Document text
' 12N1MY FORCES '
©EXAMINATION, TECHNICAL
FM-E 101-10
STAFF OFFICERS’
FIELD MANUAL
ENEMY FORCES
ORGANIZATION, TECHNICAL, AND
LOGISTICAL DATA
REGRADED UNCLASSIFIED av
AuTHee«v or DOD DIR. 5200. 1 R
osCiimL.
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON s 1942
WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington, October 1, 1942.
FM-E 101-10, Staff Officers’ Field Manual, Eriemy Forces, Organization,
Technical, and Logistical Data, is published for the information and guidance of
all concerned.
This manual is a compilation of enemy information and data to be used as a
guide for the operations in the field of the general staff or a similar staff group of
all units in war.
Much of the data herein are not exact values but represent the best of available
information. A constant fluctuation in the value of approximated data should be
expected, to conform to the changes which develop in field conditions. In cases
where experience has not indicated the limits of variation to be expected, a
reasonable factor of safety should be allowed.
When information which will be of value in this manual is gained in the field,
it will be forwarded to the Military Intelligence Service, War Department.
Revision sheets and added data will be distributed as found necessary.
[A. Q. 062.11 (7-11-42).]
By order of the Secretary of War:
Official:
J. A. ULIO,
Major General,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution
D(15); B(10); R(10); Bn(5).
(For explanation of symbols, see FM 21-6.)
ii
G. C. MARSHALL,
Chief of Staff.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part One. GERMAN FORCES.
Chapter X. Organization. Paragraphs Page
Section I. Governmental and geographic organization 1-2 2
II. Staff and field force organization 3-5 4
III. Division organizations 6-10 6
IV. Miscellaneous combat units and Air Force 11-17 17
V. Signal, engineer, and chemical units 18-21 22
VI. Characteristics of materiel 22-25 26
Chapter 2. Movement.
Section I. Facilities 26-31 33
II. Troop movements 32-34 46
Chapter 3. Supply.
Section I. General organization 35-36 50
II. Classes of supply 37 52
III. Supply columns and trains 38-39 52
IV. Service units (army, corps, and division) 40-43 53
V. Rations 44 56
VI. Supply diagrams... 45-49 56
VII. Ammunition data... 50-52 61
Part Two. JAPANESE FORCES.
Chapter l. Organization.
Section I. Governmental and geographic organization 53-54 63
II. Type army organization 55 66
III. Division organizations. 56-61 67
IV. Air Force and miscellaneous combat units 62-67 71
V. Supply units 68-69 73
VI. Characteristics of materiel 70-74 75
Chapter 2. Movement.
Section I. Facilities 75-82 80
If. Troop movements... 83-85 91
Chapter 3. Supply.
Section I. Organization and responsibility 86-87 105
II. Supply data 88-89 107
Part Three. ITALIAN FORCES.
Chapter 1. Organization.
Section I. Political 90 110
II. Field forces, army and corps 91-92 111
III. Division organizations.. 93-101 113
IV. Miscellaneous combat units and engineers 102-107 126
V. Air Force 108 129
VI. Black Shirt militia units. ...109-111 130
VII. Characteristics of materiel 112-116 13C
Chapter 2. Movement.
Section I. Facilities.. 117-123 136
II. Troop movements. 124-126 141
Chapter 3. Supply.
Section I. General data 127 143
II. Supply units 128 144
PART Four. MISCELLANEOUS DATA.
Chapter 1 . Uniforms, equipment, and insignia.
Section I. German 129-131 145
II. Italian 132-133 *146
III. Japanese 134-135 148
Chapter 2. Comparative army ranks 136 151
Chapter 3. Comparative measurements.
Section I. Comparative monetary units 137 152
II. Weights and measures 138-139 152
Chapter 4. Comparative map symbols for principal field units 140 164
nr
FM-E 101-10
STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL
ENEMY FORCES
ORGANIZATION, TECHNICAL, AND LOGISTICAL DATA
PART ONE— GERMAN FORCES
CHAPTER 1
ORGANIZATION
Paragraphs
Section I. Governmental and geographic organization 1-2
II. Stafl and field force organization 3-5
III. Division organizations--. 6-10
IV. Miscellaneous combat units and Air Force 11-17
V. Signal, engineer, and chemical units 18-21
VI. Characteristics of matdriel 22-25
( 1 )
GOVERNMENTAL AND GEOGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION
EM-E 101-10
1 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
2
1 Staff picked from 3 arms by Task Force CO, after conference with Army, Navy, and Air Force commanders.
■ 2. Geographic Organization.
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
2
3
Figure 1— Boundaries of corps areas.
FM-E 101-10
3 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
Section II
STAFF AND FIELD FORCE
ORGANIZATION
H 3. Staff of Units. — a. Army.
b. Corps . — Same as army, except advisory officers are engineer, signal corps,
and antitank. They command own arm within the corps besides advising
corps and division commanders.
c. Division. — (1) Same as army, except that I-a, Operations, serves as Chief of
Staff in addition.
(2) Only advisory officer is artillery officer who commands division artillery.
(3) The following officers believed attached to groups of division staff :
(a) Tactical group:
Division artillery officer.
Division engineer officer.
Division signal officer.
Antitank battalion commander.
Officer in technical charge of motorized transport.
Air liaison officer.
(b) Supply group:
Commander light columns and division train.
Division provost marshal.
Division postal service officer.
Engineer officer 1 „ . , , . ,
Signal officer ] Supply of material.
4
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
4-5
■ 4. Organization. — a. Army group.
I
GHQ troops
i i i I
Two to four armies
b. Army.
~~ I
|Army troops]
1 I I I I
Two to five corps
c. Corps.
i Corps troops
1 i i i I
Two to five divisions
■ 5. GHQ Troops. — GHQ troops include —
а. Mobile troops:
Tank units.
Antitank and heavy antitank units.
б. Artillery:
Medium, heavy, and superheavy artillery batteries.
Artillery observation battalions.
Observation balloons.
c. Engineers:
Engineer battalions.
Bridge construction battalions.
Bridging columns.
Road construction battalions.
Labor battalions.
d. Smoke battalions.
e. Signal Corps units.
f. Miscellaneous:
Survey (mapping) and meteorological sections, and propaganda companies.
g. Air force units:
Army cooperation units.
Air signal units.
5
Section III
DIVISION ORGANIZATIONS
FM-E 101-10
6 STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
6
SEC SEC
(Two 20-mm guns each) i Twelve 20-mm guns.
Table of organization.-
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
6
n
Notes
3 Bns 105-mm, 1 Bi
150-mm and 1 Obsr
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FM-E 101-10
6 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
c. Reconnaissance battalion . —
Headquarters Signal
—3 Rad/Tg— horse
—1 Rad/Tg— Mtz
—1 small Rad/Tg
—1 med. Rad/Tg
— 1 receiving set
Aq
Platoon Horse Cavalry 1
Troop
Bicycle
Company
Heavy Troop
-Hq
—MG Plat— 4 HvMGs
I I I | j
Hq LMG LMG LMG HvMG
Plat Plat Plat Plat
(3 LMGs and 1 50-mm (2 HvMGs)
mort per plat)
H bav H dav H bav MO
Plat Plat Plat Plat
(3 LMGs per plat) (2 HvMGs)
-Cav How Plat —
[2 75-mm Cav
, Hows
(2 LMGs
AT Plat — f™ AT S uns
| — Armd Plat — 3 L Armd-Cs
■Mort Plat 1 — 3 31 - mm morts
STRENGTH:
Unknown.
ARMAMENT:
24 LMGs.
8 HvMGs.
3 37-mm AT guns.
3 50-mm Morts.
3 81-mm Morts.
2 75-mm Cav Hows.
1 Horse Cav Tr may have been replaced by another Bel Co. Not confirmed.
1 Not confirmed.
8
. Infantry regiment ( normal type).
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
6
9
■ 7. Motorized Infantry Division. — a. Organization
:-e 101-10
7 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
10
i. Table of organization.-
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
7
o 1
** 1
Some Mtz Divs on
Russian front have
Regts and 1 Mtrcl Bn
Composition is ex-
tremely flexible.
Mtz Arty Regt con-
sists of 2 Bns 105-mm
Hows and 1 Bn 150-mm
Hows.
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■ 8. Panzer (Armored) Division. — a. Organization.
EM-E 101-10
8 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
12
Table of organization.-
FM-E 101-10
GERMAN FORCES
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Div Totals:
Total Personnel (approx.)—
16,466.
Total Vehicles for trans. —
2,925
Total Tanks — 201.
479414 °— 42 -
-2
13
a 9. Mountain Division. — a. Organization
EM-E 101-10
9 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
14
Table of organization.-
PM— E 101-10
GERMAN FORCES 9
s
5 1
Arty Regt is com-
posed of 3 Bns 75-mm
mtn guns and 1 Bn
105-mm Hows.
Carries trestle-bridge
equipment, no pon-
tons.
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EM-
■E 101-10
10 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
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i Without vehicles.
MISCELLANEOUS COMBAT UNITS AND AIR FORCE
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
11
17
62 Machine pistols.
Carbines and 7.9 AT rifles.
■ 12. Horse Cavalry Regiment.
FM-E 101-10
12 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
18
■ 13. Antiaircraft Troops. — AA Corps is largest unit. At least four were known to exist in 1940. AA Corps consists of
two or more AA Divisions plus auxiliary units.
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
13
19
■ 14. Bicycle Battalion.
FM-E 101-10
14 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
20
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
15-16
■ 15. Horse Artillery Battalion. — Battalion consists of:
Headquarters.
Signal platoon.
Survey platoon.
Meteorological platoon.
Three batteries.
Two platoons of 2 75-mm guns, 1 LMG, and 1 20-mm MG each.
Two ammunition echelons.
STRENGTH:
0 — 21 .
EM— 535.
ARMAMENT:
12 75-mm Mtn Hows.
6 LMGs.
6 20-mm AA and AT MGs.
■ 16. Motorized Machine-gun Battalion. —
Headquarters Headquarters Signal Machine-gun Machine-gun Machine-gun Antitank
Motorcycle Section Company Company Company Company
Platoon [ | | I
piat Plat plat Plat Hq Plat Plat plat plat
(4 HvMGs per plat, (4 LMGs 1111
carried in light six- on mtrcls) i
wheeled trks) j j — — — - — j j
Sec Sec Sec Sec
(37-mm AT gun per sec) (1 LMG)
STRENGTH:
0—26.
EM— 964.
ARMAMENT:
12 37-mm AT guns.
36 HvMGs.
20 LMGs.
21
FM-E 101-10
17-18 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
H 17. AIR FORCE UNITS. — a. Organization . —
No. of units
involved
Unit
Planes
Personnel
Officers
EM Pilots
EM
AIR FLEET
1
864-6, 561
2 or more.
Air Corps
Air Corps
1
432-2, 187
2 or more_
i
Air Div
1 ,
— 1
Air Div
1
216-729
i
2 or more
1
Wg
Wg
1 1
108-243
56
54
1, 225-1, 450
G E
dp dp
I i
54-81
18
18
400-475
i
Scjdn
— 1~ 1
Sqdn Sqdn
_J 1
18-27
5
6
100-125
1
1
Fit
irt ht
2-3
b. Command . — Goering is the supreme commander of all elements of the Air
Force. As such he has control of —
All military aviation, to include: procurement of personnel and material,
training, and the development of equipment, supply, tactical operations,
air defense measures, AA artillery, civilian air defense, etc.
Civil and commercial aviation, and coordination with military aviation.
He is responsible to Hitler alone for all matters pertaining to the Air Force.
Units assigned to duty with the Army or Navy are controlled by an officer
responsible to the Army or Navy commander concerned with the operations of
such units, and to Goering for equipment and training.
Section V
SIGNAL, ENGINEER, AND CHEMICAL UNITS
18. Signal Units.—
Unit
O
EM
Sig Bn, Inf Div...
• 18
456
Sig Bn, Corps (Mtz) —
24
757
Sig Bn, Armd Corps
16
329-406
Sig Regt, Army
69
2100
5
201
Sig Sec, Tk Brig..
Remarks
Hq Gp. Tp Co. Rad Co. L Sig Clm, partly mtz; 67 trks
personnel, 35 trks equipment. Tp construction and opera-
tion. Rad construction and operation. Rad and Tp inter-
cept. Cipher and interpreter Sec.
Believed as above but fully motorized.
Hq Gp. Armd Rad Co. Armd Sig Co. L Armd Sig Clm.
Rad and Tp operation and maintenance. Command
vehicles. Ciphers.
Hq Gp. 3 Tp Cos. Tp Operating Sec. Rad Co. L Sig Clm.
Hq Gp. Armd Tp Co. Armd Rad Co. L Armd Sig Clm.
Hq Gp. 1 Bn (Hq Gp, Tp opr. Co, Rad Co, L Sig Clm). 2
Bns (Hq Gp, Tp Opr. Co, Tp Co, 2 Tp Cons. Cos, L
Sig Clm). Communication to Army troops and corps. Ad-
ditional communication to subordinates as required.
Believed same as Inf except horse or horse-drawn.
8 Mtz Tp Subsecs, 2 horse
10 Mtz Rad Subsecs, 6 horse
1 Cipher Subsec
(Expansion of Cav Brig to Div,
probably Co became expanded
to Bn)
2 L Tp Subsecs. Rad and Comd vehicle Secs.
22
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
19
■ 19 . Engineer Units. —
Unit
0
EM
Remarks
Bn, Inf Div
26
851
1 per Inf Div. — Hq. Sig Sec. 2 part Mtz Cos, 1 Hv Mtz Co, 1
bridge Clm. 1 tools Prk. 1 Sup Prk. Bridge work most
important.
Bn, Mtz Inf Div
26
851
1 per Mtz Inf Div.—Hq. Sig Sec. 3 Hv Mtz Cos. 1 bridge
Clm, 1 tools Prk. 1 Sup Prk.
Bn, Armd Div
30
845
1 per Armd Div.—Hq. 3 L Mtz Cos. 1 Mtz bridge Clm. 1
Sup Prk.
Bn, Mtn Div___ j
15
420
1 per Mtn Div.—Hq. Sig Sec. 3 Cos. Carries trestle bridge
equipment, but no pontons.
Bn’ GEQ
38
1249
Hq. Sig Sec. 3 Hv Mtz Cos. 3 bridge Clms. 1 tool Prk. 1
Sup Prk. Strengths of various units are same as equivalent
in an Inf Div.
Part Mtz Co
4
186
2 per Inf Div.— Hq. 1 Sup Sec. 3 Plats, each of 3 Secs. 9LMGS,
4 large and 6 small pneumatic boats. Men march; equipment
carried in horse-drawn and motor vehicles. 200 AT mines,
1,750 pounds explosives, 400 yards barbed wire.
Hv Mtz Co
4
183 ;
1 per Inf Div. 3 per Mtz Div. 3 per GHQ Bn.— Hq. 1 Sup
Sec. 3 Plats, each of 3 Secs. Transported in 9 Trks, each
carrying 1 noncom and 16 privates, 300 AT mines, 1 LMG, 1
power-driven saw, picks and shovels; and 3 Trks each carrying
12 men, explosives, ammunition, picks and shovels, 2,200
pounds explosives.
Bridge Clm, Mtz
6
184
1 per Inf Div. 1 per Mtz Inf Div. 1 per Armd Div. 3 per
GHQ Bn.— Fully mtz. 2 Plats, each equipped with ponton
bridge material. 1 Plat with motorboats, outboard motors,
and pneumatic boat equipment. “Model B” equipage is
carried.
Tool Prk, Mtz
2
48
1 per Inf Div. 1 per Mtz Div.— Fully motorized; carries battalion
reserve of tools.
Sup Prk, Mtz...
1
29
1 per Inf Div. 1 per Mtz Div. 1 per Armd Div.— Fully motor-
ized and carries battalion reserve of explosives, ammunition,
light tools, wire and smaller Engr stores. 800 AT mines, 4,400
pounds explosives.
23
FM-E 101-10
20 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 20. Chemical Warfare. —
0
EM
Remarks
Chemical Bn ___
(appr
ox.) 600
Hq. Sig Sec. 2 Cml Proj Cos. Decontamination Co.
4 cars and 20 trks per Co. Proj Co has S 100-mm morts plus
candles, cylinders, etc.
Other chemical possi-
bilities:
Some tanks in Tk Regt equipped for emission of gas. Mtz
Engr Bns believed to have flame throwers, gas sprayers driven
by motor pumps, and smoke apparatus.
Chemical agents
Main agents as listed below, nothing new of importance believed
discovered. Possible use of ARSINE.
(1) Blister gases. German — “Yellow Cross."
Mustard HS.
Lewisite I.
(2) Choking gases. German — “Green Cross".
Phosgene CG.
Diphosgene.
Chloropicrin PS.
(3) Nose gases (toxic smokes). German — “Blue Cross".
DA.
DC.
DM.
(4) Tear gases. German — “White Cross”.
CN.
CA.
Bromine compounds.
Offensive weapons and
equipment.
Aerial spray — Low altitude, mixtures of mustard gas & lewisite,
or cither alone.
Chemical aerial bombs — Highly developed by Germans.
22 lbs— toxic.
110 lbs— mustard, small or large burster for ground or
personnel contamination.
550 lbs— mustard, time fuze for action about 300 ft. above
ground, covers 6,000 sq. yds. -
Plain glass bombs or capsules, mustard gas.
Projectors —
105-mm and 150-mm artillery shell, mixed with HE.
Mortars are equipment of chemical troops. Also possible
adaptation of 81 -mm mort.
Gas grenades.
Gas cylinders.
Gas mines.
Bulk contamination from mobile spray units.
Toxic generators, large number captured from French.
24
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
21
■ 21. Smoke. —
0
EM
Remarks
Smoke (Bn?) unit
—
Hq. Sig Sec. 3 Smoke Cos. 2 Sec per Co (120 men). 24 vehicles
per Co. Eight 81-mm morts per Co, 24 per unit. 1 Co equipped
for decontamination.
Generators and candles— Berger type mixtures. Pressure type—
Drums of CSA and compressed air cylinders.
Other smoke units
Arty shell— not favored.
Armored Force vehicles — smoke-producing apparatus. ¥
Engr units— smoke to cover working parties and locations.
Aircraft— curtains and screens, using titanium tetrachloride.
