Army Fm 5 103 Survivability

Document text

Field Manual *ЕМ 5-103 
No. 5-103 


Headquarters 
Department of the Army 
Washington, DC, 10 June 1985 





*This publication supersedes FM 5-15, 27 June 1972 and TB 5-15-1, 16 July 1969. 


——————————————————————————————————————————— ——————————————————— —————Ó————————————————————————————'————— а 


FM 5-103 


CONTENTS 


Page 
PREFACE она Rb Аа ЕДЫ Уі у 
Chapter 1 SURVIVABILITY ON THE 
BATTLEFIELD а ан vette аа 1-1 
The AirLand Вашећеја.................................. 1-2 
Све ува а ои ооо eee nad 1-2 
Roleof US Forcesi: odes асанна аа а 1-6 
Chapter 2 SURVIVABILITY ANALYSIS ................. 2-1 
The Planning Ртосевв.................................... 2-2 
Data Colecvionieics wet enna tiii ааа СҰЛЫ HE 2-3 
КуаШшайпоп г uU II оо REV SIO S 2-4 
Command апа Сопіго!................................... 2-8 
Chapter 3 РГАММІМСРОВІТІОМ65........................ 3-1 
Weapons: тесінес coss va aed ce М КЕР ees 3-2 
Construction Materials .................................. 3-10 
Position Categories ses уља аа аа а а a АМЬ 3-18 
Construction Methods ................................... 3-26 
Special Construction Considerations ..................... 3-38 
Chapter 4 DESIGNING POSITIONS ....................... 4-1 
Basic Design Requirements .............................. 4-2 
Individual Fighting Ровійопв............................ 4-3 
Crew-Served Weapons Fighting Positions................. 4-9 
Vehicle: Positions s oon ORE NODE eeu ee and Tode d 4-18 
Trenches EASA NESS ааа тн а dura edu ds as Suid 4-20 
Umit OSI ONG c ener ceste Dataset ыт на a eite eed a e RS 4-22 
Special Оет ндылы нра 4-26 
Chapter5 SPECIAL OPERATIONS AND 
SITUATIONS. ы ы пон 5-1 
Special Terrain Environments ........................... 5-2 
Combined Орегайопв.................................... 5-24 
Contingency Operations ................................. 5-25 


SRE Sa eager ы eT AN Ew ce ON ML RN A nN IN TEST EUM in РЫНАН а НИ RN Lm Вар RS RRS SA gL IM BYORI BROLIN RSENS AAST Ее K AENT EA E RA DOCU RIT КР HR A Os UES gh RN TP eese DAC VR A A AE REN нысына тынын OS AP ORC RG TO TI TEETER ei Welt Rae ep 


Appendix A 


Appendix B 


Appendix C 


Appendix D 


Glossary ..... 


References .. 


„озо oe om аа ажа ааа ва ака жне е а бан ааа 9 € 3» э 5 ө + BON 9 9 9 ө «ааа 9 3 э а. 


FM 5-103 


SURVIVABILITY EQUIPMENT .............. А-1 
BUNKER AND SHELTER 

ROOF DESIGN ................................... B-1 

POSITION DESIGN DETAILS................. С-1 

CAMOUFLAGE coe а ee D-1 
Ты Ng al о ОЛСО аа Glossary-1 
ТОИР О ГС References-1 
Index-1 


iii 


PREFACE 


he purpose of this manual is to integrate survivability into the over- 

all AirLand battle structure. Survivability doctrine addresses when, 
where, and how fighting and protective battlefield positions are prepared 
for individual soldiers, troop units, vehicles, weapons, and equipment. This 
manual implements survivability tactics for all branches of the combined 
arms team. 


Battlefield survival critically depends on the quality of protection afforded 
by the positions. The full spectrum of survivability encompasses planning 
and locating position sites, designing adequate overhead cover, analyzing 
terrain conditions and construction materials, selecting excavation 
methods, and countering the effects of direct and indirect fire weapons. 


This manual is intended for engineer commanders, noncommissioned 
officers, and staff officers who support and advise the combined arms team, 
as well as combat arms commanders and staff officers who establish 
priorities, allocate resources, and integrate combat engineer support. 


The proponent of this publication is the US Army Engineer School. Submit 
changes for improving this publication on DA Form 2028 (Recommended 
Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) and forward it directly to 
Commandant, US Army Engineer School, ATTN: ATZA-TD-P, Fort 
Belvoir, VA 22060-5291. 


Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine or feminine gender is 
used, both men and women are included. 


iv 


ГУЛУ теплое AEE el EN AA, Baa A E nR TEETAR Bul B END ENE ана ИД BO COR HAS EEA M PR M DU I С мапа PE tS AE ENEAS DEY TEE PIERE ICES еее EE RAEN a NTR: а eB пон Queso ЦА CHAT tcn Se вена КУО EON EE VARE D CF lt A iNO NEN Сре DEWET И Be Ut d EAT EEA AR Re GEERTE о RP A a NM i a 


CHAPTER 1 
SURVIVABILITY ON THE BATTLEFIELD 






E aga 7 
АЖ mp P то 
Ба concept of surviva tity on the AirLand battlefield 


includes all aspects of protecting personnel, weapons, 
and eupplies whilesimultancously decciving the enemy. The 
lethal hatrlefield requires commandara te know all surviv- 
^ ару tactics available including building a good defense; 
“У. ткерісуізн Frequend слети [6 ини: conceal ment, dacep- 
tior, and eamoutlage: and constructing Пећапр and pro- 
tective раніш» for АНЬ individua and ey spent. The 
worth ofaurvivabiliLy positiong лаз Eeen proven throughout 
history. Protective construction ат the ісіні сі fighting and 
procective positions by itaelf earnot eliminate vulnerability 
on the modern battlefield. U can, hewever, mit peraennel 
ant equipmenl sees hy reducing exposure іс Threat 
aeguisition, turgetiny, and engagement. Ртвіне ме con- 
siruction ulio gives confidences to sol diern in "ghting ysi- 
Wons lo use lher weapons, or weaponaá &yr5tem, more eec 
tively. This chapter discusses basic eurvivalrlity doctrine, 
Threat doctrine, and the made of Ше United Glave (IO) 
foreca on the Adin Ћемали еј, 


THE AIRLAND BATTLEFIELD 


The purpose of military operations in the next battle is to win. To achieve success, our forces 
must gain the initiative, deploy in depth, and stress agility and synchronization of activities and 
functions. Such an approach will prevent the enemy from freely maneuvering forces in depth to 
reinforce an attack, build up a defense, or counterattack. In the next fast-paced battle, our forces 
must protect themselves as never before from a wide range of highly technical weapons systems. 
Thus, in both the offense and defense, we will have to be ever-conscious of the enemy's ability to 
detect, engage, and destroy us. Careful planning and diligent work will enhance our ability to 
survive. 


Survivability doctrine addresses five major points significant to the AirLand battlefield: 


1. Maneuver units have primary responsibility to develop, position, and begin building their own 
positions. 


2. The engineer's ultimate role in survivability is set by the maneuver commander controlling 
engineer resources. 


3. Based on those resources, engineer support will supplement units as determined by the 
supported commander's priorities. 


1-1 


FM 5-103 


4. Engineer support will concentrate on missions requiring unique engineer skills or equipment. 


5. Survivability measures begin with using all available concealment and natural cover, followed 
by simple digging and constructing fighting and protective positions. As time and the tactical 
situation permit, these positions are improved. 


The following AirLand battle conditions will shape our protection and survivability efforts: 


e The need to win at the forward line of our own troops (FLOT), conduct deep battle 
operations, and overcome threats in the rear area. 

e The use of effective firepower and decisive maneuver. 

e The existence of a nonlinear battlefield resulting from dissolution of battle lines and areas 
due to maneuvering, and rapid dispersion from areas of nuclear and chemical weapons 
effects. 

e Coordinated air/ground operations involving frequent movement by friendly troops. 

e Proliferation of nuclear and chemical tactical weaponry. 

e Active reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition efforts through visual, remote 
sensing radar, and tactical radio direction finding procedures. 

e Reliance on electronic warfare as a combat multiplier. 


THE THREAT 


During the next battle, US forces are likely to encounter or work with nations of widely diverse 
political systems, economic capabilities, cultures, and armies. Whether the battle is with Warsaw 
Pact or Third World countries, US forces will be exposed to Soviet-style weaponry and tactics. 
The following outline of Threat tactics and battle priorities provides a key to understanding 
survivability requirements for US forces. (See Field Manuals (FMs) 100-2-1, 100-2-2, and 100- 
2-3 for more detailed information.) 


DIRECT FIRE WEAPONS 


The opposing Threat is an offensively-oriented force that uses massive amounts of firepower to 
enhance the maneuverability, mobility, agility, and shock of its weaponry. It seeks to identify 
and exploit weak points from the front to the rear of enemy formations. The tank is the Threat's 
primary ground combat weapon, supplemented by armored personnel carriers (APCs) and other 
armored fighting vehicles. Large mechanized formations are used to attack in echelons, with 
large amounts of supporting suppressive direct and indirect fire. To achieve surprise, Threat 
forces train to operate in all types of terrain and during inclement weather. Threat force 
commanders train for three types of offensive action: the attack against a defending enemy, the 
meeting engagement, and the pursuit. 


The Attack Against a Defending Enemy 


Threat forces concentrate their attack at a weak point in the enemy's defensive formation. Threat 
doctrine emphasizes three basic forms of maneuver when attacking a defending force: 


1-2 


FM 5-103 


envelopment, frontal attack, and flank attack. Penetration of enemy defenses is the ultimate 
objective in all three operations. The Threat force uses echeloned forces in this effort, and their 
goal is to fight through to the enemy rear and pursue retreating forces. 


Threat attacks of strongly-defended positions will usually have a heavy air and artillery 
preparation. As this preparation is lifted and shifted to the depths of the enemy, advance guard 
units conduct operations to test the strength of the remaining defenders. Critical targets are 
reduced by artillery or by ground attacks conducted by advancing armor-heavy main forces. 
These forces attack from the march unless they are forced to deploy into attack formations by 
either the defending force or terrain conditions. The Threat seeks to overwhelm its enemy by 
simultaneously attacking as many weak points as possible. If weak points cannot be found, the 
Threat deploys into concentrated attack formations, usually organized into two echelons and a 
small reserve. These formations are initially dispersed to limit nuclear destruction, but are 
concentrated enough to meet offensive norms for attack. The Threat attacks defensive positions 
in a column formation and continues the attack into depths of the defense. Threat regimental 
artillery directly supports battalions, companies, and platoons for the duration of the engagement. 


United States Forces 


United States defending forces conduct extensive survivability operations during an enemy 
attack. Preliminary activities include deliberate position construction and hardening for both 
weapons and command and supply positions. Alternate and supplementary positions are also 
located and prepared if time allows. Finally, covered routes between these positions are selected, 
and camouflage of all structures is accomplished. 


The Meeting Engagement 


The meeting engagement is the type of offensive action most preferred by Threat forces. It relies 
on a standard battle drill executed from the march using combined arms forces and attached 
artillery support. Threat doctrine stresses rapid maneuver of forces and attacking while its enemy 
is on the march--not when it is in a prepared defense. Attacking a defending enemy requires 
superiority of forces--a requirement the Threat seeks to avoid. 


The meeting engagement begins as the Threat advance guard of a combined arms force makes 
contact with the enemy advancing force. As soon as contact is made, the Threat battle drill 
begins. When possible, the main Threat force maneuvers its advance guard to a flank and attacks. 
This preliminary maneuver is supported by a barrage from the Threat force organic artillery 
which has deployed at the first sign of contact. The Threat force then makes a quick flank or 
frontal attack on enemy forces as they advance support their engaged advancing forces. 


Upon withdrawal from contact and as the enemy force reacts to the flank attack, the Threat 
reconnaissance force continues its advance. This tactic then relies on the elements of surprise and 
shock for success. The Threat seeks to disable the enemy force along the depth of the enemy's 
formation. 


1-3 


FM 5-103 


United States Forces 


When US forces are involved in a meeting engagement, survivability operations are needed, but 
not as much as in the deliberate defense. Hastily prepared fighting and protective positions are 
essential but will often be prepared without engineer assistance or equipment. Maneuver units 
must also use natural terrain for fighting and protective positions. 


The Pursuit 


The pursuit of retreating forces by a Threat advancing force takes place as leading echelons 
bypass strongpoints and heavy engagements and allow following echelons to take up the fight. 
After any penetration is achieved, Threat doctrine calls for an aggressive pursuit and drive into 
the enemy rear area. This often leaves encircled and bypassed units for follow-on echelon forces 
to destroy. 


United States Forces 


Survivability in retrograde operations or during pursuit by the Threat force presents a significant 
challenge to the survivability planner. During retrograde operations, protective positions--both 
within the delay and fallback locations--are required for the delaying force. Company-size delay 
and fall back fighting and protective positions are most often prepared. Planning and preparing 
the positions requires knowledge of withdrawal routes and sequence. 


INDIRECT FIRE WEAPONS 


Threat commanders want to achieve precise levels of destruction through implementation of the 
rolling barrage, concentrated fire, or a combination of the two. Combined with tactical air strikes 
and fires from direct fire weapons, these destruction levels are- 


e Harassment with 10 percent loss of personnel and equipment; organizational structure is 
retained. 

e Neutralization with 25 to 30 percent destruction of personnel and equipment; 
effectiveness is seriously limited. 

e Total destruction with 50 percent or more destruction of personnel and equipment. 


The Threat can plan for the total destruction of a strongpoint by delivering up to 200 rounds of 
artillery, or 320 rounds from their medium rocket launcher, per 100 meter square. Thus, the 
Threat force attacks with a full complement of direct and indirect fire weapons when targets of 
opportunity arise or when the tactical situation permits. 


United States Forces 
To survive against this tremendous indirect fire threat, US forces must counter the physical 


effects of indirect fire, such as fragmentation and blast. Protection from these effects creates a 
large demand for engineer equipment, materials, and personnel. Careful consideration of the time 


1-4 


FM 5-103 


and construction materials available for the desired level of survivability is necessary. Therefore, 
priorities of construction are necessary. Covered dismounted firing positions and shelters 
adjacent to large weapons emplacements are constructed by maneuver units, usually without 
engineer assistance. The maneuver commander must prioritize the construction of overhead 
cover for command, control, and supply positions. 


NUCLEAR WEAPONS 


Threat plans and operations for their nuclear systems are ranked in the following order: 


e Destroy US nuclear delivery systems, nuclear weapons stocks, and the associated 
command and control apparatus. 

e Destroy US main force groupings. 

e Breach US main lines of defense. 

e Establish attack corridors within US battlefield boundaries. 


Threat nuclear targeting plans are based on the use of massive amounts of supporting 
conventional direct and indirect fire. These massive artillery barrages enable the use of Threat 
nuclear weapons systems against targets which conventional weapons cannot destroy or disable. 


United States Forces 


Due to the multiple effects of a nuclear detonation, survivability operations against nuclear 
weapons are difficult. Thermal, blast, and radiation effects require separate consideration when 
designing protection. However, fortifications effective against modern conventional weapons 
will vary in effectiveness against nuclear weapons. 


CHEMICAL WEAPONS 


Often, Threat forces may use massive surprise chemical strikes in conjunction with nuclear and 
conventional attacks. These chemical strikes are aimed at destroying opposing force offensive 
capability, as well as disrupting logistics and contaminating all vulnerable rear area targets. 


United States Forces 


United States (US) forces must plan to fight, as well as survive, on a chemical contaminated 
battlefield. Open or partially open emplacements afford no protection from chemical or 
biological attack. Personnel in open emplacements or nonprotected vehicles must use proper 
chemical protective clothing and masks to avoid chemical vapors and biological aerosols. 


DEEP ATTACK 


Threat doctrine dictates that the attack must advance to the enemy rear area as quickly as 
possible. To supplement this main attack, the Threat may deploy its airborne, airmobile, or light 
forces to fight in the enemy rear until relieved by advancing forces. In most cases, smaller 


1-5 


FM 5-103 


airborne/airmobile forces (battalion or regimental sizes) are deployed to strike targets in the 
enemy rear which are critical to the success of Threat forces. Additionally, covert reconnaissance 
missions or sabotage and harassment missions are accomplished by small Threat teams deployed 
in the rear. All of the Threat forces involved in a deep attack are trained and equipped to operate 
in contaminated environments. 


Threat organization in the deep attack normally consists of the airborne/airmobile battalion for 
missions involving a long-range strike group. Operational maneuver groups will also conduct 
deep attacks using armor heavy forces. Organization for covert reconnaissance is normally a 
platoon-or company-size reconnaissance element. 


United States Forces 


When attacks on rear areas are made by Threat force aircraft, or by covert or overt 
airborne/airmobile forces, rear area activities are susceptible to many of the weapons 
encountered in the forward area. Thus, survivability of these rear area activities depends on 
adequate protective construction before the attack. Technical Manual (TM) 5-855-1 describes 
permanent protective construction in detail. 


ROLE OF US FORCES 
COMMANDER'S ROLE 


Commanders of all units must know their requirements for protection. They must also 
understand the principles of fighting positions and protective positions, as well as the level of 
protection needed, given limited engineer assistance. Survivability measures are subdivided into 
two main categories: fighting positions for protection of personnel and equipment 
directly involved in combat; and protective positions for protection of personnel and 
equipment not directly involved with fighting the enemy. In order to protect their troops in the 
combat zone, commanders or leaders must fully understand the importance of fighting positions, 
both in the offense and in the defense. The initial responsibility for position preparation belongs 
with the maneuver commander's own troops. Even within the fluid nature of the AirLand battle, 
every effort to fortify positions is made to ensure greater protection and survivability. 


ENGINEER'S ROLE 


The engineer's contribution to battlefield success is in the five mission areas of mobility, 
countermobility, survivability, general engineering, and topographic engineering. Although units 
are required to develop their own covered and/or concealed positions for individual and 
dismounted crew-served weapons, available engineer support will assist in performing major 
survivability tasks beyond the unit's capabilities. While the engineer effort concentrates on 
developing those facilities to which the equipment is best suited, the engineer also assists 
supported units to develop other survivability measures within their capabilities. Before the 
battle begins, training as a combined arms team allows engineers to assist other team members in 
developing the survivability plan. 


1-6 


FM 5-103 


Survivability on the modern battlefield, then, depends on progressive development of fighting 
and protective positions. That is, the field survivability planner must recognize that physical 
protection begins with the judicious use of available terrain. It is then enhanced through the 
continual improvement of that terrain. 


In the Offense 


In the offense of the AirLand battle, fighting and protective position development is minimal for 
tactical vehicles and weapons systems. The emphasis is on mobility of the force. Protective 
positions for artillery, air defense, and logistics positions are required in the offense and defense, 
although more so in the defense. Also, command and control facilities require protection to 
lessen their vulnerability. During halts in the advance, units should develop as many protective 
positions as possible for antitank weapons, indirect fire weapons, and critical supplies. For 
example, expedient earth excavations or parapets are located to make the best use of existing 
terrain. During the early planning stages, the terrain analysis teams at division, corps, and theater 
levels can provide information on soil conditions, vegetative concealment, and terrain masking 
along the routes of march. Each position design should include camouflage from the start, with 
deception techniques developed as the situation and time permit. 


In the Defense 


Defensive missions demand the greatest survivability and protective construction effort. 
Activities in the defense include constructing protective positions for command and control 
artillery, air defense, and critical equipment and supplies. They also include preparing individual 
and crew-served weapons positions and defilade fighting positions for fighting vehicles. 
Meanwhile, countermobility operations will compete with these survivability activities for 
engineer assistance. Here again, maneuver commanders must instruct their crews to prepare 
initial positions without engineer help. As countermobility activities are completed, engineers 
will help improve those survivability positions. 


Two key factors in defensive position fighting development are: proper siting in relation to the 
surrounding terrain, and proper siting for the most effective employment of key weapons systems 
such as antitank guided missiles (ATGMs), crew-served weapons, and tanks. Critical elements 
for protective positions are command and control facilities, supply, and ammunition areas since 
these will be targeted first by the Threat. The degree of protection for these facilities is 
determined by the probability of acquisition,and not simply by the general threat. Facilities 
emitting a strong electromagnetic signal, or substantial thermal and visual signature, require full 
protection against the Threat. Electronic countermeasures and deception activities are mandatory 
and an integral part of all activities in the defense. 


COMBAT/COMBAT SUPPORT ROLE 


The survivability requirements for the following units are shown collectively in the table on 
Survivability Requirements. 


1-7 


FM 5-103 





| а ве заа 30 sin 2 n 
de em un. E 


n. ў + 2 inane’ gv ўча 


| я лаў E й = м я | : _ a ёй : E 


tar абеты дег. 


| ак айша air 


| 2 pape 


ы E "4 табарына 7 


1-& 


твен 


- ORY mortar FOC e tod a 
NEL : ou Ей 


Survrvability freguirements 


шы Pye АН 


25; сетеді smit! akbar каб. 


te د‎ іа. м is 
т, Қалы f м! " at 


Б ath caliber 468 fie, 
tud арта ^ 


| n "Sia il-caliber diiact fue, 7 
EDGE ЖА АН 2 z 


r 





2. кіз are 


E tà eral ба kbar direct . 
Aire, т дели. 
(ijon 5 E 


1 





аран | "T Ча > 
Mounted e 7 ш. И 
Эе өнбес diese tire 


“бані таннен dirae: fire, 


. £7, ы! е 


DID Ті, 2272 а DU „л А | 
: д gs. № р 
1 a 


ы po. ET аны; Due "n 
a а а | 


"m TE 1 ЫР 
"Nos 1. 1, uen "р 
S vi! DE 


D phyla фе. 2% 
VE MN AN Ж 


E D 


закона: Е 22. _ i > 


“ піатаційаў vids А ы if бу: 
 Wstame. 8 УЭ ume | 
gis H caliber dirait i ; 
cu ERE SA mec 
E Жу a POR iu эрү . + а океаны. сез 

ee забрана ала" 


m 


matty EET. 






об &mall пак deer "nu 


“на, aM GAB al Хеда преп на: ЈЕ 
“tio : 


"Fronts ЕН са ра direi 3 


^x edd ын va Ж 


Ааваа Авы ürddeliberete | p: 
ed e wita Sarin 


Denver. po M 


Мены: бл Я posit n. 
nena gaper, LN 


.. . B = CERCARE 
ao E" eg riad М d 
E wA at POOLE PU 
* а Н E 


Mh a pas gn 
о and d UAME fighting · 
аын with ovarian. саке 


ба роте 5, га | 
ааа 


Bahan’ fig 
|. WAH avesh 
МАО a “aning peti 
Semis. тш MOLE x 


“ied Faning pésitions. 


a; wies: ‘in Tut eei i пола. 


Pii: waa врага Е 


г E 1 ا‎ 
Pieri Ii D T arin 


Паніч pistons: desi: gà ~ 
ре 5: TX USE 






| 2 Bee ішанаману ) oT c 
" “ее ~ E 3 зү 


банал ашы pacers 


= жері, ‘bout sidus s 


TIE 2 me 


аў 
. 


АВ НЫЕ, дары 


ане i: ровова :. TS 


ARMOR 


Ta Protect 
Tanke, ITvc, 16% 


Lightly armonec and 
1hin-skInnand зіп 
vehicles [СР 


Diamnuntaed amiviiie s 


Alr ама у aircraft 


Ait сама у FAAPS 


FIELD 
АВТ. ЕДУ 


Goin г.р, РИ amen 


Томай gun position 


Sale propellad pum 
Postion 


Command and corral. 


РОСРВОС 


Ammunition carnes, 
Support vahicl Bi 


FM 5-103 


Survivabiliry Aeguirements (Coated 


Раст 


G mall caliber dact бей, 
direct HEAT fira hyper- 
velocity, АТАМ direct fire, 
fragmentation 


Smal саг direct Fire, 
freg ma таме, АТОМ 
direct Fira 


Ses Light Infantry 
Pent dr arenis 


Small caliber direct fire, 
reckets, frag mantatan 


Small caliber direct fire, 
fragrmertatinn. bombs, 
rockets 


Sam all Caliber direct Fire. 
substanial (га дни си ои 


Smell celiber divert fires. 
direct HEAF fire, limited 
fragmentation 


гаі! caliber diruct firo. 
` direct HEAT fire, тіне 
fragm агі atin 


Small celi ber даст Пра, 
выбабагыва! frag mena ler, 
ca ntact burec, bomba 


Small caliber direc: lira, 
Irágrriartatian 





Usa 


Тагата positioning, hull and 
urrar деїнаіе 


Terrain positioning, aeep-cut 
pos ilis 


Sube Light infantry 
mir germen 


2grBpets, wills, diapers en 


Individual Fighting positens, 
para pats, walls. bunkers 





Individual fighting pea Шаги 
with overhead cover 


Parapets, walls, dispersion 


FPorapete. walla, дізрагаісгі 


Bunkers. Пари positing 


Fargpats, wale, 
dee p-CUT меге 


Note: Small сан ће“ direti frais considered ball and tracer rounds (5.55 to 14.5 rem bred irom 
үр. rifles. and machine guns. The рожи магия mencoened ae а айо п chapter аг thig 


manuel. 


