC reconnaissance elements should be 
considered for early deployment if the threat warrants. If the threat has no offensive NBC capability, smoke/decon 
units could deploy without their decon equipment to minimize transportation requirements. 


Chemical Staff Considerations 


€ Determine host nation capabilities and coordinate for support. 

€ Monitor deployment of chemical units. 

€ Monitor deployment of NBC defense equipment. 

€* Monitor NBC situation and recommend changes to the plan as necessary, 


Entry Operations 


The requirements for entry operations following deployment will vary with each operation. Whenever 
possible, unopposed entry is favored. Here deploying units flow through air or sea ports into lodgement areas. 
Typically entry operations during operations other than war will be unopposed. An opposed entry requires combat 
to land the deploying forces in the theater. The vulnerability of entry forces to weapons of mass destruction are 
acute during the initial entry stage. Force protection is critical. Chemical staffs and units will play a key role in 
providing force protection. 


The objective during this phase is to rapidly build the capability of the force in the area of operations. 
Proper sequencing of forces into the area will contribute to the stabilization of the situation and allow the 
commander to conduct decisive operations as early as possible. Combat may or may not occur. In either case the 
emphasis is on developing the preconditions for executing decisive operations, 


Principal tasks during this phase include--establishing a forward operating base, closing the force, 
expanding the lodgement, linking up with other forces, securing the lodgement by expanding the security area, and 
striking out to engage enemy forces in offensive operations. If the enemy has NBC weapons, a minimal decon 
capability needs to be available. Smoke elements provide force protection with large-area smoke. 


5-2 


FM 3-101 


Chemical Units 


Protection of the force is the primary mission, Smoke units can provide large area screens over vital areas 
or as part of a deception operation. NBC recon units are positioned to react to any report of NBC hazards or 
attacks. Decon units are prepared to rapidly decontaminate contaminated units or facilities. terrain decon of vital 
areas, such as ports or air field may be necessary. 


Chemical Staff Considerations 


e Determine host nation capabilities and coordinate for support. 

e Monitor deployment of chemical units, 

e Monitor deployment of NBC defense equipment. 

e Monitor NBC situation and recommend changes to the plan as necessary. 


Operations 


During this phase, the commander synchronizes elements of power to successfully conclude the 
contingency. In operations involving combat, chemical units and staffs will perform their normal combat support 
roles. In peacetime engagement, the force completes its mission. If the enemy has an offensive NBC capability, 
it will likely be used during this phase. апа[9 discuss support during offensive and defensive operations 


in detail, while chapter 6|discusses operations other than war. 


Chemical Units 


During this phase chemical units establish themselves in the theater. Early deployed chemical elements 
will support combat forces with smoke, decon, NBC staff, and NBC recon support as necessary. Decon sites will 
be identified and prepared. If time permits, conduct training to correct any deficiencies. Chemical units will 
provide support to the force as required. 


Chemical Staff Considerations 


e Identify the NBC threat. 

e Determine if current chemical force is sufficient. 

e Monitor the status of NBC defense equipment in the theater. 
e Monitor the status of NBC preparedness in the force. 

e Develop training plans to correct NBC defense training deficiencies. 
e Develop them.ical support plans to support current operations. 
e Develop NBC defense plans to protect the force. 

e Monitor the NBC situation. 

e Monitor the status of chemical units. 

e Recommend changes to the plan based on NBC situation. 

e Coordinate with host nation for support as necessary. 


Postconflict/Postcrisis Operations 


The objective in this phase is to identify post-crisis and post-conflict requirements as early as possible. 
Units and assets no longer required are redeployed. Depending on the NBC situation, chemical units may be 
required to remain in the area of operations longer than other forces. 


5-3 


FM 3-101 


Chemical Units 


Chemical units may remain in the area of operations to identify areas of contamination, locate NBC weapon 
storage sites, provide decon support, or perform other tasks and missions, A command and control element needs 
to be present until all chemical units have redeployed. Once the units have redeployed, they must quickly prepare 
for possible future missions. 


Chemical Staff Considerations 


ө Assist the commander in determining post-crisis and post-conflict chemical support requirements. 
e Provide technical advice on the handling and disposal of captured NBC munitions. 

e Gather NBC technical intelligence. 

ө Coordinate chemical support requirements and recommend support priorities to the commander. 

. Coordinate with host nation for support. 

e Monitor the redeployment of chemical units. 


Redeployment 


During this stage, units that are no longer required are redeployed. Chemical assets may be required to 
remain in the area of operations to provide support. Captured NBC weapons and NBC defense equipment must 
be properly handled and disposed of. Decon units may be required to perform thorough decon operations to 
allow for the retrograde of equipment that was contaminated during operations. Peacetime and wartime 


acceptable exposure levels vary and federal laws must be followed. 


Demobilization. 


Reserve component units are transferred from active status to reserve status. The demobilization of 
NBC Logistical material and supplies is also part of this operation. During this phase, units must conduct after 
action reviews and prepare written summaries of their observations. By documenting what went right and what 
went wrong, lessons learned can be developed. 


CONSIDERATIONS 


DURATION 


The type of crisis will determine the duration of the operation. Chemical units and staffs must be prepared 
for sustained operations. Supply and maintenance support requirements must be included in the initial planning 
stages. 