25
FM-E 101-10
22 STAFF OFFICERS’
FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
>5
o
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to 5
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£
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g I a
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g ^ - H S
ft ^ c;
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£ £ £
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oo
FORCES
FM-E 101-10
22
' o -*3 o • . •
SsisiiS O S O
D J2 ® rS +3 S
y 'O p 'O u O
D ri q p*i 53 03
h _ Ah *t< xn f
27
■ 23. Armored Vehicles — a. Tanks.-
EM-E 101-10
23 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
15
Notes
IMG coaxial (37-mm) .
IMG coaxial (47-mm).
IMG coaxial (37-mm).
IMG coaxial (75-mm).
37-mm and 75-mm are
coaxial. Uncon-
firmed.
Unconfirmed.
U
Commu-
nication
Flag
Rad/Tg.
Rad/Tp.
Flag
Lamp
Rad/Tg.
Rad/Tp.
Lights
Rad/Tp.
Lamp
Flag
Rad/Tg.
Rad/Tp
Rad/Tg.
Rad/Tg _
Rad/Tp
Rad/Tg.
Rad/Tp
Rad/Tg.
Rad/Tp
is
Belly
dear.
(in.)
!
12 1
12
16 !
14
18
1
k
cm os o o o t- oo oo
t— t"* 00 N N Cl 05 05 00 O ©
"a?
« g e
S'®
5
0100 ? OOCO^ o
O O 00 F- CT 05 *-40500 O
1 — 1 — « r— < CM CM CO CO
54
68
88
66
87
94
92
90
102
120
120
11
Radius
oj ac-
tion
(miles)
85
95
125
125
93
70
77
75-85
75-85
10
Verti-
cal ob-
stacle
(in.)
16
32
23
24
31
39
55
55
9
Safe
ford
depth
(in.)
20 |
24
16
32 :
31
31
39
35
42
40
40
S»-c> , -c>
<*> o'.! Si
45
45
40-45
45
40-45
40
41
7
Span-
ning
capac-
ity
(ft.)
t !i« k
»OF-»0 r-« F- CO CO i i CO CO
C^cbcb 3
6
Maxi-
mum
speed
on
roads
(mph)
28
32
53
28
53
22
27
28
31
20
20
- 1
2
2
3-4
3
3
3
4
3-4
5
7-8
7-8
armor
gag sag aaaa a
a a a a a a aaaa a
i 3 3 5 6 A 2 S
rH »-l CM *-H CM CM CO CO 5
Armament
2 7.9Hotch.or
1 20-mm AT.
2 LMGs
I 1 37-mm
2 HvMGs
1 20-mm
1LMG
1 37-mm
IMG
1 37-mm
2 LMGs
1 47-mm
2 HvMGs
1 37-mm j
2 LMGs
1 75-mm
2 LMGs
1 75-mm __ _ .1
1 37-mm
3 LMGs
1 105-mm i
1 37-mm
3 LMGs
s
Weight
(tons
gross)
2.5
5.7
8.5-10
9
10
11.5
16.6
18-20
22
36
45
1
Type of vehicle
Lt Tk— Polish
Lt Pz Kw I — German
Lt T. N— H. P.— Czech...
Lt Pz Kw II — German
Lt Med A. H. IV— Czech..
Lt Med LT36 — Czech
Lt Med C. K. D. V. 8H—
Czech.
Lt Med Pz Kw III—
German.
Med Pz Kw IV— German.
Hv Pz Kw V— German
Hv Pz Kw VI— German.
28
Armored-car units.-
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
23
IS
Notes
Sd. Kfz 222 has Rad/Tp
and 1 13 -mm HtMO, 1
IMG.
Very quiet— hydraulic
drive.
12
Dimensions
(in.)
h
to 00 ^ i 00 t CO i-H to »o
<0 10 >0 os 0 1 co 00 o> 00
r- 1 — t 1
120
156
187
197
240
235
210
234
Hi
x 1 :
cooo »H 0 co 1 r— eo co 0?
IO S t" C 50 i 05 0 0 0
11
Belly
clear.
(m.)
^ ! :
2 a : : a s S 2
• j
"*5 H SX-T?
r S <3
^ *,003
■ •I ■ 1 1 1 1 1
111 1 1 1 1 1 1
111 1 1 1 1 1 1
9
Com-
muni-
cation
1 1 i tfl bfl tV bfl tuO
; ; H : h h h h h eh
! -a $£' 5 ' 'O ££ 'O 'S’ 'o y>
® 03 03 ■ 55 J-J c 3 cS ,2 a 3 J~ 03 rrt
5 ^ ^ rth
•
8
Wheels
x drive
^ 00 00
H X 'x x ! x x x x
Iji IO -*J( to J^TjlOOOO
1
1
=0
■ 3 0 S 3
^ « s
- 1 1 1
10 io »o 0 • 1 i Q «5
to to rt< 1 1 1 to 00
I-H *H 1-H O* 1 1 ' CN T-i
All!
0 1 1 1
1 1 t
6
Maxi-
mum
speed
on
roads
( mph )
40-50
37
30
50
40
35
53
50
s
" 5
co co co -.#< eo >0 to 10 £4
A ■* A
4
Main
armor
Ifl-mm
14 -mrn _ _
8-mm
Visors/
15 -mm
14 -nim. _
14 . 5 -mm.
?
14 -mm_ _
30 -mm _
18 -mm..
S
Armament
do 1 0 § o S 0 § o jj o § o
ss J s J s ^ 2 s 1 a I a 1 a
T — 1 (N ^H T-H i-H f-H 1"H i-H to H N H H N N
2
Weight
(tons—
gross )
t— to I s -
ri C 4 N «d ^ 00 00 O M
^ A 2
1
Type of vehicle
L Ren Car. ...
L— Tatra 30 ..
L — Horch 36 Sd. Kfz 221 - 2-3
Med— ASP 0
Med— ADKZ, Mk. I and Mk. II...
Med— PA II or PA XXIV
Med— PA IV...
Heavy— 8-wheeled
Heavy — ADQZ ...
29
479414°— 42 3
■ 24. Field Artillery and Antiaircraft Artillery. — a. Field Artillery.
FM-E 101-10
24 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
30
i. Antiaircraft artillery.-
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
24
-a
12
Method of transport
Towed by L tractor.
Towed by truck.
Tractor.
Do.
Do.
Do.
11
Weight
in action
1,012 lbs.
1.7 tons..
1.7 tons.
2.9 tons. .
5.2 tons..
6.4 tons-
il.? tons.
1°
Traverse
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
9
Depres-
sion
0
-10
-10
-3
-3
0
10
0
1
8
Elevation
© tfj uj *C *0 © © ©
O OO CO 00 OO OS OO ©
7
Rate of fire
Practical I
! ! 2 c3 J3 00 10 2 2
1 1
S S
g
© g in p in ir, ic o in
» fiNflNrtHWH
6
Maxi-
mum
range
vertical
at.)
12, 468
15,600
24. 000
37.000
37.000
30. 000
42,640
42. 000
66.000
5
Maxi-
mum
range
horizontal
(yd.)
6,124
8,744
11, 695
17,815
10, 000
13, 700
19, 100
19, 500
•*
Sv'
0.308
1.4
3.3
14.3
19.8
22.4
32.2
55
89
8
Muzzle
velocity
m
2,950
2, 800
2,620
2,775
2,750
2,540
2,950
2, 500
3, 450
2
Length
of bore
(cals.)
65
50
60
• 56
50
60
50
1
Caliber and model
20-mm AA and AT gun (super-
HvMG).
37-mm A A gun
47-mm AA gun
75-mm AA gun, L/60
88-mm AA gun, L/56 i
90-mm A A gun
105-mm AA gun
127-mm AA gun
loO-mm A A eun
i
00
f
31
FM-E 101-10
25 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
26-27
CHAPTER 2
MOVEMENT
Paragraphs
Section I. Facilities _ 26-31
II. Troop Movements 32-34
Section I
FACILITIES
■ 26. Animals. — a. Animal-drawn transportation . —
(1) . 4-horse large field wagon (HF 2).
Characteristics :
Weight, empty 1, 760 lb.
Weight, loaded 4, 400 lb.
Weight behind each horse _ 1, 100 lb.
Length less pole 14.2 ft.
Cubic capacity 54, 000 cu. ft.
(2) 2-horse light field wagon (HF 1).
Characteristics :
Weight, empty 1, 342 lb.
Weight, loaded 2, 992 lb.
Weight behind each horse 1, 496 lb.
Length less pole 13.8 ft.
Cubic capacity 48, 100 cu. ft.
6. Number. — (1) Horses on hand in Germany:
December S, 1$S8 M7 19S6
3, 442, 700 3, 433, 800 3, 410, 300
Imports for 1938 numbered 19,576, so most of the imported horses must have
been destined for the army.
(2) Horses in the German Army (November 1, 1941):
Total
Cavalry Divisions . 6,000
Corps Cavalry Regiments (14 with 950 each). 18, 000
Horse-drawn Artillery (230 with 2030 each) 466, 900
Infantry Regiments (690 with 606 each). 418, 140
Divisions (230 with 4201 each) 966, 230
Total in German Army 990, 230
■ 27. Motor Transport. — a. Total. — (1) Estimated total motor-vehicle equipment
(including tracked vehicles, but excluding armored vehicles and motorcycles)
is slightly under 500,000 units in the German Army.
(2) Motor vehicle equipment of the Air Force and AA units is estimated
about 135, 000 units.
(3) Civilian vehicles prior to the war:
Private cars 1, 300, 000
- Commercial, etc 475, 000
b. Cargo truck. — Characteristics:
6-cylinder, water-cooled diesel motor.
120 hp European rating.
6 wheels, 2 axles (4 x 4, 2 dual tires).
Maximum speed, 45 mph.
Brakes — compressed air arid hydraulic.
33
■ 28. Air Transport. — a. German transport aircraft.-
34
ENEMY FORCES
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
28
35
EM-E 101-10
28 STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
6. Gliders. — (1) The glider types which are considered to be operational are:
Type
Load
D. F. S. 230
10 men or 2,834 pounds.
23 men or 5,500 pounds.
40-50 men or 20,000 pounds.
(2) A fourth type, the Goliath, capable of carrying 140 men or 16 to 20 tons
(35,000-40,000 lb.), has been identified, but it is not believed to be operational
as yet.
(3) The Germans appear to favor the D. F. S. 230 for troop transport. This
glider carries one complete German machine-gun unit of 10 men with all equip-
ment and ammunition. This glider has a gliding range in still air of 35 miles from
10,000 feet, or 10 miles from 3,300 feet.
(4) The Gotha has been used primarily for freight carrying and can be towed
by several different types of tug. The gliding range is not known.
(5) The Merseburg with its reputed load is wide enough to take a Pz Kw II
tank, but with this load is too heavy to be towed by a single Junkers 52.
(6) The Goliath has a twin fuselage, each of which can accommodate 70 men
or 17,500 to 20,000 pounds. Towing might be accomplished by a special, high-
powered tug or a team of three Junkers 52’s or four Messerschmitt 110’s.
(7) The Germans are believed to have at least 4,000 gliders in operational use,
with an adequate supply of glider pilots. The majority of the gliders are D. F. S.
230’s. Thus, in one trip, the Germans should be able to transport 55,000 men or
15,000,000 pounds of supplies.
(8) A glider Staffel organized for transport consists of 12 to 15 airplanes.
c. Performance of glider tugs . —
D. F. S. ISO
Gotha 2I>2
Merseburg
Tug
Towed
Miles
Cruis-
ing
Towed
Miles
Cruis-
ing
Towed
Miles
Cruis-
ing
l
500
140
:
[ i
1,230
140
}
i
t 2
1,050
140
1
• 1
280
140
[ 1
1,600
110
1
2
1,410
1,270
110
1 1
(?)
110
1
990
110
[ 3
110
i 1
630
120
1
l 2
490
120
1
[ 1
350
110
1
l 2
260
110
1
1 1 :
1, 100
180
110
1
120
1
100
110
[ 1
1,548 ;
120
j
.
l 2
1, 366
120
1
|
1 All-up weight 50,000 pounds. Tugs at maximum fuel capacity.
36
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
29
■ 29. Rail Transport. — a. Engines. — Types:
(1) Electric . — Weight 102 tons; 4 traction wheels, 2 idlers on each rail;
6,000 hp; operate to 100 mph; haul 17 coaches.
(2) General . — Standardization has reduced types from 210 to 13. Some have
maximum speed of 122 mph, but can only haul up to 250 tons. Some haul a
maximum weight of 650 tons, at a minimum of 74 mph on the level, or 37 mph on a
grade of 1 percent. Temporary maximum on the level, 87 mph. By a read-
justment of carrying springs, can reduce axle pressure from 20 to 18 tons. Di-
mensions:
Locomotive:
Total distance between axles (mm.) 14,525
Dead weight of locomotive (metric tons) 131.71
Service weight of locomotive (metric tons) 143.57
Tender:
Dead weight of tender (metric tons) 34.3
Service weight of tender (metric tons) 82.3
Length of locomotive and tender:
Over buffers (mm.) 26,520
b. Cars . — November 6, 1941 estimate of rolling stock:
Passenger cars 68, 942
Baggage cars 22, 028
Freight cars 650, 229
Ship cargo of 5,000 tons requires 500 cars to move.
There are estimated about 14,000 high-capacity cars, loading 40 to 50 tons.
Note.— S ee chart for availability of locomotives and rolling stock.
37
EM-E 101-10
29 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
c. Facilities. — Electrified track in Germany is all standard, that is, 143.5 cms.
Railroads constitute 78 percent of the total transport.
(1) German Railroads . —
(Greater Germany’s economic estimate, November 6, 1941)
1938
Old
Reich
and
Aus-
tria
1937
Czecho-
slovakia
1938
Poland
!
mo
France
mo
Nether-
lands
1939
Bel-
gium
mo
Nor-
way
1939
Den-
mark
Motive Power
23, 996
4,122
5,780
18,500 !
1, 124
3,594 |
536 ;
801
22,076
6
4,091
7
901
3,593 I
481
54
784
1,130
784
24
1
55
1,873
108
17
532
700 1
!
197
45
86
565
44 1
12
153
29
Total units of motor power...
25, 869
4, 666
5,780
19,200
1, 474
3,639
622
1,366
Rolling Stock
629, 632
94, 271
169, 533
450,000
27, 000
114, 002
12,380
11, 629
223, 795
133,594
160, 104
i 86
"
387, 301
191
18,536
i 66,325
10, 278
13,020
31,000
1, 731
8,299
2,305
1, 583
3, 082
i 3, 082
21, 580
723
285
717, 537
107, 631
182, 553
481,000
28, 731
122, 586
14, 685
13, 935
i Indicates state-owned.
GERMAN FORCES
EM-E 101-10
29
{Greater Germany’s economic estimate, November 6, 194-1 ) — Continued
1939
Hun-
gary
1938
Ru-
mania
1938
Yugo-
slavia
1940
Greece
1937
Bul-
garia
1938
Estonia
Latvia
and
Lith-
uania
Grand
Total
Motive Power
1,848
3, 527
2,309
384
659
729
67,909
1,813
655
715
14
33
2
1
4
■Bt
236
40
4, 408
Bq
4
4
82
2,015
3,763
2,309
384
663
773
72,523
Rolling stock
40, 111
55, 471
53, 703
6,618
10, 896
15, 229
1,690,475
15, 722
24, 389
23, 681
30,240
1, 550
4,445
6, 259
182
184
Refrigerator cars
3
240
Road service cars
7
3,473
79
3,612
305
5,130
809
687
1,615
45
149,887
44
1,100
527
89
242
109
78
283
44,763
59,915
58,833
7,516
11, 947
17,281
1, 868,913
39
FM-E 101-10
29 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
(2) Trackage . —
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Territory
Single or
first
track
Other
main
track
Yard
track
and
sidings
Total
trackage
(kilo-
meters)
Muni-
cipal
systems
Electri-
fied
(kilo-
meters)
Narrow
gage
Standard
gage
Density
per 100
square kilo-
meters
Old Reich and
64, 772. 64
13, 774. 2
10, 319
3,204.74
77
1,364.28
i 311.9
58, 743. 71
1 12, 984. 7
18, 102
14. 56
Aust. 8. 63
111,343.61
13, 995
1 1,953.0
i 262. 4
5,389
1, 282
20, 666
42, 608
1,447
225
2,143
5.3
3, 371
1,129
1,657
4, 394
2,307
8,358
4,839
3,828
6, 982. 5
15, 317
9, 945
3,063.7
14, 728. 6
4, 268
7, 577. 6
8, 358
4, 839
3, 146
69. 1
407.6
682
52
3,698
7,677
3,942
None
743
15,234
Greece. ...
10,170.9
1,044.4
3,513.3
873
126
430.7
14, 728. 6
3,768
500
Latvia, Estonia,
and Lithuania..
6,297
142
1, 138. 6
12
85, 498
998
84,500
(1.524
meters)
■
i Indicates state-owned.
(3) General facilities of railroad nets . —
(а) Hungary. — Except in the great central plains of Hungary, the railroads
naturally follow the river lines and cross the Carpathians at the most favorable
passes. The most vulnerable feature of the whole network is that there are only
five railroad bridges, across the Danube, in the country. Of these, two are at
Budapest; one at Komarom; one east of Pecs; one from Dunafoldvar to Solt.
(б) Poland.- — There are six main double-track lines connecting the railroad nets
of Germany and Poland (north to south) :
Berlin — Stettin — Gdynia — Tczew.
Berlin — Schneidemuhl — Tczew.
Berlin — Poznan.
Breslau — Poznan.
Dresden— Breslau— Ostrow.
Breslau — Katowice — Krakow.
When considering German troop movements across Poland, two main lines
should be taken into consideration. They are —
Prague — Bohumin- — Krakow.
Vienna — Bohumin — Krakow.
(c) From inspection it would appear that the related railroad nets in Germany
and Poland are more suited to rapid concentration of large numbers of troops to
the East Prussian area, than to the southeastern frontier of Poland.
40
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
29-31
(d) The main connections between Soviet and Polish rail nets are —
Leningrad — Polock — Molodeczno (single-track) .
Moscow — Minsk — Baranowicze (double-track) .
Moscow — Homel — Luniniec (single-track) .
The German-Polish net is more adequate, strategically, than the Soviet-Polish
net.
■ 30. Water Transport. — a. Tonnage available. — (1) Total gross tonnage of
German merchant vessels as of January 1, 1942:
3,875,414 (does not include 87 tankers of 624,747 gross tons).