1-9 


FM 5-103 


Eurvivatulity Hequremrants Continued] 





COMBAT ENGINEER 


Ta Protect From Шан 
D smounted Light Infantry See Light fnfentry Зва Light I»faniry 
брага ans require rr ents raquirements 
Mounted Machznizad see Mecnanized Infaniry зая Mechenized Infantry 
Iriantry and Armor and Armor requiraments aid Armor requirements 
Ope aligns 
Consiruêtıon eq dipmarnt Small caliber direct fire, Parapets. walls. degep-cut 
protac: ion fragmentation positions 
AH 
DEFENSE ARTILLERY |. 1 LLL ен === 
Dismpunted Infantry See Light Infantry sea Light Infarcry 
operators гайга паа гіа Faquiremeaents 
ADA systema in support Small caliber direct fire, Frequent movement. dispersion, 
of maneuver units bombs, АТОМ direct tire, Terrain position ng, parapets 
eoniact buret 
ADA systems in support of Small caliber direct fire, Parapets, walls, shalters 
fixed inacal'ationa bombs, АТОМ diregot fiio, 


comact burst 


яя нс о ل‎ «о 


Arrat parking areas Small caliber гигест fire, Рагаретв, walis, dispersion 
limited fragmantaiien 

FARFS Small caliber direct fire, Farapets, walls, bunkers, 
fragmentation, bombs, individuat fighting positians 
rackets 

Command and control Small caliber расе fire, Shelters 

facilities fragmeniation, contact 


ors, born bs 


Note Small caliber direct fite is considered ball arid tracer rounds (6.66 to 14.5 гт] fired fram- 
pisials, rifles, and machine guns, THe posmióng mento wd are detailed Іп chapter 4-01 116 
manual, 


UNIT 
SUPPORT SYSTEMS 


Ta Protect 


Comm unicATions, power 
generation здціртагі 


Supply зарран vehicles 
Fonwird maintananze 
activty 

Forward тайса! асн 
Chemical, radiological, 
bath dacontaminstion 
реіміс 

Water Supply points 


MAJOR 
LOGISTICS 


SYSTEMS AND HEAR AREA 


POL tank farms 


Supply depot activities 


Багрым mainFananra activities 


Port, harbor асый 


Mate: Small caliber direct lire ік considerod ball and tracer rounds (5.56 to 14.5 mm) fired fror 
pistas, miga, and machina шипа. Fhe positions marntionaegd аге detailed ІП chapter 4 of this 


mania, 


From 


Small caliber direct fire, 
limited tragmentation 


Smat caliber direct fire, 
Пла Тағып ee n 


Small ralibar diract fire, 
Таут и а еи 


ита | callar drec те, 
fregmencation, bombs 


Small caliber direct fire, 
fragmentation 


Small свірег dirag fire, 
fragmercation 


Acquisition tergeting ccvert 
atrikes 


Acquipition “targeting сома 
up ies 


Acquiaitienz/tergeting семе гі 
Strikes 


Acquisition ага пр covert 
Strikes 


Surv aby тајитатенге (аратая 





Usa 
Parapeis, deap-cut positiona 


Parapets, deep-cut positions 
SFalterz. denp-cit pasitinna 
Sheers 


Individual fighting positions, 
shelters 


repart 





Салаціада, shelters 
Camouflage, shaliars 
Camouflage, shehers 


Camo age, ћете 


Light Infantry 


Light infantry units include rifle, airborne, air assault, and ranger units. They are ideally suited 
for close-in fighting against a force which has equal mobility or a mobility advantage which is 
degraded or offset. Difficult terrain, obstacles, and/or weather can degrade a mobility advantage. 
Surprise or stealth can offset a mobility advantage. In restricted terrain such as cities, forests, or 
mountains, light infantry units are also a challenge to enemy armor forces. 


Due to the lack of substantial armor protection, light infantry units may require extensive 
fighting positions for individual and crew-served weapons, antitank weapons, and vehicles. 


FM 5-103 


Command and control facilities require protective positions. The defense requires fortified 
positions when terrain use is critical and when covered routes are required between positions. 


Light forces readily use local materials to develop fighting positions and bunkers rapidly. 
Priorities are quickly established for position development-first to antitank and crew-served 
weapon positions, and then to command and control facilities and vital logistics positions. 
Artillery positions must have hardening improvements soon after emplacement is complete. In 
air assault units, aircraft protection is given high priority. Aircraft is dispersed and parapets or 
walls are constructed when possible. 


Mechanized Infantry 


Mechanized infantry operations in both the offense and the defense are characterized by rapid 
location changes and changes from fighting mounted to fighting dismounted. Mechanized 
infantry units normally fight integrated with tanks, primarily to destroy enemy infantry and 
antitank defenses. When forced to fight dismounted, such units need support by fire from 
weapons on board their APCs or infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs). When the terrain is not 
suitable for tracked vehicles or visibility is severely restricted, mechanized infantry may have to 
fight dismounted without the support of APCs or IFVs. When mounted, mechanized forces rely 
heavily on terrain positioning for fighting positions. Fighting positions increase survivability 
when the situation and time permit construction. 


Armor 


The tank is the primary offensive weapon in mounted warfare. Its firepower, protection from 
enemy fire, and speed create the shock effect necessary to disrupt the enemy's operations. Tanks 
destroy enemy armored vehicles and suppress enemy infantry and ATGMs. Armor and infantry 
form the nucleus of the combined arms team and both complement and reinforce each other. 
Infantry assists the advance of tanks in difficult terrain, while armor provides protection in open 
terrain, thus providing flexibility during combined arms maneuver. 


Armor units rely on terrain positioning to decrease vulnerability. When possible, these terrain 
fighting positions are reinforced (deepened) by excavation. Protective positions for thin-skinned 
and lightly-armored support vehicles, as well as command posts and critical supplies, require 
significant hardening. Armor units enhance protection by constructing alternate and 
supplementary positions and defining routes between them. 


Armored and Air Cavalry 


Armored cavalry units need minimal fighting and protective positions. They rely almost totally 
on effective use of maneuver and terrain to reduce the acquisition threat. Air cavalry units, 
performing the same reconnaissance and security missions as ground armored cavalry, require 
somewhat more protective construction. Protective revetments and/or parapets are required at 
forward arming and refueling points (FARPs) and, in some cases, at forward assembly areas. 
These activities are always time consuming and supplement the basic survivability enhancement 
techniques of dispersion and camouflage. 


FM 5-103 


Aviation 


Army aviation units, in addition to air cavalry units, consist of attack helicopter and combat 
support aviation forces. Attack helicopter units are aerial maneuver units which provide highly 
maneuverable antiarmor firepower. They are ideally suited for employment in situations where 
rapid reaction time is important, or where terrain restricts ground forces. 


Combat support aviation units give dismounted infantry and ground antitank units tactical 
mobility. This enables them to move rapidly to the enemy's flanks or rear, or to reposition 
rapidly in the defense. Combat support aviation units can quickly move towed field artillery units 
and other lighter combined arms team elements as the commander dictates. They also provide 
critical supplies to forward areas in the defense and attacking formations when groundlines of 
communications have been interdicted. 


Protection for Army aviation units is employed with full consideration to time constraints, 
logistical constraints, and the tactical situation. The primary means for aircraft protection on the 
ground is a combination of terrain masking, cover and concealment, effective camouflage, and 
dispersion. When possible, protective parapets and revetments are built. Aircraft logistics 
facilities, including FARPs and maintenance facilities, require additional protective construction. 
The FARPs require some protection of supplies and ordnance through the use of protective 
parapets and bunkers. They also require fighting positions for occupants of the points. 


Field Artillery 


Field artillery is the main fire support element in battlefield fire and maneuver. Field artillery is 
capable of suppressing enemy direct fire forces, attacking enemy artillery and mortars, 
suppressing enemy air defenses, and delivering scatterable mines to isolate and interdict enemy 
forces or protect friendly operations. It integrates all means of fire support available to the 
commander and is often as mobile as any maneuver force it supports. Fighting and protective 
position use is one of several alternatives the field artillery leader must evaluate. This alternate 
may be alone or in combination with other survivability operations, such as frequent moves and 
adequate dispersion. 


Counterfire from enemy artillery is the most frequent threat to artillery units. Dug-in positions 
and/or parapet positions, as well as existing terrain and facilities, can provide protection. Threat 
acquisition and targeting activities are heavily used against artillery and are supplemented by 
some covert Threat deep ground attacks. Thus, personnel and equipment need some direct fire 
protection. Fire direction centers and battery operation centers should be protected with hardened 
bunkers or positions to defeat counterfire designed to eliminate artillery control. 


In urban areas, existing structures offer considerable protection. Preparation for these is minimal 
compared to the level of protection. The use of self-propelled and towed equipment for 
positioning and hardening efforts enhance survivability. Some self-propelled units have 
significant inherent protection and maneuverability which allow more flexibility in protective 
structure design. 


1-13 


FM 5-103 


Combat Engineers 


Combat engineers contribute to the combined arms team by performing the missions of mobility, 
countermobility, survivability, topographic operations, general engineering, and fight as infantry. 
Mobility missions include breaching enemy minefield and obstacles, route improvement and 
construction, and water-crossing operations. Countermobility missions include the 
enhancement of fire through obstacle and minefield employment. Survivability missions 
enhance the total survivability of the force through fighting and protective position construction. 
Topographic operations engineering missions include detailed terrain analysis, terrain 
overlays, trafficability studies, evaluation of cover and concealment, soils maps, and other 
information to base mobility, countermobility, and survivability decisions. General 
engineering missions support theater armies with both vertical and horizontal construction 
capabilities. 


Combat engineer fighting and protective position requirements depend on the type and location 
of the mission being performed in support of the combined arms team. Personnel and equipment 
protective positions are used when project sites are located within an area that the Threat can 
acquire. Engineers have limited inherent protection in vehicles and equipment and will require 
fighting positions, protective command and control, and critical supply bunkers when under an 
enemy attack. When time is available and when the mission permits, revetments and parapets can 
protect construction equipment. Generally, engineers use the same methods of protection used to 
protect the maneuver force they are supporting. 


When engineers fight as infantry, they employ protective measures similar to those 
required by light or mechanized infantry forces. 


Air Defense Artillery 


Air defense units provide security from enemy air attack by destroying or driving off enemy 
aircraft and helicopters. Their fire degrades the effectiveness of enemy strike and reconnaissance 
aircraft by forcing the enemy to evade friendly air defense. Short-range air defense systems 
normally provide forward air defense protection for maneuver units whether the units are 
attacking, delaying, withdrawing, or repositioning in the defense. Air defense units also provide 
security for critical facilities and installations. 


The main technique for air defense artillery (ADA) survivability is frequent movement. Because 
their main mission is to protect divisional and corps assets, ADA units are a high-priority target 
for suppression or attack by enemy artillery and tactical aircraft. Signature acquisition 
equipment, smoke, dust, contrails associated with firing, and siting requirements allow them to 
conduct their mission. Available terrain is generally used for cover and concealment since little 
time is available for deliberate protective construction. Dummy positions are constructed 
whenever possible, since they may draw significant enemy artillery fire and aircraft attack. 


The ADA equipment used is usually protected by parapets, revetments, or dug-in positions 
similar to infantry and armor/tracked vehicle positions as long as fields of fire for the systems are 


FM 5-103 


maintained. Deliberate protective construction is always done when systems are employed to 
defend fixed installations, command posts, or logistics systems. 


Unit Support Systems 


Several types of combat support equipment and their positions are considered unit support 
systems. These systems include communications and power generation equipment, field trains, 
forward supply points, decontamination sites, and water points. Protection for each of these 
positions depends greatly on their battlefield location and on the mission's complexity. Protective 
measures for both equipment and organic and supported personnel are normally provided. Initial 
positioning of these systems takes full advantage of terrain masking, cover and concealment, and 
terrain use to enhance camouflage activities. 


Major Logistics Systems and Rear Areas 


Major logistics systems and rear area operations include rear area supply depots; petroleum, oils, 
and lubricants (POL) tank/bladder farms; rear area/depot level maintenance activities; and so on. 
Survivability planners are most concerned with denial of acquisition and targeting of these 
positions by the Threat. A combination of camouflage and deception activities is usually used to 
conceal major logistics system activities. 


Actual survivability measures used to protect large activities depend on the type of threat 
anticipated and target analysis. The obvious threat to large facilities is conventional or 
nuclear/chemical artillery, or missile or air attack. These facilities need physical protection and 
built-in hardening. A less obvious threat is covert activities begun after a Threat insertion of 
deep-strike ground forces. Measures to counter this type of threat include some fighting and 
protective positions designed to defeat a ground force or direct fire threat. 


1-15 


CHAPTER 2 
SURVIVABILITY ANALYSIS 





а: у. NS PES ч 
Fier suppor Гот survivability missions is l:mited 
since priorities are egtaslished in combination with 






+ carefully analyzed in order te establish prieritieg. Бу 
г collecting and analysing perunenl dala, courses of action 
anc options are developed, evaluated, anc planned. The 
nnzlysig prrvidea holh engineer und maneuver command- 
ers With а clea’, mental picture of wha: із needed іш 
implemeni the sure va | у піізацьгі. Coe priaritics are 
made ал eagmeer support is allocated for вигутув у 
tasks, res рап Eae (Ба Tene uve erc qnan der, erg eer 
vomrmnarncder, acid staf агысын defined. 


This ehzpterouzlinee rhe werall planning process, identifies 
гер ner t daca de he гае. гун led, sre analyzed, and 
ел је eamrnand and eontrol requirement. 


THE PLANNING PROCESS 


This section outlines the information needed and the decision-making process required for 
executing survivability missions. Increased engineer requirements on the AirLand battlefield will 
limit engineer resources supporting survivability. Mobility, countermobility, survivability (M- 
CM-S), and general engineering requirements are in competition for the same engineer assets. 
Survivability requirements are compared with the tactical need and the need for mobility and 
countermobility operations. The maneuver commander sets the priorities which allow the force 
to perform critical tasks. The successful force must have enough flexibility to recognize and 
make immediate necessary changes on the battlefield. 


DECISION MAKING 


Both the commander and staff are involved in the military decision-making process. It provides 
courses of action for the commander and, by selecting the best course, enhances survivability. 
The staff input in the decision-making process for planning survivability missions includes: 


e Military intelligence (enemy activity, terrain, weather, and weapon types). 
e Operations (tactical maneuver, fire support, and engineer support). 


2-] 


FM 5-103 


e Administration/logistics (personnel and combat services support activities). 
e Civil affairs (civilians possibly affected by military operations). 


PLANNING SEQUENCE 


The engineer prepares or assists in the preparation of survivability estimates and plans to support 
the survivability efforts of the entire unit. In organizations without a staff engineer, the 
operations officer performs the analysis and formulates survivability plans. The following 
sequence is used to develop survivability support options and plans. 


e Mission and commander's guidance are received. 

e Time available is considered. 

e Threat situation and Threat direct and indirect assets are analyzed. 

e Friendly situation and survivability support resources are evaluated. 

e Survivability data, including terrain analysis results, is evaluated. 

e Possible courses of action are developed. 

e The Survivability portion of the engineer estimate is prepared. 

e Courses of action constraints are compared with actual engineer resources available. 
e Plans are prepared, orders are issued, and staff supervision is conducted. 


The survivability planning process is completed when the survivability estimates and plans are 
combined with those for mobility, countermobility, and general engineering. The maneuver 
commander then has a basis for deciding task priorities and allocating support. 


DATA COLLECTION 
INFORMATION ON МЕТТ-Т 


Information on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, time, and troops (METT-T) is compiled. 


The Mission 


Subordinate commanders/leaders must understand the maneuver commander's mission and 
guidance. The commander/ leader must know what survivability tasks are necessary and how 
they interface with mobility, countermobility, and other tasks necessary for completing the 
mission. In addition, the commander/leader implementing survivability tasks must know if any 
additional support is available. 


The Enemy 


The maneuver commander and engineer must fully understand the threat to the force. Weapon 
types, probable number of weapons and rounds, and types of attack to expect are critical in 
survivability planning. When these factors are known, appropriate fighting and protective 
positions are designed and constructed. 


2-2 


FM 5-103 


Terrain and Weather 


One of the most important sources of information the maneuver commander and supporting 
engineer receive is a detailed terrain analysis of the area. This analysis is provided by the 
division terrain team (DTT) or corps terrain team (CTT). It includes the types of terrain, soil, and 
weather in the area of operations. A good mental picture of the area of operations enables the 
commander to evaluate all M-CM-S and general engineering activities to create the best plan for 
attack or defense. 


Time 


Every survivability mission has a deadline for reaching a predetermined level of protection. 
Hardening activities will continue past the deadline and are done as long as the force remains in 
the position. Survivability time constraints are deeply intertwined with mobility and 
countermobility time constraints. If the level of protection required cannot be achieved in the 
time allotted, resources are then committed to mobility or countermobility operations, or as 
designated by the maneuver commander. 


Troops and Resources 


The commander must weigh available labor, material constraints, and engineer support before 
planning an operation. Labor constraints are identified through analysis of the three sources of 
labor-maneuver unit troops, engineer troops, and indigenous (host nation/local area) personnel. 
Supply and equipment constraints are identified through analysis of on-hand supplies, naturally- 
available materials, and supplies available through military and indigenous channels. Careful 
procurement consideration is given to available civilian engineer equipment to supplement 
military equipment. 


INFORMATION ON INTELLIGENCE 


The maneuver force commander and engineer must have access to available intelligence 
information provided by staff elements. Battalion S2 sections provide the bulk of reconnaissance 
and terrain information, and experts at the division level and above assist the commander. For 
example, the DS terrain team, the production section of the division tactical operations center 
(DTOC) support element, and the corps cartographic company can quickly provide required 
terrain products. In addition, the commander uses the division intelligence system which 
provides the Threat order of battle and war-damaged key facilities. When reconnaissance 
requirements exceed the capability of battalion reconnaissance elements, maneuver or supporting 
engineer units collect their own information. 


EVALUATION 
When the engineer or maneuver units have collected all data required for protective construction, 


the data is analyzed to evaluate possible courses of action. Alternatives are based on the 
commander's guidance on protection needs, priorities, and planning. 


2-3 


FM 5-103 


PROTECTION NEEDS 


Although the decision on what is to be protected depends on the tactical situation, the following 
criteria are used as a guide: 


e Exposure to direct, indirect, and tactical air fire. 

e Vulnerability to discovery and location due to electronic emissions (communications and 
radar), firing signature, trackable projectiles, and the need to operate in the open. 

e Capability to move to avoid detection, or to displace before counterfire arrives. 

e Armor suitable to cover direct small caliber fire, indirect artillery and mortar fire, and 
direct fire antitank weapons. 

e Distance from the FLOT which affects the likelihood of acquisition as a target, 
vulnerability to artillery and air bombardment, and chance of direct contact with the 
enemy. 

e Availability of natural cover. 

e Any unique equipment item, the loss of which would make other equipment worthless. 

e Enemy's engagement priority to include which forces the Threat most likely will engage 
first. 

e Ability to establish positions with organic equipment. 


Using these factors in a vulnerability analysis will show the maneuver commander and the 
engineer which maneuver, field artillery, and ADA units require the most survivability support. 
The table Equipment to be Protected lists weapons systems in these units requiring fighting 
position/protective position construction. 


PROTECTION PRIORITIES 


Based on a vulnerability analysis of systems that need protecting in the tactical situation, the 
maneuver commander develops the priorities for protective activities. Setting 
survivability priorities is a manuever commander's decision 
based on the engineer's advice. Using the protection criteria discussed earlier, 
and an up-to-date detailed terrain analysis portraying the degree of natural protection, a 
commander develops and ranks a detailed tactical construction plan to support survivability 
efforts. This detailed plan is usually broken down into several priority groupings or levels of 
protection. Primary, supplementary, and alternate positions are developed in stages or in 
increasing increments of protection. 


2-4 


FM 5-103 


Fournier Го Ба Protected 


Туре of Unit 


Ait Betenga ArtHlary 


Armor and Armored Cavalry 


Field Artillery 


Infantry md Machanizar infantry 


Eaulpmant 


Weapons carrier 
APC 

Вадаг“ 

Сапіга! system 
Firing system 


Cavalry fighting vehicls 
Tank 

Morar carrier 

APG 

Command post carrier 


Artillary weapons 
Amimuhitión carrier 

APC . 
Command post сагі — — 
Target acquisition radar veri 
Other vehicles: | 


Batter executive post 
Rattan rommara 


Battery fire Hiraction 


Infantry fighting vehicle 
Command vehicle 
Mortar Carrier 

С ната posi vai igi 


АРС 


* Includes РАА for Vulcan. Chaparral. and Stinger: and РАН, CWAR. and ROR Tor the Hawk. 


The table below shows example standard survivability levels for maneuver units in defensive 
positions. The levels and figures developed in the table are usually used by the maneuver 
commander in developing priorities, and by the engineer in advising the commander on 
survivability workloads. The number of vehicles or weapons systems in the table is modified 
after comparing with the actual equipment on hand. The table is used as a general planning 
guide. Weapon systems, such as missiles and nuclear-capable tube artillery, will require the 
maximum protection the tactical situation permits, regardless of whether the force is in an 


offensive or defensive posture. 


FM 5-103 


Standard гатка іліктиіі far irinnugvar Lites 


Numbar of Phoziliona Needed 
Descrip ion of Aecommended 


Priority nf Survivability Armor Mech Amar Mach 
Level Support Bn Int ва Co Inf Ca 
1 тоа -P 
Тапка AR 
AFC [РЕ ата Со НЯ ony} - ом F 
том - P во 103 15 15 
2 ТОМ - Panc A 
Tanks - F 
АРЕ {Plt and Со НО only] - F 
TOL Р ВЕ 176 1B ib 
3 TOWs - Fand A 
Tanks ‚ Fand А 
АРС (Ph and Па НП тгїү} - Р 
TOC - Р 
Combat Support . Е 160 189 30 26 
4 TOW - Ганад 
Tanks - Fand A 
APC (al - Р 
Tac - Р 
Combat Support - F 
Combat Train . FOG Р 166 195 30 30 
5 ТОМ - Р, А, and 5 
Tan«s, АРС fail} ‚ Fand Á 
Tac Р 
Combat Support - F 
Combat Train - F 188 "28b 45 40 
ü ТОЕ Tanks and API} [alli - БА, and 
ТОС - Fand A 
Combat Support - Балада 
Canibst Train - Е 265 330 45 45 


Motes: Р = primary, A- аПагтати, S = пират antary hull да ада positions. 
Numbers are rounded ta the nearest б 
Combat Support wchiclca compriss mortars, ADA, and oo forth, 
Fer Pit and Са HO, allow four APCs per plaiono and heb раг Се НО 


In the Offense 


In offensive operations, fighting and protective positions are developed whenever time is 
adequate, such as during a temporary halt for regrouping and consolidation. Recommended 
priorities for protection at a halt in the offense are- 


е Antitank weapons. 

e Tanks. 

e Indirect fire weapons. 

e Critical supplies, such as ammunition and POL, as well as ground vehicles and aircraft 
(rotary winged). 


2-6 


FM 5-103 


These positions are usually expedient positions having the thickness necessary for frontal and 
side protection, making maximum use of the terrain. 


In the Defense 


In defensive operations, substantial effort for fighting and protective position construction is 
required. General priorities for protective construction in a defensive battle position are- 


e Antitank weapon protection. 

e Tank position development. 

e Armored personnel carrier (APC) position development. 

e Command post position hardening. 

e Combat support position (including field artillery, ADA, mortars, and so on) hardening. 

e Crew-served weapons position, individual fighting position, and covered routes between 
battle positions. 


PROTECTION PLANNING 
Operations Staff Officer 


Priorities of work are recommended by the maneuver operations staff officer with input from the 
engineer. Survivability requirements for a defensive operation might receive the commander's 
first priority for engineer work. However, these tasks may require using only 10 percent of the 
engineer resources, while countermobility tasks may demand 70 percent. 