5-4 


FM 3-101 


FORCE TAILORING 


Force tailoring configures forces for the mission. The force must be appropriate and based on METT-T, 
lift capability, pre-positioned assets, and host nation support. Contingency operations require forces tailored for 
the specific crisis, Тһе type of force and the NBC threat will dictate the required chemical support. Chemical 
command and control elements are allocated based on the number and type of subordinate elements. A chemical 
company headquarters is allocated if two or more chemical platoons deploy. A chemical battalion HHD deploys 
if there are two or more nondivisional chemical companies in the force. A brigade chemical HHC deploys if there 
are two or more chemical battalions in the force. 


TASK ORGANIZATION 


Task organization is the process of forming task forces. The composition is determined by the situation 
and the available transportation assets. Chemical company teams may be formed to provide the necessary chemical 
support with a controlling headquarters. 


INTELLIGENCE 


Accurate, timely, and detailed intelligence is critical during contingency operations. Chemical staffs must 
determine the enemy's offensive NBC capability. Additionally, potential commercial NBC hazards should be 
assessed. 


LOGISTICS 


NBC defense equipment places a great burden on the logistics system. Chemical staff officers must advise 
the commander when to initiate MOPP along with a risk assessment. Coordinate logistics support for the chemical 
units in the area of operations. 


BATTLE COMMAND 


Chemical command and control elements deploy early during the operation. They can lessen the burden 
on the chemical staffs. 


5-5 


FM 3-101 


CHAPTER SIX 
OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR 


OVERVIEW 


Operations other than war include those operations conducted during peacetime and conflict short of war. 
It is also possible that these type of operations can be conducted during war as an adjunct to the main effort. 


PEACETIME 


Contingency operations here normally focus on assisting US, allied, or friendly nation civil authorities to 
cope with natural or man-made disasters. Typical missions are-- 


І Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. 
І Arms control/treaty verification. 
І Support to domestic civil authorities. 


CONTENTS 

OVERVIEW шуу дэ жуг mA Dace ACA OR ors RO dor MO E Moe S en 6-0 
COUNTER-TERRORISM ............................... 6-1 
SECURITY ASSISTANCE ............................. 6-1 
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ......................... 6-2 
COUNTER-DRUG OPERATIONS ......................... 6-2 
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS .......................... 6-2 
ARMS CONTROL/TREATY VERIFICATION .................. 6-3 
STRIKES AND RAIDS ................................ 6-3 
NONCOMBATANT EVACUATION OPERATIONS .............. 6-3 
SUPPORT TO INSURGENCY OR COUNTERINSURGENCY ........ 6-3 
SUPPORT TO DOMESTIC CIVIL AUTHORITY ............... 6-4 


6-0 


FM 3-101 


CONFLICT 


Here, contingency operations are usully time-sensitive military operations characterized by rapid power 
projection of combat forces. These operations include-- 


Counterterrorism. 

Security assistance. 

Humanitarian assistance. 

Counter-drug. 

Peacekeeping. 

Strikes and raids. 

Noncombatant evacuation. 

Support to insurgency or counterinsurgency 
Support to domestic civil authority. 


COUNTER-TERRORISM 


In the past, terrorist groups have attempted to obtain chemical weapons. As the proliferation of NBC 
weapons spreads, this possibility y increases. Chemical staffs and units will support counter-terrorist operations by 
providing NBC defense training to key individuals. Special forces NBC reconnaissance detachments can conduct 
special reconnaissance operations to locate terrorist NBC storage sites and/or manufacturing facilities. Chemical 
units and staffs can provide technical advice and assistance once terrorists have used NBC weapons. 


Chemical units and staffs operating in areas where there is a high terrorist threat must take terrorist 
countermeasures. Soldiers should be trained in common-sense terrorism countermeasures. FM 100-37, Terrorism 
Counteraction, provides guidance on unit countermeasures. 


SECURITY ASSISTANCE 


During the Gulf War, chemical personnel provided security assistance to friendly and allied nations. This 
assistance involved training of their military forces in NBC defense techniques. Both chemical staffs and units can 
provide security assistance support. The Security Assistance Training Program (SATP) has two components - 
International Military Education and Training Program (IMETP) and foreign military sale program (FMSP) training. 
The objectives of these programs are-- 


Develop skills required to operate and maintain acquired US equipment, 

Develop a foreign country's expertise in effective management of its defense establishment. 
Foster development of a foreign country's professional and technical training capability. 
Promote US military rapport with counterparts in a foreign country. 

Promote a better understanding of the US, its people, political system, institutions, and 
way of life. 

Increase the awareness of international military personnel on the US commitment 

to human rights. 


ІМЕТР is designed to advance the efficiency, professional performance, and readiness of the recipient 
armed forces. This training is normally conducted in CONUS, but can occur in other countries. The methods of 
training vary; formal courses, orientation tours, and on-the-job training are several methods. 


FM 3-101 


FMSP allows eligible foreign governments to purchase defense equipment, services, and training from the 
US. Training on the maintenance and operation of the equipment is accomplished by two methods--mobile training 
teams (MTT) or field training services (FTS). MTTs are military personnel on temporary duty to train foreign 
personnel. The team's size and composition are based on the request submitted by the host nation. The objective 
of the training is to develop an institutional base with the host nation so that they can then train themselves. FTS 
is a long-term MTT that can consist of military or civilian employees or contract personnel. 


HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 


These operations provide emergency assistance to victims of natural or man-made disasters abroad. 
Chemical staffs and units provide specialized assistance in chemical- or nuclear-related disasters. This can include 
monitoring and survey, detection and identification of hazards, and decontamination. In disasters not involving 
chemical or nuclear hazards, chemical units can provide general support. This support includes providing showers, 
off-the-road water haul, and limited firefighting capability. 