(2) Special invasion-type barges:
3,000 barges.
(Note. — T hese barges are concentrated in the Lowlands and in French ports and each has a capacity of 5
tanks plus men and equipment. 200 barges will transport one armored division with its first flight of ve-
hicles. Photo reconnaissance in May 1942 showed only 131 tank landing craft, 52 Siebel ferries, and 560
invasion barges.)
(3) Germany is building in Greek ports 300-ton concrete barges which are
intended to carry 1,000 men each and two 25-ton tanks. Germany probably
has in this area at the present time about 300 concrete barges, and it has been
reported that the ultimate goal for the summer of 1942 is 1,000 such barges.
(4) It has been estimated that 5 tons of cargo space per man is required to
transport overseas a modern fighting force with equipment and stores.
6. Invasion craft. — Craft available to the Germans for the invasion of England
as of December 1941 included the following types:
(1) Tank landing craft. — The design of these craft is based on that of ordinary
commercial barges, but with the addition of numerous watertight compartments.
It is estimated that the time required to build one of these barges is between 6
and 8 weeks. Between 50 and 60 of these landing craft is the total believed
available to the Germans in December 1941.
(2) Invasion barges. — The invasion barge is defined as having speed of 6 to 8
knots and drawing not over 4 feet of water forward and 6 feet aft. Displacement
for 250 to 700 tons, averaging 400 tons. The trim could be quickly adjusted by
the use of a powerful pump or pumps. Most of these barges are self-propelled,
but a certain lesser number are dumb with bow conversion. The estimated
number of barges of between 250 and 700 tons and self-propelled with a speed of
6 knots or over does not exceed 2,000. In addition, there are about 1,000 modern
barges self-propelled with a displacement between 120 and 200 tons, capable of
crossing the English Channel. The tank or troop-carrying capacity of this class
of barge is probably not over one-third that of the 400-ton barge. In the case
of the 400-ton barge a carrying capacity, after modification allowing for rapid
unloading, is as given below for definite classes of equipment:
7 light or 6 medium, or 4 heavy tanks.
4 lorries or 6 tractors.
20 antitank or infantry guns.
10 gun-howitzers, or 4 antiaircraft guns.
■ 31. Bridges and Bridge Equipment. — a. Bridges. — (1) Bridging columns
transport and maintain bridging equipment, and the bridges are erected by the
companies.
(2) The following bridges can be built by the division engineer battalion, but it
41
FM-E 101-10
31 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
is to be noted that units of all arms, except artillery, have enough bridging material
to cross small rivers without engineer help.
Equipment
Load capacity
in tons
Length in feet
Type B ponton and trestle:
9
252-270
* 18
165-177
Special assembly, light
4
402-432
8
234-264
Type K:
9
80
19
64
25
48
i Nominal rating. Will probably take about 27,
(3) All engineer companies carry timber of various sizes to build bridges up to
8 tons carrying capacity.
(4) None of the bridges carried in the division bridging column can carry more
than 22 tons at the outside. For carrying across wet gaps loads heavier than
can be taken by B equipment, rafts are constructed consisting of K box girder
equipment supported on double piers made out of B equipment pontons.
b. Bridge equipment. — (1) Equipment carried by units . — (a) Divisional engineer
battalions.
Two 4-ton pneumatic boats.
3K- and 5-ton wooden ponton and (steel) trestles.
Nine 18-ton steel pontons and trestles.
Assault boats.
Motor boats.
Outboard motors.
(6) GHQ engineer battalions.
9- and 18-ton steel pontons and trestles.
24-ton Herbert light alloy pontons.
(2) Boats available . —
Type
By whom carried
No.
carried
Dime',
Length
(feet)
nsiom
W idth
(feet)
Capacity
3
18
6
2 H tons (2,240
lbs. per ton).
Do
12
18
6
6
10
4 :
Do
18
10
4
Assault boats (if with out-
Bridging Clm
(?)
(?)
(?)
18 men.
board motors 15-20 knots).
sance, probably holds 2 men.
The motorboat carried by the bridging column is used only for assisting ponton bridging operations,
not for transport of troops.
Pontons are also propelled by outboard motors.
Cable ferrying equipment consists of 2 tripods about 10 feet high, a drum of steel wire rope, etc. Tripods
must be not more than 200 yards apart and easy to erect.
42
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
31
(3) Pneumatic boats. — (a) These boats correspond to the folding boat equipment
in the British Army, and (roughly) to the assault boats of the American Army.
They are made of rubberized fabric in the form of a ring which is bulkheaded off
into several air chambers so that the boat cannot easily be sunk. They are in two
sizes, the larger of which takes about 15 minutes to inflate by hand bellows.
(6) The larger size is 18 feet long and 6 feet wide and has an available buoyancy
of about 2)4 tons. Rolled and packed for transport the boat occupies a cylindrical
space 7 feet long by 3 feet in diameter and weighs approximately 350 pounds.
(c) The smaller boat is 10 feet long and 4 feet wide, has a crew of 2 men, and an
available buoyancy of about 600 pounds. This boat weighs 115 pounds.
( d ) These boats are light for their load capacity and when inflated can be carried
easily at the double, 8 men for the large and 2 for the small boat. Although stable
they are somewhat cumbersome and slow in the water, being particularly difficult
to control in a wind. Some form of rowlocks or loops is provided to assist in
rowing or steering the boats when used singly or as rafts.
(e) Boats are provided with rings for lashing on superstructure for making rafts
and bridges. Only improvised decking or decking borrowed from other equipment
is used.
(4) Motor boats. — These boats are used only for assisting ponton bridging
operations and not for the transport of troops. Only about six men can be
carried, but boats are provided with 100-horsepower, 6-cylinder water-cooled
gasoline engines. The equipment includes a grapple hook, a long length of steel
wire rope for towing rafts, also a searchlight. The boats are capable of towing a
triple 18-ton raft at 6 miles an hour. The boats will be invaluable in the con-
struction of bridges with the Herbert equipment.
(5) Outboard motors. — There are three types of outboard motors in use. The
latest of these is a model with a 3-horsepower, 4-cylinder gasoline engine used for
towing in bridging operations or for ferrying (see also (4) above).
(6) Ponton trailer. — (a) The 9- and 18-ton bridge equipage is transported on
4-wheel trailers. The weight of the trailer is about 4,000 pounds, without the
load. The load is about 6,000 pounds.
(6) To carry the bridge train’s complement of 9- and 18-ton equipage, there are
four types of trailer. All have the same chassis; they differ only in the arrange-
ment of pins, grooves, etc. The trailer described above is the “ponton trailer”;
on it are loaded one ponton and items of superstructure as described (sufficient to
make one-half of a complete 9-ton raft) . The names of the trailers and the respec-
tive loads involved are listed in the following table. Composition of the bridge
train is described later.
Trailers for 9- and 18-ton ponton equipage
Name of trailer
Items of load
1 ponton, 16 chess, 1 curb balk, 4 balk, 1 stiffener, 1 coupler, 2 clamps, 1 an-
chor, 1 communicating track.
1 transom, 16 chess, 1 curb balk, 4 balk, 2 trestle legs with guv Doles, l con-
necting track.
6 ramp balk, 32 chess, 2 curb balk, 1 connecting track.
1 seat (or 1 transom), 16 chess, 2 curb balk, 6 balk, 1 stiffening. 1 connecting
track.
43
FM-E 101-10
31 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
(c) Obviously the light ponton equipage has been designed with a view to those
divisional loads which weight less than 5 tons. It is essential to get these loads
across ravines and dry gaps as well as across streams. With that thought in mind,
the light bridge train is to include relatively many trestles. Thus, the bridge
train in the divisional battalion is to include —
40 light pontons.
6 trestles, complete.
( d ) With these items will be sufficient units of superstructure to permit construc-
tion of 276 feet of mixed ponton and trestle bridge. Obviously, with the equipage
of the train, a trestle bridge of 161 feet could be built.
(7) SJ4- to 6-ton wooden half -■pontons. — (a) The pontons are 12 feet long by 5
feet beam and weigh about 300 pounds. They are gunwale-loaded and open, and
can be used for the 3J4-ton bridge or for the 5-ton bridge. The pontons, being
open and splayed, can be nested for transport.
(6) To form the superstructure, roadbearers and chesses are in effect joined
together and form complete units of roadway about 20 feet long by 2 feet wide.
Any number of such units can be used side by side, five being used to form a 10-
foot roadway.
(8) 9- to 18-ton pontons and trestles. — (a) The ponton is similar to our own.
The inner measurements are 24 feet 6 inches by 5 feet beam by 3 feet 3 inches, and
the weight is about 1,600 pounds. In addition to a crew of four it has a carrying
capacity of 15 men with field equipment of 10,000 pounds with 9-inch freeboard.
Being undecked it is more suitable for ferrying than the British pontons, but has
the disadvantage of a definite minimum of freeboard which must be strictly ob-
served. When used in bridge or raft the pontons are gunwale-loaded.
(6) The superstructure consists of steel I-beam balks, 7 inches by 3 inches by
21 feet, weighing 350 pounds, and chesses 10 inches by 2 inches by 12 feet 3 inches,
weighing 50 pounds. The load is also shared by heavy curb rails which are racked
down at two places to intermediate transoms passing under the balks. Eight
balks are used for the medium bridge and 14 for the heavy bridge. The equipment
includes steel trestles; piers consist of single trestles for either the medium or heavy
bridge, while floating piers are of one or two pontons, respectively.
(9) 94-ton Herbert ponton bridge and trestles. — (a) The pontons are upward of
60 feet in length and divided laterally into eight or nine sections. They are of
steel or light alloy, gunwale-loaded and are used to a minimum freeboard of 12
inches; the bow is provided with a raised bulwark to assist in the rough water
experienced on large rivers. The ponton sections are decked and provided with
hatches, and it is possible for the maintenance crew to rest and sleep inside.
The ponton weighs approximately 10 tons and displacement with the freeboard
mentioned is nearly 60 tons.
(b) The equipment also includes trestle piers, either of steel or pile timber
construction. The latter are used for shore bays at river crossings or shallow
dry gaps, while the steel trestles built up of standard parts can be constructed to
a height of over 60 feet above foundation level and still carry the full load for
which the bridge is designed.
(c) The main girders carrying the roadway are composed of sections in the
form of pyramids 6 feet 6 inches high with bases 8 feet 3 inches long by 4 feet
6 inches wide. Transoms are hung in special stirrups from the apex of each
pyramid and the transoms in turn carry the balk. A standard bay is 82 feet
6 inches, that is, ten pyramid sections, pin-connected.
44
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
31
( d ) From the information available it is calculated that in standard bays the
bridge would take loads of 18 tons; that is, medium tanks and artillery.
However, with closer spacing of pontons thus reducing the length of a bay, the
load capacity could probably be increased to take a 35-ton tank.
(e) The pontons are too large to be used conveniently on any but the largest
rivers, and the construction and launching takes too long to be considered in
any way as an assault operation. The Herbert equipment may therefore be
classified as a semipermanent bridge, and its use is probably confined to back areas
(10) Heavy tank rafts. — (a) If the Herbert bridge is excluded, it will be noted
that none of the bridges mentioned above are capable of taking 35-ton tanks, a
few of which are known to have been used on the Western Front.
(6) There is evidence that a special heavy raft was used for these tanks, and
was probably designed for the purpose. This consisted of a small box girder
section (similar to the K-Briickengerat described in (11) (a) below) 60 feet long
and supported at each end by a pair of double ponton piers. The exact load
capacity of this raft is not known, but the available buoyancy of the complete raft
as described would be over 45 tons, and the strength of the superstructure is,
without doubt, proportionate. Loading of raft is by means of special 8-foot shore
bays made of lattice girders.
(11) Fixed bridges. — (a) Small box girder bridge ( K-Briickengerat ). — This is
almost a copy of our standard small box girder bridge. The principal members
are similar, and the launching nose used is identical. The tracked load-carrying
capacities and corresponding spans are probably equal to or greater than the
following :
Tout
4-girder, 48-foot span 25
4-girder, 64-foot spanl
2-girder, 32-foot span!
2-girder, 64-foot span 10
(6) Girder bridge. — There is also a larger through-type sectional girder bridge
capable of spanning gaps of at least 140 feet and probably capable of taking heavy
loads. No definite details are available.
c. Data on movements by armored formations. — (1) The average rates of advance
along roads by troops in German armored formations in the campaign in the west,
1940, are given in a captured official document as follows. (The advance is
assumed not to be held up, and the roads average.)
Wheeled vehicles
Tracked vehicles
Length of
march
Time
taken
Length of
march
Time
taken
*
Km. (Mi.)
Hrs .
Km. (Mi.)
Hrs .
50 (31 )i)
2
30 (18)4)
l?i
By day _
100 (62)4)
4)4
60 (37)
4
200 (125)
100 (62)4)
6)4
By night....
50 (31%)
3)4
30 (18)4)
3
100 (62)4)
6)4
60 (37)
6
479414°— 42 4
45
EM-E 101-10
32 STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
46
Time lengths and road spaces — Armored division. — (1)
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
32
A, 47 . /O t'sM 20, 4°, c,.o Xt.-TL.xA^nu, si, Iff lw k', &z,ai\o.\as-, oi\o?,/t. z.i\iA z.t, 4z.\
EM-E 101-10
32-33 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
(2) A captured document, of recent date, gives the average length of a complete
armored division on the march, including services, as follows. The division is
marching in five groups, with 20 minutes interval between groups.
At the halt, or on the move at 10 kilometers per hour
( 6 l /i mph) 120 km. (75 mi.)
or 12 hrs.
On the move at 25 kilometers per hour (15 K mph) 170 km. (106 K mi.)
or 7 hrs.
If the fighting troops alone are considered (without reconnaissance unit or
attached troops, and without any tactical intervals), and are marching in four
groups, with 20 minutes interval between groups, the above figures become — -
90 kilometers (57)4 mi.) or 9 hours.
150 kilometers (93% mi.) or 6 hours.
In both cases, 10 percent of all vehicles are deducted for traffic regulation duties.
For comparison, the length of a motorized division on the march is 75 percent
of the above.
In compiling the above figures, the following intervals were reckoned:
Between vehicles — Yards
At the halt, or on the move at 10 kilometers per hour 20
On the move at 25 kilometers per hour 25
Between units 50
Between formations 250
(3) A further document captured from another armored division states, prob-
ably correctly, that the following intervals are normal:
Yards
Between vehicles on the move 25
Between units 100
Between formations and march groups 1,000 (2)4 min.)
At speeds above 25 kilometers per hour, the distance between vehicles must be
increased to as many yards as the speed is kilometers per hour. This has the
effect of increasing the marching length by about 15 percent for every increase of
5 kilometers per hour in speed, so that the net gain in speed of advance is com-
paratively small.
■ 33. By Rail. — a. Train make-up . — Procedure is the same as ours. They use
make-up yards, and send the trains to the departure yards as they are needed.
The trains are all standard: infantry, artillery, and motorized. The trains never
exceed 100 axles, or 50 cars. In addition there are interspersed special cars for
antiaircraft defense. Each unit carries its equipment along with it.
b. Speed .— The average speed of a train, either troop, equipment, or supply, is
35 kilonteters per hour.
48
FM-E 101-10
GERMAN FORCES 33-34
c. Number of trains to move units: Trains
Infantry regiment 8
Artillery regiment 11
Pioneer battalion 5
Supply services 7
Mountain division 80
Infantry division without motorized units • 42
Infantry division complete 66
(24 trains used to carry the motorized equipment.)
H 34. By Aib. — a. The Germans are estimated to have approximately 1,700
transport aircraft, of which 1,500 are Junkers JU 52’s. The remaining 200 are
chiefly Junkers JU 90, the Focke-Wulf FW 200, and the Blohm and Vass BV 222
flying boat. The table given in paragraph 28 includes all types generally recog-
nized as transports, with corresponding ranges and loads.
b. The Junkers JU 52 is the standard troop transport for the German Air
Force. These aircraft have been organized into Kampfgeschwader (wing)
z. b. V. (zur besonderer Verwendung — special duty). Each Geschwader has four
Gruppen (groups) . Each Gruppe is made up of four Staff eln (squadron) . There
are 12 aircraft in each Staffeln.
c. Each Geschwader (wing) thus has a normal complement of about 200 aircraft
and is capable of carrying (1) an entire parachute regiment, plus equipment; or
(2) 3,000 ordinary troops. The Germans have at least three and probably four
Kampfgeschwader z. b. V. (special duty), plus several additional Gruppen for
transport.
Geschwader
Gruppe Gruppe Gruppe Gruppe
[ 48 aircraft
Staffel Staffel Staflel Staffel
12 aircraft 12 aircraft 12 aircraft 12 aircraft
d. The following aircraft are required to transport the following units in one trip:
Parachute division @ 7,000 men (3 para-
chute rifle regiments plus divisional
troops) 4 Geschwader @ 800 aircraft.
Parachute rifle regiment @ 1,700 men 1 Geschwader @ 200 aircraft.
Parachute rifle battalion @ 480 men 1 Gruppe @ 50 aircraft.
Parachute company @ 120 men (rifle or
heavy) 1 Staffel @ 12 aircraft.
Assault regiment 1 Geschwader and gliders.
Air-landing division 900-1,000 aircraft.
49
EM-E 101-10
35 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
CHAPTER 3
SUPPLY
Paragraphs
Section I. General organization : 35-36
II. Classes of supply. _
37
III. Supply columns and trains.
3& 39
IV. Service units (army, corps, and division)
40-43
V. Rations
44
45-49
VH. Ammunition data
50-52
Section I
GENERAL ORGANIZATION
35. Organization of Supply Service-
cio
HITLER
ch'ief
ARMED FORCES
AIR NAVY AR
:MY gAc
GEN. QM
Army Group Hq
I-b — (G-4)
Army Hq-
(Ober Qm)-
Corps Hq
(Qm— (G-4))
-CG
1 of I
Chiefs of
Supply
Services
from the
Army
Chief of Transportation
(Charge of all railway and
water transportation)
Supply Replacements
Depots
■ Transportation Officer -
Div. Hq
I-b — (G-4)
50
■ 36. Theater Organization.
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
36
51
Note. — Width and depths of zones are not prescribed, but determined by the situation. Trend is to eliminate all intermediate depots wherever possible.