The maneuver commander establishes engineer work priorities and sets priorities for tasks within 
the functions just mentioned. Using an analysis of what equipment requires protection, what 
priorities are set for sequential protection of the equipment, and which equipment and personnel 
require immediate protection, the maneuver commander can set individual priorities for 
survivability work. 


Engineer Staff Officer 


Survivability data and recommendations are presented to the commander or supported unit 
through an engineer staff estimate. The engineer estimate includes a recommendation for task 
organization and mobility, countermobility, survivability, and general engineering task priorities. 
Instructions for developing the engineer estimate are contained in FM 5-100. 


Tasks Organizations 


Various command and support relationships under which engineer assets are task-organized can 
enhance mission accomplishment. The available assets are applied to each original course of 
action in a manner best suited to the METT-T factors and the survivability analysis. The table 
below lists the different command and support relationships and how they affect the engineer 
unit. The recommended command relationship for engineers is operational control (OPCON) to 
the supported unit. 


2-7 


FM 5-103 


AT BAGRE Bik- 


hant with a 
refetionsiig at 


їс сата трея! 

hy: 

РА ees 

anms orn and гогп- 
. hed nid. 


May be taak nr- 
gürured hy: 


Can bz 


Незрога to sup- 
port requests 
fre 


Маған ћу mu 
- tablished hy. 


T Spara work af. 
fort гайня га“ 


Нешшезіз Пу add» 


рг! support 
Forwarded 


іра 


Hecaives logis - 


ттен! sunnart fran 


Command ard Sugnort Хаар 


Supported кашы 


^ Brett support ': 
: 128) Dl 
: Parent ипне" | 


Suput And i 
` parant units - 


` Parani unti 


Dedicated 3LP- 
рэн to а patlic- 
ular omt My. 
be given task 
ит кин usar 
mante 


Supported Ln 


Supported unit. . 


F'arant unit 


Parent unit - 


Patent unit 


‘Parent unit. : ° 


2. Pzrant unit** 251 


‚сомони меттің, i | 








вы | о ан 3 m 
2 Patentai 2 2 аа a АЗ ; | 
браціка: Зйрраіедмпі: 
‚ Patenturirs |: ат parent. -. 
й а 
-Parant yunit code Supported uni 
Used only 1o M ; “Praid OFCON 
Support the | 40 exar angie: 
“parent fore вз, . .; "регла лемур . = = Bre 
.8 whole, May БЕ units, phe. gade or Task 
метал araa. Гуа briedas Жнғер, pire.: 
Task. ава ign- . OT TARK TOE. AES. 2. 
mans .. BE ыл 
Parant шге: Ў. роден anak: “Бр 
Supported unit e Supported uni; : 
Parerit unit й |. Supported uti 
Parent шай E E Supported uhi - 





* Wig росы ihe. urta nll receive ве а inal Aij rer pei wien cer mand sarai “іна быў арава: 


af DS te ing Aria. 


posable, 





"+ When placed ОРСОН, tho supporting unt рису support in the: сатен Ту of шн i jhe гаят: г І i 


Operations orders (OPORDs) are used by the commander or leader to carry out decisions made 
following the estimating and planning process. Survivability missions are usually prescribed in 
the OPORD for all units, including both engineers and nonengineers. Survivability priorities are 
specifically defined in the OPORD. Field Manual 5-100 discusses engineer input to OPORDs. It 


Mobs: The зирры івы uni. regardless of caia Ind! Support т гай, тга шам тага te siren ing 


WTNS. 





4: 


COMMAND AND CONTROL 


COMMANDERS ' 


RESPONSIBILITIES 


is impossible to divide responsibilities in survivability missions between the maneuver 
commander and the engineer commander. 


2-8 


Maneuver Commander 


FM 5-103 


The maneuver commander is responsible for organizing, planning, coordinating, and effectively 
using engineer resources to accomplish the survivability mission. The maneuver commander 
must rely on the engineer staff officer or supporting engineer commander to provide analyses 
and recommendations for protective construction and fighting position employment. The 
commander implements decisions by setting priorities and further defining the constraints of the 
mission to the engineer. 


Engineer Commander 


The engineer commander, in addition to fulfilling advisory responsibilities to the maneuver 
commander, accomplishes tasks in support of the overall survivability mission as follows: 


e Insures timely reports concerning survivability tasks are made to the engineer staff officer 
or the operations and plans officer (G3/S3). 

e Develops survivability operational plans. 

е Insures engineer tasks are supervised, whether or not they are performed using engineer 
labor. 

e Inspects fighting and protective positions for structural soundness. 

e Provides advice and repair estimates for fighting and protective positions built or 
occupied by supported units. 

e Recommends and identifies uses for engineer support in survivability operations through 
the sequence of command and staff actions. 

e Evaluates terrain to determine the best areas for construction of survivability systems. 


Joint Responsibilities 


Based on knowledge of fighting and protective position effectiveness and protection ability, the 
engineer continues to advise the maneuver commander on survivability matters following the 
location, construction, and/or repair of these positions. The engineer provides valuable 
information to aid in decision-making for deployment to alternate and supplementary positions 
and retrograde operations. The engineer keeps the maneuver commander informed on the level 
of fighting that the existing fighting and protective positions support, and what protection the 
covered routes provide when movement between positions occurs. 


STAFF OFFICERS' RESPONSIBILITIES 


The engineer staff officers' (Brigade Engineer, Assistant Division Engineer) responsibilities 
include Coordination of mobility, countermobility, survivability, and general engineering tasks 
on the battlefield. As a special member of the commander's staff, the engineer interacts with 
other staff personnel. This is accomplished by integrating survivability considerations with plans 
and actions of the other staff members. Staff responsibilities concerning survivability plans and 
execution are as follows. 


G2/S2 


2-9 


FM 5-103 


The G2/S2 is the primary staff officer for intelligence matters and has responsibility for 
collecting information on Threat operations and types and numbers of weapons used. Using all 
available intelligence sources to predict enemy choices for avenues of approach, the G2/S2 
assists in survivability emplacement. It is the responsibility of the G2/S2 to receive survivability 
emplacement records from the G3/S3, disseminate the information, and forward records to the 
senior theater Army engineer. 


G3/S3 


The G3/S3 has primary staff responsibility for all plans and operations, and also develops the 
defensive and fire support plans considering survivability and other engineering support. The 
G3/S3 also receives progress/ completion reports for survivability construction and emplacement 
and records this information in conjunction with mobility and countermobility records (for 
example, minefield and obstacle records). The G3/S3 works closely with the staff engineer to 
develop the engineer support plans for the commander. 


G4/S4 


The G4/S4 is the primary staff coordinator for the logistic support required for survivability 
tasks. The G4/S4 works closely with the staff engineer to insure that types and quantities of 
construction materials for survivability emplacements are available. The G4/S4 also coordinates 
with the engineer to supply additional transportation and equipment in accordance with the 
commander's priorities for engineer support. Engineers alone do not have the assets to haul all of 
the class VI material necessary for hardened survivability positions. 


2-10 


CHAPTER 3 
PLANNING POSITIONS 






gu. : 
ум : -= لعا‎ Р, 
54 м} : اا‎ -. 4 E 
exc ES 
XY Cura ete 
ғ. т F ۴ үн E - А ILL | at ==. 
де ры „СЩ PE р КНИН 
Bos A p E M oo cu hia chaprer highlights пазы: survivability риса те 
ZU UV WES C require Гог planning Inti and рима чі: posicion. 


sg Included wre deseriplions ef the тагида direct.y and 

^o indirectly Пілі weapuns and their ни ple penetration 
ария aral effects un thre possitis. Both natural and 
tüàn-madetaarerizlg available to cematruct the poaiti»xne аге 
Шю Шъ und ranked сес е ta Dede рача аг розета. 
Tositions ше then categorised end bricly deseribed. Con- 
kruten methods, neluding Lhe scat hanrl tania oa well ar 
uk pirs, und epocial overal ове ігар спајала hinne 
Басі es eam Fi ж and enr eene, ae adio presented. 


WEAPONS EFFECTS 


A fighting position is a place on the battlefield from which 
troops engage the enemy with direct and indirect fire weapons. 
The positions provide necessary protection for personnel, yet 
allow for fields of fire and maneuver. A protective position 
protects the personnel and/or material not directly involved 
with fighting the enemy from attack or environmental extremes. 
In order to develop plans for fighting and protective positions, 
five types of weapons, their effects, and their survivability 
considerations are presented. Air-delivered weapons such as 
ATGMs, laser-guided missiles, mines, and large bombs require 
similar survivability considerations. 


DIRECT FIRE 


Direct fire projectiles are primarily designed to strike a 
target with a velocity high enough to achieve penetration. The 
chemical energy projectile uses some form of chemical heat and 
blast to achieve penetration. It detonates either at impact or 
when maximum penetration is achieved. Chemical energy 
projectiles carrying impact-detonated or delayed detonation 
high-explosive charges are used mainly for direct fire from 
Systems with high accuracy and consistently good target 
acquisition ability. Tanks, antitank weapons, and automatic 
cannons usually use these types of projectiles. 


3-] 


FM 5-103 


The kinetic energy projectile uses high velocity and mass 
(momentum) to penetrate its target. Currently, the hypervelocity 
projectile causes the most concern in survivability position 
design. The materials used must dissipate the projectile's 
energy and thus prevent total penetration. Shielding against 
direct fire projectiles should initially stop or deform the 
projectiles in order to prevent or limit penetration. 


Direct fire projectiles are further divided into the categories 
of ball and tracer, armor piercing and armor piercing 
incendiary, and high explosive (HE) rounds. 


Ball and Tracer 


Ball and tracer rounds are normally of a relatively small 

caliber (5.56 to 14.5 millimeters (mm)) and are fired from 
pistols, rifles, and machine guns. The round's projectile 

penetrates soft targets on impact at a high velocity. The 

penetration depends directly on the projectile's velocity, 
weight, and angle at which it hits. 


Armor Piercing and Armor Piercing Incendiary 


Armor piercing and armor piercing incendiary rounds are designed 
to penetrate armor plate and other types of homogeneous steel. 
Armor piercing projectiles have a special jacket encasing a hard 
core or penetrating rod which is designed to penetrate when 
fired with high accuracy at an angle very close to the 
perpendicular of the target. Incendiary projectiles are used 
principally to penetrate a target and ignite its contents. They 
are used effectively against fuel supplies and storage areas. 


High Explosive 


High explosive rounds include high explosive antitank (HEAT) 
rounds, recoilless rifle rounds, and antitank rockets. They are 
designed to detonate a shaped charge on impact. At detonation, 
an extremely high velocity molten jet is formed. This jet 
perforates large thicknesses of high-density material, continues 
along its path, and sets fuel and ammunition on fire. The HEAT 
rounds generally range in size from 60 to 120 mm. 


Survivability Considerations 
Direct fire survivability considerations include oblique impact, 


or impact of projectiles at other than a perpendicular angle to 
the structure, which increases the apparent thickness of the 


3-2 


FM 5-103 


structure and decreases the possibility of penetration. The 
potential for ricochet off a structure increases as the angle of 
impact from the perpendicular increases. Designers of protective 
structures should select the proper material and design exposed 
surfaces with the maximum angle from the perpendicular to the 
direction of fire. Also, a low structure silhouette design makes 
a structure harder to engage with direct fire. 


INDIRECT FIRE 


Indirect fire projectiles used against fighting and protective 
positions include mortar and artillery shells and rockets which 
cause blast and fragmentation damage to affected structures. 


Blast 


Blast, caused by the detonation of the explosive charge, creates 
a shock wave which knocks apart walls or roof structures. 
Contact bursts cause excavation cave-in from ground shock, or 
structure collapse. Overhead bursts can buckle or destroy the 
roof. 


Blasts from high explosive shells or rockets can occur in three 
ways: 


e Overhead burst (fragmentation from an artillery airburst 
Shell). 

e Contact burst (blast from an artillery shell exploding on 
impact). 

e Delay fuse burst (blast from an artillery shell designed to 
detonate after penetration into a target). 


The severity of the blast effects increases as the distance from 
the structure to the point of impact decreases. Delay fuse 
bursts are the greatest threat to covered structures. Repeated 
surface or delay fuse bursts further degrade fighting and 
protective positions by the cratering effect and soil discharge. 
Indirect fire blast effects also cause concussions. The shock 
from a high explosive round detonation causes headaches, 
nosebleeds, and spinal and brain concussions. 

Fragmentation 


Fragmentation occurs when the projectile disintegrates, 
producing a mass of high-speed steel fragments which can 
perforate and become imbedded in fighting and protective 
positions. The pattern or distribution of fragments greatly 
affects the design of fighting and protective positions. 


3-3 


FM 5-103 


Airburst of artillery shells provides the greatest unrestricted 
distribution of fragments. Fragments created by surface and 
delay bursts are restricted by obstructions on the ground. 


Survivability Considerations 


Indirect fire survivability from fragmentation requires 
shielding similar to that needed for direct fire penetration. 


NUCLEAR 


Nuclear weapons effects are classified as residual and initial. 
Residual effects (such as fallout) are primarily of long-term 
concern. However, they may seriously alter the operational plans 
in the immediate battle area. The figure below of tactical 
nuclear weapons shows how the energy released by detonation of a 
tactical nuclear explosion is divided. Initial effects occur in 
the immediate area shortly after detonation and are the most 
tactically significant since they cause personnel casualties and 
material damage within the immediate time span of any operation. 
The principal initial casualty producing effects are blast, 
thermal radiation (burning), and nuclear radiation. Other 
initial effects, such as electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and 
transient radiation effects on electronics (TREE), affect 
electrical and electronic equipment. 


3-4 


FM 5-103 


Exergy аба of жесі масіва weapons 







The'mal radiation 


diu ЧҮ i 


в 

АЛИ 

M 52 Я 
L 







Residual effects 
(tallowty 


Nuclear raciatior 





Blast 


Blast from nuclear bursts overturns and crushes equipment, 
collapses lungs, ruptures eardrums, hurls debris and personnel, 
and collapses positions and structures. 


Thermal Radiation 


Thermal radiation sets fire to combustible materials, and causes 
flash blindness or burns in the eyes, as well as personnel 
casualties from skin burns. 


Nuclear Radiation 


Nuclear radiation damages cells throughout the body. This 
radiation damage may cause the headaches, nausea, vomiting, and 
diarrhea generally called "radiation sickness". The severity of 
radiation sickness depends on the extent of initial exposure. 
The figure below shows the relationship between dose of nuclear 
radiation and distance from ground zero for a l-kiloton weapon. 
Once the dose is known, initial radiation effects on personnel 
are determined from the table below. Radiation in the body is 
cumulative. 


3-5 


FM 5-103 


Echtinahip of radiation dose to distance from ground жого for al-ET weapon 


{Едер z чето: Алл со oR] 
явеацвапаецёці темом JUE LAdA e 


[3483 Б ur EEG Аво је Іране 


j| EMAA јр Aa ed | 


ізңеәм g-z ur ево | 
[£u] 7] SIVA usn piper 


хви ADU BGS 


ңы аеро | 


зы тауу 





10D meters 


istampa from burst, 


"em "00б тай ІШІ 


Dose, rads (cGy! 


190 


3-6 


FM 5-103 


Initial Radon Effects on Personnel 


Eerly:Gymptomet 1 FF о uos dog ра E A 

: ағы m OS Le аа “а uus 8 Й m Е т E Зыр 

Dosa Percentof : Timata. = "OT 
rads(cQy) Perenne - Effect : GCiiectiveneaa of Рагайтан . ©: cc Рафа 
UE TRE ! | V SY ELO n E “арш, SEE 3 LC 

0670 — cb'&ofpersonnalragure Ful O ^. 5 7: iF Mine сі іы Ы. 
hospitalization Жан ж "LX он а a 


13. . ` . сене М. 
IEEE. i ii dh CR жут 


ca cn 


150 5% Б hours . Effectiveness reduced оту "uou нон 
2 E. depending сп taak. Boma 0200022 a EF 
hosibahzatiom required, 0 FF 


G50 По. Xx? hours - Symptoms cantirue inter- 2 Ма e tan BOX i 
: mitentlyfarnextfew days. — :. абош 16 days — 

Effectiveness reducee зіц... iE no o" a Ti 

^. penthy.for secondto sixth day. ee. 

',Hpspitalieston required! 0. eios + 


F ZO 


; EE соон 

200% 100% XH minutes - lrnmadiata, tamporary incapaci- 100% іп арш. =.: 
3500 . | 3 о fer 3012 40 minutes, © ^7 days . нЕ 

| ` ' followed by recovery рагі 00020-22 Due 

during which efficiency is о а ae 

_ jmpairad, Мо ope'atianal. с М 

` сара. БЛ \ 


8.200 100% зБ Minutes immediata, permanent incapa- ай “Зе іс Т и ңү й 
- citation For personel performing: |. - ip cime PM às "P 
physically demanding бачке. No . .. n 4 

perad of latent '"ecovery.'' e 


1, 
ИЕ 


- 


ТЕЛИН NOE Immédiate | Permanent incapacitation for . , 100% vehe 
personnal performing етей un; 224 heus. * :: ~ 
"Фата tiskš No operational ^ ~ qo Be 


capability, 0. 20 TT 


+ Symptoms inzlude vomiting, diarrhea, "dry heaving,” heusea, rethergy, depıessizn,+afdımgnlal 
disco ventatiun. Ad veer dese levels, ingapagitatiunis a simple slow Mowi per Tar rid nc Fade i 
to a loes of physiog! mobility and/or mortal Фроћаманоп. Attho high dose 164/8. shogk опа сот 
are sometimes the "early" symptams. 6 Б Г: 


Nuclear radiation is the dominant casualty producing effect of 
low-yield tactical nuclear weapons. But other initial effects 
may produce significant damage and/or casualties depending on 
the weapon type, yield, burst conditions, and the degree of 
personnel and equipment protection. The figure on Tactical radii 
shows tactical radii of effects for nominal 1-kiloton weapons. 


3-7 


FM 5-103 


Tactical radii of effects of 1-KT aml 10-ET [zioni weap From bow ашшы. 


RE EEE М odargie damage 
г фо tanks from blast 










Severe radiation effects 
on gBreonnal in tanke 





Severe radiation affects 
өп personnel [и open 





d | Moderate radiation effects 
ол personnel in tanks 


1 Moderate radiation е веса 
| on paraonnelin open 


1 EM? damage іс 
. зой aelactranizs 


ENSE] 
e LA 


Electromagnetic pulse 


Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) damages electrical and electronic 
equipment. It occurs at distances from the burst where other 
nuclear weapons effects produce little or no damage, and it 
lasts for less than a second after the burst. The pulse also 
damages vulnerable electrical and electronic equipment at ranges 
up to 5 kilometers for a 10-kiloton surface burst, and hundreds 
of kilometers for a similar high-altitude burst. 


Survivability Considerations 
Nuclear weapons survivability includes dispersion of protective 


positions within a suspected target area. Deep-covered positions 


3-8 


FM 5-103 


will minimize the danger from blast and thermal radiation. 
Personnel should habitually wear complete uniforms with hands, 
face, and neck covered. Nuclear radiation is minimized by 
avoiding the radioactive fallout area or remaining in deep- 
covered protective positions. Examples of expedient protective 
positions against initial nuclear effects are shown on the chart 
below. Additionally, buttoned-up armor vehicles offer limited 
protection from nuclear radiation. Removal of antennae and 
placement of critical electrical equipment into protective 
positions will reduce the adverse effects of EMP and TREE. 


Example: of expedieni protective pellon: ара ке | па! muckar effects 


protai 


Individual body potilas 





3-9 


FM 5-103 


CHEMICAL 


Toxic chemical agents are primarily designed for use against 
personnel and to contaminate terrain and material. Agents do not 
destroy material and structures, but make them unusable for 
periods of time because of chemical contaminant absorption. The 
duration of chemical agent effectiveness depends on- 


e Weather conditions. 

e Dispersion methods. 

e Terrain conditions. 

e Physical properties. 

e Quantity used. 

e Type used (nerve, blood, or blister). 


Field Manual 21-40 provides chemical agent details and 
characteristics. Since the vapor of toxic chemical agents is 
heavier than air, it naturally tends to drift to the lowest 
corners or sections of a structure. Thus, low, unenclosed 
fighting and protective positions trap chemical vapors or 
agents. Because chemical agents saturate an area, access to 
positions without airlock entrance ways is limited during and 
after an attack, since every entering or exiting soldier brings 
contamination inside. 

Survivability Considerations 


Survivability of chemical effects includes overhead cover of any 
design that delays penetration of chemical vapors and biological 
aerosols, thereby providing additional masking time and 
protection against direct liquid contamination. Packing 
materials and covers are used to protect sensitive equipment. 
Proper use of protective clothing and equipment, along with 
simply avoiding the contaminated area, aids greatly in chemical 
survivability. 


SPECIAL PURPOSE 


Fuel-air munitions and flamethrowers are considered special- 
purpose weapons. Fuel-air munitions disperse fuel into the 
atmosphere forming a fuel-air mixture that is detonated. The 
fuel is usually contained in a metal canister and is dispersed 
by detonation of a central burster charge carried within the 
canister. Upon proper dispersion, the fuel-air mixture is 
detonated. Peak pressures created within the detonated cloud 
reach 300 pounds per square inch (psi). Fuel-air munitions 
create large area loading on a structure as compared to 
localized loadings caused by an equal weight high explosive 


3-10 


FM 5-103 


charge. High temperatures ignite flammable materials. 
Flamethrowers and napalm produce intense heat and noxious gases 
which can neutralize accessible positions. The intense flame may 
also exhaust the oxygen content of inside air causing 
respiratory injuries to occupants shielded from the flaming 
fuel. Flame is effective in penetrating protective positions. 


Survivability Considerations 


Survivability of special purpose weapons effects includes 
covered positions with relatively small apertures and closable 
entrance areas which provide protection from napalm and 
flamethrowers. Deep-supported tunnels and positions provide 
protection from other fuel-air munitions and explosives. 


CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 


Before designing fighting and protective positions, it is 
important to know how the previously-described weapons affect 
and interact with various materials that are fired upon. The 
materials used in fighting and protective position construction 
act as either shielding for the protected equipment and 
personnel, structural components to hold the shielding in place, 
or both. 


SHIELDING MATERIALS 


Shielding provides protection against penetration of both 
projectiles and fragments, nuclear and thermal radiation, and 
the effects of fire and chemical agents. Various materials and 
amounts of materials provide varying degrees of shielding. Some 
of the more commonly used materials and the effects of both 
projectile and fragment penetration in these materials, as well 
as nuclear and thermal radiation suppression, are discussed in 
the following paragraphs. (Incendiary and chemical effects are 
generalized from the previous discussion of weapons effects.) 
The following three tables contain shielding requirements of 
various materials to protect against direct hits by direct fire 
projectiles, direct fire high explosive (HE) shaped charges, and 
indirect fire fragmentation and blast . The table below lists 
nuclear protection factors associated with earth cover and 
sandbags. 


FM 5-103 


3-12 


Мати 
Sold wed 5" " | 


Brick manonry 
Сотта пол 


ШІП; жын 


паг і 
reenfarcad 


Stone пасеву 
Tin bar: 


Wege - 


Му нБ. of Iria ` 
macarlal ba- 
ереп da" 
Erich rubs 
Clar, dw 


Gravel втъа |і 
мамай rack 
Шо, dry 


бая rry 


endings, filler 

with | 
Binzk ru Не 
Ср, dry 


Gravely small 
pru hee] генге 
Loam, de 


Bond. dry 


Гарт of 
Clav 


ATE CELI 


тнгні 


SAY ard leg 
PFrnrun пи 
Еген Goil 
|састоће lice 7 

пратити 
Татыр snow 
Unpacked 
snow 


Material Thickness, In Torches, В équlred іс Protect 
Agalnst Direct Hits by Direct Fire Projectiles 


прања инд АЕ . wey! “Я so 
Marine Gun Aifa Жстп- — Jmm .. Бына, ТА), 
0? 6 2- ит! (FEF mrn] АпЦі ьс Ап Пага" Anank © evt Біг 
Fim" ре Fira at Fre at Fire и. Firat nt BBD на 
100 yit тобу 200 yd абуў”. aed 10020 та 
18. zc au ва . : 
12 18 га 42 ЕГІ: 254 
a 12 18 3a" - . Ча 
LE 1H au 42 Ba 60 
за ai 
па 38 ЯН 
T2 м ao ge 72 
35 42 | $ . - 
12 24 3o m та ' 
24 dí 4n 
17 74 + 60 71 
20 30 3d Bü то 
40 ва | Е 3 
20 38 ап Ba М 
S ы ай : А - 
із > а ЕП Th 
яз ІЧЫ Б : У 
эп Әй no Е | 
24 39 az - - 
Ba во 2 5 
24 24 Е = Я 
18 18 - IDEE NE 
72 72 - 5 - ы 
T Tn 2 - 


* Dire brst ук Нур hts 
“а THickbessed ID neared * dL 
"ху SUG pS concrete. 