COUNTER-DRUG OPERATIONS 


Chemical staff personnel can provide technical expertise to military units involved in counter-drug 
operations. The manufacturers of illegal drugs use and produce many dangerous chemical compounds. Chemical 
corps personnel can provide technical advice in the handling and disposal of dangerous chemical materials. 


Chemical personnel can provide advice on the destruction of drug labs and related materials using flame 
field expedients or using defoliants to destroy drug crops. 


PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS 


Peacekeeping forces deployed in countries that possess NBC weapons will require support from both 
chemical staffs and units. Chemical staff officers and NCOs need to be included at all echelons within the military 
peacekeeping command. A senior chemical staff officer with a broad range of expertise needs to be included on 
the staff of the military peacekeeping command. This command exerts overall control of the peacekeeping forces 
and is normally multinational. The military peacekeeping force commander exercises operational control of the 
subordinate military forces. Under the military peacekeeping command are military area commands. The military 
area commands usually consist of a single nation's military force and operates in a specific geographical area. 


Chemical staffs organic to the military organizations deployed in a peacekeeping role will provide NBC 
staff support to their organizations. If the military unit does not have a chemical staff, then the organization should 
be augmented with a JA or JB team. Ad hoc chemical staffs also can be formed. Depending on the situation and 
the NBC threat involved, chemical units maybe deployed. The organization and type of chemical support package 
is dependent on METT-T. At a minimum, a chemical company team should be deployed to provide the necessary 
C'and logistical support. 


6-2 


FM 3-101 


ARMS CONTROL/TREATY VERIFICATION 


Arms control focuses on promoting strategic military stability. Chemical staff personnel provide technical 
assistance on monitoring the proliferation of NBC weapons and technology. Chemical officers occupy staff positions 
in agencies responsible for nuclear and chemical weapons treaty verification. Chemical units and organizations are 
involved in the demilitarization of chemical munitions and associated equipment. 


STRIKES AND RAIDS 


Strikes are attacks by ground, air, and naval forces to damage or destroy high value targets or to 
demonstrate our capability to do so. These operations involve the swift penetration of hostile territory to secure 
information, seize an objective, or destroy targets and end with a planned withdrawal. The execution of this type 
of contingency operation contains many of the missions discussed in| Chapters ] Е ап 


NONCOMBATANT EVACUATION OPERATIONS 


This type of operation is conducted when the situation in a country requires the evacuation or relocation 
of US citizens, selected host nation personnel, and third country nationals. The operation may take place in a low 
threat environment or require combat action. Chemical staff personnel will be involved if the host nation possesses 
an NBC capability. Additionally, chemical personnel can provide expertise on the employment of riot control agents 
(RCA). 


SUPPORT TO INSURGENCY OR COUNTERINSURGENCY 


Insurgences are organized movements to overthrow a constituted government through the use of subversion 
and armed conflict. The National Command Authority (NCA) may direct US forces to assist either insurgent 
movements or host nation governments opposing an insurgency. Chemical staff personnel can provide expertise 
on the use of RCA, flame weapons and commercial chemical threats. As the proliferation of NBC weapons spreads 
across the globe, it is possible that forces involved in insurgent/counterinsurgent operations could see the use of 
chemical weapons. Smoke units could provide smoke screens to obscure friendly activities from hostile forces. 


6-3 


FM 3-101 


SUPPORT TO DOMESTIC CIVIL AUTHORITY 


Support to US civil authority are those activities carried out by the military in support of Federal and state 
officials. These activities are limited by the Posse Comitatus Act. Support provided by chemical units can include 
disaster assistance, civil disturbance control, and hazard materials response, Decontamination units can provide an 
off-the-road water haul capability, fire fighting support, and decontamination of hazardous spills. Chemical units 
can provide expertise on the employment of RCA during civil disturbance control operations. See FM 100-19, 
Domestic Support Operations for more detail 


6-4 


FM 3-101 


CHAPTER SEVEN 
OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 


The offense is the decisive form of combat. To win battles, friendly forces must move fret, strike hard, 
and finish rapidly. Under NBC conditions, attacking forces must use NBC defensive principles--avoidance, 
protection, and decontamination--to preserve combat power; and use smoke to enhance combat power. The 
offensive framework consists of-- 


ө A main attack with supporting attacks as required. 

e Reserve operations in support of the attack. 

ө А reconnaissance and security operation forward and to the flanks and rear of main and 
supporting attacks. 

€ A continuous deep operation in vital parts of the zone of attack. 

e Rear area operations necessary to maintain offensive momentum. 


Chemical units are integrated throughout the battlefield. NBC reconnaissance elements detect contamination 
along routes of advance and monitor lines of communications. Smoke units provide large area screens to conceal 
the breaching of obstacles and the disposition and intentions of friendly forces. Decontamination units assist in the 
regeneration of combat power when contamination avoidance was not possible. 


CONTENTS 

MOVEMENT TO CONTACT ................. 7-2 
HASTY AND DELIBERATE ATTACK ........... 7-3 
EXPLOITATION AND PURSUIT OPERATIONS ..... 7-4 
OTHER OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS ............ 7-6 
SYNCHRONIZING OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS ..... 7-10 


7-] 


FM 3-101 


MOVEMENT TO CONTACT 


Movement to contact is an operation to gain or reestablish enemy contact. Neither side may clearly have 
the initiative. Versatility is key when planning and executing a movement to contact. By maintaining versatility, 
the commander's freedom of action is retained once enemy contact is made. During a movement to contact, 
protection of the force has first priority. This is achieved by applying the principles of NBC defense and using 
obscurants for concealment and deception. 