FM-E 101-10
37-39 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
Section II
CLASSES OF SUPPLY
■ 37. General Classes of Supply. —
Rations — Class I
Ammunition —
All other —
Section III
SUPPLY COLUMNS AND TRAINS
■ 38. Supply Columns and Trains. —
Type Capacity (tons) day (miles)
Large motortruck column.. 60 125
Small motortruck column 30 125
Animal-drawn column 30 12.5-20
Mountain animal-drawn column 15 12.5-15
Packtrain.. 5 12-15
■ 39. Basic Use. —
GHQ Mtr Trk Clms, large..
Army Trk Clms
Corps Trk Clms, small
Div Trk Clms, small, Wag-
on Clms and Pack Tns
Lt Clms and Tns
Transportation reserve for GHQ to use for
Army sup, attached as needed to armies,
corps, and divs.
Maintain rolling reserves and assist in stock-
ing parks and depots.
Augment Divs Clms and Sup Corps troops.
Carry portion of first refill of Div Am. Haul
from Div Rhd and Army (depots, trans-
loading points) to DPs. 2 Trk Clms as-
signed to Arty Regt during combat as
Arty Am Tn.
Connect troops and Div Sup establishments,
controlled (except combat Tns) by higher
Hqs.
Note. — A ll trains organized as units of 15-, 30-, or 60-ton capacity. All supplies for issue and transporta-
tion made in 30-ton lots.
52
SERVICE UNITS
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
40
53
i Rifles, 6 LMGs, 3 HvMGs, each.
FM-E 101-10
41-43 STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 41. Army Supply. — Army carries major load of supply and evacuation in
theater of operations. Establishes depots as far forward as possible. Army
G-4 functions as our G— 1 and G-4 combined. Deals directly with GHQ, G-4 or
CG, Z of I on supply, and with representative of Chief of Transportation at Army
headquarters. Army Base area receives supplies from Z of I by train: depots to
forwarding station to Army. Includes administrative offices such as commissary
or ammunition which fill requisitions and load trains from depots assigned.
Practice is to eliminate intermediate depots as much as possible, but keep trains
loaded in base area and ship as needed. Ammunition depots usually 20 to 40
miles in rear of front. 3,000 to 6,000 tons stock maintained. Commissary
depot usually carries 8-day supply.
■ 42. Corps Rear Services. —
Corps Supply Train Military Police
| Company
CO and Staff
Corps Truck Train
Postal Service
Ll Field PO
Road Construction Bn
Strength:
800 men (approx.).
— 2 Mtr Trk Clros
(total capacity 60 tons)
— 1 Gas and Oil Clm— large
(capacity 13,(X)0 gals.)
I — Mtr Transport Repair Plat
—3 Rd Cons Cos
—Mtr Clm — large
Supervises and regulates supply of divisions, corps troops, and attached
troops.
Prorates supplies and establishes priorities.
Takes direct action only in an emergency.
■ 43. Division Supply (G-4). —
STRENGTH:
25 Officers.
12 Civilian
Officials.
824 EM.
TRANSPORT:
26 Motorcycles.
21 Cars.
176 Trucks.
— Staff Supply Section 1 ® u PPty
1 — Ammunition
— Division Supply Company
— 8 Division Light Columns
— Light Fuel Column
— Heavy Fuel Column
— Motor Repair Shop
— Staff Ration Section
— Slaughter Platoon
I — Bakery Company
54
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
43-44
Combat Train. — Field kitchen and combat wagon per unit.
Ration Train. — Ration wagon and forage wagon per unit.
Regt and Bn Hqs have one truck added. Hauls from Div to Bn.
Baggage Train. — One truck per unit.
Infantry Regt has a horse-drawn ammunition column.
Section V
RATIONS
■ 44. Class I Supply. —
a. Carried in the division . —
With each man
On each combat vehicle
In the field kitchen
In the unit ration train .
In the division train
Field ration
1
2
1
Iron ration
1 (reduced)
1
1
Total 4 3
Total weight of ration carried in the division: 94.4 tons (approx.).
b. Weight of 1 day’s ration {field ). —
Per man
m
Total weight (approx.) 2. 92
Per division Per S00.000 men
(tons) (Ions)
23. 6 420
c. System of distribution. — Division hauls from Army distributing point.
Battalion and regiment haul from division distributing point. Company hauls
from battalion distributing point. (If units are motorized, unit ration trucks
draw from the division.)
55
FM-E 101-10
45 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
56
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
49
57
Inf Clm of Regt transports munitions for L and Hv Wpns of Regt.
ty Bn has L Arty Clm.
Clms may be held as rolling reserve and Div Clm transfers to combat vehicles.
■ 47 . Gas, Oil, and Tikes.
58
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
48
59
Repair Shops
■ 49 . Clothing and Individual Equipment.
T
GERMAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
50-51
Section VII
AMMUNITION DATA
■ 50. Divisional Ammunition Quotas. —
a. Combat allowance — that part carried by the men, combat vehicles or cais-
sons.
ft. Local reserves — that part carried by the unit light columns.
c. Division reserves — that part carried in the division columns.
d. Two ammunition quotas (units of fire) for all weapons of the division are
carried in the division.
e. Ammunition quota for all weapons in an army is held on army columns or
trains.
■ 51. Units of Fire (rounds). —
1
t
S
4
6
6
7
8
9
to
Weapon
Infan-
try unite
( includ-
ing
MOs
and
morts )
Cavalry
units
Artil-
lery
units
Tank
units
Engi-
neers
Air-
planes
Ar-
mored
cars
Service
units
Notes
71mm rifle or car-
90
90
20
45
20
2,500
2,500
1, 000
i,oool
2,500
2,500
1,000
4, 500
120
4, 500
*
30
180
300
1, 500
200
125
125
125
75
50
40
40
40
40
479414°— 42 5
61
FM-E 101-10
52 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 52. Scale of Issue of Ammunition. —
Weapon
On the man or with the gun
Co & Bn Res
40 rds per man.
45 rds per man, all other Cos
LMG -
3,100 rpg divided between gun team and Co and
Bn Res. 1,000 rpg in AT Co.
5,250 rpg divided between Co limbers and Bn Res_
HvMG
37-mm AT gun in AT Bn
25 rpg.
2*34 rpg.
133 rpg.
148 rpg in Div Clm.
72 rpg in Div Clm.
DO rpg in Div Clm.
62
FM-E 101-10
JAPANESE FORCES
PART TWO— JAPANESE FORCES
CHAPTER 1
ORGANIZATION
Paragraphs
Section I. Governmental and geographic organization 53-54
XI. Type army organization 55
III. Division organizations. 56-61
IV. Air Force and miscellaneous combat units 62-67
V. Supply units 68-69
VI. Characteristics o( materiel 70-74
Section I
GOVERNMENTAL AND GEOGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION
63
FM-E 101-10
53 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
64
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
54
■ 54. Geographic Organization. —
Figure 2.— Geographic organisation of military forces.
65
FM-E 101-10
55 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
Section II
TYPE ARMY ORGANIZATION
■ 55. Type Army Organization. — The largest peacetime organization in the
Japanese army was a division. Type army assignment is believed to
be as follows:
ARMY HEADQUARTERS
INFANTRY TANKS
5 Inf Divs 1 Regt
(1 with pack (3-4 Bns)
transport)
CAVALRY
1 Brig reinf by Bn Mtz Inf
Bn of Horse Arty
Hv MG Tr
Mtd Engrs Co
Armd-C Det
ARTILLERY
Regt Mtn Arty
Brig Hv FA
Arty Information Det
2 Rcgts AA Arty
ENGINEERS
Regt Engrs
10 Bridge Cos
AVIATION
Regt Bomb Avn
Regt Pur Avn
Regt Obn Avn
Bln Regt
Air Service Sig Det
SIGNAL SERVICE
Tg Regt
Wireless Regt
Sit Det
STRENGTH:
110,000-135,000 Officers and men.
Note .—There is no Corps organization.
LINE OF COMMUNICATION SERVICE
10 Deps
15 Transport Dets of 10 Wag Cos each
1 Mtr Transport Det of 12 Cos
4 Res Field Hosps
4 Evac Hosps
1 LC Hosp
1 Sick Horse Dep
1 Sn Det
5 Bns of 2d Res Inf
1 Tr of 2d Res Cav
1 Btry of 2d Res FA
1 Ry Regt
1 L Ry Regt
20 Labor Cos
66
DIVISION ORGANIZATIONS
67
■ 58. Infantry Division (Table of organization).-
FM-E 101-10
58 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
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■ 59. Triangular Infantry Division. — a. Organization.
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
59
SEC SEC H Q 3 ADV FIELD HOSPS 9 COLL COS
i. Table of organization.-
EM-E 101-10
59 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
SB
This is believed standard Japa-
nese division organization,
toward which they are work-
ing. About onc-half of pres-
ent division strength is or-
ganized as such, with other
divisions organized as modi-
fied square divisions.
Trks are rad trks.
*Pull 2-wheel cart amb.
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1,916
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(56)
(330)
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JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
60-63
■ 60. Infantry Division Pack. —
Differs from actual infantry division in that divisional artillery consists of
3 battalions of pack 75-mm howitzers. Infantry regimental mountain
gun companies pack their ammunition.
All trains throughout the division are pack.
No tank company.
No light machine guns in the artillery.
Infantry has 48 heavy machine guns as against 5% in regular infantry.
Strength and armament details unknown.
■ 61. Reinforced Infantry Brigade. —
Such units are known to exist.. Their strength and composition are not
known. They are believed to be more or less special Task Force organ-
izations.
Section IV
AIR FORCE AND MISCELLANEOUS COMBAT UNITS
■ 62. Army Aviation. — a. GHQ Air Force is composed basically of wings. Air
divisions exist as component parts of the GHQ Air Force. These do not replace
the wings, but are administrative and tactical units for grouping regiments geo-
graphically and on basis of similarity of mission.
b. Air regiments are composed of squadrons. This seems to be an administra-
tive measure, as assignments range from one or two to nine squadrons per regiment.
c. The squadron is the basic Japanese air unit. Composed of three flights,
there are 13 to 16 pilots, including enlisted men, and nine or ten airplanes per
squadron. Squadrons usually have more enlisted men pilots than officer pilots.
■ 63. Nondivisional Cavai.ry. —
dq
INDEPENDENT BRIGADE
Btry FA Ai'itid-0 Engr Det Cav Regt
(Horse or pack) Tr i
Hq
Tr
I
I
Tr
Cav Regt
Jr
Tr
MG Tr
STRENGTH:
788 0 and EM.
884 Horses.
ARMAMENT:
680 Carbines.
6 LMGs.
8 HvMGs.
71
FM-E 101-10
64-66 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 64. 75-mm Field Artillery Regiment, Pack Division. —
Headquar- Headquar- Battalion Battalion
tors ters Battery I
I
I 111
Bn Hq Btry Btry Btry Btry
I
I I I
Hq Plat Plat
See Sec
(75-mm how each)
Strength:
Unknown.
Armament:
Unknown.
I
Battalion
Tns
Combat
Train
Note. — Independent regiment, pack artillery, is organized as above but with
only two battalions. All transport is pack.
■ 65. Regiment, 155-mm Howitzers, Horse-Drawn. —
Regimental Headquarters
Battery
Battalion
I
Battalion
Train
Bn Hq Btry
Btry
Btry
Btry
Tns
How|piat
How Plat
Am Plat
Tn
See
STRENGTH:
Unknown.
ARMAMENT:
Unknown.
■ 66. Regiment, 105-mm Guns, Tractor-Drawn. —
Regimental Headquarters
Battalion
Battalion
Train
Battery
1
i
1
(trucks)
Bn Hq Btry
Btry Btry
1 1
Tns
STRENGTH:
Unknown.
ARMAMENT:
Unknown.
itq plat plat Am'
Plat
Sec Sec
Jn
72
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
67-68
■ 67. Independent Antitank Company. —
Headquarters Platoon Platoon Platoon Platoon
Sec Sec
lN^CO
9 Gunners
2 Drivers
1 Trk. lj^-ton
1 37-mm AT gun.
STRENGTH:
150 (approx.).
ARMAMENT:
8 37-mm AT guns.
Note. — These units are believed to exist as special troops with assignments to
organizations as needed.
Section V
SUPPLY UNITS
■ 68. Japanese Transport. —
Unit
0
EM
Remarks
Hq, 3 Trk and 3 Wag Cos. Four-wheeled Wags, carts, and
Mtrs. Believed Trks will replace Wags when they are
available and roads permit.
Hq and 3 Mtr Cos. Each Mtr Co to include 3 autos, 8
Mtrcls, and 64 Trks.
Same as normal Inf Div except all Cos consist of 3 Plats of
3 Secs of 5 Sqds of 10 pack horses each— total, 450 pack
horses.
Transport Regt, proposed Inf
Div.
24
732
Note. — These units carry rolling reserve of the division.
73
FM-E 101-10
66 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 69. Transport Regiment for Triangular Division (About 18,000
Strength) . — a. It is believed that at present Japanese transport is only partially
motorized. For the purposes of this study it has been arbitrarily decided to show
the ammunition columns as motorized and the ration columns as horse-drawn.
b. Transport regiment, having total strength of 1,804, is composed of —
(1) Motorized ammunition battalion with strength of 1,061; 260 2-ton trucks
having a capacity of 500 tons, five 500-gallon gasoline tank trucks; 20 automobiles
and 75 motorcycles.
1 Officer
34 Men
10 2-ton Trks
3 Mtrcls
II miles per gal.
80 miles daily task
(2) Draft battalion, horse-drawn, with strength of 743; with 600 two- wheeled
carts of 500 pounds capacity each, and 650 horses.
100 2-wheeled carts 60 Horses
100 horses
c. The organization carries —
(1) One day of fire for the division for all weapons including small arms. (This
does not include the day of fire carried by the firing units.) Estimated weight
500 tons.
(2) Two days’ rations for the personnel of the division and 2 days’ forage for
the 4,109 horses of the division. (This does not include the ration carried on the
person.) Estimated rations for men, 50 tons for 2 days, include rice, barley, dried
fish or tinned meat, salt and shoyu, plus % pound of vegetables or eggs when
available. Weight 2.75 pounds per man per day. Forage is estimated at .013
tons per horse per day or approximately 100 tons for the 4,109 horses of the
division.
74
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
70
>
is
o
o
H
m
75
i This gun is similar to U. S. obsolete 1-pounder. Has been replaced, but believed still in use.
* Most effective.
FM-E 101-10
71-72 STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
76
L Tk, M2595 (1935) (see 7 1 37-mm .25-. 375 3 22 „ 77 156 57 Flag-
note). 2MGs
L Tk, M2592 (1932) 5 IMG. .31- 43 3 28 4'6" 34 30 20 73 154 64 12 Flag-
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JAPANESE FORCES
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FM-E 101-10
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■ 73. Aircraft.
EM-E 101-10
73 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
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JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
74
EM-E 101-10
75-77 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
CHAPTER 2
MOVEMENTS Paragraphs
Section I. Facilities 75-82
II. Troop movements 83-85
Section I
FACILITIES
H 75. General. — a. In general, Japanese operations are from close bases. That
fact permits deck loading and the use of a variety of small ships which could not
be employed over a longer supply line. Food supplies need not be carried for
long periods. In addition, the Japanese soldier requires very little ship space
per man and, having been trained to live off the country and exploit its resources,
he travels very lightly.
6. Japan’s army is not as completely motorized as they desire, but, because of
the types of country in which it has been operating, this has not proved a handicap.
Coolie labor has been drafted for transport, and everywhere the transport system
has been quickly organized around local available transport facilities by com-
mandeering private cars, trucks, horses, wagons, bicycles, and boats. The great
flexibility of the Japanese type of organization has made it possible for the Japa-
nese army to overcome any difficulties which might have been expected to arise
because of an apparent shortage of transport facilities.
■ 76. Animal-Drawn Transportation. — The Japanese do not have motorized
equipment available in sufficient quantity, and hence the wagon or two-wheeled
cart plays a very important role in army transportation. No exact figures are
available on the number of these carts which are being used, but a rough estimate,
based on the computation of 600 two-wheeled carts for each transport regiment
for each of the 82 divisions, and 400 carts for some 40 or more independent
brigades and regiments, would indicate more than 65,000 such vehicles in use.
These carts can be produced very quickly and inexpensively, and it is safe to say
that the army has or can have as many carts as it needs.
■ 77. Motor Transport.— a. Trucks .- — The Japanese Army is well supplied
with light motor trucks (1)4 to 3 tons capacity). The Nissan is a modified cab-
over-engine design at 2-ton capacity. The Toyota is a faithful copy of the 1939
Chevrolet truck. Several types of heavy trucks, some powered with Diesel and
some with gasoline engines, have been manufactured in Japan for several years
past, but production has always been small. The standard prime mover of the
Japanese Army is a six-wheeled vehicle of 3 to 4 tons capacity, powered with a
6-cylinder engine of approximately 90 horsepower. Two rear axles are used and
the four rear wheels drive. The front end is of conventional design. It has an
unusually high ground clearance. This standard prime mover is the chassis of
the Japanese armored car. All privately owned commercial vehicles in Japan
proper have been converted to charcoal burners, and it is possible that many of the
Japanese army trucks used in Japan proper may have been converted to use this
type of fuel.
b. Motor cars . — Only two types of passenger vehicles are manufactured in
Japan at present. The Nissan, the standard seven-passenger automobile of the
Japanese Army, is an adaptation of the 1935, six-cylinder Graham Paige. The
Toyota Company began to manufacture in 1940 an European-type passenger
car smaller than the Ford, with a wheel base of only 100 inches and a small six-
cylinder engine. A large number of Fords and Chevrolets are available and this
number has been materially increased by the acquisition of Ford factories and
assembly plants in occupied territory.
80
■ 78. Air Transport. — In 1941 it was estimated that the Japanese had sufficient aircraft to carry a force of 3,300 men. It is
unlikely that production exceeds 50 airplanes per month. The table below lists the types of airplanes primarily designed for transport
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
78
81
(R) round tip; (S) swept hack; (T) tapered.
•No data available on actual performance of Japanese models; specifications given are for the original designs.
FM-E 101-10
79 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 79. Rail Transport. — a. Engines. — (1) According to the last figures published
(1937, for the year 1935-36) there were 4,235 locomotives (200 electric) owned by
the Government. The average locomotive weighs 85 tons, and the average
tractive effort is approximately 40 percent less than locomotives in the U. S.