Main. Exon stor Панад во, proce th oes En бұт e ingle ЕЕ] only, Korg адь јап 
plara "үя eren dirae dies projela In сте ата aaa, tha requiragd ратна sickness іе 
anpraeimmgtralv {mica trat andipated. Wwher na valuas mra green, mataceal ix net 
Den Loi Ја. 


H тых 


Nanc 


Fain fir med. 
шыты walls . 


Semucturaly reim- 
forced wilh Herl 

Wales зға qu iuge 
елігу 

Valla же gu CBE 
only 

Чый aw f LI мән 
anly 


nne 
Add 10575 ta hice. 
nig Tower 
ара р 


Add 50% to trek- 
өзе if LL | 
Add 10% Із |" I5k- 


"рани 


Мапа 
ad TOO to hek- 
теті Ч vet 


Мапе 

Add Fh ta Fick 
ля 11 OT 

Апі 1 812. tn ^ hinh: 
"E33 П ET 


Add 100% to hik- 

ЛЕЧЕ | We 

Add EDS ee hick. 
лежа | wr 

Add ұша ra higk- 
тәй ıl ага“ 


Reng, 
hona 


Ката 
Mane 


Мата 


Matanal 
Aluminum 
Сопогнів 
Gar ami le 


НК 


Brow, packed 


Soil 
Sai, Farer 
Блан! 


oat, dry; 


Мора, green 


Note: Thictnesses assume: ecrocmdicular пірі. 


Indl cect Fire Feagmentathn and Blast Exploding 50 Fort Away 


Material 

Salid Wafle 
Brick mazcnry 
Conarote 
Gorner ete, ınane 
Timber 


alls of lege meet ial 
batamen boarre 

Breck zubbla 

Larth* 

Grach, small stones 


Би ће. filled silt 
Berk rutila 
Clay" 
Grayel, 2га зіпиеу, 
ат! 
Ешпа “ 


LOSE вагара15 oF 
Мяу” 
Sand* 


Snow 
Tamed 
Unpackad 


Niateria'Thichness, in Inches, Required to Protect 
Against Direct Fire HE Shaped -Charge 


УЗ mm 
ВСР. 


JE 
4B 
Кры 
jn 
156 
ТІНЬ 
50 
14 
130 
Bü 


82 ти" 
ACLA 


24 
24 
1B 
24 
1586 
65 
33 
14 
72 
#6 


ЭЙ 
3d 
24 
*4 
156 


Аб пага 


RPa-7 


ШЕРІ 


ЕСІН 


Мале па! T hkkness, Inches, Required to Protect Against 


Моге 
a2-mm 


ес 


1; 
19 


at 
ag 


ТАРА 


т ж оф 9 


ықы 


во 
Bü 


з Double wa ves Милая | iz saturated. 


Нога; Where со valuga pre gitaa, moter ul ig по: ragemn:anccrl. 


122.mm МЕ Shall: 
123-mm 162mm 100-I5 


Йок? 


ЕЖ 


Boml 


3n 
24 


450-1 


аг 
35 


пет m 
Bagger 


3n 
96 


49 
JG 


38 
au 
2% 
108 
Біз 


1.2006 
17 
18 
15 
їй 


Ju 


ча 


a0 
BO 


40 
40 


Ad 


FM 5-103 


3-13 


FM 5-103 


shielding Values of Earth Cover and Хам асс fora 
Hypothetical 2,400 rads (cGy) Free-In- A Іг Dose 


Radiation Protection Resulting Dose 
Тура of Protectior Facto: rade. 


Saldiar in open Hana 2.4010 


Earth Cover 


Soldier in 4-ft-deep oper position 8 300 
With 6 in of earih cover 12 200 
with 12 in of ear:h cover 24 190 
With 18 in of ваг. cover йз 50 
weit 24 іг at earn cover 55 25 


tiand- and Glay Filed зала 


звіс in 4-rt-deep epe рознай H HAJ 

with 1 laver of sendbegs [4 in) 1c 150 

woh 2 bayer of çarika gs (8 an) За тв 

w th dhoyer af sandbags 12 im 84 38 
Soil 


Direct fire and indirect fire fragmentation penetration in soil 
or other similar granular material is based on three 
considerations: for materials of the same density, the finer the 
grain the greater the penetration; penetration decreases with 
increase in density; and penetration increases with increasing 
water content. Nuclear and thermal radiation protection of soil 
is governed by the following: 


e The more earth cover, the better the shielding. Each layer 
of sandbags filled with sand or clay reduces transmitted 
radiation by 50 percent. 

e Sand or compacted clay provides better radiation shielding 
than other soils which are less dense. 

e Damp or wet earth or sand provides better protection than 
dry material. 

e Sandbags protected by a top layer of earth survive thermal 
radiation better than exposed bags. Exposed bags may burn, 
spill their contents, and become susceptible to the blast 
wave. 


Steel 


Steel is the most commonly used material for protection against 
direct and indirect fire fragmentation. Steel is also more 
likely to deform a projectile as it penetrates, and is much less 
likely to span than concrete. Steel plates, only 1/6 the thickness 
of concrete, afford equal protection against nondeforming 
projectiles of small and intermediate calibers. Because of its 


3-14 


FM 5-103 


high density, steel is five times more effective in initial 
radiation suppression than an equal thickness of concrete. It is 
also effective against thermal radiation, although it transmits 
heat rapidly. Many field expedient types of steel are usable for 
shielding. Steel landing mats, culvert sections, and steel 
drums, for example, are effectively used in a structure as one 
of several composite materials. Expedient steel pieces are also 
used for individual protection against projectile and fragment 
penetration and nuclear radiation. 


Concrete 


When reinforcing steel is used in concrete, direct and indirect 
fire fragmentation protection is excellent. The reinforcing 
helps the concrete to remain intact even after excessive 
cracking caused by penetration. When a near miss shell explodes, 
its fragments travel faster than its blast wave. If these 
fragments strike the exposed concrete surfaces of a protective 
position, they can weaken the concrete to such an extent that 
the blast wave destroys it. When possible, at least one layer of 
sandbags, placed on their short ends, or 15 inches of soil 
should cover all exposed concrete surfaces. An additional 
consequence of concrete penetration is spalling. If a projectile 
partially penetrates concrete shielding, particles and chunks of 
concrete often break or scab off the back of the shield at the 
time of impact. These particles can kill when broken loose. 
Concrete provides excellent protection against nuclear and 
thermal radiation. 


Rock 


Direct and indirect fire fragmentation penetration into rock 
depends on the rock's physical properties and the number of 
joints, fractures, and other irregularities contained in the 
rock. These irregularities weaken rock and can increase 
penetration. Several layers of irregularly-shaped rock can 
change the angle of penetration. Hard rock can cause a 
projectile or fragment to flatten out or break up and stop 
penetration. Nuclear and thermal radiation protection is limited 
because of undetectable voids and cracks in rocks. Generally, 
rock is not as effective against radiation as concrete, since 
the ability to provide protection depends on the rock's density. 


Brick and Masonry 
Direct and indirect fire fragmentation penetration into brick 


and masonry have the same protection limitations as rock. 


3-15 


FM 5-103 


Nuclear and thermal radiation protection by brick and masonry is 
1.5 times more effective than the protection afforded by soil. 
This characteristic is due to the higher compressive strength 
and hardness properties of brick and masonry. However, since 
density determines the degree of protection against initial 
radiation, unreinforced brick and masonry are not as good as 
concrete for penetration protection. 


Snow and Ice 


Although snow and ice are sometimes the only available materials 
in certain locations, they are used for shielding only. Weather 
could cause structures made of snow or ice to wear away or even 
collapse. Shielding composed of frozen materials provides 
protection from initial radiation, but melts if thermal 
radiation effects are strong enough. 


Wood 


Direct and indirect fire fragmentation protection using wood is 
limited because of its low density and relatively low 
compressive strengths. Greater thicknesses of wood than of soil 
are needed for protection from penetration. Wood is generally 
used as structural support for a survivability position. The low 
density of wood provides poor protection from nuclear and 
thermal radiation. Also, with its low ignition point, wood is 
easily destroyed by fire from thermal radiation. 


Other Materials 


Expedient materials include steel pickets, landing mats, steel 
culverts, steel drums, and steel shipping consolidated express 
(CONEX) containers. Chapter 4 discusses fighting and protective 
positions constructed with some of these materials. 


STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 


The structure of a fighting and protective position depends on 
the weapon or weapon effect it is designed to defeat. All 
fighting and protective positions have some configuration of 
floor, walls, and roof designed to protect material and/or 
occupants. The floor, walls, and roof support the shielding 
discussed earlier, or may in themselves make up that shielding. 
These components must also resist blast and ground shock effects 
from detonation of high explosive rounds which place greater 
stress on the structure than the weight of the components and 
the shielding. Designers must make structural components of the 


3-16 


FM 5-103 


positions stronger, larger, and/or more numerous in order to 
defeat blast and ground shock. Following is a discussion of 
materials used to build floors, walls, and roofs of positions. 


Floors 


Fighting and protective position floors are made from almost any 
material, but require resistance to weathering, wear, and 
trafficability. Soil is most often used, yet is least resistant 
to water damage and rutting from foot and vehicle traffic. Wood 
pallets, or other field-available materials are often cut to fit 
floor areas. Drainage sumps, shown below, or drains are also 
installed when possible. 


Drain ве sump 


Fitar drained шз graded | 


towards gump Not ен than 


| 
هاي‎ 
1 ft 

















се i 
AE 


Large гіппіт а 
at БТІ 


Walls 


Walls of fighting and protective positions are of two basic 
types-below ground (earth or revetted earth) and aboveground. 
Below ground walls are made of the in-place soil remaining after 
excavation of the position. This soil may need revetment or 
support, depending on the soil properties and depth of cut. When 
used to support roof structures, earth walls must support the 
roof at points no less than one fourth the depth of cutout from 
the edges of excavation, as shown. 


3-17 


FM 5-103 


Earth wall roof мегі рэш 


"4 dept dt cot mud fess than 1 5 


nmm. 






Aaurd loge 
imbedded 
М. Y dhenger 
Capth ot Б? 
cut 8 


Aboveground walls are normally constructed for shielding from 
direct fire and fragments. They are usually built of revetted 
earth, sandbags, concrete, or other materials. When constructed 
to a thickness adequate for shielding from direct fire and 
fragments, they are thick and stable enough for roof support. 
Additional details on wall design are given in FM 5-35. 


Roofs 


Roofs of fighting and protective positions are easily designed 
to support earth cover for shielding from fragments and small 
caliber direct fire. However, contact burst protection requires 
much stronger roof structures and, therefore, careful design. 
Roofs for support of earth cover shielding are constructed of 
almost any material that is usually used as beams or stringers 
and sheathing. The first two tables present guidelines for 
wooden roof structures (for fragment shielding only). A third 
table is converting dimensioned to round timber. The tables on 
Maximum Span are pertaining to steel pickets and landing mats 
for roof supports (for fragment shielding only). 


3-18 


Maxim ши Span of Dim ensioaed Wood Roof Support for Earth Cover 


Thiskness of 
Earth Cover, ft 


2» 


4 


24 3 


2 


М м ою мы 


Span Length, ft 
ку 


Wood Thickness . in 


4 8 
4. “а 
2 2 
2 2 
2 3 
2 q 
2 з 


з» ыр іа цар QA 


Masimum бран o£ "Pool Flinger Roof Support for Barth Cover 


Thickness of 
Earth Cover. ft 


1» 


Nota: Siringers are 2 x 45 except these marked hy nn nstarisk (рынг ara 2 hy fs 


PA 


ag 
33 
27 
22 
18 
16 


Span Langth, ft 
ӛн 4 


30 22 
42 18 
18 12 
14 10 
12 8/24" 
10 8720" 


Cante-te-Canter Spacing. 


16 
12 
10 
720‘ 
18" 
10° 


10 
6/20" 
18” 
14* 
12" 
Та“ 


in 


Convering Dimensioned Timber to Round Timber 


4x4 
Gag 
бх 4 
A x 4 
Bx 10 
"Ox 10 
"Ок 12 
Та м 12 


“Біз ghen ars nominal and net rough cut timber. 


Б 


ЕМ 5-103 


3-19 


FM 5-103 


Шау тиме рап of Stee! Picket Hoof Supports for Sandbag layers 


Number of Sandbag Layers Span Length, fi 
3 8 5 
Single-Plcket Beams Carnter-to-Center Spacing. in 
2 7 7 Б 
5 5 5 4 
10 4 4 з 
ІБ й a 2 
20 3 3 2 
Double Picket Beams** 
= 7 7 T 
Б 7 7 i 
10 T Б Б 
15 т 5 4 
20 Б 5 4 


н sed with open side down. 
ай Two pickets are welded togethar avery Ф inches along the 
span to form box bean. 


Maximum Span of Inverted Landing Mats (МЗАЛ) 
for Roof Support: 


Mumbar of £undbng (аута Span Length. 51 
2 10 
5 га 
10 5 
ІН 4 
10 a4 


When roof structures are designed to defeat contact bursts of 
high explosive projectiles, substantial additional roof 
protection is required. The table on defeat contact bursts gives 
basic design criteria for a roof. Appendix B of this manual 
describes a procedure for overhead cover design to defeat 
contact burst of high explosive projectiles. 


POSITION CATEGORIES 
Seven categories of fighting and protective positions or 
components of positions that are used together or separately 
are- 
e Holes and simple excavations. 


e Trenches. 
e Tunnels. 


3-20 


FM 5-103 


e Earth parapets. 

e Overhead cover and roof structures. 
e Triggering screens. 

e Shelters and bunkers. 


HOLES AND SIMPLE EXCAVATIONS 


Excavations, when feasible, provide good protection from direct 
fire and some indirect fire weapons effects. Open excavations 
have the advantages of- 


e Providing good protection from direct fire when the 
occupant would otherwise be exposed. 

e Permitting 360-degree observation and fire. 

e Providing good protection from nuclear weapons effects. 


Open excavations have the disadvantages of- 


e Providing limited protection from direct fire while the 
occupant is firing a weapon, since frontal and side 
protection is negligible. 

e Providing relatively no protection from fragments from 
overhead bursts of artillery shells. The larger the open 
excavation, the less the protection from artillery. 

e Providing limited protection from chemical effects. In some 
cases, chemicals concentrate in low holes and excavations. 


TRENCHES 


Trenches provide essentially the same protection from 
conventional, nuclear, and chemical effects as the other 
excavations described, and are used almost exclusively in 
defensive areas. They are employed as protective positions and 
used to connect individual holes, weapons positions, and 
shelters. They provide protection and concealment for personnel 
moving between fighting positions or in and out of the area. 
They are usually open excavations, but sections are sometimes 
covered to provide additional protection. Trenches are difficult 
to camouflage and are easily detected from the air. 


Trenches, like other positions, are developed progressively. As 
a general rule, they are excavated deeper than fighting 
positions to allow movement without exposure to enemy fire. It 


is usually necessary to provide revetment and drainage for them. 


TUNNELS 


3-21 


FM 5-103 


Tunnels are not frequently constructed in the defense of an area 
due to the time, effort, and technicalities involved. However, 
they are usually used to good advantage when the length of time 
an area is defended justifies the effort, and the ground lends 
itself to this purpose. The decision to build tunnels also 
depends greatly on the nature of the soil, which is usually 
determined by borings or similar means. Tunneling in hard rock 
is slow and generally impractical. Tunnels in clay or other soft 
Soils are also impractical since builders must line them 
throughout to prevent collapse. Therefore, construction of 
tunneled defenses is usually limited to hilly terrain, steep 
hillsides, and favorable soils including hard chalk, soft 
sandstone, and other types of hard soil or soft rock. 


In the tunnel system shown, the soil was generally very hard and 
only the entrances were timbered. The speed of excavation using 
hand tools varied according to the soil, and seldom exceeded 25 
feet per day. In patches of hard rock, as little as 3 feet were 
excavated per day. Use of power tools did not significantly 
increase the speed of excavation. Engineer units, assisted by 
infantry personnel, performed the work. Tunnels of the type 
shown are excavated up to 30 feet below ground level. They are 
usually horizontal or nearly so. Entrances are strengthened 
against collapse under shell fire and ground shock from nuclear 
weapons. The first 16% feet from each entrance should have 
frames using 4 by 4s or larger timber supports. 


3-22 


FM 5-103 


ы. Typical tonne? system 
fae. o hs Enemy 


ы 
Tunnel 
Trench и # aniran pa Sn Te b | 
РД x T Machine qun posit on 


fo; TRA SS M ыы 





| 
E Aus ES м Шы. ~ 
p і За ~ ee 
| P | | | “ 4 n EN E Tm 
: К 
208! ds па TEL. 
2 г. 







Cham tar 


Tunnal passes 
under trer.ch 


Tranch 


Untimbered tunnels are generally 31% feet wide and 5 to 6 1/2 
feet high. Once beyond the portal or entrance, tunnels of up to 
this size are unlimbered if they are deep enough and the soil 
will stand open. Larger tunnels must have shoring. Chambers 
constructed in rock or extremely hard soil do not need timber 
supports. If timber is not used, the chamber is not wider than 
6% feet; if timbers are used, the width can increase to 10 feet. 
The chamber is generally the same height as the tunnel, and up 
to 13 feet long. 


Grenade traps are constructed at the bottom of straight lengths 
where they slope. This is done by cutting a recess about 3% feet 
deep in the wall facing the inclining floor of the tunnel. 


Much of the spoil from the excavated area requires disposal and 
concealment. The volume of spoil is usually estimated as one 
third greater than the volume of the tunnel. Tunnel entrances 
need concealment from enemy observation. Also, it is sometimes 
necessary during construction to transport spoil by hand through 
a trench. In cold regions, air warmer than outside air may rise 
from a tunnel entrance thus revealing the position. 


3-23 


FM 5-103 


The danger that tunnel entrances may become blocked and trap the 
occupants always exists. Picks and shovels are placed in each 
tunnel so that trapped personnel can dig their way out. 
Furthermore, at least two entrances are necessary for 
ventilation. Whenever possible, one or more emergency exits are 
provided. These are usually small tunnels with entrances 
normally closed or concealed. A tunnel is constructed from 
inside the system to within a few feet of the surface so that an 
easy breakthrough is possible. 


EARTH PARAPETS 


Excavations and trenches are usually modified to include front, 
rear, and side earth parapets. Parapets are constructed using 
spoil from the excavation or other materials carried to the 
Site. Frontal, side, and rear parapets greatly increase the 
protection of occupants firing their weapons. Thicknesses 
required for parapets vary according to the material's ability 
to deny round penetration. 


Parapets are generally positioned as shown below to allow full 
frontal protection, thus relying on mutual support of other 
firing positions. Parapets are also used as a single means of 
protection, even in the absence of excavations. 


Parapet? used for frontal protection relying on mutual support 





OVERHEAD COVER AND ROOF STRUCTURES 


Fighting and protective positions are given overhead cover 
primarily to defeat indirect fire projectiles landing on or 
exploding above them. Defeat of an indirect fire attack ona 
position, then, requires that the three types of burst 
conditions are considered. (Note: Always place a waterproof 


3-24 


FM 5-103 


layer over any soil cover to prevent it from gaining moisture or 
weathering.) 


Overhead Burst (Fragments) 


Protection against fragments from airburst artillery is provided 
by a thickness of shielding required to defeat a certain size 
shell fragment, supported by a roof structure adequate for the 
dead load of the shielding. This type of roof structure is 
designed using the thicknesses to defeat fragment penetration 
given in the table on Indirect Fire Fragmentation and Blast. As 
a general guide, fragment penetration protection always requires 
at least 11/2 feet of soil cover. For example, to defeat 
fragments from a 120-mm mortar when available cover material is 
sandbags filled with soil, the cover depth required is 1% feet. 
Then, the Maximum Span table shows that support of the 1% feet 
of cover (using 2 by 4 roof stringers over a 4-foot span) 
requires 16-inch center-to-center spacing of the 2 by 4s. This 
example is shown below. 


Рог Боп with overhead сове" protection against fragm en fs from a 120mm mortar 


ШЕП - 


P AN ` Gover es 
S 7 а faardbopa with зо — * 
Ж l-in plywood гост 
Ға . a ET 
Yr . | гиў Stringers | | 
GPO ПИ ee im . a. 
IMMO L п. ЕАО 
i 
Support fog ~ | | i 
Cut|: Excawation | ^A cul 
| 1 
Ми и" 





L- Span о! stringer |4 ft] 
Ег Stringer spacing (18 in| 
dJ ¬ Depth of ieee (15 f| 


Contact Burst 


Protection from contact burst of indirect fire HE shells 
requires much more cover and roof structure support than does 
protection from fragmentation. The type of roof structure 
necessary is given in the following table. For example, if a 
position must defeat the contact burst of an 82-mm mortar, the 
table provides multiple design options. If 4 by 4 stringers are 
positioned on 9-inch center-to-center spacings over a span of 8 
feet, then 2 feet of soil (loose, gravelly sand) is required to 
defeat the burst. Appendix B outlines a step-by-step design and 


3-25 


FM 5-103 


reverse design analysis procedure for cover protection of 
various materials to defeat contact bursts. 


Canter-ie Conter Spacing for Wood Supporting 
Soil Cover to Dateat Contact Bursts 


Center-to-Canter Stringer Spacirg (h) inches}. lar 
Nominel Stringer Cited Span Length 1L] (еви: 
Sige finches] Depth of Soi [dj (ве i 4 8 8 14 


Рог Defeat 2182. mm Contact Burgt 


2х 29 3 4 4 4 3 
3.0 18 12 B 5 4 
40 18 14 7 4 3 
226 2.0 1 7 Ё Н б 
2.0 18 18 18 14 ü 
ай 19 18 ТЕ 11 У 
4x1 2.0 7 1n +7 8 7 
ап 1B 18 18 12 & 
аһ ІН 18 18 10 T 
4xB8 1.Б 4 5 7 R в 
20 14 18 18 18 18 
3.0 18 18 18 1A ЈЕ 
For Defeat af 120. and 122 пега Contact Вита 
4g * 0 2 = 2 
io . - = - - 
4.0 З.Б 4 Б Б в 
5.0 if 12 12 11 if 
5.0 1% 18 1H 16 12 
Bre 20 
3.60 - - ` 
4.0 2 - Б.Б & б 
5.0 14 14 13 12 10 
6.0 18 18 1H 18 із 
Бк 2.2 r - 
2.0 - - x 
4.0 Бр б а B 1a 
Bt t8 `в 18 18 17 
Baill 20 - 
о - - 
4.0 ТБ В 11 la 18 
6,0 18 `В ТЕ 18 18 


3-26 


FM 5-103 


Canter-to-Carntar Spacing for Wood Supporting 
Зай Cover tb Defeat Contact Bursts (Continued) 


For Defeat of 152-mm Cantact Burst 


4х8 4.0 : : i a 38 
5) 5 6 7 7 7 
6.0 I7 18 14 Az 13 
7.) 13 18 18 15 11 
fxn 4.0 - ў ~ = EE. 
5.0 7 8 8 ‚В ў 
8.0 19 18 15 +2 19 
т) 18 TH 18 tB 11 
f x Ê 30 - - ЭОЕ: 
4.0 : ж. ; 5 
Б.Ш 10 11 12 14 lë 
бй 18 18 1H ІН 17 
$ кВ ad - > 5 ` ў 
49 | - - <В. 
9.0 14 16 14 1? 16 
вй 18 18 18 ТЕ 18 


Nota: Tie maximum beam spacing listadin tre above tabla із 18 inches, This is to preclude ћи ће" 
design for roof material placed over the stringers іо huld the earth cover. A maximum of І nah wood o 
piyeeood should be used over stringe s Lo supper Lilie earth cower "ог 62- тип Bursts; 2 inches sould 
bu aged dor 120 ғаға, 122 mm, and ^ BZ-mim Eurets. 


Delay Fuse Burst 


Delay fuse shells are designed to detonate after penetration. 
Protection provided by over-head cover is dependent on the 
amount of cover remaining between the structure and the shell at 
the time of detonation. To defeat penetration of the shell, and 
thus cause it to detonate with a sufficient cover between it and 
the structure, materials are added on top of the overhead cover. 


If this type of cover is used along with contact. burst 
protection, the additional materials (such as rock or concrete) 
are added in with the soil unit weight when designing the 
contact burst cover structure. 