Corps and divisions normally organize into a covering force, advance guard, and a main body. The 
covering force operates at extended distances from the main body and must be self contained. The advanced guard 
is the security force provided by the main body. It operates forward of the main body to protect it from surprise 
attack and protects the main body when committed. The main body is the force task-organized and prepared for 
immediate action upon enemy contact. 


CHEMICAL BRIGADE 


The chemical brigade provides NBC reconnaissance and smoke assets to the covering force. Since the 
covering force will be operating well forward of the corps’ main body, these assets should be attached to the unit 
operating as the covering force. The remainder of the brigade should be task-organized based upon METT-T. The 
command and support relationships of these task-organized chemical units are determined on the ability of the 
brigade headquarters to provide coremand and control and to coordinate CSS support. The brigade headquarters 
should move with the main body and when stationary, sets up near the corps main CP. 


CHEMICAL BATTALION 


The organization and positioning of the chemical battalions is based upon METT-T and the ability of the 
chemical brigade to provide C*. If a division is the covering force, a chemical battalion that is NBC reconnaissance 
and smoke heavy should be attached. The battalion should have CSS support from the COSCOM and provide 
chemical unit support to the covering force based on METT-T. The chemical battalion CP should be positioned 
near the division main CP with liaison provided to the division TAC. 


Chemical battalions not supporting the covering force are task-organized based on METT-T and are 
positioned in the main body. Since there is a need for continuous and rapid movement, these battalions should move 
behind their supported elements. A DS role may be the best to provide the supported unit with rapid and flexible 
support. A minimal amount of resupply from the COSCOM will be available except for refueling. 


CHEMICAL COMPANIES 


The priority of support will be to the lead maneuver units with NBC recon and smoke support. Task 
organization of the chemical companies will be based upon METT-T with consideration given to the ability of the 
higher headquarters to provide C'and CSS. Decon units should be prepared to conduct operational decon to 
maintain momentum. 


Consider forming chemical company teams to provide more flexible and responsive support. Chemical 
companies should not be given area support missions, but tasked to support specific units. 


7-2 


FM 3-101 


CHEMICAL STAFF CONSIDERATIONS 


Focus NBC defense operations to provide the commander flexibility. 

Conduct operational decon as necessary. 

Plan thorough decon after the mission. 

Select decon sites along the axis of advance. 

Identify known or suspected areas of contamination. 

Provide smoke assets to maneuver forces to best support the mission for deliberate smoke. 

Priority of NBC recon and smoke support to lead maneuver forces based on mission and NBC threat. 
Balance vulnerability of the force against the need for mass and agility. 


HASTY AND DELIBERATE ATTACK 


Attacks may be launched from a movement to contact, from a defensive posture, from behind a friendly 
defending force or during exploitation or pursuit. There are two basic types: deliberate and hasty. The two are 
distinguished by the extent of preparation. In either case, chemical units will be employed to enhance maneuver 
and firepower of the attacking force. Additionally protection of the force remains a high priority. NBC recon- 
naissance units should be employed to avoid contaminated areas. Obscurants are used to degrade enemy target 
acquisition and conceal movement of friendly forces. Decon is conducted as necessary to generate combat power. 


Hasty attacks are not planned in detail. This type of attack is usually initiated by a fragmentary order, 
Forces will deploy, rapidly maneuver, and attack quickly and violently to gain the initiative. Chemical unit support 
must be responsive and flexible. 


CHEMICAL BRIGADE 


The chemical brigade provides NBC reconnaissance and smoke assets to support the corps' scheme of 
maneuver. Priority of support is given to the corps main effort. The command and support relationships of these 
task-organized chemical units are determined by the ability of the brigade headquarters to provide command and 
control and to coordinate CSS support, The brigade headquarters establishes its CP near the corps main TOC. 


CHEMICAL BATTALION 


The composition of the chemical battalion is based on METT-T. A battalion headquarters will command 
and control three to seven chemical companies. Normally, a chemical battalion will be allocated to support the 
division designated as the corps main effort. The command and support relationship between the battalion and the 
division is based on the chemical brigade's ability to provide command and control and the logistic support available 
from the corps and division. Other chemical battalions will provide support with priority to the supporting attack 
and the rear area. 


FM 3-101 


CHEMICAL COMPANIES 


The division chemical company should be task-organized based upon METT-T. If there is a high threat 
of chemical attacks, it is likely that each maneuver brigade would be supported by a decon platoon. The smoke 
platoon would support the brigade conducting the main effort and the NBC recon platoon could operate in three 
squads of two vehicles, each supporting a maneuver brigade. The remaining decon platoon would operate in a GS 
role supporting the units in the division rear. Additionally, this GS decon platoon could reinforce another decon 
platoon if a significant portion of the force was contaminated. 


In the division being supported by a chemical battalion, it is possible to form chemical company teams 
organized to support specific areas or subordinate commands. 


CHEMICAL STAFF CONSIDERATIONS 


Focus NBC defense operations to provide the commander flexibility and facilitate synchronization. 
Conduct operational decon as necessary. 

Plan thorough decon after the mission is completed. 

Select decon sites throughout the zone. 