The principal classes of engines are the 4-6-2 passenger engine with double-truck
tender, total weight 115 tons, and the 2-8-2 freight engine with double-truck
tender, total weight 124 tons. Maximum axle weight is 15 tons.
(2) There were 808 engines owned by private companies.
b. Cars . — (1) Passenger. — In 1935 there were —
10,813 passenger cars with a total seating capacity of 689,201. Of these —
9,219 had a seating capacity of 529,139.
1,403 had a seating capacity of 142,613.
191 rail cars (electric cars) — seating capacity 17,449.
Ninety-nine percent of the cars are third class, and each has a seating
capacity of 64 passengers.
The speed is never over 50 mph. According to the Tokyo Year Book of
1934, the highest speed of passenger trains has been increased to 64
mph for the 3'6'' gage.
(2) Freight. — In 1937 there were (Government-owned) — ■
67,485 with a loading capacity of 892,442 metric tons:
36,224 box cars — loading capacity 456,446.
220 tank cars — loading capacity 2,596.
30,294 gondola-type — loading capacity 433,400.
In addition, private companies owned 10,989 freight cars.
e. Mileage. — (1) There are in Japan —
12,731 miles of railroads, operated by the state; 4,219 miles of railroads,
operated by private companies; 1,410 miles of railroads, interurban and
city trains.
(2) Of this total mileage only 1,347 miles are more than single track. Very
little multiple track exists. Up to 1940, 244 route miles were electrified. Direct
current is used, distributed by overhead trolley lines at 1,200 or 1,500 volts. The
three large power stations are at Kawasaki, Akabane, and on the Shinaogawa River.
(3) No coal exists on the main island, the supply coming from Hokkaido and
Kyushu and also from Chosen.
(4) Tokyo is the main traffic junction and from it there radiate more multiple-
track railroads than from any other one point. Seventy-five percent of the
electric mileage is around Tokyo.
(5) Recently the Shimonoseki Tunnel has been opened, so that there is a con-
tinuous railway service from Tokyo through Yokohama, westward along the
coast through Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, and along the inland sea to Shimonoseki.
This is the only line where sharp grades are not encountered. The distance
covered is 1,097 kilometers (686 miles). The line between Tokyo and Kobe
is particularly vulnerable, since it crosses numerous rivers where they are widest
just before they enter the sea, requiring a large number of long bridges. The
same is true between Kobe and Shimonoseki but this particular section of the line
is difficult to reach, since it is protected by the screen of islands that surround the
inland sea.
(6) The most important lines are on the main island of Honshu. Of secondary
importance is the southwestern island of Kyushu with the two important ports of
Nagasaki and Moji. Of lesser importance are the northwestern island of Hok-
82
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
79
kaido and the island of Shikoku. South Sakhalin or Karafuto has a small
network. The Honshu trunk line is double-tracked throughout. There are four
tracks :
Tokyo- Yokohama (29 kilometers — 18 miles).
Osaka-Kobe (128 kilometers — 80 miles).
Kyoto- Akashi (95 kilometers — 60 miles).
d. Leading local railways in Japan (last known figures). —
Title
Open miles—
Length of
lines
Motive power
Feet-inches
gage
Bantan Railway
Chichibu Railway
Ohugoku Railway.
Echigo Railway.
Fuji Minoba Railway
Geibi Railway
Ibigawa Electric Railway
Iwate Keiben Railway...
Iyo Railway
Joso Railway.
Kokura Railway
Musashimo Railway
Nagoya Railway
Nankai Railway
Omi Railway
Shimabara Railway
Tobu Railway
Tomakomai Railway
Tsukuba Railway —
45.6
41.2
49.5
66.4
20.9
56.2
35.8
40.7
f 35
1 3.4
31.9
24.9
27.2
J42.1
146
142.9
[35.4
27.5
26.2
| 143. 2
l 2.8
25.5
2J.9
Electric
Electric and steam.
Steam
do
do
do
Steam and electric _
Steam...
do
Electric
Steam
do
do
do
Electric
Steam.
Electric
Steam
do
do
Hand
Steam
do
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
2 ' 0 "
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
3'6"
2 ' 0 "
2 ' 6 "
3'6"
e. Formosa . — Railroads in Formosa have —
200 locomotives.
600 passenger cars.
8,000 freight cars, mostly open, 10-20 ton capacity.
The Government railways operate 881 kilometers (550 miles) of 3'6"-gage
railroad. Private companies operate 1,247 kilometers (775 miles) of 2'6"-
gage railroad and narrower. The capacity of all double-track sections may be
estimated at 48 pairs of trains. Crossing loops are short, and therefore trains of
30 cars and 750 tons are the maximum accommodated. The principal railway
line runs through the western coastal area of the island, linking Kielung with
Taihoku and Takao.
/. Manchuria. — (1) Engines . —
South Manchurian Railways:
500 locomotives, passenger and freight.
100 switching engines.
12 Diesel 4-car units.
State Railways:
1,250 locomotives.
83
FM-E 101-10
79 STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
(2) Passenger cars:
850 — South Manchurian.
2.000 — State Railways.
(3) Freight cars :
9.000 — South Manchurian.
17.000 — State Railways.
(4) The railway system has developed around the South Manchurian Railway
Company, the main line being Dairen-Hsingking. The management of the
company is in daily contact with the Kwangtung Army, with headquarters at
Hsingking and Dairen. The main line is double-tracked. Other railways are
State-owned and operated by the South Manchurian. The most important of
these is the former Chinese Eastern Railway, cross-country from Manchuli to
Suifenho (Pogranichnaya) . The southern main line branches off the former at
Harbin whence it runs to Hsingking and connects with the South Manchurian.
(5) The Chinese Eastern Railway was formerly part of the Trans-Siberian
Railway. It has been duplicated by a northerly route, entirely in Siberian terri-
tory at a short distance from the Manchurian border. The Chinese Eastern was
taken over by the Manchukuo State Railways in 1935 and incorporated into their
own system. The gage was converted from the Russian 5-foot gage to standard.
A connection with the Siberian railways system exists now only at Manchuli,
where a break in the gage occurs.
(6) Other important trunk lines are Peking-Mukden, entering Manchuria
from China at the point where the Chinese Wall reaches the sea; and the Antung-
Mukden, a section in the overland route from Japan through Korea.
For
USB
For .76
m.
gage
TO. gage
_
315
31
_
754
75
- 3,
444
319
g. Korea. — (1) Rolling stock (1937 ) —
Locomotives
Passenger cars 754
Freight cars.- 3, 444
A 1941 report gives —
400 locomotives.
900 coaches.
4,500 freight cars.
(2) Passenger coaches.- — Passenger cars are few, speed is low, the rolling-stock
locomotives and coaches are of the American style. The trains are light, con-
sisting of up to 8-bogie carriages, weight behind tender 300 to 350 tons. All
carriages are of the open-type; sleepers, American-style; baggage and mail cars
are separate units.
(3) Freight cars.— Freight cars consist of four-wheeled and four-bogie cars; 15-,
20-, 30-, and 40-ton carrying capacity. There are few special cars in use.
(4) The railways are the principal land transport in Korea. Motor traffic is
negligible except in the larger towns. The principal center of the railroad sys-
tem is Seoul (Keijo) and Heijo. The ports are the termini. A considerable
number of narrow-gage light railways serve as feeders from the outlying districts.
84
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
79-80
(5) The principal lines are a trank line from Fusan via Keijo, Heijo to Shingshu
on the Manchurian border; thence by a long bridge across the border to Antung
and Mukden, where it connects via the Manchurian system with all parts of that
country. The second main line runs from Keijo to the east coast at Gensan;
thence to the northeast corner of the country, to the ports of Seishin, Rashin,
and Yuki. Most of the other lines are in the western half of the peninsula.
(6) "Existing routes into Manchuria are at Antung and at Kamisambo-Nanyo.
(7) New construction, now nearing completion, aims at provision of a second
main south-north line and cross-country lines from harbors on the Japan Sea to
Manchuria.
(8) Keijo-Taidan — 167 kilometers, double track.
(9) Government railways — standard gage: Kilometers Miles
Route mileage 3, 867 2, 417
Double track 170 100
Total main line track 4, 037 2, 425
Sidings (approximately) 1, 000 625
(10) Government Railways — 2'6" gage:
Route mileage 203 127
Sidings 30 20
(11) Private companies (railways and tramways):
Route mileage 1,327 830
(12) Bus routes:
Route mileage . 26,000 16,250
EE 80. Miscellaneous Land Transport Facilities. — a. Bicycles . — Japan is one
of the world’s largest producers of bicycles and the bicycle is very widely used
throughout the country. It is estimated that there are approximately 7,000,000
bicycles in Japan and their use as a means of transport should not be underesti-
mated. There is a standard army type of heavy construction designed along
English lines, with front- and rear-wheel brakes and large wheels. The Japanese
army has made wide use of the bicycle in all campaigns of the present war. In
practically all of its campaigns the Japanese army has seized private bicycles in
the invaded territory and used them for transport purposes.
b. Motorcycles . — The standard motorcycle of the J apanese army is a twin-cylinder
Harley-Davidson type of 1,500-cc displacement. This design has an unusually
high road clearance, with large wheels, and is of very heavy construction. When
used with a side car, a reverse gear is incorporated in the transmission. This is a
satisfactory military vehicle. One design includes a mount for a 7.7-mm machine
gun on the side car. Detachable shields can be fitted to both side car and motor-
cycle.
c. Motor tricycles . — The commercial motor tricycle (Sanrinsha) is a purely
Japanese design developed during the past 12 years. With a rated capacity of
1,000 pounds, these light vehicles often carry a ton and have been used by the
Japanese army in Japan proper and to some extent in North China and Man-
churia. Engines vary in size from 300 cc to 1,000 cc; practically all are single-
cylinder. The smaller type are chain-driven but the larger are shaft-driven. All
have three speeds forward and one reverse.
85
FM-E 101-10
81 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
H 81. Watek Transport. — a. Known tonnage as of December 7, 1941 . —
t
2
S
4
5
6
7
D
10
11
Tankers
Combination ves-
Freighters
Public service
Total all types
Gross tons
Total
Total ton-
Total ton-
Total
Total
tonnage
nage
nage
tonnage
tonnage
1,000-2,000
3
3,299
36
61, 251
240
364, 820
2
2,731
281
422, 101
2,000-3,000....
1
2,417
39
100,041
187
465, 336
9
21, 562
236
589, 356
3,000-4,000—
1
3,271
29
96, 727
147
502, 266
11
38, 913
188
641, 177
4,000-5,000
0
0000
14
60, 103
138
620, 322
152
680. 425
5,000-6,000..-
5
27,672
14
75, 998
167
927, 124
186
6,000-7,000..-
3
19, 072
12
76, 970
104
685, 696
119
781 788
7,000-8,000-..
11
80,517
9
68, 223
47
340, 502
3
21, 962
70
8,000-9,000—
13
106, 103
42, 459
30
253, 888
48
9,000-10,000—
8
76, 793
17
161, 754
4
38,209
29
276, 756
10,000-12,000-
14
141, 775
15
164, 073
29
305, 848
Over 12,000.—
5
90, 916
8
125, 731
13
216, 647
Total. .
64
‘ 551, 835
198
’ 1, 023, 330
1,064
3 4, 198, 163
25
*85, 168
1,351
5, 858, 496
1 13 of these, totaling 224,147 gross tons, have a maximum speed of over 18 knots and are probably operating
as fleet auxiliaries. Tankers are of modern design and construction, 42 of the 64 having been built since 1927.
1 58 of these vessels, totaling 521,755 gross tons, have a normal sea-cruising speed of over 15 knots; 57 vessels,
totaling 400,941 gross tons, were built during and since 1930; 80 vessels totaling 366,672 gross tons were built
prior to 1920.
a Approximately 310 of these vessels totaling 1,160,000 gross tons have a maximum speed oi 15 knots or
over; 479 vessels totaling 1,683,374 gross tons were built prior to 1020; 382 vessels, totaling 1,074,949 gross tons,
were built during and after 1930.
‘ The majority ol Japan’s public service vessels are ferries operated by the Ministry of Railways, princi-
pally between Japan and Korea.
b. Summary. — Number Tonnage
Known ships as of Dec. 7, 1941 1, 351 5, 858, 496
Estimated unreported construction 1940, 1941 38 210, 395
Estimated unlisted vessels 105 300, 000
Estimated ships as of Dec. 7, 1941 1, 494 6, 368, 891
c. Seizures and acquisitions . —
Gross tons
Number
Tonnage
Gross tons
Number
Tonnage
1,000-2,000
46
66, 115
B
52,042
2,000-3,000
33
80, 818
16, 437
3,000-4,000
22
75, 379
iSMi
9, 877
4,000-5,000
5
23, 455
8
111, 349
6,000-7,000
11
71, 222
Total .
152
596, 266
86
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
81
c. Seizures and acquisitions. — Continued.
Nationality of ships acquired or seized
Number
Tonnage
36
193, 899
280, 986 0 235,239)
114, 089
7, 652
Allied
90 (i 72)
24
2
152(U34)
596, 626 ( J 550, 879)
1 Adjusted for Allied ships probably sunk or scuttled, or constructive total loss.
d. Estimate of Japanese shipping position as of June 1, 1942 ( vessels over 1,000
tons ) . —
1
g
5
i
5
6 !
7
Freighters and pas-
senger vessels
Tankers
Total
No.
Tonnage
No.
Tonnage
Tonnage
Estimated tonnage as of Jan. 1, 1942
(excluding losses) -
1,430
64
551,835
6,368,891
Estimated gains through capture,
seizure, and acquisition as of June
3, 1942:
(1) Allied
75
3
12, 789
78
235, 239
(2) Axis
35
1
5,113
36
193, 899
24
114,089
24
114, 089
2
7, 652
2
7, 652
Estimated new construction (Jan. 1,
1942-June 1, 1942)
25
3
19,000
28
125,000
1,591
6, 456, 033
71
588, 737
1, 662
7,044, 770
Less:
Estimated war losses (Dec. 7, 1941-
June 1, 1942)
125
676, 091
14
102, 519
139
Estimated marine casualties (Oct. 1,
1941-June 1, 1942)
8
25, 000
8
133
701,091
14
102, 519
147
803, 610
Estimated tonnage available to
the Japanese as of June 1, 1942
1, 458
5, 754, 942
57 I
486, 218
1, 515
6, 241, 160
87
FM-E 101-10
81 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
e. Summary estimate as of June 1, 1942:
Estimated tonnage available to the Japanese as of June 1,
1942 (round figures) 6, 240, 000
Estimate of required tonnage June 1, 1942:
Economic supply of Japan and her troops in
China and Manchuria 3, 000, 000
Naval auxiliaries 400, 000
Lay-ups and repairs 700, 000
Unusable types, domestic services, etc 100, 000
Supply of troops and present transport needs
in southern occupied areas 900, 000
5, 100, 000
Available tonnage for additional operations 1, 140, 000
f. Special transports. — The Japanese have developed a special type of transport
to carry troops and small landing craft. The transports have sliding or rolling
doors on their sides, permitting landing craft berthed on rollers to be rolled into
the water fully loaded with men and equipment. At least some of the transports
also have rear slide hatches, or ramps, with which to load and unload heavy
equipment.
g. Landing craft. — Six types of these have been developed. Most of them are
featured by double keels (for stability and strength) and by armored bows which
can be dropped to permit field guns and small tanks to be run off the boats onto
the beach. The armored fronts are capable of stopping .50-caliber bullets, but
.30-caliber fire will penetrate the sides. The different types and some additional
characteristics of the boats are as follows:
(1) Type A. — This is a large, open boat on the bow of which is a landing ramp
which falls forward onto the beach, thus enabling guns to be wheeled off. The
engine and coxswain usually are protected by bullet-proof plating. It is used by
main landing forces. The approximate over-all length of the boat is 50 feet and
the length at the water line is 41 feet. The length of the beam is 12 or 13 feet.
The boats are propelled by low-speed two- or four-cylinder gasoline or Diesel
engines and attain a speed of about 10 knots. It is estimated that the boats can
carry 110 to 120 fully-equipped men.
(2) Type B. — This boat, small and of open type and holding 50 to 60 men, is
used by the initial covering party. It has an over-all length of 20 to 40 feet and is
powered with a two- or four-cylinder gasoline or Diesel engine. Some of the boats
have bullet-proof shields and light machine guns in the bow.
(3) Type C. — This is an armored motor launch used for close support, recon-
naissance, and maintenance of communication. It is approximately 40 feet long
and has a beam of 12 to 13 feet. The boat, constructed of steel plate, is believed
capable of attaining a speed of 15 knots.
(4) Type D. — It is used solely as a towboat, supplementing type A. The boat
has an approximate over-all length of 30 feet and a beam of 10 feet. It is con-
structed of wood, and is similar to a standard motor launch.
(5) Type E. — This is an airplane-propeller-driven boat, about 50 feet long and
10 feet wide, which was designed for use in shallow or weed-infested water. About
10 feet of the forward underwater body rises above the water when the boat is
going at full speed. The draft at light load appears to be not over 2 feet.
(6) Type F. — It is constructed of steel plates and is of two sizes — 30 feet over-all
and 40 feet. It has a beam of 12 feet and a speed of about 9 knots.
88
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
81
h. Motor torpedo boats. — Characteristics of the boats are as follows:
(1) Length: 32 feet, 6 inches to 49 feet.
(2) Beam : 6 feet, 6 inches to 9 feet, 9 inches.
(3) Body: Flat-bottom steel frame, wood planking.
(4) Motor: Radial-cooled aircraft engine with reduction gear and angle drive
up to 400 ground-maximum horsepower.
(5) Armament: Two torpedo tubes mounted on each side, four depth charges,
one machine gun.
(6) Crew: Three or four.
(7) Speed: 52 mph. or over.