TRIGGERING SCREENS 


Triggering screens are separately built or added on to existing 
structures used to activate the fuse of an incoming shell at a 
"standoff' distance from the structure. The screen initiates 
detonation at a distance where only fragments reach the 
Structure. A variety of materials are usually used to detonate 
both super-quick fuzed shells and delay fuse shells up to and 
including 130 mm. Super-quick shell detonation requires only 


3-27 


FM 5-103 


enough material to activate the fuse. Delay shells require more 
material to both limit penetration and activate the fuse. 
Typical standoff framing is shown below. 


Typical standoff framing with dimensioned wood triggering screen 


— —10 нт. _ 
рн” есіп ج‎ Д 









= = й 
| —- rane --- | 
Zing тіла іп НН 
ИЕ: i | | 


{нб - 





Мар "ETE 5 SERM карыз 
259 an Са ісаў Е it Drei 
bx, T 5 available 24 а DU ATO $ ES s а И и 

E Fui. 2, pn Ран 


a сл 
e ELEVATION - FAAMING PLAN ven 





fre Note: Make each sacan independant 
se of aqjacort section log peat 
ч, 18 indiamater) or wire rope 
_2inx Bin braze 1% în diameter} may Ба sub- 
Wink RL a TW р Е stituted FCF Z In x 6 in brace 
structural grade | 
lum beer 2d м bm 


XR терт вае 
X x brace ав required 


m» fe: rigidity 





SIDEVEW 
Defeating Super-Quick Fuzes 


Incoming shells with super-quick fuzes are defeated at a 
standoff distance with several types of triggering screen 
materials. The first table below lists thicknesses of facing 
material required for detonating incoming shells when impacting 
with the triggering screen. These triggering screens detonate 
the incoming shell but do not defeat fragments from these 
shells. Protection from fragments is still necessary for a 
position. The second table below lists required thicknesses for 
various materials to defeat fragments if the triggering screen 
is 10 feet from the structure. 


3-28 


FM 5-103 


Trissering Screen Facing Material RHequiremenk: 


Maternal Теам R соди" 
Placed, сзілпегіз шісі timber ПА ја thickness 


Soil in sandbags with phreiond or гаш] у пп ekness 124-03 де cheat metal 


Эа ген] steel [cor уі area A -in Ра САПЕ 

Tree limbs l-in шата” 

Am mun tien гара ' layer {1 -en-thidk red} 
кам 3 Резе 


* [ar өрені іні projnatires op ré and пећи феб 170 mre mertar, racket, and 3irillany ghalik. 


Triggering Screen Male rial Thickness, in Inches, Required № 
Deel Fragmenis at a 10-Ғын спат 


Іп тігінінің Shell Sine 


М aterial EZ mm 120 mm 122 mm 
Sall то 18 18 
Soil, aren а B з 
Sand a 18 15 
Chay 10 їн 1a 
Eran ог ur aded mel al] У 1 1 
Wond (irk Б 14 +4 
Cork геге 2 2 3 
ПЕ вы Ві Ba 


Defeating Delay Fuzes 


Delay fuzes are defeated by various thicknesses of protective 
material. The table below lists type and thickness of materials 
required to defeat penetration of delay fuse shells and cause 
their premature detonation. These materials are usually added to 
positions designed for contact burst protection. One method to 
defeat penetration and ensure premature shell detonation is to 
use layers of large stones. The figure below shows this added 
delay fuse protection on top of the contact burst protection 
designed in appendix B. The rocks are placed in at least three 
layers on top of the required depth of cover for the expected 
shell size. The rock size is approximately twice the caliber of 
the expected shell. For example, the rock size required to 
defeat 82-mm mortar shell penetration is 2x 82 mm = 164 mm (or 
6% inches). 


3-29 


FM 5-103 


ui red Thickness, in Inches, of Protective Material to 
Et Penetration of Different ZhellE (Deby Ките} 


halla Сопогаја“ Acok** Rook Siza jinohos} 
az-mm morlar 6 20 Б 
122-піга matar 20 35 8 
| £Z-ir rà rennet nu MI 15 
122-тгі atillery Ба. 4J 1c 
130-mm atillery Bü 42 12013 


ЖАЛЫН) psi reinforces concrete. 
** Rosk must be relalvely голу [со npressive strergch of вози 20.000 psi] 
And in three layers Тог £2 mwi: “our layar far ethers. 


Name; Ole to ihe extreme th cknass required ior protectiar, materials sugi as Garth, sand, and clay 
ai rn Decree Lled. 


Stone Ja yar added to јурлра overhead cove to defeat the daisy fore purest fram an Шт moriar 






Depth of cover 


1 





__ Stinger — 






Rock саг: _ 2^ 
4 x shall caliber 





^ Watsrpgrout "Support 
layar lan 


! | ИХ BL: ТЕНТ 
зг 515-і rock size 


In some cases, chain link fences also provide some standoff 
protection when visibility is necessary in front of the standoff 
and when positioned as shown. However, the fuse of some incoming 
shells may pass through the fence without initiating the firing 
mechanism. 


SHELTERS AND BUNKERS 


Protective shelters and fighting bunkers are usually constructed 
using a combination of the components of positions mentioned 
thus far. Protective shelters are primarily used as- 


e Command posts. 

e Observation posts. 

e Medical aid stations. 

e Supply and ammunition shelters. 
e Sleeping or resting shelters. 


3-30 


FM 5-103 


Protective shelters are usually constructed aboveground, using 
cavity wall revetments and earth-covered roof structures, or 
they are below ground using sections that are airtransportable. 


Fighting bunkers are enlarged fighting positions designed for 
Squad-size units or larger. They are built either aboveground or 
below ground and are usually made of concrete. However, some are 


prefabricated and transported forward to the battle area by 
trucks or air. 


If shelters and bunkers are properly constructed with 
appropriate collective protection equipment, they can serve as 
protection against chemical and biological agents. 


Cham Ink fence пай for а сплет 


м 
rr 


Ж“ xb Two thicknesses of chain Пик 
tences attached to supporting 
ard puss au 4- си го 


В 





Fence as high 
as posible 


CONSTRUCTION METHODS 


3-31 


FM 5-103 


For individual and crew-served weapons fighting 

and protective position construction, hand tools 

are available. The individual soldier carries an Retaining wall ravatment 
entrenching tool and has access to picks, shovels, 

machetes, and hand carpentry tools for use in 

individual excavation and vertical construction СОБКО ОДА ваша 


" Haadary 
work Stretchers 





Earthmoving equipment and 
explosives are used for excavating 
protective positions for vehicles 
and supplies. Earthmoving 
equipment, including backhoes, 
bulldozers, and bucket loaders, 
are usually used for larger or 
more rapid excavation when the 
Situation permits. Usually, these 
machines cannot dig out the exact Joints broken 
shape desired or dig the amount of 
earth necessary. The excavation is 
usually then completed by hand. 
Descriptions and capabilities of 
US survivability equipment are 
given in appendix A. 





ELEVATION 


Methods of construction include 
sandbagging, explosive excavation, 
and excavation revetments. Streichers and headers 


SANDBAGGING 


Walls of fighting and protective 
positions are built of sandbags in 
much the same way bricks are used. 
Sandbags are also useful for 
retaining wall revetments as shown 
on the right. 





Гы ы = 


SECTION ELEVATION 


The sandbag is made of an acrylic fabric and is rot and weather 
resistant. Under all climatic conditions, the bag has a life of 
at least 2 years with no visible deterioration. (Some older- 
Style cotton bags deteriorate much sooner.) The useful life of 
sandbags is prolonged by filling them with a mixture of dry 
earth and portland cement, normally in the ratio of 1 part of 
cement to 10 parts of dry earth. The cement sets as the bags 
take on moisture. A 1:6 ratio is used for sand-gravel mixtures. 
As an alternative, filled bags are dipped in a cement-water 


3-32 


FM 5-103 


slurry. Each sandbag is then pounded with a flat object, such 
a 2 by 4, to make the retaining wall more stable. 


As a rule, sandbags are used for revetting walls or repairing 
trenches when the soil is very loose and requires a retaining 


wall. A sandbag revetment will not stand with a vertical face. 


The face must have a slope of 1:4, and lean against the earth 
is to hold in place. The base for the revetment must stand on 
firm ground and dug at a slope of 4:1. 


The following steps are used to construct a Expediant funnel for filling sandbags 
sandbag revetment wall such as the one shown. 


e The bags are filled about 
three-fourths full with 
earth or a dry soil-cement 
mixture and the choke 
cords are tied. 

e The bottom corners of the 
bags are tucked in after 
filling. 

e The bottom row of the 
revetment is constructed 
by placing all bags as 
headers. The wall is built 
using alternate rows of 
stretchers and headers 
with the joints broken 
between courses. The top 
row of the revetment wall 
consists of headers. 

e Sandbags are positioned so 
that the planes between 
the layers have the same 
pitch as the base-at right 
angles to the slope of the 
revetment. 

e All bags are placed so 
that side seams on 
stretchers and choked ends 
on headers are turned 
toward the revetted face. 

e As the revetment is built, 
it is backfilled to shape 
the revetted face to this 
slope. 





as 


it 


3-33 


FM 5-103 


Often, the requirement for filled sandbags far exceeds the 
capabilities of soldiers using only shovels. If the bags are 
filled from a stockpile, the job is performed easier and faster 
by using a lumber or steel funnel as shown on the right. 


EXPLOSIVE EXCAVATION 


Explosive excavation is done by placing charges in boreholes in 
a particular pattern designed to excavate a certain dimensioned 
hole. Boreholes are dug to a depth two thirds that of desired 
excavation. The holes are spaced no farther apart than twice 
their depth, and no closer to the desired perimeter than the 
depth of the borehole. 


The boreholes are dug with posthole diggers, hand augers, or 
with 15-or 40-pound shaped charges. The holes are backfilled and 
tamped. Borehole sizes made with shaped charges are listed in 
the first table below. Boreholes made with shaped charges may 
need additional digging or partial filling and tamping to 
achieve a desired depth. When setting explosives, the charges 
are placed in the borehole with two thirds of the charge at the 
bottom and one third halfway down. The charges are then tamped. 
The second table below lists the pounds of explosive needed in a 
sandy clay soil per depth of borehole. 


Averages Derehcle Sizes Mads by Shaped Charges 


Маіагізі Distanca. іп Depth, ft ` Diamater, in Сарић “Вітэ, ін 
501: degp-pached snow 37 7 т - | 

AB x | 7 14 
Frozen ground 30 & a 2 2 

59 ў 6 7 
Ire 42 7 4 12 


Amoun of Explosive Recuircd for Blasting Ставго 


Amount of Expiasiva Aequired rar Бітті Carers 
Depth of Затоћоја, ft Pounds of Explogne 


ғ 3. 
a Б 
4 8 
5 13 


Because soil type and explosive effectiveness vary, the quantity 
of explosive required may differ slightly from the amounts given 
in the previous table. A test hole is detonated to check the 
accuracy of the table in the specific soil condition, After 


3-34 


FM 5-103 


tamping and detonating the charges, the loose earth is removed 
and the position is shaped as desired. 


Rectangular Positions 


Borehole and charge location in rectangular position excavation 
shown below in the diagram is as follows: 


e The outline of position is marked on the ground. 

e Holes are located a borehole's depth inward from each of 
the four corners. 

e Additional holes are spaced along both sides at distances 
not exceeding two times the depth of the boreholes. 

e Inner rows are spaced equal distance from the outer rows at 
distances not exceeding two times the borehole depth. 

e Each row is staggered with respect to adjacent rows. 

e The calculated charge weight is doubled in all holes in 
interior rows. 


Borehole: for rectangular positions 





L - Length 

т Yridih 

E ° Distance batween holes i1 row 
2% borahola depth 

H 


= Distance bette rimta 


- у burphyly Џери 


Information concerning the calculation of charge weights and the 
use of prime cord or blasting caps is contained in FM 5-34 and 
ЕМ 5-25. 


To create ramps for positions in relatively flat terrain using 
explosives, the lower portion is excavated as a rectangular 
position, as shown, and the upper end is excavated by hand. 
Charges are not placed closer than the borehole depth from the 
desired edge, and not farther than twice the borehole depth 
apart. Portions of the position less than 2 feet deep are 
usually excavated by hand. 


3-35 


FM 5-103 
Boreholes for Positions in flat. terrain 


Ж 22222 
ПЯ о о 


Shaded ares to ba 
excavated by haad 


22А : 
uz С у ° 
1722. 9 OT, 


РІ ДЫ 


А. 


Макіпцт & = 4 Ft 


T 
$“ 


SI 





Mutu: 
SECTION 


Circular Positions 


3-36 


FM 5-103 


Circular positions are prepared with a circular 
arrangement of boreholes surrounding a 
borehole at the center of the position. Several 
concentric rings of holes are needed for large 
positions, and one ring or only one charge for 
small positions. The charge layout shown on the 


Я 2 Boreholes for circular рогику 
right is as follows: ЕК 
e The radius of the desired Quter edga 
Circular position is 
determined. 


e The borehole depth is 
subtracted from the radius 
and a circle is inscribed 
on the ground with the new 
radius length. 

e The new radius length is 
divided by twice the 
borehole depth to determine 
the number of rings within 
the position. 

e Each additional ring is 





positioned at equal Б = 2 к гіврін of hulos 

distances between the outer 

ring and the center of the * Боша not exceed 2 times 
dotes depth of boreholes 

ров от. 


• Boreholes are spaced equal 
distance along each ring. 
Fach hole should not exceed Quter айан 
twice the borehole depth 
from another hole on the 
ring. 

e The charge weight is 
doubled in all holes in the 
interior rings. 


When the position diameter does 
not exceed twice the borehole 
depth, a single charge placed at 





EC ы A = Badius of charge ring 
the center of the position is d - Diameter 


enough. When the position 
diameter is between two and four 


times the borehole depth, space 
three holes equal distance 
around the ring and omit the 
center hole. 


Positions in Frozen Soil 


3-37 


FM 5-103 


In frozen soil, blasting requires about 1.5 to 2 times the 
number of boreholes and larger charges than those calculated for 
moderate climates. To determine the number of bore-holes needed, 
testing is performed before extensive excavation is attempted. 
For frozen soil, hole depth (d) should equal required depth of 
excavation. The required charge weight (w) is w = 0.06 d 3 
pounds, where (d) is in feet. 


Positions in Rocky Soil 


Boulders and rocks are removed by using blasting methods 
described in FM 5-25 or FM 5-34.These manuals also described 
Similar activities for stump and tree root removal. 


EXCAVATION REVETMENTS 


Excavations in soil may require revetment to prevent side walls 
from collapsing. Several methods of excavation revetments are 
usually used to prevent wall collapse. 


Wall Sloping 


The need for revetment is sometimes avoided or postponed by 
sloping the walls of the excavation. In most soils, a slope of 
1:3 or 1:4 is sufficient. This method is used temporarily if the 
soil is loose and no revetting materials are available. The 
ratio of 1:3, for example, will determine the slope by moving 1 
foot horizontally for each 3 feet vertically. When wall sloping 
is used, the walls are first dug vertically and then sloped. 


Facing Revetments 


Facing revetments serve mainly to protect revetted surfaces from 
the effects of weather and occupation. It is used when soils are 
stable enough to sustain their own weight. This revetment 
consists of the revetting or facing material and the supports 
which hold the revetting material in place. The facing material 
is usually much thinner than that used in a retaining wall. 
Facing revetments are preferable to wall sloping since less 
excavation is required. The top of the facing is set below 
ground level. The facing is constructed of brushwood hurdles, 
continuous brush, poles, corrugated metal, plywood, or burlap 
and chicken wire. The following paragraphs describe the method 
of constructing each type. 


Brushwood Hurdle. A brushwood hurdle is a woven revetment unit 
usually 6% feet long and as high as the revetted wall. Pieces of 


3-38 


FM 5-103 


brushwood about 1 inch in diameter are weaved on a framework of 
sharpened pickets driven into the ground at 20-inch intervals. 
When completed, the 6 %-foot lengths are carried to the position 
where the pickets are driven in place. The tops of the pickets 
are tied back to stakes or holdfasts and the ends of the hurdles 
are wired together. 





А ў s ІШ jd " 


чү! ы 





Continuous Brush. A continuous brush revetment is constructed in 
place. Sharpened pickets 3 inches in diameter are driven into 
the bottom of the trench at 30-inch intervals and about 4 inches 
from the revetted earth face. The space behind the pickets is 
packed with small, straight brushwood laid horizontally. The 
tops of the pickets are anchored to stakes or holdfasts. 


3-39 


FM 5-103 


Contmacus brush revetment 


Earth face 





Арртолита у 
in 


Pole. A pole revetment is similar to the continuous brush 


revetment except that a layer of small horizontal round poles, 
cut to the length of the revetted wall, is used instead of 
brushwood. If available, boards or planks are used instead of 


poles because of quick installation. Pickets are held in place 
by holdrasts Or struts. 


3-40 


FM 5-103 


Poke revetment 


Рав рат Struts 


T Ета 
تیم‎ = . t аз г" ыз 
= -Mpy =” "Т 


= сз" До н 

A -F м = ИЯ и" Ye - Ite E MP 
p mut б КА ИЕ ат 
E as = ie we ҚЫ 





Ча ванай gee mx 
T x 1:72 == Мы 
ЖЕСЕ mM Б. 
= =. 
у == d Grourd line 
ЧЕ Е | 
== 


А Ў y 
M 1 
ЫШ! | oorr 


In пе и" sofi acl. 
lower pit andy will 
require revgtrmgnt 


ini m! 


Corrugated Metal Sheets or Plywood. A revetment of corrugated 


metal sheets or plywood is usually installed rapidly and is 
strong and durable. It is well adapted to position construction 


because the edges and ends of sheets or planks are lapped, as 
required, to produce a revetment of a given height and length 
All metal surfaces are smeared with mud to reduce possible 


reflection of thermal radiation and aid in camouflage. Burlap 
and chicken wire revetments are similar to revetments made from 
corrugated metal sheets or plywood. However, burlap and chicken 
wire does not have the strength or durability of plywood or 
sheet metal in supporting soil. 


Types o£ metal осле сга 





Corrugated matal shmnts 


Випар and chicken wira 


3-41 


FM 5-103 


Methods to Support Facing 


The revetment facing is usually supported by timber frames or 
pickets. Frames of dimensioned timber are constructed to fit the 
bottom and sides of the position and hold the facing material 
apart over the excavated width. 


Facing revetment supported 
by tim ber frames 


Facing 









паб азі 





Facing - I— Pichet—" — Facing 


m- $ 
күзгү гри гг! ү" 


Л | 


METHOD OF PLACING STAKES 


3-42 


FM 5-103 


Facing revetment supported 
hy pickets 





D 


is equal ёс ar greater than Н 


1 


С. is varat to H +7 ft 


т 


METHOD ПЕ ANCHORING FLORETS 


Pickets are driven into the ground on the position side of the 
facing material. The pickets are held tightly against the facing 
by bracing them apart across the width of the position. The size 
of pickets required and their spacing are determined by the soil 
and type of facing material used. Wooden pickets smaller than 3 
inches in diameter are not used. The maximum spacing between 
pickets is about 6% feet. The standard pickets used to support 
barbed wire entanglements are excellent for use in revetting. 
Pickets are driven at least 1% feet into the floor of the 
position. Where the tops of the pickets are anchored, an anchor 
stake or holdfast is driveninto the top of the bank and tied to 
the top of the picket. The distance between the anchor stake and 
the facing is at least equal to the height of the revetted face, 
with alternate anchors staggered and at least 2 feet farther 
back. Several strands of wire holding the pickets against the 
emplacement walls are placed straight and taut. A groove or 
channel is cut in the parapet to pass the wire through. 


SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS 
CAMOUFLAGE AND CONCEALMENT 


The easiest and most efficient method of preventing the 
targeting and destruction of a position or shelter is use of 
proper camouflage and concealment techniques. Major 


3-43 


FM 5-103 


considerations for camouflage use are discussed in appendix D. 
Following are some general guidelines for position construction. 


Natural concealment and good camouflage materials are used. When 
construction of a positions begins, natural materials such as 
vegetation, rotting leaves, scrub brush, and snow are preserved 
for use as camouflage when construction is completed. If 
explosive excavation is used, the large area of earth spray 
created by detonation is camouflaged or removed by first placing 
tarpaulins or scrap canvas on the ground prior to charge 
detonation. Also, heavy equipment tracks and impressions are 
disguised upon completion of construction. 


Fields of fire are not overcleared. In fighting position 
construction, clearing of fields of fire is an important 
activity for effective engagement of the enemy. Excessive 
clearing is prevented in order to reduce early enemy acquisition 
of the position. Procedures for clearing allow for only as much 
terrain modification as is needed for enemy acquisition and 
engagement. 


Concealment from aircraft is provided. Consideration is usually 
given to observation from the air. Action is taken to camouflage 
position interiors or roofs with fresh natural materials, thus 
preventing contrast with the surroundings. 


During construction, the position is evaluated from the enemy 
Side. By far, the most effective means of evaluating concealment 
and camouflage is to check it from a suspected enemy avenue of 
approach. 


DRAINAGE 


Positions and shelters are designed to take advantage of the 
natural drainage pattern of the ground. They are constructed to 
provide for- 


e Exclusion of surface runoff. 

e Disposal of direct rainfall or seepage. 

e Bypassing or rerouting natural drainage channels if they 
are intersected by the position. 


In addition to using materials that are durable and resistant to 
weathering and rot, positions are protected from damage due to 
surface runoff and direct rainfall, and are repaired quickly 
when erosion begins. Proper position siting can lessen the 
problem of surface water runoff. Surface water is excluded by 


3-44 


FM 5-103 


excavating intercepted ditches uphill from a position or 
shelter. Preventing water from flowing into the excavation is 
easier than removing it. Positions are located to direct the 
runoff water into natural drainage lines. Water within a 
position or shelter is carried to central points by constructing 
longitudinal slopes in the bottom of the excavation. A very 
gradual slope of 1 percent is desirable. 

MAINTENANCE 


If water is allowed to stand in the bottom of an excavation, the 
position is eventually undermined and becomes useless. Sumps and 
drains are kept clean of silt and refuse. Parapets around 
positions are kept clear and wide enough to prevent parapet soil 
from falling into the excavation. When wire and pickets are used 
to support revetment material, the pickets may become loose, 
especially after rain. Improvised braces are wedged across the 
excavation, at or near floor level, between two opposite 
pickets. Anchor wires are tightened by further twisting. Anchor 
pickets are driven in farther to hold tightened wires. Periodic 
inspections of sandbags are made. 


REPAIRS 


If the walls are crumbling in at the top of an excavation 
(ground level), soil is cut out where it is crumbling (or until 
firm soil is reached). Sandbags or sod blocks are used to build 
up the damaged area. If excavation walls are wearing away at the 
floor level, a plank is placed on its edge or the brushwood is 
shifted down. The plank is held against the excavation wall with 
short pickets driven into the floor. If planks are used on both 
Sides of the excavation, a wedge is placed between the planks 
and earth is placed in the back of the planks. If an entire wall 
appears ready to collapse, the excavation is completely 
revetted. 





i ee eee Le 
^. Before repair ^ 





DAMACE AT GROUND LEVEL 


3-45 


FM 5-103 






im ее гіп plank 


M —Stakas o- holdf 
S placed Бога 





Before repair After rapair 
DAMAGE NEAR FLOOR LEVEL 


SECURITY 


In almost all instances, fighting and protective positions are 
prepared by teams of at least two personnel. During 
construction, adequate frontal and perimeter protection and 
observation are necessary. Additional units are sometimes 
required to secure an area during position construction. Unit 
personnel can also take turns with excavating and providing 
security. 


3-46 


CHAPTER 4 


DESIGNING POSITIONS 





While it is desirable for a fighting position to give maximum protection to personnel and 





n = e м ty = 


~ pter contains basic reg divemcnts which murt be 
im built inte the designs of fighting and pratect ve prai- 


tions. “hese кедшізгіленіз ensar? soldiera are мге г негелі 
while performing their müssions. The positions are all 
continuously improved as lime, assels, and the situation 
permit. The following: six рра Шол cele gored arc preacntcd: 
hasty and deliberate fick tins position for mdividualaoldiers 
negbung positions for ercew-served weapons, positiona Гог 
vehicles and auppart eyuipmentot major weapons зуніёльа; 
Lrenelies eonaecting the positions: positions for entire итін; 
and epecial designa melocing sheltera and hunkera. The 
positions in cach category are briefly deweribed und accom 
panied Ку a typical Яав illisiruinin. Farh каш згу та 
summarized prov ding Lima und equipment eztimates and 
protection Eaekora Пы each patni Complete detailed ton- 
lr LIT drawings, aad time and mateial extimatea dor 


1 


cach position, are contained in sppendix 11 


BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 
WEAPON EMPLOYMENT 


equipment, primary consideration is always given to effective weapon use. In offensive combat 


operations, weapons are sited wherever natural or existing positions are available, or where 


weapon emplacement is made with minimal digging. 