Operate in the lowest possible MOPP level. 

Identify known or suspected areas of contamination. 

Focus NBC reconnaissance assets to retain freedom of maneuver. 

Use smoke to conceal movement of forces in zone and obstacle breaching. 

Prioritize of NBC recon and smoke support to lead maneuver forces. 

Balance vulnerability of the force against the need for mass and speed. 

Identify possible contaminated areas and possible by-pass routes (for example, by-pass to the north). 
The possibility of enemy NBC attacks increases as the attack progresses. 

Consider the impact of enemy flame weapons. 


EXPLOITATION AND PURSUIT OPERATIONS 


Exploitation and pursuit operations begin immediately from the attack. Exploitation is the bold continuation 
of an attack following initial success. Pursuit is the relentless destruction of fleeing enemy forces who no longer 
have the capability to resist. 


Fleeing enemy forces may use chemical weapons more freely than an enemy executing a well- prepared 
defense. This will necessitate the employment of NBC reconnaissance units. Obscurants are used to increase 
survivability. Decon operations are conducted as necessary to regenerate combat power. 


CHEMICAL BRIGADE 


The brigade will provide chemical units, especially smoke and NBC reconnaissance, to the units conducting 
the exploitation. These supporting chemical units need to be as mobile and self-sustaining as possible. Since the 
exploitation force will move continually over long distances, the command and support relationship of this chemical 
force should be attached or OPCON. The brigade CP should be established where it can best provide command 
and control of its subordinate elements and coordinate future operations with the corps. 


7-4 


AENEIS UNS A t SAONE Pac DT CR IE an RA TDs AW P A Ee GPS RTT AERE NT ATERAT TR NG ER pM ADIP DESEAN AED EENS TNA T l'un PU aS Cura pute i aene ema I Epp ac TN LE D EE M FN IC D DM NIE T TRO HMCO M DEMISSA ne Xt AM HU Hep TU TP Y RMR ND ETE MUN MD DUM AUD Mort Mp SU EM TER VR aD TCI TUN MPO RV Ge ORAS IS RI A Eh ORIS Dé ENS AVR MG CEN UU DM AN ORE IN PD TR NC p Mte mero p CUR УКК LED qp A AMAT A 


FM 3-101 


CHEMICAL BATTALION 


A chemical battalion that is smoke and NBC recon heavy should be allocated to the division conducting 
the exploitation. The command and support relationship between this battalion and the division is based on the 
ability of the brigade to provide C'and coordinate CSS, The other battalions can operate in support of the other 
division or have area responsibilities. These battalions should have a mix of smoke, decon, and NBC recon units. 
Battalions having area responsibilities in the corps rear should be decon heavy. 


CHEMICAL COMPANIES 


The division chemical company will be task-organized based upon METT-T. If there is a high threat of 
chemical attacks, it is likely that each maneuver brigade would be supported by a decon platoon. The smoke 
platoon would support the brigade conducting the main effort and the NBC recon platoon could operate in three 
sections of two vehicles, each supporting a maneuver brigade. The remaining decon platoon would operate in a 
GS role supporting the units in the division rear. Additionally, this GS decon platoon could be pushed forward to 
reinforce another decon platoon if a significant portion of the force was contaminated. 


In the division being supported by a chemical battalion, it is possible to form chemical company teams. 
These company teams are organized to support specific areas or subordinate commands. 


CHEMICAL STAFF CONSIDERATIONS 


Focus NBC defense operations to provide the commander flexibility and speed. 

Ensure NBC support is agile and flexible. 

Conduct operational decon only as necessary. 

Plan thorough decon after the mission. 

Select decon sites along routes of friendly maneuver to increase the survivability of the decon 
operations. 

Operate in the lowest possible MOPP level. 

Mark and report all identified areas of contamination and control access into those areas. 

Be prepared to encounter enemy stockpiles of NBC weapons. 

Be prepared to encounter the effects of destroying enemy NBC weapons stockpiles, facilities, and 
commercial chemical/nuclear facilities. 

Consider the increased probability of enemy NBC attacks as he attempts to break contact and 
regain the initiative. 

Focus NBC recon assets to retain freedom of maneuver. 

Provide smoke assets to lead maneuver forces. 

Priority of NBC recon and smoke support to lead maneuver forces. 

Balance vulnerability of the force against the need for mass and speed. 

Ensure chemical units are able to maintain pace with the supported forces. 

Plan decon sites in coordination with the unit conducting the mission. 


7-5 


OTHER OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 


RIVER CROSSING OPERATIONS 


River crossings are conducted as part of a division or corps scheme of maneuver. There are two types of 
river crossings: deliberate and hasty. The size of the river, as well as the enemy and friendly situation, will dictate 
the crossing technique. Deliberate river crossings require detailed planning and coordination, a buildup of 
firepower, and centralized command and control. Hasty river crossings use expedient means and are conducted with 
minimal planning. 


River crossing operations present lucrative targets for enemy NBC weapons. Large-area smoke support 
is necessary to conceal the actual and deception crossing sites. Decon units are prepared to conduct operational 
decon operations to ensure the momentum of the crossing is not lost. NBC recon units are employed in а 
contamination avoidance role on the far side to allow the momentum of the operation to continue. Additionally, 
NBC recon units are prepared to respond to NBC attacks in the crossing areas. 