(8) Endurance: 10 hours at full speed if about 1,150 gallons of gasoline are
carried.
i. Tonnage calculations. — Various tonnage calculations for sea movement of
Japanese forces, armament, and supplies have been estimated as follows:
(1) Personnel and horses. — The tonnage allowances for troops and horses vary
according to the length of the voyage, route taken, and season of the year. In
each case a margin is allowed for a certain quantity of stores, coal, ammunition,
and vehicles. short sea
Long sea voyages
voyages (S days)
(tons) (tons)
For each man 5 3
For each horse 10 9
(2) Mattriel. — For every 1,000 tons of Japanese shipping, various vehicles
(loaded), tanks, and other equipment can be shipped as shown in the following
table:
Trucks (3-ton) 12
Trucks (30-cwt — approx. 1H tons) 23
Trucks (1-ton) 40
Tractors (field artillery) 50
Cars 40
Ambulances 30
Howitzers (105-mm) 50
Infantry guns (37-mm) 100
Tankettes 30
Light tanks 25
Medium tanks 15
(3) Ship dimensions in relation to tonnage. — The length, breadth, and draft of
Japanese vessels in relation to tonnage is given in the following table:
Draft
(feet)
Length
(feet)
Breadth
(feet)
Approximate
tonnage
15
230
33
1,000
19
280
39
2,000
21
330
44
3,000
23
360
48
4,000
25
390
51
5,000
26
420
53
6,000
27
440
55
7,000
28
450
57
8,000
28
460
58
9,000
29
470
59
10,000
89
EM-E 101-10
82 STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 82. Roads and Bridges. — a. Japan. — The published figures of road mileage
in Japan are practically meaningless since they include all sorts of alleys, lanes,
and unimproved roads, and give no indication of the kind of surface. The latest
official figures, which were published in 1937, show a total of approximately
600,000 miles of roads. Of the 125,000 miles of road which are suitable for motor
transportation, 100,000 miles are suitable the year round, and 25,000 during dry
weather only. In 1935 there were approximately 120,000 bridges on roads
suitable for motor transportation. Most of these are constructed to sustain a
uniform load of 100 pounds per square foot. In 1937 there were 74,100 miles of
highway bus routes in Japan. Because of construction difficulties, many sections
of Japan are left without any roads, and connecting links between particular
areas are very poor.
b. Taiwan. — The road system of Taiwan is laid out according to strategic
necessity. A main truck highway runs from north to south through the western
coastal area and upon it converge many feeder roads. The east coast, on the
other hand is only poorly provided with highways. In 1936, the 11,300 miles of
road were classified as follows: concrete — 16; asphalt — 140; macadamized — 50;
improved earth and gravel — 10,094; unimproved earth — 1,000.
c. Chosen. — With the exception of a few main roads, most of the roads in
Chosen are either ordinary cart roads or earth covered with unrolled gravel.
There are 17,375 miles of classified roads divided as follows: First-class roads
(over 24 feet in width) — 2,000 miles; second-class roads (18 to 24 feet in width) —
6,200 miles; third-class roads (12 to 18 feet in width) — 9,175 miles.
d. Manchukuo. — At the end of 1939 there were about 20,000 miles of roads
in Manchukuo. Only about one-fourth of the roads were improved, these being
chiefly earth, gravel, or clay. Bridges are well constructed of concrete and are
suitable for military use.
e. Occupied China. — Roads in operation in this area total upward of 15,000
miles, in contrast to the prewar mileage of more than 20,000. A large proportion
is of unimproved dirt, but main highways are largely surfaced. The surfacing
is usually a low-cost type, consisting of clay or water-bound macadam, broken
brick or stone, with gravel. Most of these roads are poorly maintained and the
Japanese have made few improvements.
90
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
83
Section II
TROOP MOVEMENTS
■ 83. March Tables and Road Spaces. — a. Marching ability of various arms . —
Pace, speed , and distance
Arms
Marching pace ( meters
per minute)
Ordi-
nary
Quick
Double
86
145
Cavalry
iop
220
320
Mountain Artillery—
86
145
Field Artillery—
86
220
(180)
320
Horse Artillery
100
220
320
Marching speed
( kilometers per hour)
Distance per day
4
24 km (usually continuous march-
ing at 6 hours per day).
Type of
pace
Speed per
hour
Classification
Distance
( kilometers )
X
7
Brigade and group
65 to 97.5
X
8
Reconnaissance unit--
97.5 to 130
H
9
Officers’ reconnais-
130 to 195
‘H
10
sance.
X
11
Usually keep pace with the infantry.
For short distances figures are same as for cavalry.
Same as for cavalry.
i The % pace means that in 1 hour the troop does 40 minutes trot and 20 minutes walk.
b. Speed of armored force vehicles . — According to Japanese manuals a mixed
mechanized force can cover between 60 and 70 kilometers (37-44 miles) in a day,
the following being the normal speed on the march of columns of various types:
Ordinary conditions 1
Dim lights
No lights
Km per hr
Mph
Km per hr j
Mph 1
Km per hr
Mph
Tank regiment j
8-12
5-7K
6-8
3K-5
4-6
Light tank company
12-18
7*4-11
6-8
m-h
4-6 !
2HSH
Truck column
12-20
7J4-12K
6-8
4-6
2H-3H
The following speeds are those given in instructions to drivers and indicate the
speed to be adopted on receipt of the corresponding signal:
Km per hr Mph
Low speed 6 3%
Ordinary speed 12 7%
Fast speed 18 11
Full speed: As fast as the terrain will permit, but not exceeding 35 km
per hr. (21% mph).
91
EM-E 101-10
83 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
c. Length of various units on the march and intervals between them {in meters):
(Figures in parentheses are for pack-animal formations]
Name oj units
Combatant
units
Heavy
baggage
(rations,
ammunition
and baggage)
Intervals
between
units
Infantry:
Army Headquarters.
Division Headquarters
Company
Machine Gun Company..
Battalion fless unit trains)
With unit trains.
Infantry-Gun Company. .
Regiment
Cavalry:
Squadron:
200
200
150
150
75
1
110
f 8
440
95
!
580
(135)
| 20
170
25 (35)
2, 100
370 (500)
* 20
2-Section Unit.
4-Section Unit.
210
120
15
Regiment:
2-Section Unit
4-Section Unit
Horse Artillery Battery
Machine-gun Company
Brigade (less trains)
Trains
Field Artillery:
Battery (less supply vehicles) __
With Supply Vehicles
Battalion (less supply vehicles)
With supply vehicles
Regiment (less supply vehicles)
With supply vehicles
Regimental supply vehicles
Mountain Artillery:
Battery (less supply vehicles) ...
With supply vehicles
Battalion (less supply vehicles)
With supply vehicles
Regiment (less supply vehicles)
With supply vehicles.
Regimental supply vehicles
6-inch Howitzers:
500
310
450
550
3,000
1,900
200 J
(320) J
800
220
300
1,050
1,230
4,000
4,500
400
270
1,000
100
20
20
30
220
330
1,230
1.400
4. 400
6. 400
970
j (390)
30
J (1, 500)
30
(250)
120
Battery (less supply vehicles)
With supply vehicles
Battalion (less supply vehicles)
With supply vehicles
Regiment (less supply vehicles)
With supply vehicles
Regimental supply vehicles
10-em Gun Regiment -
Heavy Artillery Brigade, Transport Unit
Field A A Artillery Unit
320
]
20
480
1
1, 550
2, 000
] 400
30
4, 100
4, 950
] 1,050
30
4, 950
4.000
5.000
300
1,050
30
92
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
83
Name oj units
Combatant
units
Heavy
baggage
(rations,
ammunition
and baggage)
Intervals
between
units
Engineers:
120
190
260
. 400
170
2, 000 (6, 200)
60
(60)
120
(150)
45
1 8
1 16
Transport:
1,600 (1,610)
130 (160)
1,200
200 (230)
60 (30)
400 (600)
2,200
800 (240)
375 (440)
Signals:
20 (25)
40 (45)
Notes:
Foot units are calculated as inarching in columns of 4.
The table is based on the 2-Japancse books: “Notes on Tactical Operations on the Continent” (TAIR-
IKU-SENJUTSO-SACYO-SANKO) and “Field Service Regulations” (JINCHU-YGMUREI).
479414 °— 42 -
■7
93
d. Length of various columns on the march and intervals between (in meters ) . —
[The divisional trains are keeping intervals in accordance with a march with military precautions.]
Column A Column B Column C Column B Column E Column F Column O
FM-E 101-10
83 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
94
'JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
84
■ 84. Railway Transportation. — a. Composition of trains and speed of rail-
way. — One train of Japanese rolling stock consists of 28 to 30 coaches and cars of
different kinds. Its arrangement is as follows:
Elements
Number of
coaches and
freight cars
1
1
10
10
2
3
1
(omitted)
Partly covered freight cars _ .
TOTAL
28
i
Speed of train about 30 kilometers per hour.
b. Accommodation for men , horses , and materials . —
Single coaches » etc.
Accommodation for
men and horses
Artillery accommodation
Commissariat
accommodation
Officers
En-
listed
men
Horses
.
Heavy
guns
Field
. and
medium
artillery
with
ammu-
nition
wagons
Moun-
tain
guns
In-
fantry
guns
Empty
trucks
Trucks
1st and 2d class pas-
senger coach.
3d class and tempo-
rary passenger
coach, or covered
freight car.
Cattle car or covered
freight car.
30
60 pack animals
or 16 vehicles.
70
12
1
1
2
4
8
Notes:
Medical equipment and engineering materials of a division are transported separately, about 49 coaches,
etc., being required.
Each train can accommodate only 600 to 700 men of all arms, fully equipped.
95
FM-E 101-10
84 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
c. Number of coaches , etc., required for transportation of division. — According to
preceding table the number of coaches, etc., required by a regular four-regiment
division is as follows:
Classification
Number
Type of coach, etc. required
Number of
coaches, etc.
required
26
349
680
18
14
63
32
49
1, 231 cars.
3d-class or temporary passenger
coach.
Box cars or covered freight cars—
Stores, etc., carried by transport !
units.
TOTAL
The above table shows that 1,231 cars, etc., are required for transporting a
division. If one train is composed of 30 cars, etc., then 41 trains are required,
and, if composed of 28 cars, then 43 trains are required. Therefore, the average
number of trains required is 42.
d. Plan for rail movement . —
Troops
No. 1 Bn Ammu-
nition Train
Regtl Cmdr Inj
Arty In) Regtl
Sig Sec (??)
No. 8 Bn
No. 8 Bn
Major KIM UR A.
28..
Col. SAKUMA.
Major SUGIURA
33
Major TAKA-
NOBU.
38.
36
887*.
714
827
876.
1,909
1,713..
1,715.
1,701.
SHUKKEN (?)—
1910/11
SHUKKEN (?).
0200/11.
(??)
0440711
05007U.
12
185071L
12
Arrive URAGUCHI
12
0630/11 -
1200/11
12
0650/11
12
1
12
Substitute (or tempo-
rary?) passenger cars.
17
13 :
17
(??).
7.
13
13
6
7__
9...
8
c??).
TOTAL
31
36
33
c??).
•Practically illegible on original.
?? Illegible on original.
Note. — Totals as usual do not agree in most cases. It appears that all troop trains left at night — probably
for security reasons.
96
. Practical example of railway transportation of the Japanese army . —
SCHEME OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION OF THE 5TH DIVISION
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
84
97
Scheme of railway transportation of the 5th division — Continued
FM-E 101-10
84 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
98
One-half of the 5th Company, 5th Transport Regiment;
1 Company, 23d Infantry Regiment 8 420
(Same as above) 7 421
Battalion Headquarters, 5th Medium Artillery Regi-
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
84
EM-E 101-10
84 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
100
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
85
O 85. Wi'j er Transport — a Shipping capacity required for transportation of men,
horses, and materials . —
Classification Tonnage required
1 man 3.
1 horse 9 (equals 3 men).
1 field gun 18 (equals 6 men).
b. Number of transports and tonnage required for transportation of a division.—
There is a difference between the organization of the Japanese four-regiment
division and the three-regiment division. The following is the number of trans-
ports and tonnage required for transportation of a regular four-regiment division.
Classification Quantity Tonnage Required
Men 25, 200 75, 600 (each man counted at 3 tons).
Horses 8, 150 73, 350 (each horse counted at 9 tons).
Guns 92 1, 656 (each gun counted at 18 tons).
Grand total 150, 606
Number of 3,000-ton transports required 150,606-^3,000=51.
Number of 5,000-ton transports required 150, 606-T-5, 000=31.
e. Mileage and time required from J apanese ports to Chinese main ports . —
Starting point
Destination
Yoko-
hama
Nagoya
Osaka
Hiro-
shima
Nagasaki
Maizuru
Taka-
matsu
Kokura
Darien-
1, 178 M
1,075 M
848 M
733 M
377 M
940 M
792 M
614 M
92 H
83 H
65 H
56 H
45 H
72 H
61 H
57 H
Tang-ku
1, 398 M
1, 275 M
1,048 M
933 M
777 M
1, 140 M
992 M
814 M
108 H
99 H
81 H
72 H
60 H
88 H
77 H
63 H
Tsingtao.
1, 152 M
1,029 M
802 M
687 M
321 M
893 M
746 M
568 M
89 H
80 H
62 H
53 H
41 H
63 H
58 H
44 n
Shanghai..
1, 648 M
1, 025 M
798 M
683 M
464 M
889 M
742 M
564 M
128 H
79 H
61 H
53 H
36 H
69 H
68 H
44 H
Canton
1,640 M
1,630 M
1,432 M
1, 300 M
1, 124 M
1,560 M
1, 515 M
1,240 M
127 H
126 H
110 H
100 H
87 H
120 H
116 H
1
95 H
Note: M = Nautical miles; H = hours.
101
FM-E 101-10
85 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
d. Sea transport plan for part of 5th division when leaving Japan.
Name of ship and
tonnage
ASO Maru (3,020 tons).
SOMEDONO Maru
(5,164 tons).
SINGAPORE Maru
(5,852 tons).
HAKODATE Maru
(6,312 tons).
DAITO Maru (6,425
tons).-
Men
Horses
Units
Officers
Enlist-
ed men
Total
Num-
ber of
horses
Total
21st Infantry Brigade Headquar-
4
63
' 16
ters.
26 O, 696
21st Infantry Regiment Head-
7
183
EM.
quarters.
15
[1st Battalion of the 21st Regiment
10
181
83 \
(less 2d and 3d Companies).
1 36 O, 903 (
1
2d Battalion of the 21st Regiment
20
431
EM
83
1 (less 5th Company).
^Divisional Signal Unit
6
241 ,
38
(3d Battalion of the 21st Infantry
25
631 '
Regiment.
5th Company of the 21st Infantry
5
150
Regiment.
Infantry-gun Company of the 1
4
100
47 0, 1,324
39
245
2lst Infantry Regiment.
EM
Antitank-gun platoon of the 21st
88
Infantry Regiment.
Cavalry Squadron — —
7
154
(Engineering Company
6
201
42d Infantry Regiment Headquar-
7
183
f ......
ters.
420,1,114
1st Battalion of the 42d Regiment.
25
631
[ EM
—
9th and 10th Company of the 42d
10
300
Infantry Regiment.
i
(2d Battalion of the 42d Infantry
23
631
Regiment.
3d Battalion of the 42d Regiment
15
331
(less 9th and 10th Companies).
45 0,1,110
21'
Antitank-gun Platoon of the 42d
1
48
EM
Regiment.
Infantry-gun Platoon of the 42d
4
100
Infantry Regiment.
Point of embarkation. ..
Dato of embarkation —
Destination
Date of disembarkation.
Hiroshima
Aug. 2
Pusan (Korea)
Aug. 4
102
Translation of embarkation plan of SI 4th Infantry Regiment ( 3Sd Division ), etc. — Continued.
FM-E 101-10
85 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
3 s
11
JS 1
Other details not
given in original.
2-3 No. 7 Troop
Mtn Arty sug-
gests that 33
Mtn Arty Regt
is also organized
on the basis of 3
guns per troop
instead of 4.
Other details not
given in original.
H No. 8 Tr — see
note above.
Ct
1
■§1
*
Baggage (No.
of packages )
s
1
Total
932
731
Enlisted
men
/
Officers
CO
Lt. Col. YAOI,
33 Engs.
MaJ. TAKA-
NOBU.
Units
No. 7 Co.; No.
8 Co; H No.
2 Bn's MGs;
No. 9 Co;
Am Tn, 2/3
No. 7 Trs,
Mtn Arty;
Hq 33 Engr
Regt; No. 2
Co Engr
Regt.
Hq No. 3 Bn;
No. 10 Co;
No. 11 Co;
No. 12 Co;
Vi No. 3
Bn’s MGs;
1/3 No. 8 Tr,
33d Mtn
Arty.
p
g
5,708
5, 287
13
9.0
10.0
I
1
GENZAN Maru
PANAMA Maru...
Ship
No.
<N •«*<
£5 N
104
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
86
CHAPTER 3
SUPPLY
Paragraphs
Section I. Organization and responsibility - 86-87
II. Supply data 88-89
Section I
ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITY
■ 86. Supply Methods. — a. Procurement and supply of base depots is the re-
sponsibility of the Minister of War for all classes of supply.
b. Base depots are the rear terminals of the line(s) of communication (LC),
and are set up to receive, store, and forward all classes of supplies.
c. LC organizations are responsible for receiving, billeting, rationing, and for-
warding replacements, men, and materiel, as well as supplies; for evacuation of
casualties, prisoners of war, excess supplies, salvage, and captured equipment;
for requisition of local supplies; for organization and operation of wagon trains
from local equipment; and for local defense of LC installations.
(1) Troops and local levies are at their disposal for carrying out these functions.
These include headquarters, signal detachments, LC Wagon Companies (60 tons
capacity each, 250 men per company, attached on basis of four per division and
4 per army troops), Trk Cos (about one-fourth the number of Wag Cos)., trans-
portation supervision detachment (one per local company organized), LC hospital
(one per division), reserve troops (LC defense), reserve engineers (road work
and construction), light railway detachment (62 miles of track for base depot
area) , and Labor Troops (handling supplies and construction) .
(2) LC handles supply forward to the LC head where it is transferred to the
division transport regiments. These carry to the unit field trains.
(3) Lines of communication are set up along a main supply line (road, rail, or
water). They have length without distribution in depth. They are generally
set up on the basis of one per division. There is a great dependence upon comman-
deered equipment for supplemental transport.
d. There is very little supply movement except ammunition and rations. The
Japanese soldier is taught to live off the country as much as possible in order to
cut down on supply transportation. This is possible because of the nature of the
terrain in which a great deal of his fighting is done. The individual soldier carries
1 day’s ration and 5 days’ supply of rice. The individual soldier’s pack weighs
about 60 to 65 pounds, including rations and ammunition. Principal method of
supply transportation is a cart with about 400 to 800 pounds capacity. Change
to motor transport is being made where and when possible.