COVER 


Positions are designed to defeat an anticipated threat. Protection against direct and indirect fire is 
of primary concern for position design. However, the effects of nuclear and chemical attack are 
taken into consideration if their use is suspected. Protection design for one type of enemy fire is 
not necessarily effective against another. The following three types of cover-frontal, overhead, 
and flank and rear-will have a direct bearing on designing and constructing positions. 


Frontal 


4-1 


FM 5-103 


Frontal cover provides protection from small caliber direct 

fire. Natural frontal protection such as large trees, rocks, logs, and rubble is best because 
enemy detection of fighting positions becomes difficult. However, if natural frontal protection is 
not adequate for proper protection, dirt excavated from the position (hole) is used. Frontal cover 
requires the position to have the correct length so that soldiers have adequate room; the correct 
dirt thickness (3 feet) to stop enemy small caliber fire; the correct height for overhead protection; 
and, for soldiers firing to the oblique, the correct frontal distance for elbow rests and sector 
stakes. Protection from larger direct fire weapons (for example, tank guns) is achieved by 
locating the position where the enemy cannot engage it, and concealing it so pinpoint location is 
not possible. Almost twice as many soldiers are killed or wounded by small caliber fire when 
their positions do not have frontal cover. 


Overhead 


Overhead cover provides protection from indirect fire 
fragmentation. When possible, overhead cover is always constructed to enhance 
protection against airburst artillery shells. Overhead cover is necessary because soldiers are at 
least ten times more protected from indirect fire if they are in a hole with overhead cover. 


Flank and Rear 


Flank and rear cover ensures complete protection for fighting 
position. Flank and rear cover protects soldiers against the effects of indirect fire bursts to 
the flanks or rear of the position, and the effects of friendly weapons located in the rear (for 
example, packing from discarded sabot rounds fired from tanks). Ideally, this protection is 
provided by natural cover. In its absence, a parapet is constructed as time and circumstances 
permit. 


SIMPLICITY AND ECONOMY 


The position is usually uncomplicated and strong, requires as little digging as possible, and is 
constructed of immediately-available materials. 


INGENUITY 


A high degree of imagination is essential to assure the best use of available materials. Many 
different materials existing on the battlefield and prefabricated materials found in industrial and 
urban areas can be used for position construction. 


PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT 


Positions should allow for progressive development to insure flexibility, security, and protection 
in depth. Hasty positions are continuously improved into deliberate positions to provide 
maximum protection from enemy fire. Trenches or tunnels connecting fighting positions give 
ultimate flexibility in fighting from a battle position or strongpoint. Grenade sumps are usually 
dug at the bottom of a position's front wall where water collects. The sump is about 3 feet long, 


4-2 


FM 5-103 


10 foot wide, and dug at a 30-degree angle. The slant of the floor channels excess water and 
grenades into the sump. In larger positions, separate drainage sumps or water drains are 
constructed to reduce the amount of water collecting at the bottom of the position. 


CAMOUFLAGE AND CONCEALMENT 


Camouflage and concealment activities are continual during position siting preparation. If the 
enemy cannot locate a fighting position, then the position offers friendly forces the advantage of 
firing first before being detected. Appendix D of this manual contains additional information on 
camouflage. 


INDIVIDUAL FIGHTING POSITIONS 


The table below summarizes the hasty and deliberate individual fighting positions and provides 
time estimates, equipment requirements, and protection factors. 


Characterbtics of Individual Fighting Positions 


тапа! . Indirect Fije 
Cor siruction | Direc: Еп те Ғі | Blast and 

Тын of o Тик Fqui pi ent Ball. Ell and Ргагпавігы ут mantatian Кишваг 

Position — (nian-Roure) йере Сайыт Fire (Nrar-M ez)" Direct Hit; Маша” мат 
HASTY 
irge М.с ҺАН lan]: J Бога. ettor апп праг - по Hona Fair 

ганы potexpon 

“ki тз лег 5 ПЕ Капа 015 Торги. — зебатћаг I oper » no hong Far 

"enin meer вай potecnan 
Рип; 1t Haad Тек!" Tamy dene- than іг. арап m+ Herr Ні- Prpaxlcs n! шамі, 
posilin ике ёш ри; lerla LOT 
DE LIB RAT = 
ЖЕДІ 3L Наи [02 + Ел пп Medium arb sry 13 ё. ааг Hine lar 

parina Мал SEH га sue hes 

protection 

iw „йш ur eL Hand doce: 13 mr Масіцт. arlilary 1o c air Mere Сез — "duilinral cove 
pos tn Іпап Sb FL prenes ME 
wilh." It dion fror. dire 
mac lez d hiz mah tora 
Limes ШЕН 
Тил-шп èr Б." Hanr inar L2.?mmrr War ium ағ Нау 12 clo Мпа Fair 

portia thas dd H - па eed 

pryberior 
1-3 5r НО Hare гас 12./mm Ке: гі artery іг closer hone Спі Apdniona yer 
luat Л dhari 27 М pru nde anubar- 
wih Ed LontreT ПНС" 
CEET Bad Fil а! | гк!» 
МАЛУ ИҢ! 
LA FF цыш! 3.0 Напі 5205 lZ."rm Не ur arzilery ni cluser hue tar 
than 39 №. no cer ea 
arotection 


Mab: Chenal ра ЭП 19 25 sut ef DECAL se ul dual рађено ке masai ant tiefie. 
* Басе SMES av. anal Medun 


Ія acm m  l2Unm 


Ailen stm  l*5z7rm 


** quclear pechi raliaps are ratal рос". “air, раскі уату goud and аге Бг |, 


4-3 


FM 5-103 


HASTY POSITIONS 


When time and materials are limited, troops in contact with the enemy use a hasty fighting 
position located behind whatever cover is available. It should provide frontal protection from 
direct fire while allowing fire to the front and oblique. For protection from indirect fire, a hasty 
fighting position is located in a depression or hole at least 1 1⁄2 feet deep. The following positions 
provide limited protection and are used when there is little or no natural cover. If the unit 
remains in the area, the hasty positions are further developed into deliberate positions which 
provide as much protection as possible. 





Crater position |naztyl 


A shell or енгі crater, 2 to 3 
teat wida, altere immediate 
cover (азрарі Far overhead, 
and concealment. Бү digging 
а staap face оп the side 
томарға the атап, iha soldier 
abtaing а hasty fighting 

рез а. Tracie using а «mal: 
Grater positi in ca sai dele 
location can later dywelgp it 
into я dabbarab position. 


Shin mixlier^s Wench (hasty) 





The shrmnishar' a tanchis n 
shallow position which 
provides а hasty prone 
айий pei Liv Kor ane 
individual auldier. Whar 
immeciate shelter from 
япапту flra Iz rieecmd, aar 
слави та defilada fring 

Po deltas erc nci wegilnkla, 
soldi ree lie prona tr en heir 
side. атара iha soil wit] an 
antrenshing tool, and pie ine 
діні sri з low рага рат Белага 
themselves and the впатту. І" 
The Пїйгїпйг, н oll body- 
length pit is quick y баркі in 
AW Bur thE hardest nro ad. 
Tha trench is orientad тп it i5 
chligue to eam lire. д 
adiar prrérseasus a lowe 
zlhnurttrs in this Тура 01 

розе ел, asd is pratacted to a 
Vira Fia тан Hon pm ui 
caliber fira. 





4-4 


FM 5-103 


Prone postion |hasty| 





The prana f ghiing реп іс 
в further rietingrmmant of the 
skirrüghar& french It sores 
нн н puud firing potion Tor 
the ві сіг. and provides 
һайт protection асвіпаќ 
direct fira weap Ona than the 
Grater poshion oF БЕРТ ее a 
угаљ ћ, 





DELIBERATE POSITIONS 


Deliberate fighting positions are modified hasty positions prepared during periods of relaxed 
enemy pressure. If the situation permits, the unit leader verifies the sectors of observation before 
preparing each position. Continued improvements are made to strengthen the position during the 
period of occupation. Small holes are dug for automatic rifle bipod legs so the rifle is as close to 
ground level as possible. Improvements include adding overhead cover, digging trenches to 
adjacent positions, and maintaining camouflage. 





One soldier роз п je li Lı ata} 





The сна апі інг fighting 
position is tha mdividual ES 
goldiar's basic defensive r 
ришип. It allows flexibility in $e. 
the use of cover, anG} the 7 
hele пава опу бе lang а 
encugh for оле зоб ет plus 
Baar, It дома nox howo the 
security of à two-person 
positing: tharafora it musti 
allow а soldier to shoot to the 
froni or oblique trom behing 
frontal сота г, 


4-5 


FM 5-103 


апе а Це position with очра аа cover [daliboaratü] 


А sig nificant approve: mont cf 
the opèn position pravigusly 
rinzeribed. ihe one goldiser 
fighting position with 
overhead Gover provides 
protection fram а Ви РЎ 
Weapon fragments. А geod 
position has sverhead towar 
that allows a већу ен ta lire 
from boneath et. Lege d to E 
inches in diameter. or & Бу 6- 
inch timbers, axtend at leas! 
1 foot on each side of the 
ров ап to penvinia a даљи 
bearing gurfzce for overhead 
corer, 








Iwo-soldier positian (daligerate} -------------------:------ 


запа у, the owa-goldier 
Nghtirg рожі ап is pralerrerc 
АЁ А иг elie pelt 
гіпсе спа sldier can prawie 
веш у veh lg the other is 
digging er газ плу, Іп this 
mannir, fighting poartions are 
aita cknraly manned fer langer 
рагісьв ûf bima, IF one во ћи 
Басотав B садий iy, the 
роамісп da still occupied. 
Further, the prycoagiog cal 
sinat nf tva 2 ега tag аен 
рнк Occupation of -ha 
PeMtions for longer рені Б, 


Tha Бан potion ЈЕ ишү 
modified by axtending crus ёг 
hoth anda ofthe babs апп 
the sides of the frontal cower. 
The modification ia generally 
nECBSEBFy In сіз tarrpin 
wien g'azing fira and position 
Mutal support uxiend nao 
Tether (han to ons Adjacent 
а ог. Ма силом іт also 
nacaggory tO rover dead apace 
in Gloss terrain immediately іп 
Tro Ak Af bhia pogitign. 





FM 5-103 





FM 5-103 





Two-soldiar position with uwor hegad caver deliberata} 


Tha бабо тег fighting 
poszitnn with orerhead vurar 
ің animprpvarmmnt of the 
open badeeoldiar position. 
Overh god gov ic mady at 
daacribed for the ar-aeldiar 
nngitinn with overhgad cover, 





LAW position 


The LOW iz fired from tha 
fighting paaltiong рети ау 
described. However, 
hackhlagt may cause friendly 
casualties of scidigrs in tha 
рез ом" Баск ааг area, Tha 
gunner shuld ansura any 
walls, parapets, large treat, OF 
otho ob ponts te the ar will 
nat пвҒізгі tha backblast. 
When the LAW ig firad fram a 
twee soldier pogtion, the 
gunnar must eraura that other 
zolgisr Ін thy mir шы шін 
the Eackbaet а-аа. Tha front 
adip nd a fighting nekxitinn ix A 
good elbow raat to help the 
gunnar ateady ihe weapon 
and gain accuracy. Stability i5 
batter it the qguorner’s body is 
leaning agalngt the position’. 
Tea ni nr sida wall. 





CREW-SERVED WEAPONS FIGHTING POSITIONS 


The table below summarizes crew-served weapons fighting positions and provides time 
estimates, equipment requirements, and protection factors. 


Mortar postion 


А fighting perition for a 
mortar ig a circular shaped 
hela. The рок топ із dug to п 
dapth Біт to shield tha 
WB рай and crew, Yet not 
FERE ILL Lines тыр 
operation. Ап ammunition- 
ready rack or niche ig 
Eomntimgs built into the aida 
af the posl den Fer the 
gunnasr' s cormvaniance. Tha 
ttm of tha ammunition 
rack іа нама frcr the 
poaitinn's floor. Agether 
ready rack (вып Віга in 
una вије OF тле trench leading 
ta tha pogitign. Batara tia 
Perapat lû built. the mortar ic 
lind For брата û1 fire by 
wang an агита слоге oi 


FM 5-103 








owe ib de limited to 
20 inches high and З feet 


wide. An axt trench is 


рға ч Вы зга and otha: 
Totter решаг. 


Characteristics of Crew-Servend Waapans Fighting Pos Hass 
Есіешіні Іпаігс Гв 
па и аи Ше шінші flrs Glas акш 
Туре пі Timê Equipment з] іе amd Кїттї Егадтепівлей — Мыс 
Ре ілі  Iman-hourg] Мынаған! баны Fire |New Nis ІСгв Ні Шары” 
Ure gen +: ran] 1045 1 гі Mec m ўга ce cost Mane Fair 
ТЕТЕ ани AF U u ever Eid 
FSP.” an 
imn. пес 1:0 Hard xs iz Ini Mui, ~ а аге пе acne Мапе Fair 
TOW pos Баз 20 ЈЕ · чо overesd 
ren енін 
Ут AELE Ел Hand bale, 127 mu ° Mudiwrsorlillbre пе darer Hone: ка 
релін! Hz Xp тайт" 
ргојесћоћ 
Meshing gui 10 Hanc іші: lz.'wr Medi аў uu duse қуы ғар 
pris cian "kar PMI іе ar heal 
пи ап 
Иң; ную uus len Hang Іш; Іа ете Мер пн actelery на SEI wee Good 
Duns that an | 
мї ЕЛ 
НЕ 
Casar 
Mgr tyr il yand тйл іё inm Merien Al ble ў do Сог Hunc Tuir 
рэсп гчап 30 1E - ло overhead 
[к ад cn 
Мета; hemal рме 15 ESOT because ct паша! сее waski an se coll 
+ Shell size; НЕ Amal Мейит 
Morar Alan  :2üTeT 


ark [ery 176mm 


L 52mm. 


*7 Andean бер вый ijs are “ahe poor, dair good ugs porc. and aszesari. 





FM 5-103 


4-10 


Dragon position 


The Dragon із also fired fro rr 
preinausl-deacri bad 
рояполь Бормио. some 
changes ars nscessary. The 
xoldiur musi иог er the 
Dragon's extensive back аз! 
and гацаеіе blatt, se wall na. 
сювгай без of firs. When a 
Dragon i fired. the muzzle 
und extends В inzhas beyond 
the ironi nf ihe position, and 
the г#йг of tha launcher 
axtenda oof over the rear 01 
ee Pi, Ан EL eile 
Ipaves tha launcher, 
stabilizing tint unfold. 
Thearstors, thé solder keeps 
thé weapon at hadt б inches 
abawa the ground whan firing 
to lave roam for іле firs, А 





waiét-deap position will glow 
the gunner то move whika 
tacking а target. Elecauna of 
the Dragon gunner's 
aboregrouny height, зіі 
+ћрша construct frontal cower 
high &rmugh te hide the 
soldier's haad and. if posite, 
the Dragon's hackHast. The 
өкін must dg а Pole ia 
froni of the nagitian Tor tha 
Брод tage. 11 cover Із bull on 
the flanks of a Dragon 

азіі oa, iL aunt Gowen the 
tracker, missilas, and the 
gunner. Overhead cower ihat 
would allav firing irom 
beneath it із usually built if 
the backblast ares ін clear. 








Dismaunted TOW position 


А Ноћ пд position for tha 
disrauntaed tube launched. 
nplically tacked, wire исап 
(TOW) missile muat nat 

та rere with the лыт xi 
tracking operations e the 
weapon, Ag with thea Jramnn. 
allgwancer for backbipst 
Beis ага nBcessary. 
Backblast aod daflactan 
raquieamuante расли, tho за 
of overhesd cover forthe 
Map. BA, Г оматела 
cower is сети, it should 

ра Басі any THe Crew үү нг. |1 
la тен engaged in & firng 
ореге а. The position in 
excavabad ro a comfotable 
depih for а kneeling fring 
ров не. Wen ро раг arb 
not fing іле TOW, the 

алан pane mar log ig moved 
back, affaetlvaly reducing 

Bx Ue сі the weapon- 
Le niairbars ihon anter 
Their зготаўЦЕ hulas within 
the poanlan. 


Касова rifle position [30 mm) 


Poal ona Тог thn 31-mm 
тасо ава rifle {ACL Р are 
huilt ika Magan pouiicng. 
SINGA two toldigrs operate 
this weapon, howewer tha 
hip IE made а іма logar do 
parc firing fram the tight 
кілі ef tho frontal covar, The 
Axira space рок ап iha 


нета пу £o the пуне ade of 
the ALLE. 


FM 5-103 





T. ev _ ____ алланы or ngu g 





x a 








— کے 


Ks 





4-11 


FM 5-103 


Machine gun position 


Fightirg positions for a is ' T ; X г 
machine qune ara congtructed F " ue _ а 
за the qun hres to the fron or 
oblique. However, the primary 
factor of fira is usually 

oblique so the gun pan fire 
serosa the ь 6 front. Two " 

spl dinre аге required ta keep ——. : 
Шъ нин Тігіп з. Тіп игла, thu ў адын 
hole іввһарна ка both Jl Fin А 
soldier: {gunner and вові ввп 2227 
gunner] сап get to the gun 
ond fira iE £c mthar gide of ће c 
frontal protection, The gun's 7; 
haight 15 reduced by digging 
the tripod patfonn down as 
much as possible. However, 
the platform is dug to heey 
the gua transverse ble across 
the emilre sector of fire. The 
ipod is usad on ihe side with 









the primary sector СЁ lira, and When thera іе a ІҺғна-зғы diar ammunition bearers position 
the рэй lags are used on tha crawv Тог a machine gun, the is conmectad to thé gun 

Side with tha sacandary ammunitión bearer dige а ang- postion by а crawl tranch xa 
tector. When changing trom séldiartighting position tothe thea bearer can transpori 
primary іп 2condary sectors. flank, From this position, the a munition of rapaces ang of 
the machine gun is mowed but soldier can sac nnd shoot із the gunnars. 

the tripod stays ii place. the froti and свіце. The 


Machina gun pesitien with overhead сажа = — —— 


Overhead cover far a machine 
gun positior is Built ovar ihe 
middie of the position Cover 
If constructed az dagcribed 


for tha one-soldier fighting 
position wit) averhead corar. 


2 
Ы = 


~ IUE LETNUM 
о. тену РР. г. Цын 4 йн 
HL. ры і 


VEHICLE POSITIONS 





This section contains designs for fighting and protective positions for major weapons systems 
vehicles and their support equipment. Initially, vehicles use the natural cover and concealment in 
hide positions to increase survivability. As time, assets, and situation permit, positions are 
prepared using organic excavation equipment or engineer support. Priority is given to those 
vehicles containing essential mission-oriented equipment or supplies. Drivers and crews should 
use these fighting positions for individual protection also. 


Parapets positioned at the front of or around major weapons systems will provide improved 


protection from direct fire and from blast and fragments of indirect fire artillery, mortar, and 
rocket shells. At its base, the parapet has a thickness of at least 8 feet. Further, the parapet 


4-12 


FM 5-103 


functions as a standoff barrier for impact-detonating direct fire HEAT and ATGM projectiles. 
The parapet should cause the fuzes to activate, thereby increasing survivability for the protected 
vehicles. If the expected enemy uses kinetic energy direct fire armor piercing or hypervelocity 
projectiles, it is impossible to construct parapets thick enough for protection. To protect against 
these projectiles, deep-cut, hull defilade, or turret defilade positions are prepared. The 
dimensions for fighting and protective positions for essential vehicles are constructed no larger 


than operationally necessary. 


FIGHTING POSITIONS 


Success on the battlefield requires maneuver among fighting positions between main gun firings. 
Maximum use of wadis, reversed slope hills, and natural concealment is required to conceal 
fighting vehicles maneuvering among fighting positions. After a major weapon system fires its 
main gun, the vehicle and gun usually must maneuver concealed to another position before firing 
again. If the major weapon system immediately reappears in the old position, the enemy will 
know where to fire their next round. The table summarizes dimensions of the hasty and 
deliberate vehicle positions discussed in the following paragraphs. Construction planning factors 
for vehicle fighting positions are shown in the table. 


AEP ERE ut Viele Pesan 


Equipmest Minimum Parapet 
Vel clo Тура Роком Dimension, ЈЕ 7 lioet Тело "i 
Length Width ред "° 07 Qozer/ МВ ACL Вава, ft 

HASTY] 
M113 senes carrier 4 29 Е 3 СЕ Е 
Moa? conmard pos! wehe- 22 E 4 ав Б 
Maite are MI25 mortar 

zzInÉr 18 H T 27 Е 
DEL BERATE {Hull Defilada) 
МІЗ seres carrer? 1 4 Б 28 
MAL} wiproves KIW velc e 2 d T 2.8 
МАТ! command post забі H a ў 1. 
М [ГБ and W175 rrrrtar 

CHIEF 22 IÈ T 17 
М2 and М5 lating већа гБ 16 І 1.3 
М1 пап battle пе :2 ЈЕ A, 14 
Mac зеп:5 man паше tanh MI 14 & 13 
МАЕ sers balle "ak 20 14 Ё 33 


DEL BERATE [Access Route) 
Басі access "ebte tebwesr рерге ог ada ба] sns m JSt have Ae seme wid] as іча hull deFRade. Clesrrg times are реги aig | 5-31 
Pracuction tim 15 dete "т ned зу cak elat ng the wan med sar i genit с ce пагад 7 sak с pa S| err dnidingog 1; 9 bans zum yards pos Ал hear 


DEL BERATE (Hide .ocation) 

Pid аса1 ons аге FALÊ uet mra Euri Terrain and сава телі, епу c baring Times are planen wir та wag n FM 5-34 Тиз rmm uri width ol 114 
hida: с ear p dre ime: ав dte de {нир hyll delliladz, The Fide раў шаг Шерін rega pori! аўса абс by corse ы Пе deed vni pin 
deliberate turret д Пада postion Ev 15 рась. 


BEL BERATE [Turret Defilace, 


11113 seri: carrier * га ја ёг І." 
МЫП] mproved 10W vehicle 22 М t n3 
МЕ ans Md fighting vehicle 16 lä if шй 
ML nein aatlle tank 27 18 t 21 
MEQ series mein Belle raih 10 18 If “a 
MAA sere Lala [ат a lk | 2З 
Hols: 


1. ely рч *or tank, F's. and 1705 nob reccnmerrler 
7. Feil rn dimenzians przvize 2n 1Fprnxınate 3 inet clezranre агашы манін рг r смем, end ПИСЕ Паг GE anc da W1 le accera ramps), 


3. икс» M132 attire ced MV Мысал 


4. mal ыси пойзй any parapat ie БИ 
5 Бекес er ra132 gf ] 20 таг шыг yas дег, Бли је, Die ir tur zn t yp SS Ir iac a7 nard seil, 2 ant cod lions, ar g asar Patch 


x parari. [99]. Use ol riatural LE та heats vw f Т шел ОУ МОИ | С 
Б Al dep are ара чапай жи ЇЇ rw sel sir lir г anig erar а г Іх 1 fire 


4-13 


FM 5-103 


Hasty Positions 


Hasty fighting positions for combat vehicles including armored personnel carriers (APCs), 
combat engineering vehicles (CEVs), and mortar carriers take advantage of natural terrain 
features or are prepared with a minimum of construction effort. A frontal parapet, as high as 
practical without interfering with the vehicles' weapon systems, shields from frontal attack and 
provides limited concealment if properly camouflaged. Protection is improved if the position is 
made deeper and the parapet extended around the vehicle's sides. Because of the false sense of 
security provided by parapets against kinetic energy and hypervelocity projectiles, hasty vehicle 
fighting positions with parapets are not recommended for tanks, infantry fighting vehicles 
(ТЕУ5), and improved TOW vehicles (ITVs). Hasty fighting positions do offer protection from 
HEAT projectiles and provide limited concealment if properly camouflaged. As the tactical 
situation permits, hasty positions are improved to deliberate positions. 