Chemical Brigade 


The brigade will provide chemical units to support the crossing operations. These units will be under the 
control of the crossing force commander. The crossing force may require a mixture of smoke, NBC recon, and 
decon elements. If this is a corps level operation, the brigade establishes a liaison element at the crossing force 
headquarters. If this is a division level operation, the brigade allocates a command and control element to assist 
the division crossing force commander in controlling the supporting chemical units. The brigade CP should be 
established where it can best provide command and control of its subordinate elements and coordinate future 
operations with the corps. 


Chemical Battalion 


The chemical battalions are task-organized to support the crossing area and are prepared to support units 
on the far side. The battalions can support a specific units or given area support missions. The battalion supporting 
combat units should be smoke heavy. The battalions given area support missions should have a balanced mix of 
chemical companies (decon, mech smoke, motor smoke, and recon). 


Chemical Companies 


Use smoke or smoke heavy teams to support the crossing area. These companies position their headquarters 
so they can best control operations and communicate with the crossing site headquarters or supporting chemical 
battalion headquarters. 


Decon sites are established near the crossing sites, but not to interfere with crossing operations. The decon 
sites should be located out of enemy artillery range. 


Position NBC recon elements to support the crossing sites and the routes to them. NBC recon elements 
cross with the lead maneuver force find clear routes around contaminated areas on the far side. 


7-6 


FM 3-101 


Position smoke elements to support the crossing sites and start smoke prior to any engineer work. Use a 
haze so as not to interfere with the engineer effort. Smoke units should ensure they are positioned to be resupplied 
as well as to support the mission. Smoke units will consume large quantities of fog oil and POL. Consider 
propositioning fog oil near the crossing sites. 


Chemical Staff Considerations 


Focus NBC defense operations to provide the commander flexibility and speed. 
Reduce vulnerability by dispersing forces and using multiple crossing sites. 
Conduct operational decon as necessary. 

Select decon sites to support the crossing sites. 

Operate in the lowest possible MOPP level. 

Consider the high probability of enemy NBC attacks. 

Focus NBC recon assets to retain freedom of maneuver in the crossing area. 
Prepare to shift NBC recon assets to the far side with the initial assault force. 
Plan for the use and distribution of smoke pots. 

Use a smoke haze on the crossing sites. 

Plan smoke in support of deception operations, 

Balance vulnerability of the force against the need for mass and speed. 


RECONNAISSANCE IN FORCE 


А reconnaissance in force is a limited objective operation designed to-- 


e Obtain information, 
e Test enemy dispositions, strengths, and reactions. 


This operation is usually executed prior to and as part of an attack or during a movement to contact. The 
objective is to acquire information regarding the enemy's situation and identify or confirm weaknesses in his 
defense. Corps or smaller units can conduct this operation. The headquarters controlling the operation must have 
sufficient forces to exploit success or extricate the committed force. The force must be capable of causing the 
enemy to react strongly and definitely to the attack, thus disclosing his locations, dispositions, strength, planned 
fires, and planned use of his reserves. 


Since this is a limited objective operation, units contaminated will most likely continue to operate 
contaminated until after the mission. Smoke is employed to obscure friendly maneuver, degrade enemy target 
acquisition, and support deception operations. NBC recon elements move with the lead maneuver force to assist 
in finding clear routes if contamination is encountered, 


7-7 


FM 3-101 


Chemical. Brigade 


The brigade may provide chemical units to support recon in force operations, dependent on METT-T, The 
size of the force and the scope of the operation will dictate the level of support that the brigade will provide. The 
command and support relationship is also dependent on METT-T. The force conducting the operation may require 
a mixture of smoke, NBC recon, and decon elements. If this is a corps level operation, the brigade establishes a 
liaison with the force conducting the operation. If this is a division-level operation, the brigade should allocate a 
command and control element to assist in controlling the supporting chemical units. The brigade CP should be 
established where it can best provide command and control of its subordinate elements and coordinate future 
operations with the corps. 


Chemical Battalion 


The chemical battalion is task-organized to support the operation with a mix of chemical units, but heavy 
on smoke and NBC recon. The battalion headquarters should collocate near the force headquarters conducting the 
operation. Maximum flexibility should be given to the force commander in task-organizing supporting assets. 


Chemical Companies 


If this operation is being conducted by a brigade-size force, the supporting chemical units should be 
controlled by a chemical company headquarters. It maybe necessary to forma chemical company team or reinforce 
an existing chemical company (in the case of an ACR performing this mission with its organic chemical company). 
The supporting chemical company(s) position their headquarters so they can best control their operation(s) and 
communicate with their higher and supporting unit headquarters. 


Chemical Staff Considerations 


Focus NBC defense operations to provide the commander flexibility and speed. 
Ensure NBC support is agile and flexible. 

Conduct operational decon only as necessary. 

Plan thorough decon after the mission. 

Operate in the lowest possible MOPP level. 

Mark and report contamination. 

Focus NBC recon assets to retain freedom of maneuver. 

Provide smoke assets to lead maneuver forces. 

Consider the relative mobility of chemical units and the supported forces. 


7-8 


FM 3-101 


PASSAGE OF LINES 


A passage of lines is an operation in which one force moves through another force either to come into 
(forward) or to move out of (rearward) contact with the enemy. 