105
■ 87. Line of Communication.
fm-:
E 101-10
87 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
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106
JAPANESE FORCES
FM-E 101-10
88-89
Section II
SUPPLY DATA
■ 88. Ammunition Supply. — The following table is an approximation of the
amount of ammunition that is carried within the division:
Weapon
Unit of fire
(rd. per gun )
Regiment (rd.
per gun)
Div trans-
port (rd. per
gun )
Div total (rd.
per gun)
300
303
277
£80
178
160
338
156
60
216
160
80
240
37-mm Gun
Grenades
HvMG
0, 600
5, 875
15, 475
2, 970
LMG
Rifle
180
150
330
■ 89. Ration Supply. — Three days of ration and forage supply are carried
within the division: 1 day on the unit field train, and 2 days within the division
transport.
107
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
PART THREE— ITALIAN FORCES
CHAPTER 1
ORGANIZATION
Paragraphs
Section I. Political 90
II. Field forces, army and corps 91-92
III. Division organizations 93-101
IV. Miscellaneous combat units and engineers 102-107
V. Air Force 108
VI. Black Shirt militia units 109-111
VII. Characteristics of materiel 112-116
479414°— 42-
■8
109
■ 90. Governmental Organization.
110
Subject to duty with Army, Navy, or Air Force in time of emergency.
Handles organization, mobilization, transportation, and services.
Handles territorial and colonial operations, training, military history, and intelligence.
Handles defense sectors, AA militia, and coast defense mili tia.
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
91
Section II
FIELD FORCES, ARMY AND CORPS
■ 91. Army. — a. Army group. — Composed of from one army with two attached
corps to five armies.
b. Army. — Composed of two or more army corps.
c. Corps. — Organization of army corps is elastic. Composed of two or more
divisions, three being normal number. Each type corps has a normal allotment
of corps troops, and additional may be assigned as needed. See paragraph 92
for composition of these types of corps.
d. Divisions .- — (1) Following is a list of types of Italian division (see charts for
composition) :
Binary Infantry Division.
Motor-Transportable Infantry Division (Metropolitan type).
Motor-Transportable Infantry Division (Libyan type).
Motorized Infantry Division.
Binary Infantry Division (Mountain type).
Alpine Division.
Fast-Moving (“Celere”) Division.
Armored (“Corazzata”) Division.
(2) Infantry Division Staff consists of—
Commanding General and Aides.
Chief of Staff.
General Staff:
Operations and Services.
Information.
Personnel and Administration.
Artillery Officer.
Engineer Officer.
Medical Officer.
Commissary Officer.
Veterinary Officer.
(3) Infantry Division Headquarters consists of — Officers E, ^ etl
Hq and General Staff 27
Hq Troops:
HqCo. 1 71
Topo Sec 1 6
MtrPrk 1 27
MPs — 3 Secs 3 195
Post Officer 1 3
TOTAL 34 302
111
■ 92. Italian Corps Troops (Table of organization). —
FM-E 101-10
92 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
3
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and Engrs as needed.
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ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
93
113
.SERVICES FURNISHED BY CORPS
Table of organization.-
FM-E 101-10
93-94 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
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114
has the same organization and armament as that in the Binary Division. The strength varies by only a few less men. Strength:
Officers, 117; enlisted men, 3,078. Artillery and other division units are motorized.
■ 95. Motor-Transportable Infantry Division, Libyan Type. — This differs from the Metropolitan type in having a few more
men, no animals, fewer 45-mm mortars, and more machine guns. It has all basic transport except that.for personnel and materiel,
which comes from corps motor pool. Infantry regiment of this type division has same basic organization. Strength: Officers,
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
95-96
115
Table of organization.-
FM-E 101-10
96 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
Remarks
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116
■ 97. Motorized Infantry Division, North Africa.— a. Organization.-
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
97
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117
i. Table of organization.-
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
98
19
Remarks
Pack battalion.
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(108)
216
216
arj UPltt P9J811U3
302
(3, 367)
6, 734
615
311
(125)
(1, 160)
(1, 100)
3, 485
272
350
618
12, 687
», SnOT fJO
34
(120)
240
21
6
(12)
(25)
(28)
93
5
6
17
422
1
Unit
Inf Regt__
Total Inf— 2 Regts
3
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Total Arty Regt_
20-mm AA Btry —
Engr Co -
Div Services
DIV TOTALS
119
■ 99. Alpine Division.- — a. Organization.-
FM-E 101-10
99 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
120
i. Table of organization.-
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
99
18
Remarks
Pack battalion.
17
Special
trks
CN
•o
N
16
Cargo
trks
<N 1 !
128
130
16
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56
(1, 424)
2, 848
(46)
(741)
1.528
16
97
739
5. 284
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235
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9,300
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(1, 350)
2, 830
230
350
1,524
14, 469
2
Offi-
cers
33
(128)
256
(11)'
(34)
79
4
6
55
433
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Unit
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Inf:
Alpine Regt
Total Inf— 2 Regts _
Arty Regt:
Bn 75/13 or 18-mm Hows_.
o
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Div Services
DIV TOTALS
121
EM-E 101-10
100 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
122 ..
. Table of organization.
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
100
■ 101. Armored Division, “Corrazata” — a. Organization.-
FM-E 101-10
101 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
124
similar battalion organization, but older equipment.
s Each tank has a flame thrower.
i. Table of organization.-
ITALIAN FORCES
.©
20
Remarks
Machine guns and tank guns
are tank armament.
Also 24 caissons.
Also 48 caissons.
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125
FM-E 101-10
101
MISCELLANEOUS COMBAT UNITS AND ENGINEERS
FM-E 101-10
102 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
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126
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
103-104
■ 103. Army Antiaircraft Regiment (Table of organization). —
[Regiment may have varying number of battalions. Regiment is normally assigned to army artillery.
Battalions detached and assigned to corps artillery.]
1
Unit
%
00
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3
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7
65
1
7
3
3
5
shop).
3
55
HR
4
6
2
5
29
H
2 (S-L trks).
3 Btrys, 75/27-mm C. K._
12
390
6
12
24
3
3
21
9 (2 mtr caissons and 1 fire-
control trk, each btry).
3
85
2
1
5
shop).
Total Bn
18
559
6
12
30
10
5
31
26
3
55
4
6
2
5
29
2 (S-L trks).
3 Btrys, 75/46-mm Mod. 34.
12
405
6
12
24
3
3
21
33 (2 mtr caissons, 4 tracs, 1 fire
control, 4 am trks and tlrs,
each btry). *
3
90
2
1
5
shop).
Total Bn
18
579
6
12
30
10
5
31
53
TOTAL REOT
43
1,203
12
24
67
23
13
67
81
■ 104. Corps Artillery Regiment (Table of organization). —
Note. — Each battalion has a headquarters, headquarters battery, 3 firing batteries and a combat train.
Each firing battery has 4 pieces.
127
FM-E 101-10
105-107 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 105. Parachute Troops. — Upon last information, these existed as small, exper-
imental units. German instructors have taken over their training, and it is
assumed that organizational data will conform to that of the Germans.
a. A parachute battalion consists of 29 officers and 297 men, organized into 3
companies, each with 62 machine carbines, 54 light machine guns, and a mining
platoon for demolition work.
b. Personnel carry pistols, daggers, and hand grenades. There is also a com-
munication section equipped with radio transmitters and air-to-ground receiving
sets, and a medical section.
■ 106. General Engineer Units. 1 —
1
t
- S
Unit
O
EM
Remarks:
6
350
Hq and 6 Sees. Combines Engr and Com
functions.
Hq and 4 Sees. Same functions as above.
Hq and 4 Secs. Same functions as above.
Hq, 2 Cos and 1 Sec. Same as above.
Hq and 2 Cos.
Hq and 2 Cos.
Hq and 2 Cos.
Hq and 2 Cos.
Hq and 2 Cos.
Hq and 2 Cos.
3
155
7
345
17
505
16
465
18
485
18
545
16
525
18
585
18
725
i These are classed as general engr units and combine the ordinary lunctions of such with their communi-
cations functions.
■ 107. Special-Function Engineer Units. —
1
t
S
i
Unit
O
EM
Remarks
Bridge Co
2 i
133
4 Secs. L bridges.
Bridge Co i
1
50
2 Secs. No. 1 metal bridge.
Ponton Bn— L Bridges
22
770
Hq and 2 Cos. 16 ponton trks and 8 trestle
trks.
Ponton Bn— L Bridges with Bridge Hauling
21
695
Hq and 3 Cos.
Unit.
Ponton Bn — Hv Bridges .
18
800
Hq and 2 Cos.
Ponton Bn— Metal Bridges
25
556
Hq and 2 Cos.
Aerial Ropeway Bn__
15
474
Hq and 2 Cos. Aerial ropeway type A-l on
heavy trk.
Balloonist’s Sec
6
100
1 anchored balloon.
Cam Co
7
265
8 Secs.
Electrical Mechanic’s Co
7
285
Hq and 4 Secs; Co Prk, 5 Secs.
Fire Fighting Co
6
285
Hq and 4 Secs.
Mining Bn
! 16
505
Hq and 2 Cos.
Photo Co_
7
65
1 Sec 2 Sqds.
Sit Operators
6
168
3 Secs. 50-cm, 75-cm, and 90-cm Sits.
Water Sup Co
7
255
Hq and 5 Secs.
128
Section
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
108
129
SQUADRON SQUADRON (Bomber Squadron consists of six initial and three reserve aircraft.
^ All others consist of nine initial and three reserve aircraft.)
FM-E 101-10
109-112 STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
5
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Machine Pistol, 9-mm Brixia.
Grenade:
O T 0, M35 1 7.4 oz - Principally
blast effect.
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
112
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EM-E 101-10
113 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
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■ 114. Abmored Vehicles.
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
114
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66
78
72
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84
86
87
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102
126
138
166
147
149
154
158
185
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193
176
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Armament
2 8-mm MGs or 1
LMG and flame
thrower.
1 37-mm; 1 LMG...
1 37-mm and 1 LM G;
or 2 LMGs.
2 S-mms or 1 37-mm.
1 20-mm; 1 8-mm...
1 20-mm and 1 8-mm;
or 2 8-mms.
1 37-mm; 1 LMG...
1 37/40-mm; 2 8-
mms.
1 37-mm; 2 LMGs..
1 47/32-mm; 4 8-
mms.
1 47-mm; 2 8-mms..
1 47-mm; 1 LMG...
1 47/32-mm; 3
LMGs.
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133
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
116
FM-E 101-10
117-118 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
CHAPTER 2
MOVEMENT
Paragraphs
Section I. Facilities 117-123
II. Troop movements . 124-126
Section I
FACILITIES
■ 117. General. — a. Transportation problems. — The maintenance of Italian rail-
roads in recent years has become very lax, due to the following factors:
(1) Production has been directed almost entirely toward military equipment.
(2) The terrific strain imposed on the railroads in moving troops and their
equipment.
(3) The necessity of handling practically all imports by rail, due to the Allied
Nations’ blockade.
(4) The heavy demands made by Germany on Italian exports necessitates the
movement by rail of the largest part of these commodities.
(5) The sale of Italian rolling stock causes the remaining trains to be loaded
to maximum capacity with a consequent lowering in operating efficiency.
b. Road transport. — The large quantity of cement in Italy makes road building
relatively simple. However, the scarcity of trucks for internal transportation
purposes, and the shortage of gasoline to operate them, nullifies the roads in reliev-
ing the transportation difficulties. Because of this shortage there has been a
marked trend toward the use of oil engines and engines using a fuel with an
alcohol base called Robur — -a mixture of gasoline and ethylic and methyl alcohol'
■ 118. Animals: Type and Assignment. —
Pack Animals:
Mules — Horse pack battalion; Arty and Inf Regts.
Sardinian horses — Normal type, Inf Regt; Mtn type, Alpine Regt; Inf
Regt, Autotransportable; Inf Regt, Autotransportable, Libyan type;
Combat Legion CC. NN. (Black Shirt militia); Cav Regt.
Riding Animals:
Saddle horses — Inf Regt, normal type; Inf Regt, Mtn type; Alpine Regt;
Inf Regt, Autotransportable; Inf Regt, Autotransportable, Libyan
type; Combat Legion CC. NN. (Black Shirt militia); Cav Regts.
136
FM-E 101-10
ITALIAN FORCES 119
■ 119. Motor Transport. —
-
£
S
4
6
6
Types available
N.um-
Unit to which ordinarily
Max.
loads
Oper-
ating
ber
assigned
Per-
son-
nel
Sup-
ply
(tons)
radius
(miles)
Mtr
Divs.
Inf, Alp, Mtr,
Celerc Divs.
and
Arty
Regts.
Tk
Regts.
Tk
Regts.
20-25
3.4
125
20-25
3. 93
125
125
.25
180
20-25
2.4
100
12-15
1.24
187
20-25
1.98
176
vunque 33.
20-25
1.98
208
que 35.
24-30
4.94
235
.99
125
Campale 26.
.99
125
Cam pale 30-30 A.
.49
100
6
.99
137
Fiat C. C. I. Trattore— 708
44
CM.
3.4
93
1.99
93
20-25
4.9
140
CM.
140
CMA.
Ceirano Autobagro— 47
2.96
224
CM.
20-25
2.96
130'
CM.
2.96
200
— D70NM.
24-30
4.9
160
— D80NM.
20-25
2. 96
135
1936.
20-25
2. 96
192
.79
100
O. M. Autocarretta— 36 P _
10
100
7
Basic use
137
FM-E 101-10
116-121 STAFF OFFICERS' FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 119. Motor Transport — Continued.
1
2
S
i
6
6
7
Types available
Num -
Unit to which ordinarily
Max. loads
Oper-
ating
Basic use
ber
assigned
Person-
nel
Supply
(tons)
radius
(miles)
O. M. Autocarretta— 36
.89
■1
M. T.
0. M. Autocarro— 40 M. P_
12-15
250
O. M. Autocarro— 1 CRD__
190
24-30
190
16-20
180
RE.
SPA Ambulanza— 25 O 10
180
RE.
SPA Frigorifero— 25 O 10
RE.
Autobus & Carro (SPA)
Alpine 25 O 10 RE.
SPA Autocarro— 38 R
1.30
180
17-19
180
IliBi
176
SPA Autocarro— 36
20-25 '
176
Daimler Trattice da— 100
75
hp.
Daimler Trattice da— 80 hp
75
4. 90
180
NM.
24-30
4.90
150
BM.
■ 120. Air Transport. —
1
Type of plane
2
Number
available
S
Maximum
personnel
i
Loads sup-
ply {lb-)
6
Operating
radius (mi.)
6
Basic use
S-73 !
24
S-74
12
Do.
S-81
12
18
U,400
372
Do.
S-82 1
120
25
16, 600
992
Do.
1 Bomb load.
■ 121. Rail Transport. — a. Motive power . — With the exception of the Po Valley
line, all the main Italian lines now use electric traction. The Brenner
line is double-tracked and electrified, but its electrification is of the tri-
phase variety. Tri-phase electrification is a particularly vulnerable
type. It is in use over most of the lines in Italy. Due to the strategic
vulnerability of this type, the lines that have been electrified since 1933
have been supplied with direct current. This makes two kinds of electric
current in use. Both the direct current and the tri-phase use overhead
wires, and both use about the same voltage (3,000) . Whereas the Italian
industry uses 50 cycles a-c, the railroads use 16.6 cycles.
138
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
121-123
b. General railroad facilities.— In June 1939 there were in Italy 23,252 kilo"
meters of railway. Of these, 16,981 kilometers were operated by the State, and
6,271 kilometers by private enterprise under State supervision. Of the State
network, 4,856 kilometers were electrified.
(1) Reports of electrification of all Italian railroads, June 30, 1939, show:
Electrified 6,736 km.
Non-electrified 16,516 km (1 km=0.62137 mile).
(2) According to the latest information, Italian railroads operated by the State,
December 31, 1938, comprised 16,354 kilometers of standard-gage track and 596
kilometers of narrow-gage track. Private railroads had 2,701 kilometers ol
standard and 3,570 kilometers of narrow-gage.
(3) The density of the Italian railroad net is 6.5 kilometers to the 100 square
kilometers, as compared with the French density of 11.6 to the 100 square
kilometers.
c. Railroads of Sicily (January 1, 1936). standard Narrow
Real length 1,295 km 800 km.
Maximum grade 0.25 percent. . 0.40 percent.
Speed permitted roadbed 60-100 km 30 km.
Practical speed of passenger trains 35-57 km 20 km.
d. Rolling stock ( standard and narrow) (June 30, 1939). —
Locomotives and rail motorcars:
Steam 4, 283
Electric 1, 482
Others 665
Passenger and mail cars 8,007
Baggage and freight cars 132, 734
■ 122. Water Transport. —
Total tonnage available as of March 1, 1942 — 1,890,000 tons (est.).
Tanker tonnage available as of October 1, 1941 — 414, 870 tons — 61 ships.
■ 123. Roads and Bridges. — a. Road types . —
General types
Capacities in vehicles per hour
Load ca-
pacities
Construc-
tion time
per mile
State roads— surface-treated and water-bound macadam.
Provincial roads— surface-treated and water-bound mac-
adam, bituminous conglomerate.
Communal roads— waterbound macadam, bituminous
conglomerate, unimproved earth and nonsurfaced.
Width: 27 feet plains, 16
feet mountains.
Width: 21 feet plains, 15
feet mountains.
Width: 18 feet plains, 6-9
feet mountains.
Private roads— water-bound macadam, unimproved
earth and nonsurfaced.
b. Available road nets. — (1) Autostradas (superhighways) :
Turin — Milan — Bergamo — Brescia.
Milan — Sesto C. (Lake Maggiore) : (1) Branch to Varese, (2) Branch to
Varese — Como road.
Padua — Mestre (Venice).
Genoa — Serravalle.
Pisa — Lucca — Pistoia — Florence.
139
EM-E 101-10
123 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
Rome — Lido di Roma.
N aples — Pompeii.
(2) Main roads with right-of-way:
Turin — Vercelli — Novara — Milan — Brescia — Verona — Vicenza — Padua — •
Mestre (Venice).
Turin — Asti — Alessandria — Piacenza — Cremona — Mantua — Monselice —
Padua.
Milan — Piacenza — Parma — Reggio Emilia — Modena — Bologna — Fori i —
Rimini.