Hasty fighting position for APC 


d а wf. E 
ILU Бул | 





Deliberate Positions 


Deliberate fighting positions are required to protect a vehicle from kinetic energy hypervelocity 
projectiles. The position is constructed in four parts: hull defilade, concealed access ramp or 
route, hide location, and turret defilade. Positions formed by natural terrain are best because of 
easy modification; however, if preparation is necessary, extensive engineer support is required. 
Each position is camouflaged with either natural vegetation or a camouflage net, and the spoil is 
flattened out or hauled away. АП fighting positions for fighting vehicles (tanks, IF Vs, ITVs) 
are planned as deliberate positions. Since the lack of time usually does not allow the full 
construction of a deliberate position, then only some parts of the position's construction are 
prepared. For example, the complete fighting position for a tank requires the construction of a 
hull defilade, turret defilade, concealed access ramp or route, and hide location all within the 
same fighting position. The maneuver team commander uses organic and engineer earthmoving 
assets and usually constructs fighting position parts in the following order: 


e Hull defilade. 

e Concealed access ramp or route. 
e Hide location. 

e Turret defilade. 


4-14 


FM 5-103 





Daveloping deliberata fighting positions 


Digging hida locations and First 
crnceasd mutas dott Я 
fighting positions із nar шанче 
practical dua to the lack af 
агдіпеег agBata and tim a. Е 
Engineer азота ae required 771. 
urdig Eig ІЯ] and turret pe 
defilady рео таз andy, The 
ramps and ги попа Реј retas 
should aguirre only parial 
clearing and ама по with 
blade tanks ar engineer 
equipmant bogange natural 
rung пи | сі routes and h d= 
lucations are used. ЇЇ tima Гала, ita 
permits, tha commander hag of ye 


the preceding fighting UU LU ILL 
poritinn axpandard inta в ze SOCOM: 
пету роз Гизи wlth 8 | Tour 

parte ве shown, including a 

hide and tur rat слабі Гаа сі 

ега от, The access ramp 

from іне hide la ceki nı to the 

hull defilaca position џеша у Thén 
provides turret dafilada far а 

vahiyle at yame pei гый ca the 

ramp. This ideation ig п arhed 

with Aina taph anri п 

cham light ка the vehicle s d no 
driver сап Bea tha mark and LÊ. .--- T 
drive toit. Tria fighting „не. 
position affords maximum 

Protection ard rmanauvar tor 

ћи гаги. 








Marker 


Deliberate fighting posdion for MT tank АШ де аде) 


In wide-open terrain auch аз 
daserts, mimer var Ваве 
hull Зе Ів pcaitior в 1 
rcarmpulluged by organic 
mortar smoke or үнһісін 
ип ganarntarg 


^" xt 








PROTECTIVE POSITIONS 


Vehicle protective positions are constructed for vehicles and weapons systems which do not 
provide direct fire against the enemy. The positions are neither hasty nor deliberate because they 
all require extensive engineer assets and construction materials to build. Unless separate 
overhead cover is constructed, the positions do not provide blast protection from indirect fire 
super quick, contact, or delay fuze shells. The positions do, however, provide medium artillery 
shell fragmentation protection from near-miss bursts greater than 5 feet from the position, and 
from direct fire HEAT projectiles 120mm or less fired at the base of the position's 8-foot thick 
parapet. 


4-15 


FM 5-103 


4-16 


Artillery firing platform 


Artillery firing platforma far 
TYE cr xalt-nrone|lagd 
artillery wmeaponks ara 
вана а Ру ON goh yro p 
ренішін weapon relaying 
яаг Aach round as firad. Tha 
pad diritributes tha load over a 
larga нган with no significant 


#altlament and іы Яалт, 
Таша, and Fron Dug to 
wi-hatend tha turning ваб 
movement of ара palad 
wünpuons, [he pad alows 
firing in ali rliractinna. Tail 
logs are anchored outside the 
pad Тог towed weepong Far 





zal t-propallad weapons, the 
reco] яреадва arg aet m 

com axectad soll тата er (а 
n loyor af согы Ној rook around 
the pad. Thesa pagitin nik 
provide Пие protectin f 
with tha use nf a pampeat. 





Farapat position tor sell prnnatiad howitzer and ammo carrier 


д parapet position for Field 
нг егу provides improved 
рея сп from near miss 
ind ect dira weapons affacto 
ant small caliber тып lira, 
The ра гар із cans гасе 
with material ва пп ови fram 
Mie ere нши dt із baill ут 
епс tm allie direct 
harwitzur fire. ІЁ iz ugunpllv 
песен, DO ет liza tha 
para рат walle t рву 








deterioration каена by 
murzlp blast and weather. The 
Position is camouflaged with 
natural vogatatien æF 
camouflage пейіпд. Tha tabla 
un page 4-16 givss 
dimanaieng of positions for 
lel ека вау а] и], У ИЕ 
папас іБ necessary to 


вола] ы adanuata protestion 
tor Lhe firing craw, fira 


diraction tentar | ЕР, and 


Enemy 


4 


tactical Operations canter 

ITO C]. Saparate вћећеге ara 
MACHAN to contain an 
artillery goction'k batie loud af 
projactileg, fuzes, and 
игереһіпа charges, l time 
allows, firing positions, ТОС. 
ч FOG піл примы Цу 
franches, Shown ін в typical 


lovout for ga Sinch batter, 
and a light division 15b-mm 


Байагу. 


Resuoply and 
—— GoM munication 





a Е AN trenches 
37 e 
296 й A TOC ғрс 
КН m Rasuprplv and | uL] Lh 
Н EÊ „© —" БАТ Сао n эшем. a 
uam thes MS 

ааа кел | 
492 f J 


FOUWA-GUAN POSITION 
FOR ВУ BATTERY 


Six- GUN POSIT Om 
FOR LIGHT DIVI SiON 
156MM BATTERY 








Parapat position fer ADA 


A parapi pusiliun for air 
dation аггы ргбт очи 


imp-owad protection tor 


missila launcher equipment, 
argot асау 


equipment 
ТЕТІН нин 


Dimension: сі Fiaid Artillery Valise Positions 


has Special operational 
quite mants that make |1 
very difficult io pretaer. The 
requirement Tar му ЏЕКИ 
га Шанг mox" ce Ше ITHARAI 





Бур 
Dimension. fl 


Mininum Fara ра! 


ЕМ 5-103 





pi clu da the usa af danza 
protect ма materia а such ва 
acil, concrete, and rock in 
Position НЯ 





Vehicle Type langth Wirth Лери: а ШІ? Maar ИЗ ГР) Trunenerg at Васи, М Варна гіс 
Chaparral | 12:0 anc se 1- 7h [Ш 4 18 Е 
ргор іше Ноам! 
Livad зь 1H 3 ШЕ) Е 
билет su ppr тоге zT IN 1 he В 
lau idi зг 
153-mm si raed It? if ч ; я dang ас опита аге: ати: 
ћормиевг "M [Os шш sap ple кейін 
173 тать set proce et gun 13 ib з ја 8 Le” gt aczonraodatas imm- 
IML?) niti? supply келіге 
8417 adf-prcpelled 113 ц Ë là 4 le“ gf atipan ТЕТТЕ 
howiker ВЕЛ mtn snp fle ark 
Бал өңірге ей 168 г 5 Lb 8 шг ДИ ТЕЗЕ mm- 
hovalrer АТ "nbi aug ple eck 
Mte 
p Piste ales privare: an а »ро лайк 34-7: С eara ncc eraur d veni celer moeemer Lind cipe gp amt ooa cou n d are qas [iz 


2 Toca. cept inruiss any parapa ће 17 


з Рале гар» ui 104 Dunk ai qan pez АРЕ ne. Livre EET П Sion Eme sy ТЕГЕНЕ Hare ser gl gur hop ur Thos rab: 
ореге ел! ІМ. Iss ol nal rel гган satus, oll e hin i ert анг й, Р 


3 берза apirüsimeli gan wel авёс абу Jr men- Gr тс ane nz lev Лель heds у 





4-17 


FM 5-103 ب ي ي ي ثبي‎ a” 


Dae p-cut position 


А deep-cut vehicle pesition ік 
prepared 0 préviut 
protecion tor support 

чении вх such аз cargo trucks, 
maintanannum and computor 
Vans, ёе maT ша. 
decontamination equip ant. 
FOL transporters, ard 
aarthmowv ng nquiprr ent. The 
рояГіоп Із usually open оз 


each end hor diwein 
т 14 






E 


акпа вө ген, ог prepared 
wiih a roar Wall having ane 
anirancBwHBy only, ІНІ 
positian iz designed so ihe 
tope кай з НЕ are at denat 
1 мат below tha top ofthe 
пи пећи walls. 
Camouflage netting. if 
available, ix placed апганн tha 
Portion, Tha (apte cn раце 
4-14 ghows dimensions for 





ириса двер-сці positions. 
The deep-cut vehicle 

BORG CUYD POSITION rs по user 
ва B fighting pesilian lincausu 
deep coti do nal prev da hull 
defilada, turret dalilada, and 
concealed toutas batwean 
positions. However. TAGs can 
use tha dega-cut design wiih 
ae рас ага си Dur 
Бе еј positions. 


Covered deep cut ранији 


The covered deep-cut vehicle 
protectiva position provides 
greatly improved pratectinn 
over the dagap-cut pretantrva 
ранги. па defensive 
operation, 8 тега! deliberata 
fighting ров епа arm 

попе се with conceglad 
routes Tram these positions ta 
tha кома rad dasp-cut 
positions. The weapon 
выні insida lhe Gore Hl 
deep- cul position urtil 
палила Деда Пад. tha 

жи йй pO ір MEH to alteriati 
fighting positions urretumed 
to its covered dasp-eut 
poaition. This position alan 
provides ouerh йе] gavar dor 
tho protostion 5f 0050 НН 
Supplies ст egu preal. 








4-18 


FM 5-103 


DOrmensinns af Orca! Deap-Cut Positions 


Enn рт 
| Biens d h, H- Геша” 
Маі ісі Тура Langth "Width Deptt ID? Браг / M3 АСЕ! Кемаића 

-tont ath lš 12 3 15 l,l І: Іо lengt іг гг е Тање“ 

[ а-л truce 2ü n 3 11 dal І Іа eral’ лапа йа (МЕЙ 
24-00 carga Irask oy 13 12 11 iy: 191: ly "ЕШ li’ carga satel Trailer 
250 ship yan 28 E |» 13 
Stow cared Luck 35 E lu gE 
поп shap var 35 ы 1: id 

ПЕТ sarpo truck 31 1 1 id 

Thelen hatl wean ЕК ІН Ix 23 Wmensans shcan ae lyr iaer engh il 
scm Lane 3d FH F. Fer ober driers add 23 = le 

inLaltraber ke gir 

Notes: 

І. Position Шепапајђига эги: ап йпугдут ale 3 и, уга ин аи а nde m cime пен ar Ш ным Ie все and 30 лоп; убт Ра ар и, 
2. Рой сар“ rale sp IEJ Eank сизо parca par 072 bu. D vide cz пећ un cime Ey Е ae rey ти babel ibis Ee rad dine ar сілке 32771 


преггішпі | Md. Qe nl rato cel enis diario № 1. ВЗ 126 рэпа cher time. 


TRENCHES 


Trenches are excavated to connect individual fighting positions and weapons positions in the 
progressive development of a defensive area. They provide protection and concealment for 
personnel moving between fighting positions or in and out of the area. Trenches are usually 
included in the overall layout plan for the defense of a position or strongpoint. Excavating 
trenches involves considerable time, effort, and materials, and 1s only justified when an area is 
occupied for a long time. Trenches are usually open excavations, but covered sections provide 
additional protection if the overhead cover does not interfere with the fire mission of the 
occupying personnel. Trenches are difficult to camouflage and are easily detected, especially for 
the air. Trenches, as other fighting positions, are developed progressively. They are improved by 
digging deeper, from a minimum of 2 feet to about 5 У» feet. As a general rule, deeper excavation 
is desired for other than fighting trenches to provide more protection or allow more headroom. 
Some trenches may also require widening to accommodate more traffic, including stretchers. It is 
usually necessary to revet trenches that are more than 5 feet deep in any type of soil. In the 
deeper trenches, some engineer advice or assistance is usually necessary in providing adequate 
drainage. Two basic trenches are the crawl trench and the standard fighting trench. 


4-19 


FM 5-103 


Crawl tranch 





А crawl trench is ugad to 
Силва movement into or 
within a position arid іл 
provide q r nimm of 
protecion. А crawl Trench 1; 
ыза dug 2 ro 25 fact deep 
and as паггс ag possible. 
Trenches need p 21g zagging ог | a AE М T, 

windi attern. The пари Ir TU ese = in Т, "TO on, 
nage on hà parapets, ES = 3 QE E ц 
narmally on each је oF the n" ntn c eMe ў 
Качана, {I Lli Арыс raram =. E кош E 
асговв н Трга slope. all the 
spoil ix placed mn tha ona my 
ше Lo make the parapet 
higher, All spoil noede careful 
concealment from алат 
direct absar ation, 








Standard fighting trench 


A standard fighting trench ia koth sides of the trench to рго-веноп, Although this 
Чо сбл раты fram tha crore! pravi de alternate разнага to кеген із руга у з Таћ па 
trench with an increased T ght to the raar, stap- off Postion, itis also used far 
depth of Буг feat, lt i4 pregs for font traffic In the COMMUNICA ion, 3upnly, 
somalimas constructed with tench. and protection against &vázuation, and troop 
fighting bays or with a Гат міз Firing Into she movements. 

fighting step. Fighting trench, Overhead cower 8150 

Peas бабо С on pravides additional 





Each trench is constructed to the length required and follows either an octagonal or zigzag trace 
pattern. Special combinations and modifications are made to meet battlefield demands. 


4-20 


Cutagonal tacy 


Tha кысы тым! trace has tha 
advantages ol affording везу 
commurigatian and providing 
васе lern. protection while 
facilitating сіЯ que Юга Hong 
the froni. ЈЕ iaecoromical to 
construct, both in labor and 
materiai, and can Ев previded 
И "ire ap- 


figzag паса 


A riprag face can provide 
protector (rom Кел и: ва 
Tire inte the tranch and shell 
burs:s by smploylng short 
Mente апа сном рупу 
аќеглаів angete. The zigzeg 
trace has "ће advantages of 
Sitnplicity aod ease ut 
toni РТ ИГО). rmunttisg. nur 
maintaining; pasiticning on 
Шты iarrair; wad раг іріп 
beth frontal and fla ning tira. 


Soma, ЈУ ОГ TES DT 






я CASA 





і PACES 


НЕМЕНДІ РАМЕ ПЕ ТАДСЕ 


UNIT POSITIONS 


FM 5-103 


Survivability operations are required to support the deployment of units with branch-specific 
missions, or missions of extreme tactical importance. These units are required to deploy and 

remain in one location for a considerable amount of time to perform their mission. Thus, they 
may require substantial protective construction. 


FORWARD LOGISTICS 


Forward logistics are subdivided into the following areas normally found in the brigade trains 


area of a mechanized division: 


e Field trains (elements of maneuver battalions and companies). 


e Forward supply points. 


e Forward support maintenance. 


e Medical stations. 
e Battalion aid stations. 
e Miscellaneous activities. 


Field Trains 


Shelters described in the next section (Special Designs) are adequate for general supply storage. 
In practice, most of the supplies remain on organic trucks and trailers in forward areas so trains 
can responsively move to support combat forces. They are protected by deep-cut vehicle 


positions or walls. 


4-21 


FM 5-103 


Forward Supply Points 


Petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) products are a critical supply category in mechanized 
operations. Tanker trucks of the supply points are protected by natural berms or deep-cut 
protective positions. Overhead cover is impractical for short periods of occupancy, but maximum 
use is made of camouflage nets and natural terrain concealment. Class I, П, and IV supplies not 
kept in vehicles are placed in deep-cut trenches when time permits, but are of low priority for 
protection since even a direct hit on unprotected items may not completely destroy stocks. 


Forward Support Maintenance 


In a highly fluid battle situation where frequent displacement of the forward support company is 
required, the company cannot afford the effort required to construct extensive protective 
positions and shelters due to conflicts with basic mission accomplishment. Further, the company 
base of operations is close to the brigade trains area which is relatively secure from overt ground 
attack. Also, a large portion of the company is habitually employed away from the company area 
providing contact teams to supported units. Thus, the basic protection requirements are simple 
positions for individuals and crew-served weapons. The specific number of positions is 
determined by the size of the company position perimeter and the number of personnel and crew- 
served weapons available to protect the perimeter. In the principal company area, individual 
positions are constructed near their billeting areas and on the periphery of their work sections. 
Simple cut-and-cover or other expedient shelters are constructed next to principal shop facilities 
to provide immediate protection from artillery/ air attack. These shelters are usually not larger 
than 10-person shelters. 


Medical Stations 


The amount of equipment emplaced at a medical clearing station varies from mission to mission. 
Protection for a minimum of 40 patients is required as soon as possible. Design and construction 
of shelters with adequate overhead cover is mandatory so medical care and treatment are not 
interrupted by hostile action. Enemy air activity may hinder prompt evacuation of patients from 
the clearing station; thus, adequate shelter for both holding and treating patients becomes 
paramount. For planning purposes, shelters for protecting 20 personnel on litters or folding cots, 
and smaller shelters for surgery, X-ray, laboratory, dental, and triage functions are considered. 
The deliberate shelters are generally well-suited to these activities. 


Protection for personnel organic to medical companies is provided by individual and crew-served 
weapons positions. When the situation permits, shelters are constructed for sleeping or other 
activities. Ambulances and other vehicles also need protection. Vehicle protection is usually 
deep-cut type, with maximum advantage taken of protection offered by terrain and vegetation. 


Battalion Aid Stations 


Battalion aid stations normally operate from a tracked vehicle situated behind natural terrain 
cover. As time and resources permit, this site is improved with overhead cover and parapets 
allowing vehicle access and egress. Although the patient-holding capacity of the aid station 15 


4-22 


FM 5-103 


extremely limited, some permanent shelters are provided for patients held during periods when 
enemy activity interrupts evacuation. 


Miscellaneous Activities 


Miscellaneous activities include forward arming and refueling points (FARPs), water, 
decontamination, clothing exchange, and bath points. In fast-moving combat situations where 
established supply points are too distant to provide rapid fuel and ammunition service, FARPs 
are established. With the anticipated short time of intense operation of the FARP, personnel have 
little time for protective activities. Prefabricated defensive walls provide the necessary protection 
within the short time available. 


The various activities involved in water, decontamination, clothing exchange, and bath points 
require protection for both customers and operating personnel. Equipment, such as power 
sources (generators), needs protection from indirect fire fragmentation and direct fire. Operating 
personnel need both individual fighting positions and protective positions. Many of the shelters 
described in the next section (Special Designs) are adapted for aboveground use in 
decontamination operations, clothing exchange, or bath points. 


ARTILLERY FIREBASES 


Artillery firebases are of extreme tactical importance and require substantial protective 
construction. The most frequently constructed firebase houses are an infantry battalion command 
element, two infantry companies, a 105-mm howitzer battery, and three to six 155-mm howitzer 
batteries. A firebase housing the above units consists of the following facilities: infantry TOCs, 
artillery FDCs, ammunition storage positions, garbage dump, command and control helicopter 
pad, logistics storage area and sling-out pad, artillery firing positions, helicopter parking area and 
refuel point, and hardened sleeping protective positions. Firebases usually are surrounded by a 
protective parapet with perimeter fighting positions, two or more bands of tactical wire, hasty 
protective minefield, and a cleared buffer zone to provide adequate fields of fire for perimeter 
defense. (Field Manual 5-102 provides detailed information on minefield.) If a local water source 
is available, an airportable water supply point is setup to provide water for the firebase and the 
units in the local area. 


Firebase construction is divided into three phases: combat assault and initial clearing (Phase I), 
immediate construction (Phase П), and final construction (Phase Ш). Dedicated engineer support 
is a requirement for the construction of a firebase. 


Phase I 


Combat assault and initial clearing consists of securing the firebase site and clearing an area 
large enough to accommodate CH-47 and CH-54 helicopters if the site is inaccessible by ground 
vehicle. The time required to complete this phase depends on the terrain at the firebase site. If the 
site is free of trees and undergrowth, or if these obstacles were removed by artillery and tactical 
air fire preparation, combat engineers can move immediately to phase II after the initial combat 
assault on the site. If the site is covered with foliage and trees, the security force and combat 


4-23 


FM 5-103 


engineers are required to descend into the site from hovering helicopters. Depending on the 
density of the foliage on the site, completion of the initial clearing phase by combat engineers 
with demolitions and chain saws may take up to 3 hours. 


Phase II 


Immediate construction begins as soon as the cleared area can accommodate either ground 
vehicles or, if the site is inaccessible by ground vehicle, medium or heavy lift helicopters. Two 
light airmobile dozers are lifted to the site and immediately clear brush and stumps to expand the 
perimeter and clear and level howitzer positions. Meanwhile, the combat engineers continue to 
expand the perimeter with chain saws, demolitions, and bangalore torpedoes. If enough area is 
available, a heavy airmobile dozer is usually committed to clear a logistics storage area and 
sling-out pad, then expand the perimeter and fields of fire. The backhoes are committed to 
excavate protective positions for the infantry TOC, artillery FDC, and, as soon as the perimeter 
trace is established, perimeter fighting positions. 


The immediate construction phase is characterized by the coordinated effort of infantry, artillery, 
and engineer forces to produce a tenable tactical position by nightfall on the first day. A 
coordinated site plan and list of priorities for transportation and construction are prepared and 
constantly updated. Priorities and the site plan are established by the tactical commander in 
coordination with the project engineer. 


AS soon as a perimeter trace is set up and the site is capable of accepting the logistics and 
artillery lifts, maximum effort is directed toward the defenses of the firebase. Combat engineers 
and the heavy dozer continue to push back the undergrowth to permit adequate fields of fire. The 
two light airmobile dozers are committed to constructing a 5 to 8 foot thick parapet around the 
perimeter to protect against direct fire. Infantry troops are committed to constructing perimeter 
fighting positions at sites previously excavated by the backhoes. With the assistance of combat 
engineers, the infantry troops also begin placing the first band of tactical wire, usually triple 
standard concertina. Artillery troops not immediately committed to fire missions prepare 
ammunition storage protective positions and parapets around each howitzer. 


Phase III 


Final construction begins when construction forces complete the immediate defensive structures. 
Combat engineers placing the tactical wire or clearing fields of fire begin construction of the 
infantry TOG and artillery FDC. Infantry and artillery troops are committed to placing the 
second band of tactical wire to building personnel sleeping protective positions with overhead 
cover. Phase III is usually a continuous process, involving constant improvement and 
maintenance. However, most protective structures, including sandbag protection of the TOC and 
personnel positions, usually are completed by the end of the fourth day. Time is the controlling 
parameter in construction of a firebase. 


4-24 


FM 5-103 


STRONGPOINTS 


Strongpoints are another example of unit positions requiring substantial protective construction. 
A strongpoint is a battle position fortified as strongly as possible within the time constraints to 
withstand direct assaults from armor and dismounted infantry. It is located on key terrain critical 
to the defense and controls an enemy main avenue of approach. In some cases, the brigade or 
division commander may direct that a strongpoint be emplaced by a battalion or company-sized 
unit. The strongpoint is essentially an antitank "nest" which tanks physically cannot overrun or 
bypass, and which enemy infantry reduces only with expenditure of much time and 
overwhelming forces. The strongpoint is the "cork" in a bottleneck formed by terrain, obstacles, 
units and preplanned fires. The strongpoint is similar to a perimeter defense in that it is 
developed to defeat an attack from any direction. It is distinguished from other defensive 
positions by the importance of the terrain on which it is located and also by the time, effort, and 
resources spent to its development. A strong-point is not setup on a routine basis. 


Survivability tasks necessary to develop a strongpoint are divided into developing positions in 
open areas and in urban or built-up areas. Critical survivability tasks in open areas include 
preparation of- 


e АТОМ positions. 

e Tank hull defilade positions as a minimum for primary, alternate, and supplementary 
positions. Turret defilade and hide positions are prepared as time allows. 

е Dug-in positions for command, aid stations, and critical storage. 

e Covered routes between positions. 


Critical survivability tasks in built-up areas include preparation of- 


e АТОМ positions. 
e Covered routes between buildings. 


SPECIAL DESIGNS 


The table summarizes construction estimates and levels of protection for the fighting positions, 
bunkers, shelters, and protective walls presented in this section. 


4-25 


FM 5-103 


4-26 


Type ni 
Position 


ПИЈЕ 
POSITION 


Wid- rare 
nr sl 2c] 
аш 
hing 
pazhar 
wee. fl 
ove 183] 
ТРЕ | 


Гађе c 
zm R2 
l-am 
| gHlirig, 
рез 19п 
with ^f 
пт" н] 
гПшеГ 


Esti mated 
Сп 5 ПОП 
Time 
(man-hours) 


Characieristics of Special Design Positions 


Equ pment 
Requirement. 