A forward passage of lines a unit passes through another that is in contact with the enemy to continue the 
attack. On receipt of the warning order directing the passage of lines, the incoming unit establishes liaison with 
the unit in contact to begin detailed planning. The incoming unit normally collocates its TAC or main CP with the 
TAC or main CP of the unit in contact. The vulnerability to enemy NBC attacks increases because of the 
concentration of forces in the passage area. NBC recon elements are positioned at the passage points to assist if 
the passage lanes become contaminated. The unit in contact is responsible for providing decon support to the 
incoming unit. Large area smoke support is coordinated between the unit in contact and the incoming unit. After 
responsibility for the zone of action or sector of defense is transferred, so is the responsibility for all smoke 
operations. 


In a rearward passage of lines a unit affecting a retrograde movement (withdrawal) passes through the 
sector of a unit occupying a defensive position. The planning and coordination is identical with that of the forward 
passage. The withdrawing unit must have priority on an adequate number of roads and facilities to allow its rapid 
movement through the defended area. The vulnerability to enemy NBC attacks increases during the passage 
operation because of the concentration of forces. NBC recon elements are positioned by the defending unit at the 
passage points to assist if the passage lanes become contaminated. The defending unit is responsible for providing 
decon support. Passage of lines during a withdrawal requires decon points identified so as to minimize traffic 
congestion. Contaminated units may have to decon in assembly areas in the rear if sufficient vehicles are 
contaminated. Large-area smoke support is coordinated between the defending unit and the rearward moving unit. 
The defending unit would position and control all smoke units in their defensive sector. 


Chemical Brigade 


The brigade will provide chemical units to support operations subsequent to the passage (that is, the defense 
and offensive or retrograde operations). Additional chemical resources could be allocated to support the passage 
operation based on METT-T (significant NBC threat at the passage area or the need for smoke because of limited 
cover and concealment in the passage area). These additional chemical elements will be under the control of the 
unit responsible for the passage. If this is a corps level operation, the brigade establishes a liaison element at the 
headquarters controlling the passage. If this is a division level operation, the brigade allocates a command and 
control element to assist. The brigade CP should be established to best provide command and control of its 
subordinate elements and coordinate future operations with the corps. 


hemical B lion 


The chemical battalions are task-organized to support the divisions subsequent to the passage and are 
prepared to provide support during the passage of lines, The battalions can be designated to support a specific unit 
or given area support missions. 


7-9 


FM 3-101 


Chemical Companies 


Organize chemical companies supporting a passage of lines as smoke and NBC recon heavy. Prepare for 


sustained smoke operations. 


Position their headquarters to best control operations and communicate with the 


headquarters controlling the passage and the supporting chemical battalion. 


Chemical Staff Considerations 


Focus NBC defense operations to provide the commander flexibility and synchronization. 
The stationary unit plans decon support for the moving force. 

Designate passage points and passage lanes for the contaminated elements. 
Exchange NBC information between the moving and stationary forces. 

Operate in the lowest possible MOPP level. 

Position NBC recon assets to support the passage operation. 

Conceal movement of forces during the passage. 

Use smoke to break contact with the enemy. 

Balance vulnerability against the need for mass and synchronization. 

Determine alternate routes in case the primary passage lanes become contaminated. 
Concentration of forces increase the possibility of enemy NBC attacks. 


SYNCHRONIZING OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS 


This section provides an example of how 
chemical units could be synchronized to support an 
attack. The XX Corps' mission is to defeat a defending 
enemy combined arms army (CAA) weakened through 
previous engagements and occupying a hasty defense. 
The example will use the offensive framework and is 
only one example of a concept and should be treated as 
such. The corps portrayed consists of two armored 
divisions, two mechanized divisions, a separate armored 
brigade, an armored cavalry regiment, an aviation 
brigade, and the associated combat support and combat 
service support units. А chemical brigade with all the 
subordinate chemical units for this size force is present 
and available for employment (Figure 7-1). The 
defending enemy CAA has three motorized rifle 
divisions in the main defensive belt, one motorized rifle 
division in the second defensive belt, and a tank division 


Figure 7-1. The chemical brigade supporting XX 
Corps. 


in reserve behind the second defensive belt. The enemy has an extensive capability to use chemical weapons and 
a limited nuclear capability. He has used chemical weapons extensively during both defensive and offensive 


operations. No nuclear weapons have been used. 


7-10 


FM 3-101 


THE MISSION 


The mission of the corps is to penetrate the defensive belts and allow a follow-on corps to pass through 
and defeat the CAA by exploitation. The commander's intent is initially to effect a penetration of both defensive 
belts, contain the defending CAA’s forces, then pass the follow-on corps through. This will be followed by 
continued offensive operations to defeat the entire CAA defense. 


THE GENERAL SCHEME OF MANEUVER 


The corps will conduct this operation in five phases (Figure 7-2). 


Phase 1. Penetrate the first echelon moorized rifle division (MRD) on the left with the 52d Infantry 
Division (ID) (Mech). Once the first echelon MRD or the left is penetrated, penetrate the center MRD with the 
54th ID. The 52d ID is the corps main effort. 


Phase 2. Pass the 23d Armored Division through the penetration created by the 52d ID and conduct a feint 
with the 313th Armored Brigade (Sep) against the MRD on the right. The 23d AD attack is designed to cause the 
commitment of the enemy's reserve--the tank division. If the enemy does not react with its reserve, the 23d AD 
will continue to penetrate the second defensive belt and envelop the second echelon MRD. The feint is designed 
to fix the MRD on the right and prevent it from reacting to the attack on the center MRD. 


Phase 3. This phase has two possible branches. The remaining armored division--25th Armored Division 
(AD) will pass through the 54d ID in the center. If the enemy reserve tank division has counterattacked against 
the 23d AD, the 25th AD will attack to destroy it and the 23d AD will continue its envelopment of the second 
echelon MRD. 