Padua — Rovigo — Ferrara — Ravenna — Pesaro — Ancona — Pescara — Fog-
gia — Bari — Brindisi — Lecce — Maglie
Grimaldi — Impera — Savona — Genoa — La Spezia — Pisa — Leghorn —
Grosseto — Civitavecchia — Rome — Naples.
Fano — Foligno — Terni — Rome.
(3) Good roads:
Fiume — Trieste — ^Mestre (Venice).
Bologna — Florence.
Florence — Leghorn.
Brennero — Bolzano — Trento — Verona.
Consenza — Catanzaro — Reggio Calabria.
Palermo— Messina.
Catania — Messina.
Sardinia: Cagliari — Sassari.
C. Bridges . — Statistics only on military bridges constructed by the engineers.
Types o / construction
Capacity
Construction time
[20 tons on 2 axles
67 lb./L F
1 ton on 1 axle; 1.5 tons on 2
axles.
202 lb./I. F
Mountain Footbridge — Lattice Girder, deck
type.
3 tons on pontons; 5 tons on
trestles.
3 to 5 minutes per
linear meter.
20 minutes by 5 men.
672 lb./I. F
Raft “K”
6061b
441 lb.
551 lb
140
Section II
TROOP MOVEMENTS
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
124
479414 — 42 -
•10
141
i These figures allow for space between companies a distance of 10.9 yards on carriage road and 109.4 yards on mountain track or mule track.
> These figures allow for the following spaces between battalion and battalion, company of mortars (81-mm) and accompanying batteries: 32.8 yards on carriage road and
547 yards on mountain track or mule track.
EM-E 101-10
124-120 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
b. Mechanized forces . —
On carriage roads of a grade of less than 10 percent
Unit
In daytime
Ordinary march
Fast march
15.5 mph.
■ 125. Troop Movement by Rail. — a. The typical military railway train in
Italy comprises 40 cars and carries 1 battalion; 1 car for officers; 19 cars for
troops; 12 open cars for wagons; 8 open cars for animals.
6. The operating crew ranges from four to eight men.
c. Thirty trains are required to move one division with 120 more trains for
hauling artillery, ammunition, and materiel of the division. Italy has a capacity
of 25J4 divisional trains. Equipment is therefore adequate for troop movement.
d. On a single-track mountain line with grades from 10/1000 to 25/1000 with
steam locomotive, not more than 30 trains each way may circulate in 24 hours.
If there are double tracks the traffic can be doubled.
■ 126. Troop Movement by Air. —
1
t
8
4
6
Number oj airplanes
Type unit
Time re-
quired to
procure
airplanes,
bases, and
load
When
type o]
move used
Time required to move
troops
140 (model 682)
1,000 miles in 5 hours.
142
ITALIAN FORCES
FM-E 101-10
127
CHAPTER 3
SUPPLY
Paragraph
Section I. General data 127
II. Supply units - - __ 128
Section I
GENERAL DATA
■ 127. Supply System. — a. Little information is available as to Italian supply
methods. However, with their activities so closely related to German operations,
it may be that their methods are greatly influenced by German domination in
field action.
b. Days of fire for infantry weapons are as prescribed below:
Rounds
Pistol. ' 10
Grenade 4
Rifle — 60
Machine rifle 1,300
MG Fiat 35 2,000
MG Breda 37-.. 2,000
c. The following table shows the ammunition supply carried within the field
artillery battalion:
Weapon (mm)
With the
battery (rds.
per gun )
With the
Bn Combat
Tn (rds. per
gun)
Total in Bn
(rds. per gun)
65/17 Alpine
260
250
510
65/17 Pack
160
250
410
75/15 Alpine
156
159
315
255
75/18 Pack
96
159
100/17 M1916...
72
180
100/17 (Light)
75
114
100/17 M1914
72
189
177
250
75/27 M1911
128
144
272
75/27 (Light)
108
207
315
75/27
204
203
407
105/28
124
100
224
149/13
48
100
148
149/35
70
70
152/13
70
70
152/37
50
210/8 Mod. DS„_ 1
27
27
260/9 M1916
26
26
305/10
15
15
305/17
15
15
d. Gas and oil supply is handled from central depots to Army auto parks and
from there to division fuel sections. These fuel sections maintain a supply of
a variable number of units. These units are sufficient to run a vehicle for 50
kilometers (31 miles).
143
FM-E 101-10
128 STAFF OFFICEBS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
Section II
SUPPLY UNITS
■ 128. Animal Transportation and Transportation Units.
1
Unit
2
0
5
EM
h
Remarks
Pack Transportation Sec.. .
1
120
100 pack animals. Mtn pack transportation sec
is the same.
Wag Sec !
1
140
120 draft animals, 60 wags, 1 bcl and 9 mtr tricls.
Mtn Pack Transportation Co (3 secs.)---
6
410
312 pack animals, 4 wags.
Wag and Pack Unit in Army Corps.—.
3
295
Wag sec and pack sec. 100 pack animals and
62 wags.
Wag and Pack Units in Army Corps
(3 Cos).
12
925
As many units as there are divs in the army
corps. 300 pack animals and 192 wags.
Wag and Pack Units in Div__
16 1
840
As many units as there are regts in the div.
624 pack animals and 10 wags.
Wag and Pack Unit-
4
435
2 wag secs— 122 wags. 1 pack sec— 100 animals.
Army Wag Squadron.
12
985
As many cos, 2 secs each, as there are army
corps in the Army. 372 wags.
144
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
3TM-E 101-10
129-130
PART FOUR— MISCELLANEOUS DATA
CHAPTER 1
UNIFORMS, EQUIPMENT, AND INSIGNIA
Paragraphs
Section I. German 129-131
II. Italian 132-133
III. Japanese 134-135
Section I
GERMAN
■ 129 . Uniforms. —
Enlisted men Officers
Headgear:
Helmet painted gray. Lugs for face shield. Scuttle shape.
Greenish-gray oversea cap, can Oversea cap of greenish-gray,
be worn under helmet. black leather visor, dark gray-
green band.
Blouse:
Greenish-gray, darker shade collar.
Collar may be folded back and I Choker collar,
left open at the neck. [
Black soft-leather belt, dull white metal buckle.
Trousers and breeches:
Gray trousers tucked into half-length boots.
Gray breeches with leather "facings” and riding boots.
Overcoat:
Gray, doublebreasted, dark green collar.
■ 130 . Personal Equipment. —
a. On the man. — Pack (haversack for mounted troops) ; shelter half, complete
with ropes, etc.; canteen and cup, mess kit and utensils; gas mask and cape;
entrenching tool and sidearms; iron ration; nap case and message book; whistle
and field glasses.
b. On the transport . — Overcoat, shoes, shirt, towel, socks, housewife, shaving and
cleaning kit, iron ration, canvas clothing, drawers and scarf.
Note.— Chief consideration is to have uniform light, comfortable, weatherproof, and inconspicuous.
Officers’ uniforms in the field must conform to cloth and quality of the ranks.
c. Special uniforms . —
Armored troops — Loose-fitting black uniform with a black beret.
Mountain troops and ■ rifle battalions. — Oversea cap with visor, ankle
puttees and ankle boots. Rucksack and large canteen.
Other special uniforms to meet the needs of the situation.
145
FM-E 101-10
131-132 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
■ 131. Insignia. — a. Branch of service . — Colored piping of shoulder strap and
colored center of collar patch. Concealed or removed usually for combat.
White and green Infantry and rifle troops.
Rose Tank and antitank units.
Grass green Motorcycle units.
Gold yellow Cavalry and bicycle units.
Copper brown Reconnaissance units.
Bright red Artillery.
Black Engineers.
Lemon Signal.
Bright blue Transport troops.
Dark red Chemical warfare.
b. Rank insignias on shoulder straps . —
General officers Two heavy silver-lace strands twisted with
one gold-lace strand.
Major General No gilt star superimposed.
Lieutenant general One gilt star superimposed.
General Two gilt stars superimposed.
Colonel general Three gilt stars superimposed.
Field officers ' Heavy silver lace twisted in two strands.
Major No gilt star superimposed.
Lieutenant colonel One gilt star superimposed.
Colonel Two gilt stars superimposed.
Company officers Flat solid silver lace on foundation coloring
of arm of service.
2d lieutenant No gilt star superimposed.
1st lieutenant One gilt star superimposed.
Captain Two gilt stars superimposed.
Enlisted men:
Privates first class wear diamond-shaped design in a circular sleeve
patch.
Junior noncommissioned officers wear chevrons.
Noncommissioned officers (sergeant or higher) wear stripes of silver
braid on shoulder patch.
c. Unit designation . — Numerals on shoulder straps indicate regiment or
similar unit. Shoulder-strap button carries number of company or
similar unit.
Section II
ITALIAN
■ 132. Uniforms. — T he field uniform as prescribed is worn by officers and en-
listed men alike.
a. Field uniform (wool ). —
Headgear Gray-green field cap or steel helmet.
Blouse Gray-green with open collar. No piping or embroid-
ery.
Shirt Gray-green, worn with collar and tie.
Breeches Gray-green without stripes.
Puttees Gray-green wrap leggings. Mounted and motor-
transport troops may wear black leggings.
Boots Black ammunition.
146
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
FM-E 101-10
132-133
b. Field uniform (tropical ). —
Headgear Khaki topee of cork with tinted goggles. Helmets
painted a whitish color.
Blouse Khaki cotton, with turn-down collar buttoning up to
the neck.
Trousers and Trousers with tight fit just above the ankles, cotton.
breeches. Cotton breeches with puttees, leggings or stockings.
Shorts are also worn.
Boots Black ammunition. Also heavy tan hobnails.
Black Shirt militia wear the same uniform except for a black shirt and tie.
■ 133. Insignia. — a. Insignia of arm . — Worn on the front of all headdress.
Stenciled on helmets. Metal insignia on caps and shoulder straps of officers in
tropical uniforms.
Regimental number shown in boss or center circle of arm insignia.
Note. — S ome of the old distinctive uniforms of tho various units may still appear In some cases. There
are innumerable special unit insignia which may be encountered. They follow a colored gorget sytem
too extensive to enumerate.
b. Insignia of rank . —
Cap
Maresciallo d’ltalia ft
ft
ft
☆
Generate d’armata ft
☆
ft
Generate di Corpo d’armata ft
☆
Generate di divisione or tenente generale ft
ft
Generale di brigata or maggiore generale is same as above except that he
has only one star.
Shoulder Strap
147
FM-E 101-10
133-134 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
b. Insignia of rank. — Continued.
Cap
Shoulder Strap
Colonnello
☆
☆
☆
Tenente colonnello and maggiore differ only in the number of stars; lieu-
tenant colonel has two, and major has one.
Capitano
☆ ☆ ☆
☆
☆
☆
Tenente has two stars arranged as capitano, and sottotenente has only one
Warrant officers have shoulder straps with 1, 2, or 3 bands of yellow
silk streaked with black, depending on their relative rank, and one
band on their caps. Other ranks wear chevrons. Sergeant major’s
and sergeant’s are yellow, the others red.
Section III
■ 134. Uniforms. —
JAPANESE
Coat:
Enlisted men Officers
Olive-drab, cotton, or wool.
Single-breasted, sack coat. Higher collar, shorter length.
Turned-down collar. Cuff stripe of dark brown braid.
Insignia of rank and organization on front edge of collar.
Colored chevrons, denoting service, above flap of right pocket.
Red — Infantry, including tanks.
Yellow — Artillery.
Green — Cavalry .
Maroon — Engineers.
Sky Blue — Aviation.
Blue-Black- — T ransport.
Dark Green — Medical.
Black — Military Police.
Trousers and breeches:
Breeches and woolen olive-drab
spiral puttees.
Trousers with high -waist and no
cuff.
Breeches and boots.
May wear spiral puttees with
either.
148
Shoes:
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
FM-E 101-10
134-135
Cap:
Heavy russet shoes.
German type russet boot.
Black shoes or boots.
Field: Olive-drab cloth, head-shaped, narrow visor and leather chin strap.
Ventilation holes, adjustable slit in rear for size. Star on vertical
front seam.
Dress: Olive-drab color, similar to U. S. except smaller crown and shorter
visor, red piping and headband. Star on headband in front,
silver for officers and gold for enlisted men. Leather is black.
Overcoat:
Olive-drab wool, double-breasted, turndown collar, detachable hood.
One, two, or three bands of
brown braid to indicate com-
pany, field, or general officer.
Cape:
Olive-drab wool, conventional
type. Throat piece has bars
of braid for rank as overcoat.
■ 135. Insignia.— a. Unit insignia .— Arabic numerals are worn on collar flaps
to indicate regiment.
Special units wear regimental number on left and special ornament on
right.
Numerals and branch of service insignia removed for field service.
Note.— E nlisted men’s uniforms are generally ill-fitting but serviceable. In the field, officers conform to
enlisted uniforms. Special types of uniforms are issued for special occasions, winter for Manchuria and China,
tropical (shorts) for southern operations, etc. Predominant color is olive drab. Extensive use is made of
conforming coloration in uniforms and camouflage nets for the individual.
149
3TM-E 101-10
135 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
b. Insignia of grade . — Cloth patch on both collar flaps of the coat, overcoat,
and cape.
Privates — Plain red patch.
■ir (yellow star) — 2d Cl Pvt.
it it (yellow star) — 1st Cl Pvt.
it it if (yellow star) — Superior Pvt.
(Stars are cloth).
Noncommissioned officers — Plain red,
one gold band.
■ir (yellow) — Corporal.
☆ ☆ (yellow)— Sgt.
iritir (yellow) — Sgt Maj or 1st
Sgt.
(Stars are cloth.)
Company officers — Red cloth, gold
braid border, gold band center.
ir (yellow metal) — 2d It.
it it (yellow metal) — 1st It.
■if if ir (yellow metal) — Captain.
Field officers— Red cloth, gold braid
border, 2 gold bands.
it (yellow metal) — Maj,
it if (yellow metal)— Lt col.
it it it (yellow metal) — Col.
General officers — Gold cloth, gold braid
border.
it (yellow metal) — Maj gen.
it it (yellow metal) — Lt gen.
it it it (yellow metal) — Gen.
GOLD BAND GOLDCLOTH
150
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
FM-E 101-10
136
CHAPTER 2
COMPARATIVE ARMY RANKS
■ 136. Table. —
United States
Japanese
Italian
German
Generale di corpo d’armata
General der Flieger.
Generalmajor.
Major.
Hauptmann (all arms except
cavalry and horse artillery).
Rittmeister (cavalry and horso
artillery).
Tail
Chui
Shoi
Leutnant.
Socho
Fahnrich.
Corporal
Stabsgefreiter.
Hauptgefreiter.
Obergefreiter.
Mannschaften.
151
FM-E 101-10
137-139 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
CHAPTER 3
COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS
Paragraph
Section I. Comparative monetary units 137
II. Weights and measures .138-139
Section I
COMPARATIVE MONETARY UNITS
■ 137. Table. —
Japanese
Italian
German
100 pfennigs=l mark.
(1 mark = $.24 U. S. at par).
(1 yen = $.84459 U. S.)— .
60 centesimi=l mezzolira
(1 lira=$.0526 U. S.)
Section II
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
■ 138. German and Italian. — Both the Germans and the Italians use the
metric system. In the table below the slight variations in spelling are
shown, so that by combining the proper prefix with the proper unit the
entire table of weights and measures can be obtained.
English
Italian
German
English
Italian
German
milli-
centi-
milli-
centi-
milli-
zenti-
meter
metro
meter
deci-
dezi-
deka-
deca-
deka-
gram
[liter
gramma
litro
gramm
liter
hecto-
etto-
hekto-
kilo-
chilo-
kilo-
■ 139. Japanese. — a. Distance and length . —
Ri = 36 cho 2,160 ken =2.4403 miles =3.92727 kilometers.
Ri= (marine) = 1 knot =1.85318 kilometers.
Ken = 6 shaku=60 sun =5.965163 feet = 1.81818 meters.
Shaku=10 sun=100 bu =0.994194foot =0.30303 meter.
6. Quantity, capacity, and cubic measures . —
( 4.96005 bushels )
Koku = 10 to=100 sho =
47.95389 gallons (liq-
uid) U. S. A.
5.11902 bushels (dry)
U. S. A.
= 1.80391 hectoliters.
Go
Koku (capacity of vessels)..
152
*= 1 0th of a sho.
= 10th of a ton.
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
FM-E 101-10
139
c. Weights . —
Kwan (kan) = 1,000
momme
Kin=160 momme..
Momme =10 fun
( 8. 26733 pounds
avoirdupois
10.04711 pounds
troy
1.32277 pounds i
avoirdupois 1 = 0.60000 kilogram.
1.60754 pounds troy J
0.13228 ounce avoir-1
=• dupois 1 = 3.75000 grams.
0.12057 ounce troy J
| = 3.7500 kilograms.
153
Army corps..
Corps headquarters..
Division headquarters.
Motorized division headquarters..
Armored division headquarters.
Alpine division headquarters..
EM-E 101-10
140 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
CHAPTER 4
COMPARATIVE MAP SYMBOLS FOR PRINCIPAL FIELD UNITS
■ 140. Table of Map Symbols. —
Japanese Italian German
A*
Array — r Us] -
Army headquarters... ... .. .. - P3
^ fr
Army corps £
rv ' P
Corps headquarters. jT 1
n tZ
Division I 1
o r
Division headquarters xj
Motorized division headquarters ” T
nz«<3
Armored division headquarters. * u*
tz<*
Alpine division headquarters.
JI Up 6
1LTr»trtr-tpQTVir»nrlnV»lA rli vision hpaflnnftrt.p.rs ® *
Motor-transportable division headquarters..
Celere (fast) division headquarters..
Brigade headquarters.
Regiment..
Regimental headquarters.
ftfcll
Battalion headquarters.
Company..
154
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
FM-E 101-10
140
Company headquarters
Bicycle company
Motorcycle company
Machine-gun company
Antitank company
Cavalry:
Brigade
Brigade headquarters
Regiment
Regimental headquarters
Troop or squadron i
Field Artillery: - -
Regimental headquarters (horse)
Regimental headquarters (motorized).
Battery (horse)
Battery (motorized)
Mountain artillery:-
Regimental headquarters
Battery
155
FM-E 101-10
140 STAFF OFFICERS’ FIELD MANUAL, ENEMY FORCES
Japanese
Italian \
German
SA
MK
1
±
I
m
V
i
i
A
1 B
£utk.
1
A
&
&
&>
cdp
O
156