Pant Эмі» 


Har] deals 


Dirai Indirezk Fire 
Ema ll Blast aid Fragmenation 
Caliper Fire \Мкаг-Мїкє|" 


лг v duin айка; vo cheer 
ШЕШЕП 


шегі. Кенішті srtillur 110 св" 
Tan toll 


Note: Clerical рузе ол is asu med becabse ov г Імша! praezt ve паны 250 ШЕЛІГІ 


~ Epel usps ara 


Мич lar 


Зла! 


arm 
Abery ШЕТІ 


Ме шіп 


izle 
ТІП! 


** Ныснаг perdar гил: 172 еі gor “аг, geag very good, wid Залға. 


Indirect Fare 
Blast anc 
Fragm ЕГІ ч 
‘Hirect НІН) 


Вина ey: bar 


A3 | manar 


Nuclear 
Weapons” 


[шил 


wol 


lemak 


Туре of 
ИТЕП 


ЕМЕН 


Cov rugat=4 
cur [zl 
rig ing 
hur ker an" 
ж: Чц 
Feed Covel 


умове 
panete 
kiln har 


Se dz 
LAPT sn. 
аі nvpr- 
lead cover 


Jas con 
“TOIL ў 
RED sith 
2: те. 
EAL 2йа21 


Карим илл 
bunker mth 
Epor 
| вала aui 


SPELL ERS 


Tec зн иг 
ЕЛИТЕ 
shelley with 
РИ 
zl 


Metal = al vert 
zr ter wir 

. ЫҢ eene ad 
елесі 


meget real 
EUis, tan 
“ае shella 
^ in СЁ ver 
TEAL COVE 


Hote: СН Иса рані аты: 


Lati meed 
Суп НЫ 
Tins 
1нап-П ШГ] 


33 


ЧЕ 


à 


ай 


ЕМ 5-103 


Селене tities af precii Design Positions tC шт] 


Equip mend 
Aéqurements 


llzrs 20215, 
Raced 


Чала Fan 5 
haesh ze 


Ма. lol, 
Lac lI GE 





Hand tans 
Баг | пе. 
Roary 


| aria tows 


h.n Ла, 
"Pack ie 


Чац ula, 
aac noe 


Dreri 
Smal- 
caliber Fine 


КҮЛҮП 


трап 


ттт 


14; 2 mà 


RT, 


si 
naa 


SS слог, ди: Raw Med wir 
Merta Вали Irr 
Агу у onm Іт 


Indire 1 Fire 
аз and fragmermatjan 
“Незг-Мізз!" 


Me hans ац Пн pu caper 
Liat 121 


zug] pulo дал ciu 
mee Fea] ргоје Пг 


Meaium arillery пе etie: 
thir LUE 


Maca гү na zlcier 
Пән 121 


Мас inr зга “г rin ZIBIL ° 
Пат ДИ 


Ara Tatas one yard 


Зи nua Lar | i ekser Раг 


S 


Мани г Ulery ці іле 
“han Tid n 


быган queer deu rrr ps ete cibo man fae, pud, ve З, ur за 


прси FEE 
Blast and 
Fragmentation =| Muciaar 
(inel Hit) — Weapoas"* Remarks 
Зага | rra Lar Әлгі 
Marte Pror 
ma mila” Dmi fangsten tme 


аам.тав [prz al 
шах. ГОНГА 
шеш” Іг. 
- lender une Гу" 
el seIs as 
att iad ша! с 
Card | Спа ћи 1113 
дамыл къ НЫ 
rtrd зінді 
Рета ћи т prz 
"ес eludes 
Uk zrk ol 
sanding: а" г 
mall: 


vue leita, 


Dan гис Сіс 1 time 
assumes poz'ub- 
псе fe, entis 
Ги сна p 
viced nclide: 
one lavar cl 
sedge гг 11 
ма 5 


МЫ tail ціш 





Гай 


Сп Al riyta 


Миге lai 


За не! Гана] 


пала Jig e] alr cual Дик ‘ras kt, aal leap 





4-27 


FM 5-103 


Estimated 
Gongtruction 
Time 
1miin-hagrs) 


Typ: of 
Posilian 


КЕДЕ 
ППИ И 


Arlanspart- Bu 
ibe assault 
ah e toit: 
wan cer 


Fir ber pos. 48 
опадала! 

Mith А 

warhead 

дал 


Ме Чар tim- BF 
jer тата 
alien a da 
? 4 aver 
had Gaver 


Tr bel тата ёд 
жугіа st eles 
wilh A E 
TAEI 


A3nwegrüLn 1 700 
cavity wali 
shell 21 aili 
2А] aver- 
wad cover 


E eel таг 35 
ahri- 
үг ed 
Ни, ‘ler vat 
L's H ойк! 
тен cover 


‘lardenec L5 
Іі” 
labr-c 
eve tar wit 
ў iE gur 
head gwg" 


Rectar gilar 38 
‘aoe n; 

гарга 

за len wath 

vs ІНІН 

qead тег 


өлгі 84 
1703 рае 
Mdh d Il 
Ter heard 
Lave? 


Rete: Chemie: pretertjgn i: assy med berapa d ind. vidual protective masks ard slala. 


= Shell sites arr. 


karka’ 


Мые Tü5r-m 


Charactensties of Specs! Design Positions (Continued! 


Equlpment 
Fequiremenlšs 


dand 14915. 
Па гђа 


таси] fan's, 
а о АНЕ 


Hane мој, 
basking 


Нат] 720 2. 
backhoe 


Hand tocls, 
Бас ЕМЕ, 
шағын 


Hand ми, 
hackhne 


dend pols, 
BECAME 


dare trols, 
liac «xe 


Пат 1auls. 
derer, 
ба Епаа. 
СЁЗЛЕ 


Уш І ет 
Бётиғ — Ze 
| 352 mm 


Clract 
small 
Caliber Fir 


Lan gt 
впраре 


Ca nol 
тар 


„алп 
ШЕР 


CANNOT 
engage 


2 Га 


Гапан 
engage 


lam ri 
ЕП gr 


Larr:nt 
Бо ЛЕ 


Самі 


ега pe 


ladirect Fira 
Flatt aad F 
Clear: Miss |" 


Mecum айн pay chier 
than 3Û f 


Мелиги ahr y rà clears 
wan Їй 15 


Marium за егу ro elestr 
then 20 1t 


Madum BMT y ro clEsEr 
ап 25 IL 


Wed wm arlillery го luser 
thaw Я 


Med am artilery ro chaser 
than Id tt 


Мени зі үйші rln«ar 
than LẸ A 


Меси ar leis го closer 
man lat 


K'uchu ır н гр fa АФГ 
than 5 А 


++ Ми [аг prezet lion rains: зга rated poor, lair gard. very инд], au cellei.. 


4-28 


пао 


inditect Fire 
Beal aud 


Fraginentalióh 
[гїї Hit) 


Small marr 


Smal! marda" 


паі martir 


Sng. morai 


Stal iurar 


shal ettar 


Мат, га actidpry 


Мед т arbllery 


Hedi arikery 


Nuclear 
Wapas * Лета 
Vey Солист fme 
шай — assures Dre- 
їйгє] wads 
and тї 
Very 
зн 
үү 
ыа] 
any 
єй 
ка] 
Yay Cons ЦС ОГ ТЕ. 
ваг те геінтгі- 
cated тате 


Расе ірл“ She der сгпо CFF 
"рэц ліста” 
prodzlnn 
B 30 рі 


Vey шпагу ЛЕ 
шей зашто prelabri 
tated (ame 
Мату | паши топ Вігче 
рио] ти рина" 
ied aches 
HU eng mall 


FM 5-103 


Characteristics of Special Design Positmos Curtius! 


Нан | р 
тукт Dirac Imdire:t Fire 
Type ої Time Єцирпет Small Bias t and На тега ма 
Arriti — jmam-hourg] Regulowanie ба ог Sire tear Migs)" 
SHELTERS 
‘Cantinued, 
Metal pipe 58 пава toms, Пен Мед і Шенғұ а closer 
arch shelter ІНІҢ аташы лан І. 
wiih 4 Ri bach ue, 
wwe aad Tran 
toper 
Estimated 
Conytruztiam à : 
Time | Direct ниш Fim = 
Г of [man-hours ў Equipment Smal Blast агні О 
Fontiem — nerld.itsaetine Ва патат — Gallber Fire Mair- Мі. 
PAGTEC IE 
ALLE 
Earth wall 3 Dotar dura 12.71 Medius aril.sry посіс=вг 
TILES 35006 епа m 
lrarar 
Earth ка! 2. Нап toa; [2 тт Madam artillery ririnier 
with eyt- бкр ' задег than 5 li 
ment 
Sail-cement 25 Нап 115; ran- Iz? Тн МАЯ aile nin СМЕХ 
wall creda mixer, than 5 Ie 
Га П т cor 
Crete ис 
Soil Бит wall 35 Han ішін; 545mm malt allergies lusee 
with ng SD had kr Ша» 5 3L 
reveal 
Зы bun wah КІН Hand сш», D4mi Smail асу ы Сц 
wil ПОЕТ BUDD Ind ir І 24 
revel tert 
Sol Der wall 19 Hand tools; |27gm — Medien агыу na chaser 
with рт | sra Inader іліп ЕН 
reve Fen" 
Fly part- 3 Harid logl s; бат “пе! meler ru clase 
able ма! backnua inan zn 
Ува! lending d ЕНШІ; cram Mon: Refer tc thé ІНЕ 
тај wall 2" page 


Indirect Fire 
Blast ang 
Frigmankatinn 
‘direst Hid} 


hedour ari ery 


Direc 
Fire 
НЕ 


ir (umm at 
val: ШЕЕ 


Іг [mm at 
wal! Lace 


тг я: 
wall базе 
Mune 


Ме в: 


гг 23 


"i | Liz 


Mans 


Hone 


Nuckear 


Weapong'* Аоти he 


Wen Пит Ln те 
pu леша qn 
поља bled à 21 
РПО ew aecHn 
Масат 
Марыі" Ham arkı 
Раг” 
Foar 
Faw alls recaire 
rimi 
Pou 
Pou 
Peat Essed руй 
„шп Кин 
ТЕЗЕК edd pic 
теб ізг dia, 
sn dads 
Ваш 
Роя МАЗа] зве nan 


па: and 


Мне Cheipica лїї! isassymeil 2e case ol тайтын: Otol san asks and Cot, Ale waas ane [eet aigh wayan grum ИСА 155 35 


apecifd in constructam pars. 
k hell ірке nre: та! Модит 


Mortar Яг пп "айа 
Artillery Imm 1527 


** Чуба” ROLES см! is Primal except-as THET. 


4-29 


FM 5-103 


Characteristics gf Speco! Design Positions (Continued) 


Eslingted 
Constreclion 
Time Dinct Vier Ёга onn me 
Тин od ‘mat-Hours} Ejipt Small ШМ ard Frdgmimtitum: | Hm . iii 
Position рат Left cacti Rapuiramnte Сане Fire Џени ЕН" HEAT . Мома | Батик: 
PROTECTIVE | з” . А mE | аб 
WALLS 3 i à um my SÉ Pom Cim mia a eck, che б 
аи АН - г : oH JAM EN S AW GS РАНИ ја 
Fualalle ume н Папа tagl соп- Танат — Medium orti Gry na closer Mara Қы ўпа layar bf sand- 
газ: I. bf IET she Cree MIRE} тато А : фаре ай uber 
wal crane . panel zurlac: im- 
Breit: дапа pal 
ber pusteztim 
Cas л plaze 35 band Lue; can- 123mm Small artille nu Coser HIE Рин dne ИНЕТ ot зм. 
се wal! гин: Індет, then 5 "t - bags MI guar 
"ac | ЕН | : P er ater 
ГЕ OUT . 3 
& ire ude anth rect 
іе ове and ' 
hragmentration dram 
large artillery 
Portae li Hand 1005, Tamm Smad ardilery Пі Cheer Моне Poor 
azphall а: mur нейи ти than 5 | 
рагнк 24844 asphalt 


Source 


Mote; Chu meal protection is resumed erase пілі п rieeeriat masks and ПОШИ. Аһ mulls таў feud падз ИН mein mum bricks 45. 
spacified in construction plant. ; А А 


"оме Site агё: па! Мей ni 


Mui В ні Пе У 
ва мг Іў гіт limn 


жы Nac ear врагом ic m. poral escept ат onterl 


FIGHTING POSITIONS 


The following two positions are designed for use by two or more individuals armed with rifles or 
machine guns. Although these are beyond the construction capabilities of non-engineer troops, 
certain construction phases can be accomplished with little or no engineer assistance. For 
example, while engineer assistance may be necessary to build steel frames and cut timbers for 
the roof of a structure, the excavation, assembly, and installation are all within the capabilities of 
most units. Adequate support for overhead cover is extremely important. The support system 


4-30 


FM 5-103 


should be strong enough to safely support the roof and soil material and survive the effects of 
weapon detonations. 


Wood-trama fighting position 


The swuuiHl- lı вагил on кі-ні- штабы ur U orrea lm rese Tha 
{катпа fighting position position 6 useful ив а tiwo 
condita сі prefabripetged адін fighting ог observation 
тга ығ ger па виа ші рит partian in aroaz whara itia 
Hermanis thal ацррагі в dupin. 


و 
аў‏ 
A‏ - 


iram 





Fabric-covarad frame position 


Ё pugitian Constructed of a 
metal suppor frama covered 
with a sirang Та ћир пето! 
is vary affective as в support 
gyitarm for oQvarhiaad zovar. Іі 
alga providas aubeta ntial 
інен гі procketios from blast 
and fragmaniatian. With 115 
Тағі nf ovarhaad cover, this 
nition munriuan Аата 
аі a contect burst 32. ти 
йат ЗІ nri tha roof 
Similar struciuras marta tram 
hardar materials (wood, 
congrea, landing mat) raquirs 
275 feet of cover material for 
the aa me level of protection. 
dua to lack c газ атс of 
Tha Һиггінғ rnatarin а Tha 
postion shown i$ иза as a umitied. antitank weapons 
an+ ar таме Сг (амі пап be frad from rhis 
ооой. [Ё the: rear shll is position, 





BUNKERS 


Bunkers are larger fighting positions constructed for squad-size units who are required to remain 
in defensive positions for a longer period of time. They are built either above-ground or below 
ground and are usually made of reinforced concrete. Because of the extensive engineer effort 
required to build bunkers, they are usually made during strong-point construction. If time 


4-3] 


FM 5-103 


permits, bunkers are connected to other fighting or supply positions by tunnels. Prefabrication of 
bunker assemblies affords rapid construction and placement flexibility. Bunkers offer excellent 
protection against direct fire and indirect fire effects and, if properly constructed with appropriate 
collective protection equipment, they provide protection against chemical and biological agents. 


4-32 


Corrugated motal fighting bunker 


А tunkee made tron . 
corugetad metal walla is wary - 2° 7; 
useful іг areas where digging 
چ‎ ой раф ble. weith 1*2 dat 
thick aarth- filled walle and ZY: 
Теш of олега cover, ihis 
position defeats direct Tire 
and blast апа fragments from 
rasr- mins mortar and artillery 
ЗР. For mera protection, 
anrdbmgs are stacked or loose 
earth із pushed up against the 
wals. The upper portion of 
the structure ia left open Тог 

г ны ісі wtih | у irs all 
directiors. Firing porte are 
lagara in у adis ye gle 
Floor. 





Plywood parirneter bunker 


А phwand pari mater bunker 
ik намі as an aboveground 
protective security position, 
The bunker hag 3 post 
Foundation, ga ghown, or ix 
rongiructed directly 03 the 
Braud with вагі ИЕ wall. 





franrrataigg ці” 


The conorete log bunker ia a x T Б” 
Touraolditr tig mang tunka UNS 7 ў; к я fü 
ро пайсці pf precast 
rninfarrod У ТАТРИ 
Each hy үгінді; ' quem ar 
^pprüximateh; BO pounds рег ЗЕ i 
Кезі, and Ik available п E 

YAFUN langxhg up ro I O Фавт. 
The protection provided by 
ihig bunker ig significantly 

ltr proved ру thx addition of at Ата 
lanat ona layer ci pandbegs A ts. 
around aach wall. Altare ] t. 
ан па ore росе а Loing tha 
various log langthe. 






FM 5-103 





Precast concrete slab bunker 


Thy расама кар сані зін 
bunker is designed for usa 
Fara Бли ли ап 
койаш Поп іл песн, but it 
is usually placed partially ог 
completely below ground. Тар 
rectangular раље ara 
designed for shop fabrication 
ono largo acolo beaia. 

Engin aer support is Fafjuri rêd 
for táb ication anc 
installation. This Dunkar 

prev idas tacellant protection, 
especially if sandbags are 
stocked ог laone narth із 
pushad up against tha walla. 
When used ps po obaerraliam 
bunker, the obaervetior ports 
ага enlarged 70 includa firing 
pure ngar tho fho. 





Corcratü arch buaker 


Tha concrete arch bunkarig B 
four-aoldiar fighting pasitirzn 
вавріва from ће conceal 
arch shaligr {rater to 

pags 4-24]. The burker 
consists of ов precast 
reinforced concrete 
components; a b-Tuot high 
arch section, a rectangular 
bach wall асіп, oid a 

gam circular roof аа. 

БА аи саке anginger ay ppr 
is required to соп ЕСЕ and 
Publ мес: ТІНІ ішін к=. 

Ега тетп ро ні” 15 
іпсгвазай бу placing a layer of 
ru bega эп the walle. 





SHELTERS 


Shelters are primarily constructed to protect soldiers, equipment, and supplies from enemy action 
and the weather. Shelters differ from fighting positions because there are usually no provisions 
for firing weapons from them. However, they are usually constructed near-or to supplement- 
fighting positions. When available, natural shelters such as caves, mines, or tunnels are used 
instead of constructing shelters. Engineers are consulted to determine suitability of caves and 
tunnels. The best shelter is usually one that provides the most protection but requires the least 
amount of effort to construct. Shelters are frequently prepared by support troops, troops making a 
temporary halt due to inclement weather, and units in bivouacs, assembly areas, and rest areas. 
Shelters are constructed with as much overhead cover as possible. They are dispersed and limited 
to a maximum capacity of about 25 soldiers. Supply shelters are of any size, depending on 
location, time, and materials available. Large shelters require additional camouflaged entrances 
and exits. 


All three types of shelters-below ground, aboveground, and cut-and-cover-are usually sited on 
reverse slopes, in woods, or in some form of natural defilade such as ravines, valleys, wadis, and 
other hollows or depressions in the terrain. They are not constructed in paths of natural drainage 
lines. All shelters require camouflage or concealment. As time permits, shelters are continuously 
improved. 


4-33 


FM 5-103 


Below ground shelters require the most construction effort but generally provide the 
highest level of protection from conventional, nuclear, and chemical weapons. 


Cut-and-cover shelters are partially dug into the ground and backfilled on top with as 
thick a layer of cover material as possible. These shelters provide excellent protection from the 
weather and enemy action. 


Above-ground shelters provide the best observation and are easier to enter and exit than 
below ground shelters. They also require the least amount of labor to construct, but are hard to 
conceal and require a large amount of cover and revetting material. They provide the least 
amount of protection from nuclear and conventional weapons; however, they do provide 
protection against liquid droplets of chemical agents. Aboveground shelters are seldom used for 
personnel in forward combat positions unless the shelters are concealed in woods, on reverse 
slopes, or among buildings. Aboveground shelters are used when water levels are close to the 
ground surface or when the ground is so hard that digging a below ground shelter is impractical. 


The following shelters are suitable for a variety of uses where troops and their equipment require 
protection, whether performing their duties or resting. 


Туле soldier sleeping shelter 


[he design tor a two-soldier 
sleeping shelter is vary 
pimpis, апо i$ Contre 
without anginéar support, 
Culvert sections used in tha 
designi are delivered In larga 
quaatitlag by truck or 
halicap:ar, and than ara hand- 
rarriad to specific Insimllarinn 
sites by intended occupants 
working in renme of two, 
These shelters provida goad 
protection “ram direct fire 
nal caliber mortars 160 and 
Ва mm, machine guns Бора 
12.7-mm бігіз, indiract Tira 
fragmantat On, and grenades. 
With additional cover, tho 
Protection val incraazas te 
include larger diract fira 
ргојас из. The bow profile of 
tha хим гака it A 
difficult target to hit. 





4-34 


FM 5-103 





Мініп! ош eholtor 


А metal cubert вне”. 
quickly constructed 
aboveground, ig intended fer 
изе in arcas where personngl 
ан БЫ or werk Ји 
conventional nanprotectad 
buildings but naad һе ңг in 
сака 01 attack, For exemple, 
НІНЕН ara placed outsida 
conventional billets, d ning 
facilities, and large areas of 
iling quarters. Toe пота 15 
6 feat high and consists ct 
two rows of 55-gallon drums 
with abouti a 4-Toct span 
Between пашы. Two Бу four 
SIGE, твавшттд 4 ЕН ЕЗ 
higher than the drums, ara 
Cent md inside атс deam. 


The drums are than filled with 
mnil à ? hy A tnn plate in 











connected to the 2 by 4 кішік “Ж я poe Deve rem — өле = - 
lengthwise through the row af drome To protect tha Facing the probable direction 
bunker. The 6-foel comugated әнін of the bunker, barrier of attack by incrasaing 

типа! pipa halwes ага bolted Walla ars erected 2 taal &gndhag thickness. This 
together and connected to the beyond thé entrancas. ghaltar provides protection 
top plates. А Зеба, layer af За па | рис hà ageirat mortars and small 


от бода iz placed along sach øróvided еп іра kida and and caliber diragi fire WEEN, 





Metal shipping container 3heltar 


І гра motal chipping 
cgntairarg, auch az 
consolidated axp ees 
[GOMER] containers. sra шыні 
to maki affactiva sheltars. 

ТЕ вен bax- shaped canainers, 
with internal dimensions of $ 
тент bong, Ф [нні піце. а З 
fast high. ara enhy converted 
inte pratective command 
anata, sommunication 
ahaltera, troop shelters, aid 
atations, and zha.ters for 
critical suppllas. Because the 
CON BA саць ner ¥ thor ы 
st'nnger than its roof, it iż 
пет ўс resist more blast 
ard provida more сей Ва 
ссувғ Githough tha xhnltar iz 
pameti ngs cgnstructed above 
ground it ig easier іп 
ecnatrunt it below ground by 
niacing tha mvarted CONES 
gçntair Br ing hole hall its 
Helght and then covering lis 
roof with earih. 





4-35 


FM 5-103 


Airtianspertabla agagult shelter 


The airtrenapariabla assault 
ahalter ip а profpbricabed 
Нуман strusturk ўм ая for 
a commend post or fira 
diracilon cancer (FOC, lt + 
movad completely н тын mblad 


wxcapt Tor the root} from sita 


та яна ва tha таст ср! ИЕ i 


damanda Because oF is 
Tapered walls, it is заву 

іва сава from tha nreund by 
helicopter, 


Tho wolls and floor are шила! 
prefabricated in raar лган ane 
than truzkar oi linn, 
assembled ar disaggemtder, 
ro the site, Thea below оын 
tite Mc агага нЕ она 
with explosive and hand 
tools. The flor arsi пі 
kxcAvabad 2 inst longer aad 2 
faet wider than the actual 
Theor aaa. асла Іпа work 
separa during соме и, 
Fastanars provided along the 
edges of aach wall and the 
Theor allow the ТИЈ 
tom3onents to lock 1 дата 
wie и cumglicta unit, Tho 
walls drop Бечу tha flog 
Pickin Бі the floor acte a5 a 
hrane fne tha Быт айда nf 


Timbo’ post buriad азва 


The timber post buried shelter 
ів в wood frame suppet 
sittem for warhead cover 

тама Lar іні. {1 ia ызы] vily dra il 
ni rack magierigi which 
mainta ns the original тага І 
sxcavElinn in amy véegthar. 
Вэсацае it ia below ground, 
the shelter providas axcellart 
piorBcWnn irom indirect fire 
Fragmentation and diract fira. 
The greatest thraat ta thia 
зіністіге із direct hits wn the 
roof from indiract high 
азрірзіга weapons. However, 
тїш пупа Cover 15 
properly coanatructad, this 
Shelter can sustain direct hits 
fram raram hiir шыларын 
ан large ag #2 mm. Larga 


4-36 


яна walls Preah В-і. 
Two large straps com platery 
aroung tho ОС ша, placed 
during conitructiun, аге used 
ш gttachivg the bunker to a 
helicopter li
…[truncated]