Branch 1. If the tank division does not commit, the 25th AD will attack to cover the flank of the 
23d AD from a possible counterattack by the tank division. Both armored divisions will then penetrate the left side 
of the second echelon MRD. The 23d AD will attack to envelop the tank division, while the 25th AD attacks to 
envelop the second echelon MRD. 


Branch 2. If the tank division only moves to a defensive position on the left side of the second 
defensive belt to block the penetration of the 23th AD, the 25th AD will attack to penetrate, then envelop the right 
side of the second defensive belt. The 23th AD will attack to fix the tank division. 


Phase 4. The 201st Armored Cavalry Regiment will pass through either penetration depending on the 
outcome of phase 3. The 201st ACR will attack to sever the combined arms army's (CAA) lines of communication 
(LOC) and destroy combat support and combat service support units in the CAA’s rear area. 


Phase 5. Pass the follow-on corps and continue combat operations to destroy the second echelon MRD and 
defeat the first echelon MRDs. 


FM 3-101 


SECOND 
DEFENSIVE 
BELT 


E 


; 
рж | yo | 


| 


S G = ХХХ б 
FOLLOW-ON = 
Рһазе 4 ERES Phase 5 


Figure 7-2. XX Corps' concept of the operation. 


FM 3-101 


THE SCHEME OF CHEMICAL SUPPORT 


The corps commander's guidance on chemical support is-- 


e Provide the forces making the penetration with smoke support to ensure their success. 

e Allocate and position NBC recon systems to facilitate freedom of maneuver. 

ө Accept risk in the forward area against chemical strikes. Ensure decon support is 
available to CSS supporting the attacking divisions. I cannot have and interruption of 
support to the forward combat units. 

e Because of the flexibility in the plan, we can shift forces from the divisions making the 
initial attack to the divisions passing through them. 

. Ensure the follow-on divisions are not delayed by deep chemical attacks and have sufficient 
chemical assets to carry out their missions. 


Table 7-1 shows the available and committed chemical units supporting the corps for this operation. The 
committed chemical units are those already performing support missions or those assigned to the corps subordinate 
units. The available forces are those that have not been assigned missions for the upcoming operation. 


Table 7-1. Available and committed chemical units 
in support of XX Corps. 


TYPE UNIT | AVAILABLE | COMMITTED 


m fe Te 


DECON — 16 | 
MECH SMOKE | — 4 | 


| RECON | 


SEP BDE SMK/ 
DECON/RECON 


7-13 


FM 3-101 


The chemical brigade assisted by the corps chemical staff develop a scheme of support which is approved 
by the corps commander and executed by the chemical brigade. The approved concept is-- 


€ Support the corps main effort (52d ID) with a chemical battalion (OPCON) consisting of 
two mech smoke company, and a motorized smoke company. 

Support the 54th ID with a mech smoke company and a motorized smoke company (OPCON). 
Support the 23d AD with a mech smoke company (DS). 

Support the 25th AD with a motorized smoke company (DS). 

Support the 313th separate armored brigade (SAB) with a motorized smoke company (DS). 
The remaining chemical assets will support the corps rear area. The two chemical battalions 
will have area support missions (Figure 7-3). 


[C5 рз 


2 Decon Co 
1 NBC Recon РІ 


145 сеек вор Вп 


56 На Вп 


2 Decon Co 
1 NBC Recon Co (-) 


XXX 


Figure 7-3. Chemical support to the corps rear. 


FM 3-101 


THE CORPS MAIN EFFORT 


The 52d ID is the corps main effort with the mission to penetrate the first defensive belt and pass the 23rd 
AD forward to penetrate the second defensive belt. The division has been reinforced with an OPCON chemical 
battalion consisting of two mech smoke companies, a motorized smoke company, and a smoke/decon company. 
The division's scheme of maneuver is to attack with the 1st Brigade as the main effort to penetrate the first echelon 
positions and pass the 3d Brigade through to penetrate the second echelon positions. The 2d Brigade will conduct 
a supporting attack in the west. A battalion task force will conduct a feint in the east. 


SECOND 
DEFENSIVE 
BELT 


Figure 7-4. 52d ID's scheme of maneuver. 


The division commander provides the following guidance on the employment of chemical assets-- 


e Support the main effort with smoke and NBC recon. I want to minimize the enemy's 
long-range fires as we breach. 

el want some smoke support with the task force conducting the feint to deceive the 
enemy as to the true size of that force. I want them to think that it's a brigade attacking them. 

ө My priority of decon is to the FA. I want them to keep up sustained fires throughout this 
operation. 

eT will accept risk with the supporting attack. 


7-15 


FM 3-101 


The division chemical officer and supporting chemical battalion commander developed the scheme of 
support which is approved by the division commander (see Figure 7-5). The division chemical company will be 
OPCON to the chemical battalion. The chemical support plan for the division 15-- 


€ Support 1st Brigade (main effort) with a reinforced mech smoke company divisional smoke 
platoon attached, two NBC recon squads, and a decon platoon in DS. 

€ Support 2d Brigade (the supporting attack) with a mechanized smoke company, a decon 
platoon, and one NBC recon squad in DS. 

€ Support the 3d Brigade (the reserve) with a motorized smoke company (-) and a decon 
platoon in DS. 

€ Support the task force conduct
…[truncated]